Sign outReview Notes Era: Exploration and Colonization

Grade 8Review

Social Studies

Key TermsColumbian Exchange MerchantImport Triangular Trade Profit Middle Passage Empire MercantilismColony PlantationTrade SlaveryLabor Free EnterpriseQuaker Region Pilgrims Puritans Raw MaterialsManufactured Goods

Major Groups that Colonized the Americas:

Significant Date1607

Fren c h – Fur trade, spreadChristianity

Spani s h – God, gold, glory (Created an empire in the Americas, wealth (profit), and spread Christianity)

English – Religious freedom, land ownership, trade and profit

BIG IDEAS The Spanish, French and English colonized and settled in the New World alongaccessible coastlines and fertile river valleys beginning in thelate 15th century.

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Europeans were economically motivated to explore an settle the New World for precious metals and other raw materials

MAPS of the Era

Key Documents

SIGNIFICANT DOCUM E N TS Magna Carta (1215) – Limited the

powers of the MonarchyMayflower Compact (1620) –

established the idea of self- government; rule of law

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – first written form of government in America

SIGNIFICANT INSTITUT I ON Virginia House of Burgesses

(1619) – first elected assembly in America; representative government.

start W Exploration and Colonization

Sign outReview Notes The 13 Original Colonies

Reasons England EstablishedColonies in America

Political

Economic

Geographic

Access to navigable water ways fortransportation and trade

Social

Freedom from religious persecution; protectionof culture; settlement opportunities fordebtors and indenturedworkers

Grade 8Review

Social Studies

COLONIAL LEADERS

COLONIAL REGIONS

New England Colonies(New Hampshire, _, Rhode Island, Connecticut) Background: Settled by Pilgrims in 1620(men signed MayflowerCompact –and Puritans in the 1630’s who wanted to escape religiouspersecution in England; they wanted the freedom to practice their own religion.Geography:

• – Quaker; founder of Pennsylvania; a colonybased on the principles of equality, freedom of religion, & self-government.

• James Oglethorpe – founder of ; refuge for imprisoned debtors.

• –

Middle Colonies( , New Jersey, Pennsylvania, ) Geography: Milder climates, good ports, land suitable for growingcrops like wheat and corn and raising diary animals; fresh watersupply; fewer trees, open land. Area grew as a center for trade, manufacture (iron), and agriculture. Major port cities included

founder of Rhode Island; established and New York City. the principle of freedom of religion; 13 Original Coloniesseparation of church & state

• Anne Hutchinson – a founder of Rhode Island; established the principle of freedom of ; believed worship was possible without the help of a church, a minister, a Bible.

REFLECTION

1. The first form of representative government in America was

Colonies(Maryland, , North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia) Geography: Because of long growing season, staple crops like tobacco were easily grown, and the need for cheap laborers to growtobacco, rice, indigo which were raised on large plantationsencouraged settlers to use slaves; rich soil, tidewater regions, large expanses of uncleared land, accessibility to large navigable rivers.

2. 1607 -

3. Which document established the idea of self- government?

4. Which colonial region’s economy was based on cash crops and slave labor?

Economic System A: Economic System B:

start W The 13 Original Colonies

Sign outReview Notes Era: The American Revolution

Key Events

British Policy/Event Definition and American Reaction

Proclamation of 1763

Sugar Act (1764)

Stamp Act (1765)

Quartering Act (1765)

Boston Massacre (1770)

Tea Act (1773)

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Grade 8Review

Social Studies

Key Terms & IndividualsFrench & Indian War Albany Plan of UnionAlly Treaty of Paris, 1763Treaty of Paris, 1783

Protective Tariff Mercantilism Free Enterprise Monopoly Competition ProfitBoycott RepealParliament King George III Samuel Adams“Taxation without Representation”

Writs of Assistance Sons of LibertyTownshend Acts TyrannyMilitia LoyalistPatriotFirst and Second Continental Congress

Battle of Lexington and ConcordCommon Sense Thomas PaineThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence Unalienable RightsGeorge Washington Battle of SaratogaArticles of ConfederationNorthwest Ordinance Benjamin FranklinCrispus Attucks RepublicRatify Battle of Yorktown

Efforts to Unite the Colonies

BIG IDEAS • Wars are caused when nations

compete over natural resources, and/or individuals demand greater political freedom, and/or greater economic freedom.

• The cost of defending the British colonists during the French and Indian War created an enormous debt for the mother country of England and promptedParliament to ask the colonists for financial assistance

• Parliament issued the Proclamation of 1763 that forbid colonial settlement west of the Appalachians in order to avoid future war/conflict with Native Americans. The colonists resented the limitations placed on their movement and began to resist and/or rebel against the laws of the mother country.

Proclamation of 1763

Significant Date1776

start W Era: The American Revolution

Review Notes Era: The American Revolution Sign out

Grade 8Review

Social Studies

Key People

I am the author of a pamphlet entitled Common Sense.

REFLECTION

1. Define unalienable rights:

2. In which historical document are these rights listed?

3. Who became the first person to die for our nation’s liberty?

4. Explain why the battle of Saratoga is considered a“turning point”

5. During which battle is it said that the first shot fired was the “shot heard around the world”

I wrote the Declaration ofIndependence in 1776.

6. The last battle of the American Revolution was the

7. Identify the treaty and ending the AmericanRevolution.

I am remembered for saying “give me liberty or give me death”

I became the Commander-in- Chief of the Continental Army.

I wrote the Albany Plan of Unionin which I urged the colonies to unite for defense against the French.

I became the leader of the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts.

Put these events in order in the boxes above.

(1) Proclamation of 1763 (6) French & Indian War(2) Stamp Act (7) Intolerable Acts(3) Boston Tea Party (8) Quartering Act(4) Tea Act (9) Boston Massacre(5) Sons of Liberty organized

We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness – That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted [created] among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed…

Excerpt from the DeclarationOf Independence

8. Why did colonists protest by saying “taxation without representation?”

9. Which physical feature were the colonists forbidden to cross after the French and Indian War?

10. Which Act passed by Parliament led to the BostonTea Party in 1773?

11. Why was King George called a tyrant?

12. The purpose of Common Sense was to persuade the colonists to-

13. Which document formally declared the Original 13 colonies free of British control?

14. Refusing to buy products made by a certain company until a changed is made is to

15. Which Act passed by Parliament forced the colonists to house and feed British troops?

start W Era: The American Revolution

I became Chairman of the Constitutional Convention.I am

I am known as the “Father of the Constitution.”I am

I saved the Constitutional Convention by proposing the “Great Compromise.”I am

We wrote a series of essays supporting ratification of the Constitution.We are

Rival Plans for the Legislature

Plan New Jersey Plan Great

• Proposed by Randolph and Madison

• Favored large states

• Legislature has two houses

• Seats awarded on basis of

• Proposed byPaterson

• Favored states

• Legislature with one house

• Each state has one voteregardless of population

• Proposed bySherman

• Did not favor any state

• Two-house legislative

• Seats in lower house (House of Representatives) awarded to each state according to its

• Each state would have members in upper house (Senate)

CONCEPT OF THE CONSTITUTIONEnglish Tradition American Experience

• English Bill of Rights• Magna Carta

• Memory of grievances againstKing George III

• Tradition of representative government and written laws

Review Notes Era: From Confederat i on to Constitution Sign out

Grade 8Review

Significant People, “Who Am I?”

Social Studies

Key TermsGeorge Washington James Madison Roger Sherman Congress Alexander Hamilton John Jay Convention Constitution Principle Compromise Federalist Papers Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Ratify/ Ratification VetoBill Political Party Federalist Anti-Federalists Unalienable Rights Bill of rights Articles of ConfederationFederalism RepublicanismLimited Government Popular Sovereignty Checks & BalancesSeparation of Powers Individual Rights

Key Events

Describe the PhiladelphiaConvention of 1787:

1787

Significant Date BIG IDEAS

• The Founding Fathers were the55 men who wrote the U.S. _.

• The development of the U.S.Constitution came about as a result of a failed attempt at creating a national system ofgovernment known as the of Confederation.

• The Constitution was created when delegates met to create a new written plan of government

• The delegates to the Constitutional Convention had to reach to settle debates over the best written plan of government for the U.S.

• The purposes of the U.S.Constitution are identifies in thePreamble

• Democracy means rule by the

• Democracy in the U.S.Constitution is defined by 7Principles:

Describe the 3/5 Compromise:

start W From Confederation to Constitution

Articles of the Confederation

Strengths Weaknesses

Federalists Anti-Federalist

Leaders

Characteristics

Review Notes Era: From Confederation to Constitution Sign out

Grade 8Review

The Three Branches of Government

Social Studies

Principles of the Constitution Bill of Rights

– Government is restricted, the government is not all-powerful.

– A system of government were representatives are elected by and serve at the will of the people. – Power is divided between a central government and the state governments.

– Ultimate power and final authority rest with the people or all the citizen; the will of the people is expressed through voting; an example – “We the People” in the Preamble of the Constitution

–a plan to divide the main powers of the federal government into three separate branches.

– Personal freedoms, personal protections, and equality under the law are defined and guaranteed in the Constitution. – Constitutional provisions that give controls toeach of the branches over the other two fromgetting too much power.

Birth of Political Parties

start W From Confederation to Constitution

Sign outReview Notes Era: The Young Republic

Department Secretary

Department of State

Department of theTreasury

Department of War

Attorney General

Problems Solutions

1. Creating a stable economic system

• Enact a protective ••

2. Creating a uniform justice system

Passing the of 1789 whichestablished the U.S. Court System – This act said the Supreme Court would have six judges– today the Court has 9 justices

Grade 8Review

Social Studies

Key TermsTariff George WashingtonPresidency John Adams Cabinet Thomas Jefferson Political Party James MadisonUnconstitutional James Monroe

The Dem o cratic-Republican Party

Leader Thomas JeffersonCharacteristics:• Government power should be shared with the states• Against creating a national bank that would loan

money to manufacturers but not farmers• Econ o my : Farming is the most important business• Strict interpretation of the Constitution• Government leaders can turn into tyrants and take

away rights. The people should be trusted• Foreign policy that supported France• Supporters were farmers and trades people

Geor g e W as hington’s A d ministration 1789 – 1 797

The Fede r alist Party

Leader: Alexander HamiltonCharacteristics:• Strong national government in Washington, D.C.• Play an active role in the nation’s economy• Loose interpretation of the Constitution• Creation of a national bank• Econ o my : Shipping and manufacturing the most

important businesses• People can turn into a mob and bring violence• Government leader should be wealthy, educated

and public-spirited men• Supporters were merchants and manufacturers

Judicial Review Alexander Hamilton Expedition Acquisition Precedent Judiciary Act Neutrality PrecedentAlly ImpressmentsEmbargo Act Jay’s TreatyXYZ Affair Louisiana Purchase Nationalism Sectionalism Treasury RevenueCurrency Manufacturing

When Washington set up his government he created 3 departments. The men he chose to head these departments became his cabinet. They are called secretaries. His cabinet included a lawyer called the attorney general. All presidents since then have advisers in their cabinet, and together, they make decisions about how to govern the country.

Washington’s Cabinet

Maps of the Era

Significant Events

Whiskey Rebellion:

Washington’s FarewellAddress:

Challenges during His Administratio