mid atlantic brewers symposium wood & barrel aging€¦ · 08/09/2017 · wood & beer a...
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MID ATLANTIC BREWERS SYMPOSIUMWood & Barrel Aging
September 8, 2017
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Pennsylvania-based international distributor of specialized products catering to the beer, wine and spirits industries
Dynamic supply of new & used barrels, casks, & foudres
Distributor for Western Square, the world’s leading manufacturer of barrel racks
Diverse portfolio of tanks & processing equipment from EnoItalia/EnoToscana
Logic Cleaners, ventilating bungs & other accessories
www.keystonefermentationsupply.com
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US-based International Trade Business with relationships across Italy tied heavily to the wine/ winemaking industry
Product portfolio includes:Finished Bottle/Bulk Wine ● Wine Grapes ● Olive Oils Oak Vessels and Containers ● Enological Production Equipment
Focused on quality and customer service
Routine visits to Coopers, Wineries, and Grape Growers
Fantastik Imports/Exports LLC handles/controls all importation and customs brokerage for customers
Over 50 years experience in International Trade
Fantastik Imports/Exports LLC
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Wood & BeerA Brewer's GuideDick Cantwell & Peter BouckaertBrewers PublicationsJune 7, 2016228pISBN-10: 1938469216ISBN-13: 978-1938469213
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CooperageA Treatise on Modern Shop Practice and Methods: From the Tree to the Finished ArticleJoseph Bernard WagnerJ.B. Wagner, Yonkers, NYPublished: 1910448pISBN-10: 1332342736ISBN-13: 978-1443738323
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http://www.milkthefunk.com/http://www.milkthefunk.com/wiki/
http://www.milkthefunk.com/forums/https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/
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Wood/Vessel Terminology
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Before barrels – “amphorae”Barrels developed in northern Europe
Between 1000 and 500 BCEUbiquitous shipping containers
Contents: Meat, fish, sugars, syrups, soap, butter, tobacco, vegetables, nails, hats, etc
When the Romans conquered Gauls (France) they found them using barrels
Latin “cupa” (tub) became Cooper
A little barrel history...
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casknoun \ˈkask\
: a barrel-shaped vessel of staves, headings, and hoops usually for liquids
barrelnoun bar·rel \ˈber-əl, ˈba-rəl\ : a round bulging vessel of greater length than breadth that is usually made of staves bound with hoops and has flat ends of equal diameter
Terminology
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Dutch - “Foeder”
Names vary by country and industryNomenclature often depends on contents
Other terms: butt, demi-muid, feuillette, hogshead, pipe, quartercask, etc.
Terminology
g
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F.lli Romualdi Mastri Bottai S.R.L.
F.lli “Fratelli” Brothers“Mastri Bottai” Master Coopers
S.R.L. “Società a Limited Liability Responsabilità Company Limitata”
Terminology
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Terminology
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Wood Types/Characteristics
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Anatomy of a Tree
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Most trees harvested are at least 70 years oldOften 150 – 200 years oldAmerican Oak harvested youngest – grows fastestSome European species 300+ yearsSelection done by taste (hole at base)Moisture content at cutting:
65% - 80%Split or cut such that the
medullary rays run perpendicular to the plank
Harvest
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After cutting, wood must be seasonedSeasoning washes out harsh flavorsSoftens tannins
3-5 years typical (especially for foudres)Stacked closely but must allow passage of airSome coopers rinse with water to wash away harsh
tannins and impurities1 yr of drying for each cm of thicknessSome producers try to shorten the process
Harvest
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Split vs SawnSplitting less efficient and more difficultOften necessary with French/European Oak
(weaker medullary rays)20% claimed as staves when split – 50% when sawnFrench Oak generates less tylose
More open and pourous grain than American OakOften must be split
Foudre staves must be sawn
Wood Selection
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Wood Selection
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Oak (Quercus)Dominant wood for barrelsLight (comparatively), maleable, high tensile strengthRelatively impermeable to liquidSemi-permeable to air / Splits wellSubstantial Medullary Rays visible to splitterLow resinous content (off flavor contributor)Flavor compounds can be strengthened through heat treatmentSlow-growing – contributes to tight grainSap channels fill with tylose (degraded from channel walls)
20% Oak suitable for coopering5% American-harvested oak made into barrels20% French-harvested oak made into barrels
Wood Selection
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American vs European OakEuropean Oak carries 2.5x more phenols and water-soluble
components than American OakEuropean Oak contributes more dark colorSimilar flavor after more than 3 usesEuropean oak releases tannins and flavors more slowly than
American Oak
Wood Selection
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French Oak/Sessile Oak (quercus sissilis)Considered superior for its fine grain Richer contribution of flavor components
Vanillin and its derivativesLactones and tanninsPhenols and volatile aldehydes
Tannins are silky and transparentSense of sweetness combined with delicate fruity flavors
Spices and toasted almonds Ripe red fruit flavors (red wine)Peach, exotic fruit and floral aromas like jasmine and rose, depending on the grape variety used (white wine)
Wood Selection
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American Oak/White Oak (quercus alba)American Oak can be sawn - French oak must be split
Comparatively economicalMore pronounced oxidation and a quicker release of aromas
Helps wines to lose their astringency and harshness quicklyWood of choice for shorter breeds (6 to 10 months).
Interacts harmoniously with fruitWide range of complex aromas, soft and attractive tannins
Wood, clove, tobacco, toasted bread and coffeeRaspberry, blackberry and currant
Wood Selection
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European OakAny of a mix of Eastern European oaks
Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine
Characterized by very powerful soothing aromatic aldehydesIdeal for aging wine with great complexity in its origin
“Regarding intensity, [this wood] contrasts the impetus of American oak and delicacy of the French”
Enjoying renewed interest among winemakers Cheaper alternative
Wood Selection
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Acacia (Acacia)Popular for white wine aging (sauvignon blanc)Provides body and texture with some tanninLess sweetness and gentler flavors and aromas than toasted oak“Subtle touch” alternative to oak
Ash (Fraxinus)Popular in Genever (gin) spiritsAlso used for dowels, baseball bats, jousting lances
Chestnut (Castanea)Traditional for lambic productionCheaper than oakMore sharply tannic than oak and not as watertight
Other Popular Species
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Beech, Cedar, Cherry, Cypress, Douglas Fir, Eucalyptus, Juniper, Larch, Palo Santo, Pecan, Pine, Spruce, Walnut
Other Popular Species
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Selecting a Vessel
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Questions to ask:What are you trying to achieve?How/how often will you use it/them?Virgin, wine or spirit? (Tobasco? Vinegar?)Size? 5 gallons to 2400hL (2045bbl)Do you want wood character? How much?
How many uses? How old?What's your budget?Provenance costs $… / Youth costs $…
Selection
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Barrel Considerations:Bourbon are first use by lawFirst use doesn't mean more wood characterWineries use barrels until they're neutralMost whiskey barrels are exported for use in other spirits
Selection
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Used wine barrels225L (Burgundy) or 228L (Bordeaux)Dried unless it's fortifiedGassed (SO2)Used primarily for wine flavors and sours
Used spirit BarrelsAmerican Standard Barrel 53galSometimes wetBooze prevents spoilageDo not burn SO2!Used primarily for whiskey flavors and soursMost whiskey barrels exported for use in other spirits
Selection
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New Barrel Considerations:What kind of wood?How many hoops? How many staves?Stave thickness?Toast level? (convection vs open flame)Level of craftsmanship?Bourbon barrels more automated (volume)
Sourcing
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Why a foudre or cask?COOL FACTOR! Slower ingress of oxygenProgress more easily monitored than in smaller vesselsSmaller vessels can acidify before other flavors developVolume/labor
Communion with the wood“Foudriers” are the aristocrats of the coopering trade
Selection
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www.pisonivineyards.com
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Foudre Pioneer:New Glarus Brewing Company
1994
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New vs Used
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Benefits of new vessels:Always available in any sizeClean slateChoice of size / choice of dimensionsChoice of woodChoice of accessories/optionsChoice of toast levelChoice of steam/vapor treatmentLife expectancyVirgin wood – oak goodnessMore micro-oxygenation?
New vs. Used
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Benefits of used vessels:COOL FACTOR!Usually a story to tellSometimes cheaper (not always)Flavor contribution from previous contentsLess aggressive wood flavor contributionIf you're dealing with a cooper:
Some customization possible Can be shaved, retoasted
Less micro-oxygenation?
New vs. Used
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Oak alternativesInserstaveStavesMini StavesZig-ZagsChips, Cubes, Rice, Powder
New vs. Used
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110 year oldBalsamic Barrel
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Accessories/Options
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TC Ports/Valves (Garolla)Full Drain Port/ValvePartial Drain Port/ValveFront ManwayTop ManwayBlow Off TubeThermowellSample Tap
Accessories
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“Guillotine”-style Fruit DumpCooling Plates/CoilsRacking ArmCIP (Spray Ball)Tension Bands
Accessories
h
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ManwaysTop and bottom availableDo you really need one?Resetting wooden manways can be challengingGet stainless if you want to use it at all regularlyTC ports are often built into manway doors on European vesselsTop manways can be outfitted with TC ports for CIP
Accessories
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Colmatores/Airlocks
Accessories
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SourcingSupply ChainAvailability
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Small quantities/sizes are usually easy to import2 – 3 month lead time
Consolidated containers with other orders
For larger orders:How large are the vessels?Can it/they fit in a container?Anything over 100bbl (approx) – build on siteOn site assembly considerations:
Airfare, rental car, hotel, food, labor, freight (tools, materials), project manager
Sourcing casks & foudres
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Sourcing
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Considerations:Plan in advance (lead times can be 3+ months)Know your supplier
Inexperienced entries to the marketAsk for what you want
Custom stillage, accessories, etc.
Unforeseen circumstances:WeatherPolitics (Exchange rates)ShippingFerragosto!
Sourcing
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Wood Care & Maintenance
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Physical inspection: scuffs, scrapes, dentsIs the bung covered?
Tape, Dixie cup, wood bung, silicone bung, cloth swatchCracks
Where are they? End of stave? Near bung?
Head bulging?Hoops dropping?Head hoop sit flush?Rivets in single line?Spaces between staves?Beetle/bore bug activity? Sawdust?How does it “sound”?
Inspection
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Open it upSmell - Be careful! Sulfur...
No mold or off aroma“VA” = volatile acidity = vinegar taint = acetic acid
Take a look (flashlight and dentist mirror)Liquid? What is it?Tartrate crystals?Inserts?
Inspection
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LEAKS? Don't panic...Barrel Sealer/Barrel Wax – paraffin, bees wax, petroleumParaffin wax – grocery storeGolf tees, toothpicks, spiles, wedgesAquarium/food grade caulkHomemade remedies – distilled water, flour, chalk/calcium
carbonate, garlic
Maintenance
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Tools of the TradeBung PullerHoop DriverFlagging Tool
Maintenance
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Maintenance
Western Square Barrel Washing StationComplete with washer wand and spray ball...$1150
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Wood StorageBest way to store a barrel: FULL.Wine has sulfites – prevents growth
Long term storage – dryDrain rinse air dry (fan)Sulfur burnPlastic wrap?
Long term storage - wetPotassium Metabisulfite (prevents mold growth)Citric acid (balances pH)Strips oak flavorLess protective over time
Maintenance
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Barrel OxyFreshRemoves organic soilsDestains woodOxygen is the primary active ingredientAggressive, natural solutionReadily biodegradableBarrel OxyFresh
Maintenance
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Cellar ConditionsWood is hydroscopicBalances it's moisture content with it's surroundingsRecommended Cellar Humidity: 72%-85%Ventilation: one volume exchange per day
Fresh cut wood: 65%-80%Barrels upon delivery (new): 16%
Maintenance
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F.lli Romualdi Mastri Bottai SRL4th generation, family-owned cooperageEstablished in 1883All wood hand-selected by Master Cooper Enrico RomualdiOnly the finest French and Slovenian OakAll wood seasoned a minimum of 60 months
Outdoors in the traditional fashionTraditional construction techniques
Staves shaped and fitted by hand
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Hermit Thrush BrewingBrattleboro, VT
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Off Color BrewingChicago, IL
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Jack's Abby Craft LagersFramingham. MA
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ANXO CideryWashington, DC
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Rivertown Brewery & Barrel House
Cincinnati, OH
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