mid sem idp 534

Date

SanRishika Jain 10020534Guide: Asst.Prof. A.Shinde

Inter-disciplinary ProjectCo-ordinator : Asst. Prof. M. Majhi

Monday 21 October 13

Forty percent of the world’s population—2.5 billion people—practice open defecation or lack adequate sanitation facilities

2.1 billion people use toilets connected to septic tanks that are not safely emptied or use other systems that discharge raw sewage into open drains or surface waters.


1.5 million child deaths from diarrhea each year, 4000 children everyday

25% girls drop out of school because of improper sanitation

62 million children under-5 are stunted and will not reach their full physical or mental potential.


When there is no privacy available for women to urinate or defecate in home or in shelter, they are frequent targets for sexual harassment and rape

There are always less or equal number of stalls for women in public toilets despite knowing that they take longer.


A gram of faeces can contain 10 million viruses, 1 million bacteria, 1,000 parasite cysts, and 100 worm eggs50 communicable diseases can be spread by faecal particles

Sanitation - proper disposal of human excreta - can reduce diarrohea by nearly 40 %

Modern sanitation has added twenty years to the average human life

Good sanitation is economically sensibleIt is also about dignity

Everyday 200,000 tonnes of human faeces is deposited in India : 155,000 truckloads are left in the open to be trodden on, stepped over, lived among.


It contains nitrogen and phosphates that can make plants grow and also suck the life from water because its nutrients absorb available oxygen. It can be both food and poison. It can contaminate and cultivate.

Water gets contaminated by by excrement, and people then drink or wash in it. Or they ingest faeces directly by the Fs. Faeces can get into fluid and onto fields, fingers, flies and food. The goal of sanitation is to prevent excrement from traveling from someone’s anus to someone else’s mouth by any of these paths.


✤ The process of human-Centered Design starts with a specific Design Challenge and goes through three main phases:

Hear, Create, and Deliver.The process will move the team from concrete observations about people, to abstract thinking as you uncover insights and themes, then back to the concrete with tangible solutions.

Methodology


1 A system that requires minimal input of water and no output sewer networks. The systems should be tolerant to the use of water for personal hygiene and surface cleaning.

2 A system that is self-sustaining or net positive in energy and water production and usage

3 A system or technology that is geography neutral such that it would be sustainable in all climatic zones across India.

4 Provision of a toilet/lavatory facility that is well-lit and self-maintaining in all critical respects, including freedom

from insects, odors, stains, and unhygienic surfaces.

5 Sustained operation without any inputting of wired-in electricity (e.g., grid based).

6 A design that is not affected by the effects and fate of complementary sanitary products entering the system such as paper, diapers (nappies), cloth, sand, and other personal hygiene products and chemicals.

7 Reasonably prompt (tending towards single-day time scales) rendering of wastes into harmless or useful byproducts.

8 Sustainable technologies to sanitize waste for pathogen destruction.

9 A capital and operational cost for the final products (commercial units) less than Rs.3/user/day, both for the family and neighborhood solutions.

10Solutions that result in generation of products of value (water, energy, fertilizer), anticipating the limited space that would be available for on-site storage of the products.

11Can also develop a business plan and link the solution to partners that can scale-up, manufacture and commercialize the design.

Design Challenge Definition


Recognizing Existing Knowledge✤ I knew practically nothing about this.

“I find this strange. Anthropologists and sociologists should be infesting public toilets. There’s nothing else in human society quite like them. Not in society, not quite out of it. Needed but rarely demanded. A place where all sorts of human needs and habits intersect : fear, disgust, conversation, grooming, sex. It’s an ambiguous space that is not quite in the public eye, though the pubic uses it. A place of refuge and sociability,; of necessity and criminality. How we are allowed to behave in toilets even influences everyday speech. Steven Pinker, in an exploration of taboo words, qoutes a spectrum of excreta-related swearing. Shit is less acceptable than piss, which is less acceptable than fart. And so on through to snot and spit, ‘which is not taboo at all. That’s the same order as the acceptability of eliminating these substances from the body in public.’To be uninterested in the public toilet is to be uninterested in life.”- Rose George


Identifying People to speak with✤ 1. Urban Slum 1“ideal constituents”: those who are successful, adopt new technologies quickly, and/or exhibit desirable behaviors

Already have toilets and a septic tank but no connection to sewer lines, all the waste is dumped directly through pipes into a drain that runs through the neighbourhood, open and closed intermittently

2. Urban Slum 2on the opposite extreme: those who are very poor, resistant to new technologies, and/or exhibit problematic behaviors

No toilet in any of the houses and no public toilet close by. 100% open defecation

3. Urban Slum 3somewhere in between: represent more “average” people

Had one complex of public toilets and some houses had toilets in their homes. Almost all women and girls used the public toilet

Rule of thirds, here.

4. A peri-urban slum just outside campusSome houses have toilets and some don’t. There’s lots of space but the river is close by and open defecation is common.

5. A Sarva Siksha Abhiyan School nearby

to check out their toilets


Research Methods employed1. Individual Interview2. Group Interview3. Expert Interviews

For individual/group interview :OPEN SPECIFIC, GO BROAD, then PROBE DEEP

Objective : Observations of well, reality and deeper understanding of needs, barriers and constraints Why do or don’t they have a toilet? How do they meet their sanitation related needs? Identifying special needs/ groups Some basic things : sources of livelihood sources of information financing model

Some techniques : Went with a person who lives among them Took care of language Asked them to show me around the place and their toilets Specified that I’m not there to give anything to them

Expert Interviews : Done : Talked to a public health officer working in U.P. Visited the Angan Vadi office to ask about ground realities Talked to a public health senior employee in the Gates Foundation

Scheduled : Phone call with a Sulabh officer Meeting with the WHO head officer in Guwahati


Literature Research✤ Read about the history of the toilet and also, the entire

cycle : containment, disposal, collection, treatment, recycle

Sanitation in different cultures and places

Currently employed techniques and their pro’s and con’s (e.g., dry latrines, pit latrines, septic tank etc.)

Numerous innovative products and services (e.g., Peepoo, IDEO.org’s Clean Team, WaterAid’s Eco-san toilets, Sulabh Suchalaya, SPARC’s Public Toilets)

Behavior change programming (e.g., implementation of community led total sanitation and related approaches like Gram Vikas in Orissa).

Read the book, The Big Necessity (Adventures in the World of Human Waste) by Rose Georgewhich has many case studies of failed and successful interventions in the developing world and an account of the struggles of the developed world with this issue as well.

Existing Technologies / proposed technological solutions

Septic Tank

Aqua Privy

RCA Latrine

Water Closet

Dug Well Bore Well

Squat PlateMonday 21 October 13

Observations1. Manual Scavengers

2. Public Toilets - maintenance, lines, women, children

3. Ownership = Care

People’s homes are very clean and that seems satisfactory enough.

4. Purchase decisions are made by men even though women are the major bread winners. Men employed seasonly/ not reliably. These decisions are mostly short-term. It is possible to save money though but not easy/ convenient.

5. ‘Toiletlessness is not always about poverty...It’s a whole mental thing.’

6. No real treatment solution yet. Even those who do have toilets, the waste goes directly to the drains.

7. Location of bathroom within the house and why they are not used.

8. Lots of people live in illegal temporary homes and they are loath to spend on the infrastructure even though they’ve been living in the same place for 20 years now.

9. Old, sick, pregnant, everyone has to do it in the inconvenient way, no exceptions.

10. Using public toilets is embarrassing

11. Disgust, shame and pride

12. People want flush toilets

and more..

Girls toilet at the nearby government school


The Fine Points of Community Toilet Design

TOILETS AT CENTRAL LOCATIONS In the NSDF model, community toilets are not isolated "dirty places", but intentionally built in central, "nodal" locations and combined with community gathering spaces, so use is automatically monitored, and upkeep is tied to the usability of these spaces.

SEPARATION OF MEN’S AND WOMEN’S TOILETS In the Government model, the toilets face each other across a central space, without any separation of men's and women's toilets. This leads to hassling of women, lack of privacy, arguments about cleanliness. The NSDF/MM model is organized with two separate, back-to-back lines, one clearly for women and one for men.

INCREASING PRIVACY The standard-issue government "Aqua-Privy" model is about 4-feet above street level since it sits on top of its own septic tank, and is accessible from both ends. When the doors to the stalls deteriorate, as they inevitably do, from the bottom-up, passers-by can look right up into the stalls. In the NSDF model, even if the doors deteriorate, the 5-foot walls outside the stalls block the possibility of any peeking.

DOOR DESIGN The stalls of both models are pretty small. To make it easier to move in and out of the stall, when you're carrying a bucket of water, the NSDF model has doors which swing both ways. The government model has inward-swinging doors which force you to press against the not-so-clean inside walls to open the door and get out.

Case Study : SPARC


ORGANIZATION FOR HEAVY USE The 10 stalls in the government block are ranged around a large central space, accessible from both ends. In the morning hours, when competition for use of the toilets is heaviest, there is much acrimonious jostling and queue-breaking in the competition for toilets. The NSDF/MM block's layout, with its 2-lines and narrow passages is an effective "crowd-organizer" and strife-avoider. Two lines form and lead right out of the enclosure, while at the toilets end, one person waits outside of each stall. When that person goes in, the next person in the queue takes his place.

PLANNING FOR CHILDREN When queues for toilets are long, children often get shunted aside, and end up being forced to squat outside, where they soil the drains and periphery. There are also real dangers of very small children falling into trap-less aqua-privy toilets and drowning. The federations take the needs of kids seriously and have designed special, shallow children’s latrines, but so far, these have only been tested in the one toilet at Dharavi.

PLENTY OF VENTILATION The stalls in the NSDF toilet block are ventilated on all four sides, with ventilating grilles placed high-up on the wall between the back-to-back stalls, one-foot gaps at the top of the side walls, and gaps above the 6-foot doors, so the stalls are ventilated on all four sides and bad smells have four means of escape.

CLEAN OUTSIDE WALLS In the NSDF Toilet block, the toilets are inside an enclosure. The exterior walls of the enclosure have no plumbing and are therefore "clean", so the toilet block has a clean public face. These clean outside walls work better in crowded conditions, where other buildings might directly abut the toilet block. This also allows toilets to be built up against existing compound walls without befouling them. This cuts the compound wall-building bill. Compare with the government blocks, whose exterior walls are the dirty backsides of toilet stalls and rusty, leaky plumbing.


Technology

Loughborough University, United KingdomTo develop a toilet that transforms feces into biological charcoal (biochar) through hydrothermal carbonization (decomposition at high temperatures in water without oxygen) of fecal sludge. The system will be powered from heat generated by combusting the biochar and will recover water and salts from the feces and urine it produces.

California Institute of Technology, USATo develop a self-contained, solar-powered toilet and wastewater treatment system. A solar panel will produce enough power for an electrochemical reactor that is designed to break down water and human waste. Excess power can be stored to provide energy for nighttime operation or for use under low-sunlight conditions.

The design looks like a regular toilet, at least above ground. After use, the waste is flushed down to a holding tank under the floor, where the solid material sinks to the bottom. When the liquid reaches a certain level, it flows through a tube into a "sun-powered electrochemical reactor." The reaction oxidizes the chloride in the urine, killing microorganisms in it.

The treated water is filtered and reused the next time someone sits on the toilet. And the residual chlorine in the water means, "The next flush would already have disinfectant in it," said Michael Hoffmann, the professor at Caltech who led the team that designed the toilet.

The hydrogen, meanwhile, could be siphoned off, and the toilet's owners could "use it as you would use gaseous propane" for cooking, he said. The whole thing is powered with solar energy.


Delft University of Technology, The NetherlandsThe Delft University of Technology made a proof-of-concept system that turns dried feces into hydrogen gas.

How it works: First the poop is dried out, then it undergoes a plasma gasification process. Gasification is similar to plain old burning, but it happens at much higher temperatures—and with a different goal in mind. Plasma gasification happens at temperatures higher than 2,500°C (!), when an electric current passes through a gas, creating plasma, which in turn is exposed to the pre-dried feces. What you get out the other side is primarily hydrogen, which is then stored in a fuel cell.

Aside from the hydrogen fuel product, this technology is interesting because its super-high temperature promises to kill all pathogens in the feces. That's a big public health bonus!

Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, and EOOS, Switzerland

This "three-stream" toilet separates urine and feces using a clever mechanical process.

How it works: When you squat over the toilet, it automatically swivels open and becomes ready for business (this is decidedly unlike the "Honeybucket" open-air poop-pile model you may have experienced at outdoor events...). When you're finished, you work a foot-pump to flush the toilet, and can (optionally) observe your poop's progress through a clear plastic window. Because the waste streams (urine and feces) are separated, they can be treated independently, making the job of waste processing easier. The toilet also automatically recycles water used for flushing, and politely seals itself when you stand up.

Researchers at Eawag (the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) see this toilet being paired with a waste-processing system to make a complete solution for developing countries. Plus, they made their prototype a lovely light blue, making it an appealing place to take a pitstop.


National University of Singapore, SingaporeTo develop a toilet that uses biochar to dry and combust feces. The heat generated will be used to extract water from urine by boiling it under pressure. The system can be fitted with activated carbon and exchange resin to recover highly purified water.

Researchers at the National University of Singapore focused on the power of pee for their urine-centric fertilizer-creation process.

How it works: Using a urine-diversion toilet, urine is separated from feces. The feces is dried in a solar dryer and then burned. The heat from burning the feces evaporates the urine, which results in two key products: water and fertilizer (urine contains plenty of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—urine's got what plants crave). In the end, you have ash, water, and fertilizer, all of which can be used in agriculture.

One key benefit of this system is that it doesn't require any electricity to operate—it's all manual. That's also arguably a drawback; running the whole thing by hand is a lot harder than many of the automated processes above. Then again, hey, free fertilizer!

Oklahoma State University

Professor A.J. Johannes of Oklahoma State University led a research group to mechanically disinfect poop, making it safer to handle. Well, maybe not to handle, but to...deal with.

How it works: Johannes explains, "Feces is a viscous substance. Heat is produced when viscous substances undergo shear." Johannes and his team created a machine in which a cone sits inside a shell; the design is akin to two ice cream cones stacked together. You insert the poop in the gap between the outer cone and the inner cone, rotate the cones, and the poop gets surprisingly hot (as high as 200°C just from shear force produced by rotation) as it passes through. That heat kills a lot of the hazardous stuff living in the poop, thus reducing disease risk from untreated waste. It's energy-efficient, because you simply have to turn the crank, rather than heat the poop directly.


University of Toronto, CanadaTo develop a toilet that uses a technology for treating solid waste streams through mechanical dehydration and smoldering (low-temperature, flameless combustion) that will dispose of the waste within 24 hours. Urine will pass through a sand filter and be disinfected with ultraviolet light. Thus, it sanitizes feces and urine and recovers resources and clean water.

Stanford University and the Climate Foundation, USA

To develop a self-contained system that pyrolyzes (decomposes at high temperatures without oxygen) human waste into biochar. Energy recovered from the biochar production process will be used for heating the system.

University of Kwazulu-Natal, South AfricaTo develop a toilet system that can safely dispose of pollutants and recover materials such as water and carbon dioxide from urine in community bathrooms. The system will separate urine from feces and extrude the feces into thin strands for faster drying and stabilization.

Cranfield University, United KingdomTo develop a toilet that removes water from human waste and vaporizes it using a hand-operated vacuum pump and a unique membrane system. The remaining solids will be turned into a safe-to-handle material that can also be used as fertilizer. The water vapor will be condensed and sanitized so it can be used for washing or irrigation.

Santec LLC, USATo develop an electric toilet, powered by solar power stored in batteries, that will separate liquids from solids and dewater and convert fecal matter into biochar. This approach examines using resistive heating through battery- stored solar power and is designed from existing off-the- shelf components.


Unilever PLC, United KingdomTo advance the application of pyrolysis technology at communal toilet sites, a process suited to decompose human waste at high temperatures to produce electricity and biochar.

Eram Scientific Solutions Private Limited, IndiaTo make public toilets more accessible to the urban poor via the eco-friendly and hygienic “eToilet.” The stand- alone toilet is automatically cleaned after each use and that water is recycled for flushing the toilet. The eToilet can be maintained and operated remotely by computer, improving cleanliness, service quality, and consistency.

RTI International, USATo develop a self-contained toilet system that disinfects liquid waste and turns solid waste into fuel or electricity through a novel biomass energy conversion unit.

University of Colorado Boulder, USATo develop a solar toilet that uses concentrated sunlight, directed and focused with a solar dish and concentrator, to disinfect liquid-solid waste and produce biochar that can be used as a replacement for wood charcoal or chemical fertilizers.

Duke University, USATo develop, build, and evaluate a novel technique to treat fecal sludge using supercritical water oxidation, a process in which water is heated under pressure and then oxygen is added to burn up human waste. The reaction produces clean water, heat, carbon dioxide, benign salts, and nitrogen, all of which can be used by the community or turned into business opportunities.


Sanitation Markets and Marketing

Sanitation Marketing :Perhaps poor people could be made to want things tat they needed.Understand how and why people buy latrines and the make it much easier for them to do so.

Techniques : Research, Promotion and improved supply chains.(Make toilets like toothpaste : widely available, cheap enough and wanted!)

Products’ appeal to people in real-world settings.

Major role players ; local governments, service providers, and community-based organizations. Short-term focus on innovations that generate revenue for private-sector providers who can profit from byproducts that have market value, such as energy and fertilizer generated from fecal sludge.Long-term focus on Public Sector’s role


DeliverableA scaled prototype of a new design for toilet that fulfills the design definitions listed earlier


Thank you.
