microcontroller based speedo meter cum odometer

1 INTRODUCTION

[1] It is an digital speedometer-odometer which can be installed with a bike

[2] Digital speedometer are found only in luxury cars and high-end motor bikes

[3] The circuit uses an AT89C2051 Microcontroller a 162 LCD display4N35

optocoupler24C02 EPROM

[4] It is better alternative to the mechanical speedometer amp even beginner with minskill

level

2 WHAT IS MICROCONTROLLER

it is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core memory

and programmable inputoutput peripherals program memory in the form of ferroelectric

ram nor flash or otp romis also often included on chip as well as a typically small amount

of ram microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications in contrast to

the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications

microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices such as

automobile engine control systems implantable medical devices remote controls office

machines appliances power tools toys and other embedded systems by reducing the size and

cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor memory and inputoutput

devices microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and

processes mixed signal microcontrollers are common integrating analog components needed to

control non-digital electronic systems

[1]

3 DESCRIPTION-

31 Microcontroller Basics-

Any electric appliance that stores measures displays information or calculates comprise

of a microcontroller chip inside it The basic structure of a microcontroller comprise of-

311 CPU ndash

Microcontrollers brain is named as CPU CPU is the device which is employed to fetch

data decode it and at the end complete the assigned task successfully With the help of CPU all

the components of microcontroller is connected into a single system Instruction fetched by the

programmable memory is decoded by the CPU

312 Memory ndash

In a microcontroller memory chip works same as microprocessor Memory chip stores

all programs amp data Microcontrollers are built with certain amount of ROM or RAM (EPROM

EEPROM etc) or flash memory for the storage of program source codes

313 Inputoutput ports ndash

IO ports are basically employed to interface or drive different appliances such as-

printers LCDrsquos LEDrsquos etc

[2]

314 Serial Ports ndash

These ports give serial interfaces amid microcontroller amp various other peripherals such

as parallel port

315 Timers ndash

A microcontroller may be in-built with one or more timer or counters The timers amp

counters control all counting amp timing operations within a microcontroller Timers are employed

to count external pulses The main operations performed by timersrsquo are- pulse generations clock

functions frequency measuring modulations making oscillations etc

3151 ADC (Analog to digital converter) ndash

ADC is employed to convert analog signals to digital ones The input signals need to be

analog for ADC The digital signal production can be employed for different digital applications

(such as- measurement gadgets)

3152 DAC (digital to analog converter) ndash

This converter executes opposite functions that ADC perform This device is generally

employed to supervise analog appliances like- DC motors etc

3153 Interpret Control-

This controller is employed for giving delayed control for a working program The interpret can

be internal or external

[3]

3154 Special Functioning Block ndash

Some special microcontrollers manufactured for special appliances like- space systems

robots etc comprise of this special function block This special block has additional ports so as

to carry out some special operations

32 Microcontroller Applications

Microcontrollers are intended for embedded devices in comparison to the micro-

processors which are used in PCs or other all-purpose devices Microcontrollers are employed in

automatically managed inventions and appliances like- power tools implantable medical

devices automobile engine control systems office machines remote controls appliances toys

and many more embedded systems By dipping the size and expenditure in comparison to a

design that make use of a different micro-processor IO devices and memory micro-controllers

formulate it inexpensive to digitally control more amp more appliances and operations Mixed

signal micro-controllers are general putting together analog constituents required controlling

non-digital electronic structures

33 Application of Microcontroller in Day to Day Life Devices

Light sensing amp controlling devices

Temperature sensing and controlling devices

Fire detection amp safety devices

Industrial instrumentation devices

Process control devices

[4]

34 Application of Microcontroller in Industrial Control Devices



35 Application of Microcontroller in Metering amp Measurement Devices

Volt Meter

Measuring revolving objects

Current meter

Hand-held metering systems

4 What Is speedometer

speedometer or a speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the

instantaneous speed of a vehicle now universally fitted tomotor vehicles they started to be

available as options in the 1900s and as standard equipment from about 1910

onwards[1]

speedometers for other vehicles have specific names and use other means of sensing

speed for a boat this is a pit log for an aircraft this is an airspeed indicator

5 What Is odometer or odograph

it is an instrument that indicates distance traveled by a vehicle such as a bicycle or

automobile the device may be electronic mechanical or a combination of the two the word

derives from the greek words hodoacutes (path or gateway) andmeacutetron (measure) in countries

where imperial units or us customary units are used it is sometimes called

a mileometer or milometer or colloquially a tripometer

[5]

6 COMPONENTS

61 Semiconductors-

IC1 - 7805 5V regulator

IC2 - AT89C2051 microcontroller

IC3 - 4N35 optocoupler

IC4 - 24C02 EEPROM

D1 - 1N4007 rectifier diode

LED1 - 5mm light-emitting diode

62 Resistors (all frac14-watt plusmn5 carbon)

RESISTORS RATING

R1 82-kilo-ohm

R2-R6 10-kilo-ohm

R7 330-ohm

R8 1-kilo-ohm

R9 47-ohm

VR1 47-kilo-ohm

[6]

63 preset Capacitors-

CAPACITOR RATING

C1 1000microF 25V electrolytic


C3 01microF ceramic

C4 C5 33pF ceramic

C6 10microF 16V

TABLE 2-CAPACITOR RATING

64 electrolytic Miscellaneous-

CON1 - 2-pin SIP male connector

S1 S2 - SPST lsquoonrsquolsquooffrsquo switch

S3 - Reed switch

LCD1 - 16x2 EL1602 LCD module

XTAL1 - 12MHz crystal

[7]

Fig 1-SPEEDOMETER CUM ODOMETER

7 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The circuit of the microcontroller-based digital speedometer-cum-odometer is shown in

Fig 1 The functions of various components used in the circuit are described below

71 Microcontroller-

A 20 -pin AT89C2051 microcontroller from Atmel is used here because of its low pin

count affordability and compatibility with CISC-based 8051 family All the available pins of the

microcontroller are utilized in the project This microcontroller features 2 kB of Flash 128 bytes

of RAM 15 input output (IO) lines two 16-bit timerscounters a five-vector two level interrupt

architecture a full-duplex serial port a precision analogue comparator on-chip oscillator and

clock circuitry

[8]

72 LCD module-

To display the speed and distance traveled we have used a 16x2 alpha numeric LCD

based on HD44780

Every device hooked up to the bus has its own unique address no matter whether it is an

MCU LCD driver memory or ASIC Each of these chips can act as a receiver andor

transmitter depending on the functionality Obviously an LCD driver is only a receiver while a

memory or IO chip can be both transmitter and receiver

The I2C bus is a multi-master bus This means that more than one IC capable of initiating

a data transfer can be connected to it The I2C protocol specification states that the IC that

initiates a data transfer on the bus is considered the bus master Bus masters are generally

microcontrollers Consequently all the other ICs are regarded as bus slaves at that instant

Letrsquos assume that the MCU wants to send data to one of its slaves First the MCU will

issue a START condition This acts as an lsquoattentionrsquo signal to all of the connected devices All

ICs on the bus will listen to the bus for incoming data Then the MCU sends the address of the

device it wants to access along with an indication whether the access is a lsquoreadrsquo or lsquowritersquo

operation Having received the address all ICs will compare it with their own address If it

doesnrsquot match they simply wait until the bus is released by the stop condition If the address

matches the chip will produce a response called lsquoacknowledgersquo signal We have used write

operation in this project

[9]

Fig 2 Circuit Diagram

[10]

73 Speed sensor-

For this project we make use of a simple home-made speed transducer The rotation of

the wheel is sensed by the combined action of a reed switch and a magnet fixed on the wheel

The sensor sends a pulse to the microcontroller each time a revolution is made

Speed sensors are machines used to detect the speed of an object usually a transport

vehicle They include

Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators

Piezo sensors (eg in a road surface)

LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar

ANPR (where vehicles are timed over a fixed distance)

Laser surface velocimeters for moving surfaces

74 Optocoupler-

An optocoupler is used to counter the effects of bouncing when the contact of reed

switch is closed

[11]

741 FEATURES OF OPTOCOUPLER-

bull Isolation test voltage 5000 VRMS

bull Interfaces with common logic families

bull Input-output coupling capacitance lt 05 pF

bull Industry standard dual-in-line 6 pin package

bull Compliant to RoHS directive 200295EC and in accordance to WEEE 200296EC

742 Applications Of Optocoupler-

AC mains detection

Reed relay driving

Switch mode power supply feedback

Telephone ring detection

Logic ground isolation

Logic coupling with high frequency noise rejection

[12]

75 Power supply-

The power supply periodically stored in the EEPROM and the previous reading is

retrieved from the EEPROM each time the bike is started

for various parts of the circuit is drawn from the vehiclersquos 12V battery after reducing it to 5V

using a three Once the MCU receives the acknowledge signal it can start transmitting or

receiving data In our case the MCU will transmit data When all is done the MCU will issue

the stop condition This signals that the bus has been released and that the connected ICs may

expect another transmission to start any moment

We have several states on the bus start address acknowledge data and stop These are

all unique conditions on the bus In our project the microcontroller is the master and the serial

EEPROM is the slave The readings are -terminal voltage

[13]

8 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION-

81 IC2 AT89C2051-

The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM) The device is

manufactured using Atmelrsquos high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible

with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with

Flash on a monolithic chip the Atmel AT89C2051 is a power- ful microcomputer which

provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications

The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features 2K bytes of Flash 128

bytes of RAM 15 IO lines two 16-bit timercounters a five vector two-level interrupt

architecture a full duplex serial port a precision analog comparator on-chip oscillator and clock

circuitry In addition the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero

frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes The Idle Mode stops

the CPU while allowing the RAM timercounters serial port and interrupt system to continue

functioning The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling

all other chip functions until the next hardware reset

[14]

811 Pin configuration-

Fig 3- Block diagram of IC2 AT89C2051

[15]

82 IC17805-

Ic 7805 is a 5v voltage regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5v and draws 5v

regulated lower supply it comes with provision to add heatsink

The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35v it can provide a constant

steady voltage flow of 5v for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35v if the voltage is

near to 75v then it does not produce any heat and hence no need for heatsink if the voltage input

is more then excess electricity is liberated as heat from 7805

It regulates a steady output of 5v if the input voltage is in rage of 72v to 35v hence to

avoid power loss try to maintain the input to 72v in some circuitry voltage fluctuation is fatal

(for eg microcontroller) for such situation to ensure constant voltage ic 7805 voltage

regulator is used for more information on specifications of7805 voltage regulator please refer

the data sheet here (ic 7805 voltage regulator data sheet)

Ic 7805 is a series of 78xx voltage regulators itrsquos a standard from the name the last two

digits 05 denotes the amount of voltage that it regulates hence a 7805 would regulate 5v and

7806 would regulate 6v and so on

Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]

83 IC3 4N35 Optocoupler

It is an optocoupler is used to counter the effects of bouncing when the contact of reed

switch is closed Each optocoupler consists of gallium arsenide infrared LED and a silicon NPN

phototransistor







832 APPLICATIONS OF OPTOCOUPLER-

AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]


833 Optocouplerphoto transistor output with base connection-

15

Normalized to

CT

R

VCE = 10 V IF = 10 mA TA = 25 degC

CTRCE(sat) VCE = 04 V

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100

i4n25_05 IF - LED Current (mA)

35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100

i4n25_07 Tamb- Ambient Temperature (degC)

15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V

IF = 10 mA TA = 25 degC

CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to

IB = 20 microA VCE = 10 V

-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000

i4n25_10 Ib - Base Current (microA)

[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachis HD44780

controller or other which are compatible with HD44580 In this tutorial we will discuss about

character based LCDs their interfacing with various microcontrollers various interfaces (8-bit4-

bit) programming special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which

can give a new look to your application

Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description

The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs

which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 charachers whereas LCDs supporting

more than 80 characters make use of 2 HD44780 controllers

Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are

extra in both for back-light LED connections) Pin description is shown in the table below

Pin No Name Description

1 VSS Power supply (GND)

2 VCC Power supply (+5V)

3 VEE Contrast adjust


4 RS 0 = Instruction input

1 = Data input

5 RW 0 = Write to LCD module

1 = Read from LCD module

6 EN Enable signal

7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

8 D1 Data bus line 1






14 D7 Data bus line zzzzzzzzzzzzz

Table 3 Character LCD pins with 1 Controller


1 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)








9 EN1 Enable signal for row 0 and 1 (1stcontroller)




1 = Data input





15 EN2 Enable signal for row 2 and 3 (2nd

controller)

16 NC Not Connected

TABLE 4 - Character LCD pins with 2 Controller

[23]

85 Light-emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) (pronounced) is a semiconductor light source LEDs are

used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for lighting Introduced as a

practical electronic component in 1962 early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light but modern

versions are available across the visible ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths with very high

brightness

Fig 6-LEDS

The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is forward biased (switched

on) electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of

photons

This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the

energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor

An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components are

used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection LEDs present many advantages over

incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption longer lifetime improved

robustness smaller size faster switching and greater durability and reliability However they

are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than traditional

light sources Current LED products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than

fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output

[24]

They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light

sources in aviation lighting automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals

The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed

while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology Infrared

LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including

televisions DVD players and other domestic appliances

86 CAPACITORS

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive electronic component consisting

of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator) When a potential difference (voltage)

exists across the conductors an electric field is present in the dielectric This field stores energy

and produces a mechanical force between the conductors The effect is greatest when there is a

narrow separation between large areas of conductor hence capacitor conductors are often called

plates

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value capacitance which is

measured in farads This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential

difference between them In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of

leakage current The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the

dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block direct current while allowing

alternating current to pass to filter out interference to smooth the output of power supplies and

for many other purposes They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to

select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies

[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function

Capacitors store electric charge They are used with resistors in timing circuits because it

takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by

acting as a reservoir of charge They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass

AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals

862 Capacitance

This is a measure of a capacitors ability to store charge A large capacitance means that

more charge can be stored Capacitance is measured in farads symbol F However 1F is very

large so prefixes are used to show the smaller values

[26]

Three prefixes (multipliers) are used micro (micro) n (nano) and p (pico)

micro means 10-6 (millionth) so 1000000microF = 1F

n means 10-9 (thousand-millionth) so 1000nF = 1microF

p means 10-12 (million-millionth) so 1000pF = 1nF

Capacitor values can be very difficult to find because there are many types of capacitor with

different labeling systems

There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two groups polarised and

unpolarised Each group has its own circuit symbol

Polarised capacitors (large values 1microF +)

Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]

863 Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors are polarised and they must be connected

the correct way round at least one of their leads will be marked + or -

They are not damaged by heat when soldering

There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors axial where the

leads are attached to each end (220microF in picture) and radial where both

leads are at the same end (10microF in picture) Radial capacitors tend to be a little smaller and they

stand upright on the circuit board

It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are clearly printed with

their capacitance and voltage rating The voltage rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it

should always be checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor

If the project parts list does not specify a voltage choose a capacitor with a rating which

is greater than the projects power supply voltage 25V is a sensible minimum most battery

circuits

[28]

864 Variable capacitors

Fig 8- Variable Capacitor

Variable capacitors are mostly used in radio tuning circuits and they are sometimes called

tuning capacitors They have very small capacitance values typically between 100pF and 500pF

(100pF = 00001microF) The type illustrated usually has trimmers built in (for making small

adjustments - see below) as well as the main variable capacitor

Many variable capacitors have very short spindles which are not suitable for the standard

knobs used for variable resistors and rotary switches It would be wise to check that a suitable

knob is available before ordering a variable capacitor

Variable capacitors are not normally used in timing circuits because their capacitance is

too small to be practical and the range of values available is very limited Instead timing circuits

use a fixed capacitor and a variable resistor if it is necessary to vary the time period

[29]

865 Trimmer capacitors

Fig 9-Trimmer Capacitor Symbol

Trimmer capacitors (trimmers) are miniature variable capacitorsThey are

designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built

A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust trimmers

The process of adjusting them requires patience because the presence of your hand and

the tool will slightly change the capacitance of the circuit in the region of the trimmer

Trimmer capacitors are only available with very small capacitances normally less than

100pF It is impossible to reduce their capacitance to zero so they are usually specified by their

minimum and maximum values for example 2-10Pf are the capacitor equivalent of presets

which are miniature variable resistors

[30]

87 RESISTORS

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with Ohms

law

V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in

most electronic equipment Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films as

well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy such as nickelchrome)

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance the tolerance maximum

working voltage and the power rating Other characteristics include temperature coefficient

noise and inductance Less well-known is critical resistance the value below which power

dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow and above which the limit is applied

voltage Critical resistance is determined by the design materials and dimensions of the resistor

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits as well as integrated circuits

Size and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers resistors must be

physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power

[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units

The ohm (symbol Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance named after Georg Simon Ohm

Commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and electronic usage are the milliohm

(1x10minus3) kilohm (1x103) and megohm (1x106)

872 Theory of operation

Ohms law-

The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohms law

Ohms law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I)

through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R)

[32]

Equivalently Ohms law can be stated

This formulation of Ohms law states that when a voltage (V) is maintained across a

resistance (R) a current (I) will flow through the resistance

This formulation is often used in practice For example if V is 12 volts and R is 400

ohms a current of 12 400 = 003 amperes will flow through the resistance R

Fixed and Variable Resistors

There are two kinds of resistors FIXED and VARIABLE The fixed resistor will have

one value and will never change (other than through temperature age etc) The resistors shown

in A and B of figure 1-29are classed as fixed resistors

The tapped resistor illustrated in B has several fixed taps and makes more than one

resistance value available The sliding contact resistor shown in C has an adjustable collar that

can be moved to tap off any resistance within the ohmic value range of the resistor

There are two types of variable resistors one called a POTENTIOMETER and the other

a RHEOSTAT (see views D and E of fig 1-29)An example of the potentiometer is the volume

control on your radio and an example of the rheostat is the dimmer control for the dash lights in

an automobile

There is a slight difference between them Rheostats usually have two connections one

fixed and the other moveable Any variable resistor can properly be called a rheostat The

potentiometer always has three connections two fixed and one moveable Generally the rheostat

has a limited range of values and A high current-handling capability

[33]

The potentiometer has a wide range of values but it usually has a limited current-

handling capability Potentiometers are always connected as voltage dividers

Fig 11-VARIABLE RESISTORS

These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor They are designed to be

mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built For example

to set the frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit

A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust presets Presets are much

cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects where a standard

variable resistor would normally be used Multi turn presets are used where very precise

adjustments must be made The screw must be turned many times (10+) to move the slider from

one end of the track to the other giving very fine control

[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another

through inductively coupled conductorsmdashthe transformers coils A varying current in the first or

primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformers core and thus a varying

magnetic field through the secondary winding This varying magnetic field induces a varying

electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding This effect is called mutual

induction

If a load is connected to the secondary an electric current will flow in the secondary

winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the

transformer to the load In an ideal transformer the induced voltage in the secondary winding

(VS) is in proportion to the primary voltage (VP) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns

in the secondary (NS) to the number of turns in the primary (NP) as follows

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns a transformer thus allows an alternating

current (AC) voltage to be stepped up by making NS greater than NP or stepped down by

making NS less than NP In the vast majority of transformers the windings are coils wound

around a ferromagnetic core air-core transformers being a notable exception

Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a

stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of

power grids All operate with the same basic principles although the range of designs is wide

While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits

transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household (mains)

voltage Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission which makes long

distance transmission economically practical

[35]

882 Basic principles

The transformer is based on two principles firstly that an electric current can produce a

magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of

wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction)

Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed The

changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil

Fig 12- TRANSFORMER

883 An ideal transformer

An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure Current passing through the primary

coil creates a magnetic field The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very

high magnetic permeability such as iron so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both

the primary and secondary coils

884 Induction law

The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faradays law of

induction which states that

[36]

where VS is the instantaneous voltage NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil

and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil If the turns of the coil are oriented

perpendicular to the magnetic field lines the flux is the product of the magnetic flux density B

and the area A through which it cuts

The area is constant being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core

whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary Since the

same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer

the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals

Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for

stepping up or stepping down the voltage

885 Ideal power equation

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

[37]

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow electrical power is

transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit Ideally the transformer is perfectly

efficient all the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field

and into the secondary circuit If this condition is met the incoming electric power must equal

the outgoing power

P incoming = IPVP = P outgoing = ISVS

giving the ideal transformer equation

Transformers normally have high efficiency so this formula is a reasonable approximation

If the voltage is increased then the current is decreased by the same factor The

impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turnrsquos ratio For example if an

impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil it appears to the primary

circuit to have an impedance of This relationship is reciprocal so that the impedance ZP

of the primary circuit appears to the secondary to be

886 Operation of transformers

The simplified description above neglects several practical factors in particular the

primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core and the contribution to the field

due to current in the secondary circuit

Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two

windings of zero resistance When a voltage is applied to the primary winding a small current

flows driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core

[38]

The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current since the ideal

core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance the magnetizing current is negligible

although still required to create the magnetic field

The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding

Since the ideal windings have no impedance they have no associated voltage drop and so the

voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer are equal to the corresponding

EMFs

The primary EMF acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage is sometimes

termed the back EMF This is due to Lenzs law which states that the induction of EMF would

always be such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field

887 Practical considerations

Leakage flux

The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links

all the turns of every winding including itself In practice some flux traverses paths that take it

outside the windings

Such flux is termed leakage flux and results in leakage inductance in series with the

mutually coupled transformer windings

[39]

Leakage results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic

fields with each cycle of the power supply

It is not directly a power loss (see Stray losses below) but results in inferior voltage

regulation causing the secondary voltage to fail to be directly proportional to the primary

particularly under heavy load Transformers are therefore normally designed to have very low

leakage inductance

However in some applications leakage can be a desirable property and long magnetic

paths air gaps or magnetic bypass shunts may be deliberately introduced to a transformers

design to limit the short-circuit current it will supply Leaky transformers may be used to supply

loads that exhibit negative resistance such as electric arcs mercury vapor lamps and neon signs

or for safely handling loads that become periodically short-circuited such as electric arc welders

Air gaps are also used to keep a transformer from saturating especially audio-frequency

transformers in circuits that have a direct current flowing through the windings Leakage

inductance is also helpful when transformers are operated in parallel

It can be shown that if the per-unit inductance of two transformers is the same (a

typical value is 5) they will automatically split power correctly (eg 500 KVA units in

parallel with 1000 KVA unit the larger one will carry twice the current)

888 Voltage transformers

Voltage transformers (VTs) or potential transformers (PTs) are another type of

instrument transformer used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits They are

designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage

ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can

be operated at a lower potential

[40]

Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 69 or 120 Volts at rated

primary voltage to match the input ratings of protection relays

Fig 13- VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

The transformer winding high-voltage connection points are typically labeled as H1 H2

(sometimes H0 if it is internally grounded) and X1 X2 and sometimes an X3 tap may be

present Sometimes a second isolated winding (Y1 Y2 Y3) may also be available on the same

voltage transformer The high side (primary) may be connected phase to ground or phase to

phase The low side (secondary) is usually phase to ground

The terminal identifications (H1 X1 Y1 etc) are often referred to as polarity This

applies to current transformers as well At any instant terminals with the same suffix numeral

have the same polarity and phase Correct identification of terminals and wiring is essential for

proper operation of metering and protection relays

[41]

While VTs were formerly used for all voltages greater than 240V primary modern

meters eliminate the need VTs for most secondary service voltages VTs are typically used in

circuits where the system voltage level is above 600 V Modern meters eliminate the need of

VTs since the voltage remains constant and it is measured in the incoming supply

Transformer + Rectifier

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps heaters and standard motors It is not

suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor Types

Auto transformer Poly-phase transformers Leakage transformers resonant transformers

Audio transformers Instrument transformers

89 VOLTAGE REGULATOR-

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level A

voltage regulator may be a simple feed-forward design or may include negative

feedback control loops

[42]

It may use an electromechanical mechanism or electronic components Depending on

the design it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where

they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements In

automobile alternators and central power station generator plants voltage regulators control the

output of the plant In an electric power distribution system voltage regulators may be installed

at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent

of how much power is drawn from the line

891 MEASURES OF REGULATOR QUANTITY-

load regulation is the change in output voltage for a given change in load current (for

example typically 15 mV maximum 100 mV for load currents between 5 mA and 14 A at

some specified temperature and input voltage)

line regulation or input regulation is the degree to which output voltage changes with input

(supply) voltage changes - as a ratio of output to input change (for example typically

13 mVV) or the output voltage change over the entire specified input voltage range (for

example plus or minus 2 for input voltages between 90 V and 260 V 50-60 Hz)

Other important parameters are

Temperature coefficient of the output voltage is the change with temperature (perhaps

averaged over a given temperature range)

[43]

Initial accuracy of a voltage regulator (or simply the voltage accuracy) reflects the error in

output voltage for a fixed regulator without taking into account temperature or aging effects

on output accuracy

Dropout voltage is the minimum difference between input voltage and output voltage for

which the regulator can still supply the specified current A low drop-out (LDO) regulator is

designed to work well even with an input supply of only a volt or so above the output

voltage The input-output differential at which the voltage regulator will no longer maintain

regulation is the dropout voltage Further reduction in input voltage will result in reduced

output voltage This value is dependent on load current and junction temperature

Absolute maximum ratings are defined for regulator components specifying the continuous

and peak output currents that may be used (sometimes internally limited) the maximum

input voltage maximum power dissipation at a given temperature etc

Output noise (thermal white noise) and output dynamic impedance may be specified as

graphs versus frequency while output ripple noise (mains hum or switch-mode hash

noise) may be given as peak-to-peak or RMS voltages or in terms of their spectra

[44]

Quiescent current in a regulator circuit is the current drawn internally not available to the

load normally measured as the input current while no load is connected (and hence a source

of inefficiency some linear regulators are surprisingly more efficient at very low current

loads than switch-mode designs because of this)

Transient response is the reaction of a regulator when a (sudden) change of the load current

(called the load transient) or input voltage (called the line transient) occurs Some regulators

will tend to oscillate or have a slow response time which in some cases might lead to

undesired results This value is different from the regulation parameters as that is the stable

situation definition The transient response shows the behaviour of the regulator on a change

This data is usually provided in the technical documentation of a regulator and is also

dependent on output capacitance

Mirror-image insertion protection means that a regulator is designed for use when a voltage

usually not higher than the maximum input voltage of the regulator is applied to its output

pin while its input terminal is at a low voltage volt-free or grounded Some regulators can

continuously withstand this situation others might only manage it for a limited time such as

60 seconds as usually specified in the datasheet This situation can occur when a three

terminal regulator is incorrectly mounted for example on a PCB with the output terminal

connected to the unregulated DC input and the input connected to the load Mirror-image

insertion protection is also important when a regulator circuit is used in battery charging

circuits when external power fails or is not turned on and the output terminal remains at

battery voltage

[45]

892 ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR-

A simple voltage regulator can be made from a resistor in series with a diode (or series of

diodes) Due to the logarithmic shape of diode V-I curves the voltage across the diode changes

only slightly due to changes in current drawn or changes in the input When precise voltage

control and efficiency are not important this design may work fine

Feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some

fixed reference voltage Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element in

such a way as to reduce the voltage error This forms a negative feedback control loop

increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy but reduce stability

(Stability is avoidance of oscillation or ringing during step changes) There will also be a trade-

off between stability and the speed of the response to changes If the output voltage is too low

(perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current increasing) the regulation element is

commanded up to a point to produce a higher output voltagendashby dropping less of the input

voltage (for linear series regulators and buck switching regulators) or to draw input current for

longer periods (boost-type switching regulators) if the output voltage is too high the regulation

element will normally be commanded to produce a lower voltage However many regulators

have over-current protection so that they will entirely stop sourcing current (or limit the current

in some way) if the output current is too high and some regulators may also shut down if the

input voltage is outside a given range (see also crowbar circuits)

[46]

893 ELECTRO MECHANICAL REGULATORS-

Fig 14- Circuit design for a simple electromechanical voltage regulator

Fig 15-A voltage stabilizer using electromechanical relays for switching

Fig 16-Graph of voltage output on a time scale

[47]

In electromechanical regulators voltage regulation is easily accomplished by coiling the

sensing wire to make an electromagnet The magnetic field produced by the current attracts a

moving ferrous core held back under spring tension or gravitational pull As voltage increases so

does the current strengthening the magnetic field produced by the coil and pulling the core

towards the field The magnet is physically connected to a mechanical power switch which

opens as the magnet moves into the field As voltage decreases so does the current releasing

spring tension or the weight of the core and causing it to retract This closes the switch and

allows the power to flow once more

If the mechanical regulator design is sensitive to small voltage fluctuations the motion of

the solenoid core can be used to move a selector switch across a range of resistances or

transformer windings to gradually step the output voltage up or down or to rotate the position of

a moving-coil AC regulator

Early automobile generators and alternators had a mechanical voltage regulator using

one two or three relays and variousresistors to stabilize the generators output at slightly more

than 6 or 12 V independent of the engines rpm or the varying load on the vehicles electrical

system Essentially the relay(s) employed pulse width modulation to regulate the output of the

generator controlling the field current reaching the generator (or alternator) and in this way

controlling the output voltage produced

The regulators used for DC generators (but not alternators) also disconnect the generator

when it was not producing electricity thereby preventing the battery from discharging back into

the generator and attempting to run it as a motor The rectifier diodes in an alternator

automatically perform this function so that a specific relay is not required this appreciably

simplified the regulator design

More modern designs now use solid state technology (transistors) to perform the same

function that the relays perform in electromechanical regulators

[48]

Electromechanical regulators are used for mains voltage stabilisation mdash see AC voltage

stabilizers below

894 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR-

Fig 17-Voltage regulator for generators

To control the output of generators (as seen in ships and power stations or on oil rigs

greenhouses and emergency power systems) automatic voltage regulators are used This is an

active system While the basic principle is the same the system itself is more complex An

automatic voltage regulator (or AVR for short) consist of several components such as diodes

capacitors resistors and potentiometers or even microcontrollers all placed on a circuit board

This is then mounted near the generator and connected with several wires to measure and adjust

the generator

How an AVR works In the first place the AVR monitors the output voltage and controls

the input voltage for the exciter of the generator By increasing or decreasing the generator

control voltage the output voltage of the generator increases or decreases accordingly

[49]

The AVR calculates how much voltage has to be sent to the exciter numerous times a

second therefore stabilizing the output voltage to a predetermined setpoint When two or more

generators are powering the same system (parallel operation) the AVR receives information from

more generators to match all output

9 SOFTWARE-

The lsquoInit_EEPROMrsquo and lsquoSpeedorsquo source codes of this project are written in Assembly

language These are compiled using an open-source ASEM-51 assembler to generate the

Init_EEPROMhex and Speedohex files The hex files are burnt into the microcontroller chip

Two internal timers of the microcontroller are configured as 8-bit counters to count the number

of pulses generated by the speed sensor One timer is used to measure the distance and the other

for speed calculation A software delay of one second is generated after the speed counter is

triggered The speed count value is obtained from the counter registers To speed up the process

a look-up data table is stored in the ROM that helps the microcontroller to convert the number of

pulses into the corresponding speed values

The program flow-chart is shown in Fig 2 The lsquodistancersquo counter is incremented every

100 metres The wheel has to make 53 revolutions to achieve this The distance counter is loaded

with an initial value of 203 (255-53+1) and is incremented on each revolution After 53 counts

the timer overflows and generates an interrupt to notify the microcontroller that 100 metres are

covered In the interrupt service routine the microcontroller updates the corresponding lsquoDS1rsquo

distance variable Instead of saving distance variables after each cycle the microcontroller saves

these readings when the vehicle is at halt (speed is 000 kmhour) In other words when the

vehicle is stopped at traffic signals or before the ignition key is turned off the last reading is

saved to the EEPROM The same reading again retrieved from the EEPROM when the bike is

turned on next time and the readings are updated for each trip

[50]

91 Program can be used-

includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt

unsigned char val=0x00

unsigned int distance=0speed=0cal=0

unsigned char km=0t=0

void timer0(void) interrupt 1

t++

distance=distance+100

if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)

void display(int num)

unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)

void bintoascii(unsigned char value)

unsigned char xd1d2d3abc

x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()

unsigned char c=0d=0

T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82

RW24XX(ampc 1 1 0xA1 M2404)

RW24XX(ampd 1 4 0xA1 M2404)

t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-

The reed switch and a magnet need to be fixed on the front wheel of the motor bike

(Hero Hondarsquos Splendor)

A small circular magnet(about 2 cm in diametre) normally used in speakers of small

toys can be used Fix the magnet to the central drum of the wheel just below the spokes

connected to the drum Secure the magnet using hot glue or Araldite For fixing the reed switch

a PVC pipe contraption needs to be made so that the magnet and reed switch are aligned as

shown in Fig 3 The materials required to build the contraption are shown in Fig 4 Cut a

32cm diameter PVC pipe measuring 152 cm in length perpendicularly into two halves Use

only one half of the PVC pipe Mount and secure the reed switch using Araldite and cable ties on

the plastic handle (normally used in emergency lights) Once it dries up solder two wires to the

two opposite end leads of the reed switch Fix the plastic handle on the half cut PVC pipe using

screws Now place the pipe on the front shock-absorber fork such that reed switch faces to-

wards the magnet Connect a multimeter set in continuity mode to the two wires coming from

the reed switch Rotate the wheel slowly and see whether the reed switch closes when the magnet

passes across it If it does the multimeter will give a continuity beep

When the magnet moves away from the reed switch the beep will stop indicating that

the reed switch is open Make a few trials to find the optimal position for mounting and fixing

the PVC pipe such that the reed switch works smoothly Mark the location on the front shock-ab-

sorber fork

Now you can fix the PVC pipe contraption to the shock-absorber fork using hot glue

as shown in Fig 5 Use liberal amount of hot glue to secure it to the pipe Care- fully route the

two wires up to the bikersquos handle bar using cable ties to secure the wire This completes the

sensor mounting part The main circuit and the LCD module can be housed in suitable plastic

enclosures which are readily available in electronic projects shops

[59]

These enclosures should have precut slot for easy mounting of the LCD panel If such

boxes are not available you can use the plastic boxes of electronic chokes by suitably re- moving

some portions for the LCD panel Power supply can be taken either directly from the bikersquos

12V battery or tapped from the console which houses horn head- light and indicator light

switches For this you need to remove the switch console and identify positive wire and ground

wire using a multimeter When carrying out this step remember to turn the ignition key to lsquoonrsquo

position Solder a 60cm two-core wire to the positive and negative terminals inside the switch

console The advantage of taking supply from the switch console is that the ignition key controls

the power supply to the main unit without having a separate on-off switch An actual-size

single-side PCB layout of the microcontroller-based speedometer-cum-odometer is shown in Fig

16 and its component layout in Fig 17

Fig 19-Component layout for PCB

11 TESTING-

After all the components are soldered on the PCB program the microcontroller with

Init_EEPROMhex file and place the microcontroller in a 20-pin IC base and switch on the

circuit In the first line of the LCD lsquoINIT_EEPROMrsquo appears After five seconds lsquo000000rsquo is

displayed in the second line This process erases any previous data and sets the initial readings in

the EEPROM to zero Now switch off the supply and program the microcontroller with

lsquospeedohexrsquo main file After programming place the microcontroller back in the circuit and

switch on the supply The LCD will show lsquoKms 000000rsquo in the first line and lsquoSpeed- KmsHr

000rsquo in the second line Now the unit is ready to mount on your bike Connect the two wires

coming from the reed switch and the power supply wires to the main unit Mount the unit at the

centre of the bikersquos handle bar on top of the lsquoUrsquo clamps that secure the handle bar to the chassis

You can use cable ties to accomplish this Mounting arrange- ment of the unit is shown in Fig 6

Now start the bike take a test ride and if connections are correct the speed and the distance will

be displayed on the LCD

[61]

A protective cover like polythene can be used for the main unit on rainy days EFY note

The source codes for this article have been included in this monthrsquos EFY-CD

111 Calculations-

You first need to know the radius of the bikersquos front wheel The calculations here are

based on Hero Hondarsquos Splendor model The radius of the front wheel is 30 cm (This can vary

with the

brand or model) Circumference of the wheel= 2πr (where lsquorrsquo is in cm) = 2times314times30 = 1884 cm

or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-

Letrsquos assume that in 1 second the wheel completes one revolution In other words in one

second the bike has covered 188 metres Therefore the speed in kmhour Ntimes188times36001000 =

Ntimes6784 or Ntimes68 where lsquoNrsquo is the number of revolutions per second lsquo68rsquo is a constant and

only lsquoNrsquo varies for example if lsquoNrsquo is 5 the speed equals 5x68= 34 kmhour

1112 Distance-

The odometer is updated every 100 metres To cover 100 metres the wheel is required to

make approximately 53 revolutions (100188) The microcontroller takes care of the tasks of

revolutions counting speed calculation conversion and display of results

[62]

12 FEATURES-

[1] Digital read out

[2] Speed displayed in kmhr

[3] Distance travelled displayed in km

[4] Readings saved in non volatile memory

[5] Realibility due to use of the microcontroller

[6] No mechanical wear amp tear

[7] Home-brewed speed transducer or sensor

[8] Self reset to zero after completion of 999999km

[9] Easy to built amp fix on the bike

[63]

13 APPLICATION-

[1] It is in luxury cars and motor bike

[2] It is used to measured speed of the motor bike

[3] It measures speed amp quantity of fuel

[4] It is used to counting revolution and speed calculation of cars

[5] It is for conversion of speed and display results

Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-

Considering the total requirement and need of society as well as according to cost

analysis and project profitability statement it is concluded that the project Microcontroller based

speedometer-cum-odometer is technically viable financially feasible and suitable for speed

measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES

[1] B Ravindranath M Chander Power System Protection and Switchgear NEW AGE

INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS 2nd

edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385

[2] A Chakrabarti M L Soni A Text Book ON POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Dhanpat Rai amp CO 2nd

edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632

[3] B L Theraja A K Theraja A Text Book ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES S CHAND

PUBLICATION 1st edition 2005 pp1243-1312

[4] Ashfaq Hussain ELECTRICAL MACHINES DHANPAT RAI ampCO 2nd

edition

2005pp307-416

[5] V K Mehta Rohit Mehta Principles of ELECTRICAL MACHINES S CHAND


[6] J B Gupta THEORY amp PERFORMANCE of ELECTRICAL MACHINES S K

KATARIA amp SONS 14th

edition 2006 pp359-439

[7] Yang ES ―Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices chap 1 McGraw Hill Book

Company New York 1978

[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg

[10] Wikipedia- httpsenwikipediaorgwikiElectronic_component

[11] All Electronics- wwwallelectronicscom

[12] wwwelectrical4ucom

[13] wwwelectricalengineeringschoolsorg

[14] EFY- httpswwwelectronicsforucom

[15] wwwelectrical-engineering-portalcom

[16] wwwrealworldengineeringorg

[66]

3 DESCRIPTION-

31 Microcontroller Basics-

Any electric appliance that stores measures displays information or calculates comprise

of a microcontroller chip inside it The basic structure of a microcontroller comprise of-

311 CPU ndash

Microcontrollers brain is named as CPU CPU is the device which is employed to fetch

data decode it and at the end complete the assigned task successfully With the help of CPU all

the components of microcontroller is connected into a single system Instruction fetched by the

programmable memory is decoded by the CPU

312 Memory ndash

In a microcontroller memory chip works same as microprocessor Memory chip stores

all programs amp data Microcontrollers are built with certain amount of ROM or RAM (EPROM

EEPROM etc) or flash memory for the storage of program source codes

313 Inputoutput ports ndash

IO ports are basically employed to interface or drive different appliances such as-

printers LCDrsquos LEDrsquos etc

[2]



as parallel port

315 Timers ndash















[3]





















[4]





Volt Meter


Current meter






onwards[1]









[5]

6 COMPONENTS

61 Semiconductors-




IC4 - 24C02 EEPROM




RESISTORS RATING

R1 82-kilo-ohm

R2-R6 10-kilo-ohm

R7 330-ohm

R8 1-kilo-ohm

R9 47-ohm

VR1 47-kilo-ohm

[6]


CAPACITOR RATING



C3 01microF ceramic

C4 C5 33pF ceramic

C6 10microF 16V





S3 - Reed switch



[7]





71 Microcontroller-






clock circuitry

[8]

72 LCD module-


based on HD44780

















[9]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]



as parallel port

315 Timers ndash















[3]





















[4]





Volt Meter


Current meter






onwards[1]









[5]

6 COMPONENTS

61 Semiconductors-




IC4 - 24C02 EEPROM




RESISTORS RATING

R1 82-kilo-ohm

R2-R6 10-kilo-ohm

R7 330-ohm

R8 1-kilo-ohm

R9 47-ohm

VR1 47-kilo-ohm

[6]


CAPACITOR RATING



C3 01microF ceramic

C4 C5 33pF ceramic

C6 10microF 16V





S3 - Reed switch



[7]





71 Microcontroller-






clock circuitry

[8]

72 LCD module-


based on HD44780

















[9]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]





















[4]





Volt Meter


Current meter






onwards[1]









[5]

6 COMPONENTS

61 Semiconductors-




IC4 - 24C02 EEPROM




RESISTORS RATING

R1 82-kilo-ohm

R2-R6 10-kilo-ohm

R7 330-ohm

R8 1-kilo-ohm

R9 47-ohm

VR1 47-kilo-ohm

[6]


CAPACITOR RATING



C3 01microF ceramic

C4 C5 33pF ceramic

C6 10microF 16V





S3 - Reed switch



[7]





71 Microcontroller-






clock circuitry

[8]

72 LCD module-


based on HD44780

















[9]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]





Volt Meter


Current meter






onwards[1]









[5]

6 COMPONENTS

61 Semiconductors-




IC4 - 24C02 EEPROM




RESISTORS RATING

R1 82-kilo-ohm

R2-R6 10-kilo-ohm

R7 330-ohm

R8 1-kilo-ohm

R9 47-ohm

VR1 47-kilo-ohm

[6]


CAPACITOR RATING



C3 01microF ceramic

C4 C5 33pF ceramic

C6 10microF 16V





S3 - Reed switch



[7]





71 Microcontroller-






clock circuitry

[8]

72 LCD module-


based on HD44780

















[9]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

6 COMPONENTS

61 Semiconductors-




IC4 - 24C02 EEPROM




RESISTORS RATING

R1 82-kilo-ohm

R2-R6 10-kilo-ohm

R7 330-ohm

R8 1-kilo-ohm

R9 47-ohm

VR1 47-kilo-ohm

[6]


CAPACITOR RATING



C3 01microF ceramic

C4 C5 33pF ceramic

C6 10microF 16V





S3 - Reed switch



[7]





71 Microcontroller-






clock circuitry

[8]

72 LCD module-


based on HD44780

















[9]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]


CAPACITOR RATING



C3 01microF ceramic

C4 C5 33pF ceramic

C6 10microF 16V





S3 - Reed switch



[7]





71 Microcontroller-






clock circuitry

[8]

72 LCD module-


based on HD44780

















[9]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]





71 Microcontroller-






clock circuitry

[8]

72 LCD module-


based on HD44780

















[9]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

72 LCD module-


based on HD44780

















[9]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]


[10]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

73 Speed sensor-






Wheel speed sensors

Speedometers

Pitometer logs

Pitot tubes

Airspeed indicators


LIDAR

Ground speed radar

Doppler radar



74 Optocoupler-


switch is closed

[11]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving





[12]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

75 Power supply-











[13]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]


81 IC2 AT89C2051-















[14]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]



[15]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

82 IC17805-















Fig 4- IC 7805

[16]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]




phototransistor








AC mains detection

Reed relay driving




[17]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]



15

Normalized to

CT

R



- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

TA = 85 degC

05

NC

TR

NCTR(SAT)

NCTR

00

01 1 10 100


35

(mA

) 30

Curr

ent

25

50 degC

20

- C

olle

cto

r

15 70 degC

25 degC

85 degC

10

5

CE

I

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


[18]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

(n

A)

105

104

Em

itte

r 103

102

Colle

cto

r

VCE = 10 V

101

100

Typical

-

ICE

O 10- 1

10

- 2

- 20 0 20 40 60 80 100


15

cb Normalized to

VCB = 93 V


CT

R

- N

orm

aliz

ed 10

05

cb

25 degC

NC

TR 50 degC

70 degC

00

01 1 10 100


[19]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

10

Photo

curr

ent

Normalized to


1

Norm

aliz

ed

01

Nib TA = - 20 degC

Nib TA = 20 degC

Nib TA = 50 degC

001

Nib TA = 70 degC

01 1 10 100


12 70 degC

FE

10

h

25 degC

Norm

aliz

ed

- 20 degC

08 Normalized to


-

TA = 25 degC

FE

06

Nh

04

1 10 100 1000


[20]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

84 LCD 162 EL102-






Fig 5- LCD DISPLAY

841 Pin Description












1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]



1 = Data input



6 EN Enable signal























1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]














1 = Data input






controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]





controller)

16 NC Not Connected


[23]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]






brightness

Fig 6-LEDS



photons










[24]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]







86 CAPACITORS






plates










[25]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

Fig 7-CAPACITORS

861 Function





862 Capacitance




[26]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]










Examples

Capacitor symble

[27]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]














circuits

[28]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]













[29]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]












[30]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

87 RESISTORS



law

V = IR












[31]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

Fig 10- RESISTORS

871 Units





Ohms law-




[32]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]
















an automobile





[33]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]












[34]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

88 TRANSFORMER

881 INTRODUCTION






induction

















[35]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]







Fig 12- TRANSFORMER






884 Induction law



[36]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]













[37]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]





the outgoing power
















[38]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]







EMFs





Leakage flux






[39]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]






leakage inductance


















[40]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]













[41]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]














[42]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]




















[43]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]



on output accuracy













[44]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]





















battery voltage

[45]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]




















[46]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]





[47]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]


























[48]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]


stabilizers below









the generator




[49]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]





9 SOFTWARE-




















[50]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]


includeat89x52h

includelcdh

includelt24cxxcgt





t++


if(distance==1000)

km=km+1

t=0

distance=0

[51]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

void one_sec()

unsigned int ij

for(i=0ilt120i++)

for(j=0jlt1271j++)


unsigned char tuf

t=num10

num=num10

[52]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

u=num10

num=num10

f=num10

lcd_data(0+f)

lcd_data(0+u)

lcd_data(0+t)



x=value10

d1=value10

d2=x10

d3=x10

a=0x30|d1

b=0x30|d2

c=0x30|d3

lcd_data( )

[53]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

lcd_data(c)

lcd_data(b)

lcd_data(a)

lcd_com(0xc0)

lcd_puts(KM )

display(km)

lcd_puts( MT )

display(distance)

void main()


T1=1

T0=1

TMOD=0x66

TH0=206

TL0=206

TH1=0

[54]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

TL1=0

TR0=1

P1=0xFF

IE=0x82



t=d

km=c

distance=t100

c=0d=0

lcd_init()

lcd_com(0x01)

lcd_com(0x0C)

lcd_com(0x80)

while(1)

TR0=1

val=TL0

[55]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

TL1=0

TR1=1

one_sec()

speed=TL1

TR1=0

cal=(speed7)

lcd_com(0x80)

lcd_puts(Speed )

display(cal)

lcd_com(0x89)

lcd_data( )

bintoascii(val)

if(speed==0)

c=km

d=t



[56]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

if(P1_4==0)

while(P1_4=1)

c=0


[57]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

Fig 18- Flow Chart

[58]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

10 CONSTRUCTION-



















sorber fork






[59]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]













11 TESTING-














[61]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]



111 Calculations-



with the


or 1884 meters

1111 Speed-





1112 Distance-




[62]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

12 FEATURES-










[63]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

13 APPLICATION-






Fig 20- APPLICATION

[64]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

14 CONCLUSION-




measurement

[65]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

15REFERENCES



edition 2011 pp31-39148-153255-385



edition 2010 pp539-578579-616617-632




edition

2005pp307-416








[8] wwwgooglecom

[9] wwwieeeorg








[66]

microcontroller based speedo meter cum odometer

Engineering