microprocessors - universitas...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Microprocessors
![Page 2: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• Microprocessors• History• Datawidth• 8086vs8088• 8086pindescrip7on• Z80Pindescrip7on
![Page 3: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Microprocessors • Microprocessorscomeinallkindsofvarie7esfromthe
verysimpletotheverycomplex
• DependondatabusandregisterandALUwidthuPcouldbe4‐bit,8‐bit,16‐bit,32‐bit,64‐bit
• Wewilldiscusstwosampleofit– Z80asan8‐bituP– and8086/88asan16‐bituP
• AlluPshave– theaddressbus– thedatabus– RD,WR,CLK,RST,INT,...
![Page 4: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
History
Company 4 bit 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit 64 bit
intel 4004 4040
8008 8080 8085
8088/6 80186 80286
80386 80486
80860 pentium
zilog Z80 Z8000 Z8001 Z8002
Motorola 6800 6802 6809
68006 68008 68010
68020 68030 68040
![Page 5: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Internal and External Bus
• InternalbusisapathwayfordatatransferbetweenregistersandALUintheuPs
• ExternalbusisavailableexternallytoconnecttoRAM,ROMandI/O
• Int.andExt.Buswidthmaybedifferent
• Forexample– In8088Int.Busis16‐bit,Ext.busis8‐bit– In8086Int.Busis16‐bit,Ext.busis16‐bit
![Page 6: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8086 vs 8088
16_bit Data Bus 20_bit Address
8_bit Data Bus
20_bit Address
8088 8086
Only external bus of 8088 is 8_bit
![Page 7: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
8086PinAssignment
![Page 8: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8086 Pin Description Vcc(pin40):Power
Gnd(pin1and20):Ground
AD0..AD7,A8..A15,A19/S6,A18/S5,A17/S4,A16/S3:20‐bitAddressBus
MN/MX’(input):IndicatesOpera7ngmode
READY(input,Ac7veHigh):takeuPtowaitstate
CLK(input):Providesbasic7mingfortheprocessor
RESET(input,Ac7veHigh):Atleast4clockcyclesCausestheuPimmediatelyterminateitspresentac7vity.
TEST’(input,Ac7veLow):ConnectthistoHIGH
HOLD(input,Ac7veHigh):ConnectthistoLOW
HLDA(output,Ac7veHigh):HoldAck
INTR(input,Ac7veHigh):Interruptrequest
INTA’(output,Ac7veLow):InterruptAcknowledgeNMI(input,Ac7veHigh):Non‐maskableinterrupt
![Page 9: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8086 Pin Description
DEN’(output):DataEnable.ItisLOWwhenprocessorwantstoreceivedataorprocessorisgivingoutdata(to74245)
DT/R’(output):DataTransmit/Receive.WhenHigh,datafromuPtomemory
WhenLow,dataisfrommemorytouP(to74245dir)
IO/M’(output):IfHighuPaccessI/ODevice.IfLowuPaccessmemory
RD’(output):WhenLow,uPisperformingareadopera7on
WR’(output):WhenLow,uPisperformingawriteopera7on
ALE(output):AddressLatchEnable,Ac7veHighProvidedbyuPtolatchaddressWhenHIGH,uPisusingAD0..AD7,A19/S6,A18/S5,A17/S4,A16/S3asaddresslines
![Page 10: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Z80 CPU Pin Assignment
![Page 11: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Z80 Pin DescriptionA15-A0 : Address bus (output, active high, 3-state). Used for accessing the memory and I/O ports During the refresh cycle the I is put on this bus. D7-D0 : Data Bus (input/output, active high, 3-state). Used for data exchanges with memory, I/O and interrupts. RD: Read (output, active Low, 3-state) indicates that the CPU wants to read data from memory or I/O WR: Write (output, active Low, 3-state) indicates that the CPU data bus holds valid data to be stored at the addressed memory or I/O location.
![Page 12: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Z80 Pin Description MREQ Memory Request (output, active Low, 3-state). Indicates memory read/write operation. See M1 IORQ Input/Output Request(output,active Low,3-state) Indicates I/O read/write operation. See M1 M1 Machine Cycle One (output, active Low). Together with MREQ indicatesopcode fetch cycle Together with IORQ indicates an Int Ack cycleRFSH Refresh (output, active Low). Together with MREQ indicates refresh cycle. Lower 7-bits address is refresh address to DRAM
![Page 13: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Z80 Pin Description INT
Interrupt Request (input, active Low). Interrupt Request is generated by I/O devices. Checked at the end of the current instruction If flip-flop (IFF) is enabled.
NMI Non-Maskable Interrupt (Input, negative edge-triggered). Higher priority than INT. Recognized at the end of the current Instruction Independent of the status of IFF Forces the CPU to restart at location 0066H.
![Page 14: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Z80 Pin Description BUSREQ
Bus Request (input, active Low). higher priority than NMI recognized at the end of the current machine cycle. forces the CPU address bus, data bus, and MREQ, IORQ, RD, and WR to high-imp.
BUSACK Bus Acknowledge (output, active,Low) indicates to the requesting device that address, data, and control signals MREQ, IORQ, RD, and WR have entered their high-impedance states.
![Page 15: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Z80 Pin Description RESET Reset (input, active Low). RESET initializes the CPU as follows: Resets the IFF Clears the PC and registers I and R Sets the interrupt status to Mode 0. During reset time, the address and data bus go to a high-impedance state And all control output signals go to the inactive state. must be active for a minimum of three full clock cycles before the reset operation is complete.
![Page 16: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Z80 CPU
![Page 17: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Z80 Programming Model
![Page 18: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Register Set
• A:AccumulatorRegister• F:Flagregister• Twosetsofsixgeneral‐purposeregisters
– maybeusedindividuallyas8‐bitAFBCDEHL(A’F’B’C’D’E’H’L’)
– orinpairsas16‐bitregistersAFBCDEHL(AF’BC’DE’HL’)• TheAlterna7veregisters(A’F’B’C’D’E’H’L’)notvisibletotheprogrammerbutcanaccessvia:– EXX(BC)<‐>(BC'),(DE)<‐>(DE'),(HL)<‐>(HL')– EXAF,AF’(AF)<‐>(AF')whatisthisinstruc7onusefulfor?
![Page 19: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Register Set(cont) • 416‐bitregistersholdmemoryaddress(pointers)
– indexregisters(IX)and(IY)are16‐bitmemorypointers
– 16bitstackpointer(SP)– Programcounter(PC)
• Programcounter(PC)– PCpointstothenextopcodetobefetchedfromROM
– whentheµPplacesanaddressontheaddressbustofetchthebytefrommemory,itthenincrementstheprogramcounterbyonetothenextloca7on
• Specialpurposeregisters– I:Interruptvectorregister.– R:memoryRefreshregister
![Page 20: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Flag Register
S SignFlag(1:nega-v)*Z ZeroFlag(1:Zero)H HalfCarryFlag(1:CarryfromBit3toBit4)**P ParityFlag(1:Even)V OverflowFlag(1:Overflow)*N Opera-onFlag(1:previousOpera-onwassubtrac-on)**C CarryFlag(1:CarryfromBitn‐1toBitn,
withnlengthofoperand)
*: 2‐complementnumberrepresenta-on**:usedinDAA‐opera-onforBCD‐arithme-c
![Page 21: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DAA - Decimal Adjust Accumulator
before DAA after DAA
Op N C Bits 4-7 H Bits 0-3 A=A+.. C
ADD ADC
0 0 0-9 0 0-9 00 0 0 0 0-8 0 A-F 06 0 0 0 0-9 1 0-3 06 0 0 0 A-F 0 0-9 60 1 0 0 9-F 0 A-F 66 1 0 0 A-F 1 0-3 66 1 0 1 0-2 0 0-9 60 1 0 1 0-2 0 A-F 66 1 0 1 0-3 1 0-3 66 1
SUB SBC NEG
1 0 0-9 0 0-9 00 0 1 0 0-8 1 6-F FA 0 1 1 7-F 0 0-9 A0 1 1 1 6-F 1 6-F 9A 1
Adjusts the content of the Accumulator A for BCD addition and subtraction operations such as ADD, ADC, SUB, SBC, and NEG according to the table:
![Page 22: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Instruction cycles, machine cycles and “T-states”
• Instruc7oncycleisthe7metakentocompletetheexecu7onofaninstruc7on
• Machinecycleisdefinedasthe7merequiredtocompleteoneopera7onofaccessingmemory,accessingIO,etc.
• T‐state=1/f(f:Z80ClockFrequency)– f=4MHZT‐state=0.25uS
![Page 23: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Basic CPU Timing Example
![Page 24: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Opcode Fetch Bus Timings (M1 Cycle)
![Page 25: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The R register
• Isincreasedateveryfirstmachinecycle(M1).
• Bit7ofitisneverchangedbythis;onlythelower7bitsareincludedintheaddi7on.Sobit7staysthesame
• Bit7canbechangedusingtheLDR,Ainstruc7on.• LDA,RandLDR,AaccesstheRregisteraneritisincreased• Risonenusedinprogramsforarandomvalue,whichisgood
butofcoursenottrulyrandom.
theblockinstruc7onsdecreasethePCwithtwo,sotheinstruc7onsarere‐executed.
![Page 26: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Memory read/write cycle
![Page 27: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
AddingOneWaitStatetoanM1Cycle
![Page 28: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
AddingOneWaitStatetoAnyMemoryCycle
![Page 29: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
IO read/write cycle
During I/O operations a single wait state is automatically inserted
![Page 30: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Bus Request/Acknowledge Cycle
![Page 31: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Interrupt Request/Acknowledge Cycle
Two wait states are automatically added to this cycle
![Page 32: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Non-Maskable Interrupt Request Operation
![Page 33: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
M1 Refresh Cycle
• Takes4Tto6Ts• Z80includesbuiltincircuitryforrefreshingDRAM
• Thissimplifiestheexternalinterfacinghardware• DRAMconsistsofMOStransistors,whichstoreInforma7onascapaci7vecharges;eachcellneedstobeperiodicallyrefreshed
• DuringT3andT4(whenZ80isperforminginternalops),theloworderaddressisusedtosupplya7‐bitaddressforrefresh
![Page 34: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Wait Signal
• theZ80samplesthewaitsignalduringT2iflowthenZ80addswait
• statestoextendthemachinecycle
• usedtointerfacememorieswithslowresponse7me
• Slowmemoryislowcost
![Page 35: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Interrupts
Therearetwotypesofinterrupts:• nonmask‐able(NMI)
– Couldnotbemasked– Jumpto0066Hofmemory
• mask‐able(INT)– Has3mode– CanbesetwiththeIMxInstruc7on– IM0setsInterruptmode0– IM1setsInterruptmode1– IM2setsInterruptmode2
![Page 36: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Interrupt Modes
• Mode0:– An8bitopcodeisFetchedfromDataBUSandexecuted
– Thesourceinterruptdevicemustput8bitopcodeatdatabus– 8bitopcodeusuallyisRSTpinstruc7ons
• Mode1:– Ajumpismadetoaddress0038h
– Novalueisrequiredatdatabus• Mode2:
– Ajumpismadetoaddress(registerI×256+valuefrominterrup7ngdevicethatputsatbus)
– Iishigh8bitofinterruptvector– Valueislow8bitofinterruptvector
![Page 37: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Microprocessors - Universitas Brawijayablog.ub.ac.id/rusliawan/files/2012/03/3-Microprocessors.pdf · Outline • Microprocessors • History • Data width • 8086 vs 8088 • 8086](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042503/5ac28b247f8b9a1c768e1ca9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Z80 CPU Instruction Description
• 158 different instruction types • Including all 78 of the 8080A CPU. • Instruction groups
– Load and Exchange – Block Transfer and Search – Arithmetic and Logical – Rotate and Shift – Bit Manipulation (Set, Reset, Test) – Jump, Call, and Return – Input/Output – Basic CPU Control