PRESENTATION PRESENTATION ON ON

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:Aaina KatyalAaina Katyal

WHAT IS MICROPOCESSOR?

MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational control.providing computational control.

The Microprocessor, (or CPU), is the brain of the The Microprocessor, (or CPU), is the brain of the computercomputer. .

A microprocessor is A microprocessor is “a component that implements “a component that implements memorymemory.”.”

Microprocessor is the core of the systemMicroprocessor is the core of the system..

MICROPROCESSOR IMAGESMICROPROCESSOR IMAGES

Operation Types in a MicroprocessorOperation Types in a Microprocessor

All of the operations of the microprocessor can be All of the operations of the microprocessor can be classified into one of three types:classified into one of three types:

- Microprocessor Initiated OperationsMicroprocessor Initiated Operations- Internal OperationsInternal Operations- Peripheral Initiated OperationsPeripheral Initiated Operations

Microprocessor ArchitectureMicroprocessor Architecture

The The MMicroprocessor can be programmed to perform icroprocessor can be programmed to perform functions on given data by writing specific instructions functions on given data by writing specific instructions into its memory.into its memory.

The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, matches it with its instruction set, and performs the matches it with its instruction set, and performs the data manipulation specified.data manipulation specified.

The result is either stored back into memory or The result is either stored back into memory or displayed on an output device.displayed on an output device.

Necessary Tools For MicroprocessorNecessary Tools For Microprocessor

CPU: Central Processing UnitCPU: Central Processing Unit

I/O: Input /OutputI/O: Input /Output

Bus: Address bus & Data busBus: Address bus & Data bus

CU: Timing and Control UnitCU: Timing and Control Unit

Special And General Purpose RegisterSpecial And General Purpose Register

L1 & L2 Cache MemoryL1 & L2 Cache Memory

Bus InterfaceBus Interface

Block Diagram Of MicroprocessorBlock Diagram Of Microprocessor

TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT

C.P.U is partitioned into A.L.U & C.U.C.P.U is partitioned into A.L.U & C.U.

The function of control unit is to generate the relevant The function of control unit is to generate the relevant timing & control signals to all operations in the timing & control signals to all operations in the computer.computer.

It controls the flow of the data between the processor & It controls the flow of the data between the processor & memory & peripheralsmemory & peripherals..

ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT

An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a CPU that An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a CPU that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in computer instruction words. the operands in computer instruction words.

The ALU includes storage places for input operands, The ALU includes storage places for input operands, operands that are being added, the accumulated result operands that are being added, the accumulated result (stored in an accumulato(stored in an accumulatorr), and shifted results.), and shifted results.

It performs arithmetic operations like addition, It performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, increment, decrement etc.subtraction, increment, decrement etc.

It also performs logical operations like AND, OR, X-OR, It also performs logical operations like AND, OR, X-OR, Complement etc.Complement etc.

How ALU Works?How ALU Works?

L1 & L2 Cache MemoryL1 & L2 Cache Memory

   L1 and L2 are levels of cache memory in a L1 and L2 are levels of cache memory in a computer.computer.

““Level-1" cache memory, usually built onto the Level-1" cache memory, usually built onto the microprocessor chip itself.microprocessor chip itself.

L2 (that is, level-2) cache memory is on a L2 (that is, level-2) cache memory is on a separate chip (possibly on an expansion card) separate chip (possibly on an expansion card) that can be accessed more quickly than the that can be accessed more quickly than the larger "main" memory.larger "main" memory.

L1 & L2 Cache MemoryL1 & L2 Cache Memory

Special & General Purpose RegisterSpecial & General Purpose Register

General purpose registers can be used as either data or General purpose registers can be used as either data or address register.address register.

There are 6 general purpose registers namely B, C, D, E, There are 6 general purpose registers namely B, C, D, E, H, L.H, L.

Each of them is a 8-bit registers.Each of them is a 8-bit registers.

They are used to hold data and results.They are used to hold data and results.

To hold 16 bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers To hold 16 bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers can be used.can be used.

BUS INTERFACE BUS INTERFACE

The bus interface unit is the part of the processor that The bus interface unit is the part of the processor that interfaces with the rest of the PC. interfaces with the rest of the PC.

It deals with moving information over the processor data It deals with moving information over the processor data bus, the primary conduit for the transfer of information to bus, the primary conduit for the transfer of information to and from the CPU.and from the CPU.

The bus interface unit is responsible for responding to all The bus interface unit is responsible for responding to all signals that go to the processor, and generating all signals signals that go to the processor, and generating all signals that go from the processor to other parts of the system.that go from the processor to other parts of the system.

DATA BUS

DATA BUS DATA BUS

A collection of wires in which data is transmitted from A collection of wires in which data is transmitted from one computer to another external driveone computer to another external drive..

The data bus carries digital information.The data bus carries digital information.

The data bus is connected to the inputs of several gates The data bus is connected to the inputs of several gates and to the outputs of several gates.and to the outputs of several gates.

This is also called bi-directional bus because information This is also called bi-directional bus because information may flow on the bus wires in both directions. may flow on the bus wires in both directions.

ADDRESS BUS ADDRESS BUS

An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify a physical address. a physical address.

The width of the address bus determines the amount of The width of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address.memory a system can address.

It transfers the address of the location.It transfers the address of the location.

It is called uni-directional because it transfers address It is called uni-directional because it transfers address from C.P.U to memory only.from C.P.U to memory only.

DATA BUS & ADDRESS BUSDATA BUS & ADDRESS BUS

Address Bus Memory Capacity ChartAddress Bus Memory Capacity Chart

Address Bus Size Maximum RAMAddress Bus Size Maximum RAM

20 bits 1MB20 bits 1MB

24 bits 16MB24 bits 16MB

32 bits 4GB32 bits 4GB

36 bits 64GB 36 bits 64GB

40 bits 1TB40 bits 1TB

44 bits 16TB44 bits 16TB

THANK YOUTHANK YOU