Mid Tudor CrisisMid Tudor Crisis1540-15581540-1558

How was Tudor society shaped?

Was there a Crisis of Government?

How did economic factors causediscontent in Tudor England?

To what extent can the problems of the Mid-Tudors be attributed to

Henry VIII’s legacy?

Why did Edward face unrest early in his reign?

How did Northumberland come to power in 1549?

How did Northumberland tackleGovernment?

Was there a religious crisis?

How successful was Mary I?

What were the extent of the Religious changes?

To what extent had England become Catholic by 1558?

How did the governments of the How did the governments of the country work in the 16country work in the 16thth Century? Century?

How was Tudor society shaped?

Henry VII

Elizabeth of York

Arthur

Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon

Mary I

Anne Boleyn Elizabeth I

Jane Seymour

Edward VI

Anne of Cleves

Margaret

James IV

Catherine Howard

Catherine Parr

Mary

Married into Tudor family

Tudor Monarch

Tudor

Five Tudor MonarchsFive Tudor MonarchsHenry VII

1485-1509

Elizabeth I1558-1603

Mary I1553-1558

Edward VI1547-1553

Henry VIII1509-1547

Mid Tudor Crisis viewed as period 1540-1558

What were their religions?

Religious roller coaster of 16th Religious roller coaster of 16th CenturyCentury

Catholic

Protestant

Term used to describe changes in religion from Catholic to Protestant

Henry VII1485-1509

Elizabeth I1558-1603

Mary I1553-1558

Edward VI1547-1553

Henry VIII1509-1547

Duke of Somerset1547-1549

Duke of Northumberland

1549-1553

How was Tudor society shaped?

Tudor Tudor Social Social

StructureStructure Monarch

Church Nobility

Archbishops

Bishops

Clergymen

Gentry

Yeoman

Labourers

Citizens

Vagrants / Beggars

Tudor Social StructureTudor Social Structure

Four main blocksFour main blocks 1. Gentlemen1. Gentlemen 2. Citizens2. Citizens 3. Yeoman3. Yeoman 4. Cottagers/Labourers4. Cottagers/Labourers

GentlemenGentlemen

Subdivided into Subdivided into 1. ‘Nobilitas Major’ 1. ‘Nobilitas Major’

Parliamentary peeragesParliamentary peerages Landed eliteLanded elite Summoned to attend ParliamentSummoned to attend Parliament May stay at home if climate not good at court e.g. May stay at home if climate not good at court e.g.

during religious changeduring religious change

2. ‘Nobilitas Minor’ 2. ‘Nobilitas Minor’ Knights/esquiresKnights/esquires Act as local Justices of the PeaceAct as local Justices of the Peace

CitizensCitizens

Located largely in towns and citiesLocated largely in towns and cities Gained certain privileges due to Gained certain privileges due to

social standingsocial standing

YeomanYeoman

FarmersFarmers Act as local Act as local

bailiffs/churchwardens/constables – bailiffs/churchwardens/constables – assisting in maintaining orderassisting in maintaining order

Economic influences Economic influences

Cottagers/LabourersCottagers/Labourers

Main divide Main divide Gentry and CommonersGentry and Commoners

Gentry rich enough not to work and able to display Gentry rich enough not to work and able to display standards of living expected of the gentrystandards of living expected of the gentry

Commoners – no political voice / gain government Commoners – no political voice / gain government attention by riot / rebellion / viewed as inferiorattention by riot / rebellion / viewed as inferior

Irrational, stupid and fickle – ‘ many headed Irrational, stupid and fickle – ‘ many headed monster’monster’

However authorities fail to recognise that with no However authorities fail to recognise that with no voice only option is to riot or rebel. Access to voice only option is to riot or rebel. Access to politics was required.politics was required.

Tudor Tudor Social Social

StructureStructure Monarch

Church Nobility

Archbishops

Bishops

Clergymen

Gentry

Yeoman

Labourers

Citizens

Vagrants / Beggars

Gentry

Commoners

Nobilitas major

Nobilitas minor

How was this social structure How was this social structure maintained?maintained?

Social and Economic FactorsSocial and Economic Factors Government Authority Factors – Government Authority Factors –

Formal / InformalFormal / Informal Duty and deferenceDuty and deference

The Great Chain of Being The Great Chain of Being

Deference – to comply with the wishes of another

The Great Chain of BeingThe Great Chain of Being

GodGod AngelAngel KingKing NoblemanNobleman GentlemanGentleman PeasantsPeasants DogDog WormWorm

How did the governments of the country How did the governments of the country work in the 16work in the 16thth Century? Century?

Henry VII visiting Parliament 1517Henry VII visiting Parliament 1517

Government under Henry VIIGovernment under Henry VIIThe King

The Royal Household Justices of the Peace

The Court

Parliament

The Privy Council

The PrivyChamber

The GroomOf the Stool

Government under Henry VIIIGovernment under Henry VIII

The King

The Court

Parliament

The Privy CouncilThe PrivyChamber

Justices of the Peace

Henry VIII’s plans for government Henry VIII’s plans for government after the accession of his sonafter the accession of his son

Concern about minority of EdwardConcern about minority of Edward Concern Privy council will become dominated by Concern Privy council will become dominated by

nobility who wish to make government changes and nobility who wish to make government changes and gaining too much power generallygaining too much power generally

Created a Regency Council – 16 members mix of Created a Regency Council – 16 members mix of conservative and reforming (radicals/reformers) conservative and reforming (radicals/reformers) nobles to support Edward – no government change nobles to support Edward – no government change until 18until 18

Council had issues immediately as Duke of Norfolk fell Council had issues immediately as Duke of Norfolk fell out of favour he had been leader of conservatives. out of favour he had been leader of conservatives. Radicals take charge – Edward Seymour able to delay Radicals take charge – Edward Seymour able to delay announcement of Henry’s death for three days and announcement of Henry’s death for three days and take Edward into his household ‘ Control of the King’s take Edward into his household ‘ Control of the King’s Person’ made Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector Person’ made Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector and dominates next two years.and dominates next two years.

Regent – ruler of a country during the illness, childhood or absence of a monarch

Government at the end of Henry VIII Government at the end of Henry VIII reignreign

The King

The Court

Parliament

The Privy CouncilThe PrivyChamber

Justices of the Peace

The Regency Council

AimsAims

Revisit Tudor Family and Period – Revisit Tudor Family and Period – Brief OverviewBrief Overview

Understand Social Structure in Tudor Understand Social Structure in Tudor PeriodPeriod

View government in Tudor Period and View government in Tudor Period and changes up until Edward VI’s reignchanges up until Edward VI’s reign

Tudor ParliamentTudor Parliament In Tudor times most important decisions concerning government were made by the king or queen In Tudor times most important decisions concerning government were made by the king or queen

and a small group of advisers called the Privy Council. However, before these decisions became and a small group of advisers called the Privy Council. However, before these decisions became law, they had to be passed by Parliament.law, they had to be passed by Parliament.

Parliament was the Parliament was the House of LordsHouse of Lords and the and the House of CommonsHouse of Commons. The House of Lords was made up . The House of Lords was made up of about sixty Bishops, Dukes, Earls and Barons. It was unusual for members of the House of Lords of about sixty Bishops, Dukes, Earls and Barons. It was unusual for members of the House of Lords to criticise the king's policies. If they did so, they were in danger of being stripped of their titles.to criticise the king's policies. If they did so, they were in danger of being stripped of their titles.

Members of the House of Commons were more independent as they were sometimes elected by Members of the House of Commons were more independent as they were sometimes elected by the people who lived in the area they represented. However, very few people had the vote and in the people who lived in the area they represented. However, very few people had the vote and in many cases the largest landowner in the area decided who went to Parliament.many cases the largest landowner in the area decided who went to Parliament.

Henry VIII was in favour of holding regular Parliaments. When Henry was in conflict with the Pope Henry VIII was in favour of holding regular Parliaments. When Henry was in conflict with the Pope in Rome, he claimed that the votes taken in Parliament showed he enjoyed the support of the in Rome, he claimed that the votes taken in Parliament showed he enjoyed the support of the English people.English people.

When When Mary TudorMary Tudor became queen she tried very hard to make sure she had a pro-Catholic became queen she tried very hard to make sure she had a pro-Catholic House of CommonsHouse of Commons. Mary sent out instructions to the sheriffs (they organised the elections) . Mary sent out instructions to the sheriffs (they organised the elections) pointing out who she wanted to be elected.pointing out who she wanted to be elected.

Elizabeth held fewer Parliaments than her father. On average, she held a Parliament once every Elizabeth held fewer Parliaments than her father. On average, she held a Parliament once every four years. Elizabeth made it clear that members of the House of Commons had complete freedom four years. Elizabeth made it clear that members of the House of Commons had complete freedom of speech. However, she believed that certain issues such as religion or foreign policy were best of speech. However, she believed that certain issues such as religion or foreign policy were best left to her and her Privy Council.left to her and her Privy Council.

Elizabeth became angry when Parliament asked her to get married. In 1571 Elizabeth made a Elizabeth became angry when Parliament asked her to get married. In 1571 Elizabeth made a speech to Parliament in which she told them they had no right to discuss issues that directly speech to Parliament in which she told them they had no right to discuss issues that directly affected her.affected her.

On thirty-six occasions Elizabeth vetoed laws passed by Parliament. For example, in 1585 On thirty-six occasions Elizabeth vetoed laws passed by Parliament. For example, in 1585 Parliament passed a bill that banned hunting, cock-fighting and bear-baiting from taking place on Parliament passed a bill that banned hunting, cock-fighting and bear-baiting from taking place on Sunday. Elizabeth believed that people had the right to enjoy themselves on their one day of rest Sunday. Elizabeth believed that people had the right to enjoy themselves on their one day of rest and refused to allow the bill to become law.and refused to allow the bill to become law.

Was there a crisis in Government?

Minority RuleRegency Council

Dominated by SomersetEdward – educated/protestant

SomersetToo Weak

Alienated higher ordersProclamationsChantries Act

Treason Act – criticisedAct of Uniformity

Sheep TaxAnti-enclosureVagrancy Act

Failure in ScotlandWidespread disorder 1549

NorthumberlandAmbitious

PC 33 in number – why?Parliament used

Enclosure commissions lapsedDevise - LJG Affair

RecoinageEnded war in Scotland

Crisis only with Edward’s illness?

Mary IRestore Catholicism

Phillip of SpainHabsburgs

Too much religious conflictUse of favourites?

War with France and loss of CalaisBloody Mary

Elizabeth I11 PC’s served Mary

Act of SupremacyEnded war with France

Reform of currency

Legacy of Henry VIII

Expense of warFrequent changes

FactionsMinority RC

Crisis in Government?Crisis in Government?

YesYes Minority - factionsMinority - factions Rebellions of 1549Rebellions of 1549 Religious changeReligious change LJG affairLJG affair Wyatt Rebellion of Wyatt Rebellion of

15541554

NoNo Survived – both a Survived – both a

minor and a minor and a womanwoman

Authority remained Authority remained intactintact

Other reigns faced Other reigns faced civil disordercivil disorder

How did economic How did economic factors cause factors cause

discontent in Tudor discontent in Tudor England?England?

Tudors 1485-1603(Mid Tudor Crisis?)

Henry VII Edward VIHenry VII Mary I Elizabeth I

BackgroundPolitical / Social / Economic

GovernmentIneffectiveness

MalthusianCrisis?

Enclosure

BreakDown

ofFeudalism

PopulationIncrease

TudorGovt

SocialStructure

Difficultiesin

agriculture

Difficultiesin

Industry

Economic FactorsEconomic Factors

Demographic changesDemographic changes developments and difficulties in developments and difficulties in

agricultureagriculture developments in industrydevelopments in industry

Demographic Changes - Population Demographic Changes - Population Increase and ImpactIncrease and Impact

Population increase 1500- 2.3m 1547 - 3 mPopulation increase 1500- 2.3m 1547 - 3 m Increase in demand leading to increase in prices (inflation)Increase in demand leading to increase in prices (inflation) Lower wages and increased rentsLower wages and increased rents Government problems- Malthusian crisis?, migration to cities/towns Government problems- Malthusian crisis?, migration to cities/towns

(reducing production and increasing inflation), vagrants and beggars (reducing production and increasing inflation), vagrants and beggars (Parliament passed 3 vagrancy Acts during Henry VIII’s reign), poor (Parliament passed 3 vagrancy Acts during Henry VIII’s reign), poor harvests in 1544-5, 1549-51, 1554-6, 1586-7 harvests in 1544-5, 1549-51, 1554-6, 1586-7

Conflict in agriculture between self-sufficient farming and Conflict in agriculture between self-sufficient farming and commercial farming commercial farming

Introduction of enclosure and governments ineffective attempts to Introduction of enclosure and governments ineffective attempts to resolve situation.resolve situation.

Developments and difficulties in Developments and difficulties in agricultureagriculture

Development of specialised farming e.g. Development of specialised farming e.g. Wiltshire - diary farming.However led to Wiltshire - diary farming.However led to shortages of grainshortages of grain

Main shift towards sheep and cattle due to Main shift towards sheep and cattle due to demand for wool and leather. A move away from demand for wool and leather. A move away from grain production, due to profits available. Impact grain production, due to profits available. Impact on feed growing population and inflation.on feed growing population and inflation.

Fuels trend towards enclosure. Plenty of land Fuels trend towards enclosure. Plenty of land e.g. available by purchase of monastic land. Due e.g. available by purchase of monastic land. Due to the dissolution of the monasteries.to the dissolution of the monasteries.

Enclosure seen by contemporaries as the Enclosure seen by contemporaries as the cause of all the problems of agriculture, cause of all the problems of agriculture, explain high grain prices, increased explain high grain prices, increased vagrancy and periodic food shortages. vagrancy and periodic food shortages. 1549 ‘throwing down of the hedges’ first 1549 ‘throwing down of the hedges’ first acts of rebels.acts of rebels.

However other factors such as population However other factors such as population densities and bad weather leading to poor densities and bad weather leading to poor harvests should not be ignored.harvests should not be ignored.

Crisis?Factors that may suggest

there was a crisis

PopulationIncreasing

Pressureon

Food Supplies

Moves towards Enclosure

Specialisedfarming

Changesin economic

climatee.g.

Cloth Industry

InflationLower wages

Populationdid not starve

Malthusian Crisis avoided

Tudordynastic survived

Rebellion1549

Developments and difficulties in industryDevelopments and difficulties in industry

Some historians argue the period saw a Some historians argue the period saw a marked change from Subsistence marked change from Subsistence economy to advanced industrial economy.economy to advanced industrial economy.

This however brought problems given the This however brought problems given the concentration of resources towards a concentration of resources towards a particular type of agriculture.particular type of agriculture.

As example Cloth Industry.As example Cloth Industry.

Background to a key industry Background to a key industry Cloth Making Pre 1500Cloth Making Pre 1500

Towns centre of medieval industry Towns centre of medieval industry controlled by craft guildscontrolled by craft guilds

Cloth making largest industry, most sold Cloth making largest industry, most sold locally. Wool main export to Netherlands locally. Wool main export to Netherlands and Italyand Italy

End of 13th century merchants/industrials End of 13th century merchants/industrials leaving due to restrictive guild leaving due to restrictive guild regulations and high cost of urban regulations and high cost of urban overheads. overheads.

Result - increase in rural cloth industry using Result - increase in rural cloth industry using ‘putting out system’ - semi manufactured cloth ‘putting out system’ - semi manufactured cloth finished in Netherlands.finished in Netherlands.

Largely based in East Anglia and West Country. Largely based in East Anglia and West Country.

Arable land becoming pasture (less food Arable land becoming pasture (less food production).production).

Pre 1500 reduction in city/town populations and Pre 1500 reduction in city/town populations and migration from countryside.migration from countryside.

1616thth Century Situation Century Situation

Increased population in 16th CenturyIncreased population in 16th Century

In cities the problem of feeding them, In cities the problem of feeding them, housing them or employing themhousing them or employing them

Countryside textile industry declines Countryside textile industry declines due to foreign competitiondue to foreign competition

1520’s frequent slumps in demand 1520’s frequent slumps in demand increased unemployment - migrationincreased unemployment - migration

1550 Antwerp Market began to 1550 Antwerp Market began to declinedecline

Widespread unemployment among Widespread unemployment among English cloth workersEnglish cloth workers

Increased migration to cities/towns Increased migration to cities/towns

Urban problem of feeding and housing Urban problem of feeding and housing them. Unskilled, little investment in them. Unskilled, little investment in cities to create new jobs.cities to create new jobs.

Countryside - Discontent because enclosure Countryside - Discontent because enclosure and increased rents. Increased and increased rents. Increased unemployment due to cloth trade.unemployment due to cloth trade.

By mid-16th Century government threatened By mid-16th Century government threatened by rising discontent in both town and by rising discontent in both town and country.country.

Therefore not surprising Somerset faced Therefore not surprising Somerset faced widespread popular risings in 1549widespread popular risings in 1549

Economic FactorsEconomic Factors

IncreasedPopulation

Malthusian CrisisMigration/Vagrancy

InflationLower wagesHigher Rents

AgriculturalChanges

Specialise FarmingProblems for grain

production and distribution

Movement towardsenclosure

Poor Harvests

Moves towardsindustrial economy

implications forfood production

and unemployment

Tudors 1485-1603(Mid Tudor Crisis?)

Henry VII Edward VIHenry VII Mary I Elizabeth I

BackgroundPolitical / Social / Economic

GovernmentIneffectiveness

MalthusianCrisis?

Enclosure

BreakDown

ofFeudalism

PopulationIncrease

TudorGovt

SocialStructure

Difficultiesin

agriculture

Difficultiesin

Industry

How did economic How did economic factors cause a factors cause a

potential crisis in Tudor potential crisis in Tudor England?England?

Part 2Part 2

Mind MapMind Map

crisis?

Pressures ofpopulation growth

Changes inagriculture

Changes inindustry

Increase in demand

Increase in prices, lower wages

Increase in rents due To demand.

Hardship

Discontent

Specialised Farming

Increase in enclosure

Profitable farming

Failure of governments

People forced off land

Key industry Cloth Trade

Less land for arable

Slumps in demand

Unemployment

Migration to towns

Lack of policyIncrease in vagrants

Economic FactorsEconomic Factors

Demographic changesDemographic changes Developments and difficulties in Developments and difficulties in

agricultureagriculture Developments in industryDevelopments in industry issues in finance and taxationissues in finance and taxation commerce and overseas tradecommerce and overseas trade

Issues in finance and Issues in finance and taxationtaxation

Main cost for Tudor Main cost for Tudor Governments?Governments?

Main cost warMain cost war

Henry VIII, Edward Vi and Mary I wars Henry VIII, Edward Vi and Mary I wars against France, Scotland and France against France, Scotland and France again.again.

Methods of raising revenue?Methods of raising revenue?

Revenue Options

Taxation Debasement

Loans Crown LandsSell and rent

Reform and cut expenditure

Potential problems

Inflation

DebasementDebasement

Coinage collected and melted downCoinage collected and melted down Precious metal extractedPrecious metal extracted Mixed with ‘base’ metalsMixed with ‘base’ metals Increase number of coinsIncrease number of coins Initial profit as coins cost less and produce moreInitial profit as coins cost less and produce more However reduces confidence in coins value causing However reduces confidence in coins value causing

inflationinflation.. Similar to Germany in 1923 with bank notesSimilar to Germany in 1923 with bank notes

Debasement under the TudorsDebasement under the Tudors

Henry VIII - debasement and melted Henry VIII - debasement and melted monastic treasures - serious effectmonastic treasures - serious effect

Mary I - advisers planned recoining Mary I - advisers planned recoining 1556-1558 however war against 1556-1558 however war against France prevented thisFrance prevented this

1st Acts of Elizabeth was to restore 1st Acts of Elizabeth was to restore coins true value - stabilised prices coins true value - stabilised prices and slowed inflation and slowed inflation

Loans under the TudorsLoans under the Tudors

Henry VIII and Edward VI borrowed Henry VIII and Edward VI borrowed heavilyheavily

1551 near bankruptcy - averted by 1551 near bankruptcy - averted by loans from London Communityloans from London Community

Under Mary I - Sir Thomas Gresham Under Mary I - Sir Thomas Gresham secured lower interest rates and paid secured lower interest rates and paid foreign loans back.foreign loans back.

Inflation - Impact Inflation - Impact

400 % over 16th Century400 % over 16th Century 1540-1560 prices doubled and rents at 1540-1560 prices doubled and rents at

similar rate.similar rate. Alarming after previous century Alarming after previous century

recession and deflation.recession and deflation. Set against wages which remained at Set against wages which remained at

best stablebest stable Real wages declined 1540-1560 by Real wages declined 1540-1560 by

50%50%

Causes of InflationCauses of Inflation

Poor harvests 1520 start processPoor harvests 1520 start process Producers of other goods who need grain Producers of other goods who need grain

forced to increase prices to meet high forced to increase prices to meet high grain pricesgrain prices

Population increases, increase demandPopulation increases, increase demand Moves towards specialised farming Moves towards specialised farming

methods - wool, meat and leather grain methods - wool, meat and leather grain production production

DebasementDebasement

Summary – Crisis of finance?Summary – Crisis of finance?

Crisis – YESCrisis – YES Clearly financial issuesClearly financial issues Tudors increased problems by series of Tudors increased problems by series of

expedients e.g. Debasement / Loansexpedients e.g. Debasement / Loans

Crisis? NOCrisis? NO All governments have faced financial worriesAll governments have faced financial worries Never forced into bankruptcyNever forced into bankruptcy Difficulties did not result in prolonged crisisDifficulties did not result in prolonged crisis

RecapRecap

Crisis?Pressures ofpopulation growth

Changes inagriculture

Changes inindustry

Finance and TaxationInflation

How did commerce and How did commerce and overseas trade cause a overseas trade cause a

possible economic crisis?possible economic crisis?

New developments in foreign New developments in foreign tradetrade

Slump - standard did not meet European markets Slump - standard did not meet European markets and decline of Antwerp market particularly cloth and decline of Antwerp market particularly cloth tradetrade

Results in unemployment and migration to citiesResults in unemployment and migration to cities Attempts to find new trade routes - however under Attempts to find new trade routes - however under

Mary I respected Papal Grant Monopolies over Mary I respected Papal Grant Monopolies over Americas, Africa and Far East to Spain and PortugalAmericas, Africa and Far East to Spain and Portugal

London merchants attempts at discovering new London merchants attempts at discovering new lands showed urgent desirelands showed urgent desire

Not until hostility between England and Spain Not until hostility between England and Spain developed under Elizabeth did English traders developed under Elizabeth did English traders bring back significant wealthbring back significant wealth

Overall Economic Crisis?Overall Economic Crisis? Crisis - Yes - For the people - sustained inflation and Crisis - Yes - For the people - sustained inflation and

competition for employment resulted with wage rates competition for employment resulted with wage rates being at best stablebeing at best stable

Near Crisis - Argue - Government had little action Near Crisis - Argue - Government had little action available for rapid inflation and still needed to raise available for rapid inflation and still needed to raise revenue in times of war revenue in times of war

Crisis - No - argue only a minority relied solely on Crisis - No - argue only a minority relied solely on money wages - labourers as an example often fed by money wages - labourers as an example often fed by employers or grew their own food, thus being able to employers or grew their own food, thus being able to barter for other produce and thus feed themselves.barter for other produce and thus feed themselves.

Crisis - Yes - in the Urban areas - urban poor faced Crisis - Yes - in the Urban areas - urban poor faced pressures on existing food supply and price increases.pressures on existing food supply and price increases.

A peak in the Economic Crisis?A peak in the Economic Crisis?

Social distress - yesSocial distress - yes End of Mary I’s reign at a peak with End of Mary I’s reign at a peak with

bad weather and diseasebad weather and disease Plus inflationPlus inflation Resulted in people facing Resulted in people facing

malnutrition and diseasemalnutrition and disease

RecapRecap

Crisis?Pressures ofpopulation growth

Changes inagriculture

Changes inindustry

Finance and Inflation

Foreign TradeSlump

To what extent can the To what extent can the problems of the Mid-problems of the Mid-

Tudors be attributed to Tudors be attributed to Henry VIII’s legacy?Henry VIII’s legacy?

Henry’s ProblemsHenry’s Problems

HealthHealth Anxieties about successionAnxieties about succession Economic problemsEconomic problems WarWar Religious changeReligious change

SuccessionSuccession

6 Wives 3 children6 Wives 3 children 2 daughters illegitimate2 daughters illegitimate Will 1546 est succession – if childless Will 1546 est succession – if childless

then pass to Lady Frances Grey then pass to Lady Frances Grey daughter of Mary – why? (Page 6)daughter of Mary – why? (Page 6)

Plans for minority governmentPlans for minority government

Regency councilRegency council No head of RC unlike PCNo head of RC unlike PC Henry concerned about nobles Henry concerned about nobles

dominancedominance Rc – mixture of radicals and Rc – mixture of radicals and

conservativesconservatives Removal of some conservatives Removal of some conservatives

swung balance to reformistsswung balance to reformists

ReligionReligion

Considered when RC formedConsidered when RC formed Mixture of contradictionsMixture of contradictions Monasteries closed – chantries remained Monasteries closed – chantries remained

openopen Services still in Latin but Litany in EnglishServices still in Latin but Litany in English Ten Commandments taught to children in Ten Commandments taught to children in

English and bible in English, however English and bible in English, however access restricted – why?access restricted – why?

Prayers to saints allowed, but pilgrimages Prayers to saints allowed, but pilgrimages to shines forbiddento shines forbidden

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Affected by religionAffected by religion French – treat to cloth trade. French French – treat to cloth trade. French

war until 1546 stretched resources.war until 1546 stretched resources. Scotland war of attrition – Battle of Scotland war of attrition – Battle of

Solway Scots defeated after broader Solway Scots defeated after broader raids. After death of James Treaty raids. After death of James Treaty forced marriage of MQOS to Edward forced marriage of MQOS to Edward VI.VI.

Economy and taxesEconomy and taxes

Wars – France and ScotlandWars – France and Scotland Finances from monastic lands and taxation Finances from monastic lands and taxation

(granted by parliament - subsidy )(granted by parliament - subsidy ) Henry VII in 24 years £282kHenry VII in 24 years £282k Henry VIII in last 7 years £656kHenry VIII in last 7 years £656k Henry VIII 1Henry VIII 1stst 31 years £520k 31 years £520k Shows?Shows? 1542 Coinage debased for 11542 Coinage debased for 1stst time, by time, by

1551 silver content down to a quarter.1551 silver content down to a quarter.

AgricultureAgriculture

LandownersLandownersEnclosureEnclosureLivestockLivestockFodder cropsFodder crops

Intensive farming profitable, however less Intensive farming profitable, however less labour intensive and therefore rural labour intensive and therefore rural unemployment.unemployment.

Cottage industries faced competition from Cottage industries faced competition from urban workshopsurban workshops

To what extent can the To what extent can the problems of the Mid-problems of the Mid-

Tudors be attributed to Tudors be attributed to Henry VIII’s legacy?Henry VIII’s legacy?

What were the potential problems What were the potential problems Henry leaves for his children? His Henry leaves for his children? His

legacylegacy

SuccessionSuccession - Will 1546 est succession – if childless - Will 1546 est succession – if childless then pass to Lady Frances Grey daughter of Mary then pass to Lady Frances Grey daughter of Mary

PlansPlans for minority Governmentfor minority Government – Regency Council – Regency Council Foreign PolicyForeign Policy Finance and taxationFinance and taxation Economy - agricultureEconomy - agriculture ReligionReligion

What were the religious aspects of What were the religious aspects of Henry VIII’s reign?Henry VIII’s reign?

ReformationReformation DivorceDivorce Break from Rome Break from Rome

SeparateSeparate

Reformation 1517 onwards

Break from RomeDivorce

Key EventsKey Events 1509 Henry VIII marries COA1509 Henry VIII marries COA 1516 Mary born1516 Mary born 1524 stops sleeping with COA1524 stops sleeping with COA 1527 COA too old to have many more children.1527 COA too old to have many more children. 1527 Secret proceedings for annulment1527 Secret proceedings for annulment 1527 Wolsey attempts to gain annulment from Pope1527 Wolsey attempts to gain annulment from Pope 1530 Wolsey replaced by Thomas More as Chancellor – Wolsey 1530 Wolsey replaced by Thomas More as Chancellor – Wolsey

accused of high treason (Pope rather than the King)accused of high treason (Pope rather than the King) 1533 Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury1533 Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 1533 Jan Henry marries Anne Boleyn in secret1533 Jan Henry marries Anne Boleyn in secret 1533 April Cranmer rules marriage to COA invalid, marriage to 1533 April Cranmer rules marriage to COA invalid, marriage to

Anne legal.Anne legal. 1533 May Anne crowned Queen.1533 May Anne crowned Queen. 1533 Sept Elizabeth born1533 Sept Elizabeth born 1534 Act of Supremacy – King declared head of the English 1534 Act of Supremacy – King declared head of the English

Church.Church. 1536 Anne Boleyn executed1536 Anne Boleyn executed

Causes of the break from RomeCauses of the break from Rome

Break fromRome

Anne Boleyn Reformist ideas

Henry’s desirefor power and

revenue

Henry’s conscience Desire for a

male heir

State of the Church

Henry’s conscienceHenry’s conscience Marriage against Gods willMarriage against Gods will Leviticus – ‘ If a man shall Leviticus – ‘ If a man shall

take his brother’s wife, it is take his brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing…….they an unclean thing…….they shall be without children.’shall be without children.’

However Mary I – turned to However Mary I – turned to original Hebrew which original Hebrew which specified sons – did not specified sons – did not want to offend God want to offend God

NEEDED AN HEIRNEEDED AN HEIR Consulted Thomas Wolsey Consulted Thomas Wolsey

(Chancellor and Cardinal) (Chancellor and Cardinal) and his lawyersand his lawyers

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

Did the temptation Did the temptation of Anne push of Anne push Henry into Henry into something that something that would not would not otherwise have otherwise have happened?happened?

Love letters / LustLove letters / Lust

Reformist IdeasReformist Ideas

Two groups –Two groups –

1) Anti-clericalism – reform / change 1) Anti-clericalism – reform / change – not necessarily a break from Rome– not necessarily a break from Rome

2) Protestantism – free from Papal 2) Protestantism – free from Papal control, free from churches abusescontrol, free from churches abuses

Causes of the break from RomeCauses of the break from Rome

Break fromRome

Anne BoleynReformist ideas

Henry’s desirefor power and

revenue

Henry’s conscience Desire for a

male heir

State of the Church

Was the Church healthy or unhealthy Was the Church healthy or unhealthy before the reformation?before the reformation?

Would an unhealthy church Would an unhealthy church influencing Henry VIII to break from influencing Henry VIII to break from Rome as their would be substantial Rome as their would be substantial support for it?support for it?

Robert WhitingRobert Whiting

‘‘On the eve of the Henrician Reformation, On the eve of the Henrician Reformation, traditional religion continued to attract a traditional religion continued to attract a substantial and often impressive degree of substantial and often impressive degree of popular support. This support, however, popular support. This support, however, was markedly higher for some was markedly higher for some components (like parish churches) than for components (like parish churches) than for others (like monasteries). In general…….it others (like monasteries). In general…….it seems also to have been higher in the seems also to have been higher in the north and west than in the south-east.’north and west than in the south-east.’

Causes of the break from RomeCauses of the break from Rome

Break fromRome

Anne BoleynDivorce

Reformist ideasReformation

Henry’s desirefor power and

RevenueWar/France/Scotland

Henry’s Conscience

ReligiousDesire for a

male heirDynasty

State of the Church

Support for break

Summary - Push and Pull FactorsSummary - Push and Pull Factors

PushPush factors are what factors are what forcedforced Henry Henry into annulling his marriage to into annulling his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.Catherine of Aragon.

PullPull factors are what factors are what attractedattracted him to him to the annulment and subsequent break the annulment and subsequent break with Rome.with Rome.

Henry’s conscienceHenry’s conscience Henry’s desire for a male heirHenry’s desire for a male heir Henry’s love for Anne BoleynHenry’s love for Anne Boleyn Henry’s need to increase his revenueHenry’s need to increase his revenue Henry’s desire for powerHenry’s desire for power Catherine’s miscarriages and three still born Catherine’s miscarriages and three still born

babiesbabies Anne Boleyn’s refusal to be Henry’s mistressAnne Boleyn’s refusal to be Henry’s mistress the death of William Warham, Archbishop of the death of William Warham, Archbishop of

Canterbury; replaced by Thomas Cranmer Canterbury; replaced by Thomas Cranmer (sympathetic to Henry’s annulment attempts)(sympathetic to Henry’s annulment attempts)

Anne Boleyn’s becoming pregnant in December Anne Boleyn’s becoming pregnant in December 15321532

State of the churchState of the church Desire for reformDesire for reform

Causes of the break from RomeCauses of the break from Rome

Break fromRome

Anne BoleynDivorce

Reformist ideasReformation

Henry’s desirefor power and

RevenueWar/France/Scotland

Henry’s Conscience

ReligiousDesire for a

male heirDynasty

State of the Church

Support for break

ImpactImpact

Papal and foreign threatPapal and foreign threat Moves towards Protestantism? Moves towards Protestantism?

Beginnings of a religious rollercoasterBeginnings of a religious rollercoaster Edward VIEdward VI Mixed views of the countryMixed views of the country Break down of social orderBreak down of social order

Benefits – Heir, power, revenueBenefits – Heir, power, revenue

Why did Edward VI face Why did Edward VI face unrest in the early years unrest in the early years

of his reign?of his reign?

Henry VII1485-1509

Henry VIII1509-1547 Edward VI

1547-1553

Problems for Edward VI

Legacy of Henry VIII

Minor Religion

Social

Pop Increase EnclosureInflationUnemployment

Mid Tudor Issues – Social and Mid Tudor Issues – Social and Economic ChangeEconomic Change

Rising population 1525 2.3m 1551 3mRising population 1525 2.3m 1551 3m Demand outstripping productionDemand outstripping production Increase pricesIncrease prices Creates employment however slumps (e.g. Creates employment however slumps (e.g.

Antwerp Wool Market 1550-1) leads to Antwerp Wool Market 1550-1) leads to unemployment - no other form of income unemployment - no other form of income dependent on charity/poor relief -therefore dependent on charity/poor relief -therefore increase in vagrancy and threat to Law & increase in vagrancy and threat to Law & Order.Order.

Evident with 1547 Vagrancy Act Evident with 1547 Vagrancy Act

Other FactorsOther Factors Moves towards enclosure profits from cloth Moves towards enclosure profits from cloth

tradetrade Less common land and land dedicated to Less common land and land dedicated to

food productionfood production Grain increase in price - staple part of Grain increase in price - staple part of

mass dietmass diet Wages did not keep up with prices Wages did not keep up with prices

increasesincreases War - Debasement 1543 for war against War - Debasement 1543 for war against

Scots – inflationScots – inflation Poor harvestsPoor harvests

Henry VIII’s LegacyHenry VIII’s Legacy

Succession – will 1546Succession – will 1546 DebasementDebasement Regency CouncilRegency Council Foreign PolicyForeign Policy EconomyEconomy ReligionReligion

Impact of Henrician ReformationImpact of Henrician Reformation

Undermined churches authorityUndermined churches authority Role of priest declinedRole of priest declined Dissolution of monasteriesDissolution of monasteries Purgatory may not existsPurgatory may not exists Church had previous helped keep Church had previous helped keep

social hierarchy – now a void – social hierarchy – now a void – unable to impose order from pulpitunable to impose order from pulpit

Set of contradictionsSet of contradictions

Edward VI’s early yearsEdward VI’s early years 1) Minority 1) Minority

Faction struggle in last years of Faction struggle in last years of Henry VIII between Seymour and Henry VIII between Seymour and Norfolk faction. Seymour faction Norfolk faction. Seymour faction under Edward Seymour (brother under Edward Seymour (brother of Jane) ,Earl of Hereford, later of Jane) ,Earl of Hereford, later Duke of Somerset able to secure Duke of Somerset able to secure role as Protector. Protestant role as Protector. Protestant sympathiessympathies

Entwined with religious divide– Entwined with religious divide– less likely would be politically less likely would be politically stable.stable.

2) Religion2) Religion

Henry VIII left situation confused. Contradictions.Henry VIII left situation confused. Contradictions. Nobility split between more protestant or remain Nobility split between more protestant or remain

essentially Catholic.essentially Catholic. Protestant direction – Seymour Faction, Protestant direction – Seymour Faction,

protestant tutors and survival of Thomas Cranmer protestant tutors and survival of Thomas Cranmer able now to implement changeable now to implement change

Duke of Norfolk and Bishop Gardiner againstDuke of Norfolk and Bishop Gardiner against 1548 Dec - First Prayer Book – manual outlining 1548 Dec - First Prayer Book – manual outlining

form of worshipform of worship 1549 Jan – Act of Uniformity – enforced Prayer 1549 Jan – Act of Uniformity – enforced Prayer

BookBook

3) Social problems3) Social problems

War continued with Scotland and France – War continued with Scotland and France – government already bankruptgovernment already bankrupt

Debasement therefore continuedDebasement therefore continued Attempts to tackle enclosureAttempts to tackle enclosure Seen by contemporaries as main cause of Seen by contemporaries as main cause of

hardshiphardship Somerset took action issued proclamation Somerset took action issued proclamation

to force landowners to reverse process of to force landowners to reverse process of enclosureenclosure

Two Effects – 1) Alienated nobles and Two Effects – 1) Alienated nobles and gentry too much sympathy with gentry too much sympathy with lower orders 2) Encouraged lower lower orders 2) Encouraged lower orders to take law into own lands as orders to take law into own lands as they saw they had supportthey saw they had support

Problems for Edward VI

Legacy of Henry VIII

Minor Religion

Social

Social and Economic ChangePop increase / Moves towards enclosureInflation / Unemployment / Static wages

WesternRebellion

1549

Ket’sRebellion

1549

Western Rebellion Western Rebellion 15491549

BackgroundBackground 1548 First Prayer Book1548 First Prayer Book 1549 Act of Uniformity 1549 Act of Uniformity Rising starts in CorwallRising starts in Corwall Prelude to large rising in Devon against Prelude to large rising in Devon against

changes May 1549changes May 1549 Joined forces at Credition June 1549Joined forces at Credition June 1549 Offered pardon to disperseOffered pardon to disperse Moved eventually to Exeter 6000 in siegeMoved eventually to Exeter 6000 in siege Eventually after delay in Oxfordshire Lord Eventually after delay in Oxfordshire Lord

Russell destroyed rebels 3000 killedRussell destroyed rebels 3000 killed

Demands = Causes?Demands = Causes?

Drawn up by clergy – absence of Drawn up by clergy – absence of local/economic factorslocal/economic factors

Religious – calling for stop to change, Religious – calling for stop to change, restoration of old practices e.g. Six restoration of old practices e.g. Six ArticlesArticles

However rebellions usually have a However rebellions usually have a variety of interconnect partsvariety of interconnect parts

Yes religion key factorYes religion key factor Political – call for Lord Cardinal Pole Political – call for Lord Cardinal Pole

to be allowed into Kings Council -to be allowed into Kings Council -Yorkist connections therefore Tudor Yorkist connections therefore Tudor succession not accepted by everyonesuccession not accepted by everyone

Actions – Causes?Actions – Causes?

Highlight social aspectsHighlight social aspects 11stst act was to attack gentry at St act was to attack gentry at St

Michael MountMichael Mount Shouting ‘kill the gentlemen’Shouting ‘kill the gentlemen’ Articles called for limiting number of Articles called for limiting number of

servantsservants Return of monastic lands – religious Return of monastic lands – religious

yet gentry had benefited mostyet gentry had benefited most

EconomicEconomic

Taxes on sheep and clothTaxes on sheep and cloth Rumours of further taxesRumours of further taxes

ThreatThreat

YesYes Breakdown of local authorityBreakdown of local authority Sizable force with siege of ExeterSizable force with siege of Exeter Widespread – Oxfordshire, Midlands, Widespread – Oxfordshire, Midlands,

East at same timeEast at same time Other distractions war against France Other distractions war against France

Aug 1549, ScotlandAug 1549, Scotland

ThreatThreat

NoNo

Aims – protestAims – protest Easily defeatedEasily defeated Lack of leadership from higher ordersLack of leadership from higher orders Not mobileNot mobile

ImpactImpact

Step towards undermined Somerset's Step towards undermined Somerset's position eventually lost power in position eventually lost power in 15491549

Western 1549

Background to 1549

Edward VIMinority

Legacy of Henry VIII

Events

CausesDemands

Threat

Impact

The year of the many The year of the many headed monster – how headed monster – how

dangerous were the dangerous were the rebellions of 1549 for rebellions of 1549 for

Edward’s government?Edward’s government?

Problems for Edward VI

Legacy of Henry VIII

Minor Religion

Social

Social and Economic ChangePop increase / Moves towards enclosureInflation / Unemployment / Static wages

WesternRebellion

1549May/June

Ket’sRebellion

1549

To what extent was the To what extent was the government threatened by government threatened by

the Ket rebellion 1549?the Ket rebellion 1549?

BackgroundBackground

Robert Ket in dispute Robert Ket in dispute with Sir John with Sir John FlowerdewFlowerdew

Attached Norfolk Attached Norfolk townstowns

16000 men marched 16000 men marched towards Norwichtowards Norwich

Offered pardonOffered pardon Marquis of Marquis of

Northampton sent Northampton sent with 14000 troops with 14000 troops

Northampton takes city and Northampton takes city and abandoned next dayabandoned next day

Dudley Earl of Warwick – battle of Dudley Earl of Warwick – battle of Dussindale, 3000 rebels killedDussindale, 3000 rebels killed

Ket captured and hanged for seditionKet captured and hanged for sedition

Source AnalysisSource AnalysisCompare source A, B and C as Compare source A, B and C as explanations for the cause of explanations for the cause of the Ket Rebellion of 1549 (20 the Ket Rebellion of 1549 (20

Marks)Marks)

CausesCauses Enclosure – throwing down of hedgesEnclosure – throwing down of hedges Economic – far reaching and diverse – from rack Economic – far reaching and diverse – from rack

renting to fishing rights – price increasesrenting to fishing rights – price increases Religious – 7 articles – reign of Elizabeth – new Religious – 7 articles – reign of Elizabeth – new

prayer book being usedprayer book being used Social class – unhappy with local government/JP’s, Social class – unhappy with local government/JP’s,

breakdown in trust, rich getting richerbreakdown in trust, rich getting richer Actions of Somerset – attempted ACT against Actions of Somerset – attempted ACT against

enclosure fuels rebels, inaction offering pardon and enclosure fuels rebels, inaction offering pardon and summoning of some nobles/gentry to Windsor in summoning of some nobles/gentry to Windsor in JulyJuly

Spark of Sir John Flowerdew hostility to enclosure Spark of Sir John Flowerdew hostility to enclosure and church and church

Threat?Threat? Yes Yes National contextNational context Sizable organised and well led forceSizable organised and well led force Seized Norwich Seized Norwich Military force neededMilitary force needed Threat of foreign invasion and war with Threat of foreign invasion and war with

Scotland stretched govtScotland stretched govt Breakdown of local authority Breakdown of local authority Somerset had to bring back troops from Somerset had to bring back troops from

ScotlandScotland

Threat?Threat?

NoNo ProtestProtest ‘‘camping time’camping time’ Not directed at the KingNot directed at the King Lack of gentry and nobility supportLack of gentry and nobility support Lack of co-ordination of rebellionsLack of co-ordination of rebellions Did not march on London unlike 1381 and Did not march on London unlike 1381 and

14971497 Always maintained control of armed forcesAlways maintained control of armed forces

To what extent did the To what extent did the rebellions of 1549 impact rebellions of 1549 impact

on Tudor government on Tudor government policy?policy?

Impact – Western and Ket’sImpact – Western and Ket’s Indirectly fatal to Somerset – blamed for being Indirectly fatal to Somerset – blamed for being

slow/weakslow/weak Minor risings continuedMinor risings continued Nov 1549 Statue of Merton allowed fencing but Nov 1549 Statue of Merton allowed fencing but

leaving sufficient for tenantsleaving sufficient for tenants Death penalty for bringing down fencesDeath penalty for bringing down fences Warwick’s (later Northumberland) success Warwick’s (later Northumberland) success

added to his political credibility and statusadded to his political credibility and status Changes in foreign policy – Somerset withdrew Changes in foreign policy – Somerset withdrew

troops from Scotland needed to suppress troops from Scotland needed to suppress uprisings, scaled down favoured policy of uprisings, scaled down favoured policy of garrisoning Scotland garrisoning Scotland

French took advantage and declared war and French took advantage and declared war and besieged Boulogne summer 1549besieged Boulogne summer 1549

Northumberland ended both conflicts 1551Northumberland ended both conflicts 1551

How did Northumberland How did Northumberland come to power in 1549?come to power in 1549?

Fall of Fall of Somerset Somerset

•Arrogance

•Aloofness

•Favouritism

•Viewed as a humanitarian

•Sympathised with lower orders ? – ‘Good Duke’

•Policies – Treason act allowed discussion of previously censored material

•Vagrancy Act 1547 very unpopular

•Sheep Tax – very unpopular

•Anti-Enclosure proclamations

•Religious reforms alienated moderates

•1549 Rebellions

•Indecisive action

•Inept

•Unwillingness to act seen as sympathy with rebels

•Reluctant to withdraw troops from Scotland and France

•French use opportunity Aug 1549 to declare war and besiege Boulogne

•Only privy council action ends disorder – Russell (Western) and Warwick (Ket’s)

•Continued War with Scotland

•No reform of govt finances, taxation or customs

•By-passed PC

•Independent of Parlit / use of proclamations

•Economic situation – bankrupt and continued war

Abandoned by supporters

Power struggle led by Robert Dudley , Earl of

Warwick

Final Straw

EventsEvents Somerset losing support Somerset losing support Warwick control of main army, ends Ket’s Warwick control of main army, ends Ket’s

rebellion, control of Capitalrebellion, control of Capital Gains support of Conservatives – Lord Arundel Gains support of Conservatives – Lord Arundel

and Wriothesleyand Wriothesley Somerset issues proclamations for army to Somerset issues proclamations for army to

head back to S and F, general array of loyalty head back to S and F, general array of loyalty and moves to Windsor Castle.and moves to Windsor Castle.

Privy Council issues proclamation blaming Privy Council issues proclamation blaming Somerset for unrestSomerset for unrest

All wanted to avoid civil war so negotiations All wanted to avoid civil war so negotiations start ending with Somerset’s arrest Oct 1549.start ending with Somerset’s arrest Oct 1549.

Later released. Later released.

A well-informed Londoner recalls the moves by councillors and A well-informed Londoner recalls the moves by councillors and nobles in October 1549 to overthrow Lord Protector Somersetnobles in October 1549 to overthrow Lord Protector Somerset

After the rebellions were crushed, many of the After the rebellions were crushed, many of the lords and councillors secretly plotted to overthrow lords and councillors secretly plotted to overthrow the Lord Protector. Each lord and councillor went the Lord Protector. Each lord and councillor went through London armed, and had their servants through London armed, and had their servants likewise armed. They published a proclamation likewise armed. They published a proclamation against him containing the following charges. First, against him containing the following charges. First, that through his malicious and evil government, that through his malicious and evil government, the Lord Protector has caused all the recent unrest the Lord Protector has caused all the recent unrest in the country. Second, he was ambitious and in the country. Second, he was ambitious and sought his own glory. Third, that he had ignored sought his own glory. Third, that he had ignored the advice of the councillors. Fourth, that he told the advice of the councillors. Fourth, that he told untruths about the council to the King. untruths about the council to the King. Richard Grafton, Chronicle, written in 1568

•What does the source mean when it says ‘ The Lord Protector has caused all the recent unrest in the country’?

•Secretly plotted? Who? Why?

•Ignored the advice of councillors?

How did Northumberland manage How did Northumberland manage to gain support of Privy council?to gain support of Privy council?

•Gained Conservative support against Somerset – later removed once in power.

•Gained access to Edward VI and Royal household. Edward’s confidence gained.

•Gain support of reformists such as Archbishop Cranmer

•Feb 1550 Conservatives expelled

•Oct 1551 Somerset rearrested

•Warwick – Duke of Northumberland

•Later Lord President

•Somerset executed Jan 1552

How did How did Northumberland tackle Northumberland tackle

government?government?

Maintaining ControlMaintaining Control

Saw Council as keySaw Council as key Resorted able Somerset supporters Resorted able Somerset supporters

such as Pagnet and William Cecilsuch as Pagnet and William Cecil Increased authority by increasing PC Increased authority by increasing PC

to 33. Many military?to 33. Many military? Used PC and Parliament avoided Used PC and Parliament avoided

proclamationsproclamations

Problems AbroadProblems Abroad

War costlyWar costly Ended war with France and withdrew from Ended war with France and withdrew from

ScotlandScotland However Charles V of Spain unhappy with However Charles V of Spain unhappy with

England's neutrality.England's neutrality. Also Northumberland's alliance with Also Northumberland's alliance with

extreme protestant reformists to extreme protestant reformists to consolidate position further antagonised consolidate position further antagonised Charles V.Charles V.

RESULT – England left isolated.RESULT – England left isolated.

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problems Serious – bankrupt in 1549Serious – bankrupt in 1549 Somerset spent 1.3 m on Somerset spent 1.3 m on

war, sold crown lands and war, sold crown lands and borrowed borrowed

However War ended However War ended reduced expenditurereduced expenditure

Debasement continued in Debasement continued in 1551 but made 114K1551 but made 114K

Inflation IncreasedInflation Increased Still borrowed 243KStill borrowed 243K

YetYet

Cecil placed in charge of Cecil placed in charge of financial planningfinancial planning

Sold Chantry lands and Sold Chantry lands and church platechurch plate

March 1552 coinage called March 1552 coinage called in – restored to 1527 value in – restored to 1527 value – slowed inflation– slowed inflation

Govt spending reducedGovt spending reduced 1553 financial situation 1553 financial situation

stabilised and reform of stabilised and reform of customs / excise rated duecustoms / excise rated due

Still poor social and economic Still poor social and economic situation why no unrest like 1549?situation why no unrest like 1549?

Pop inc – inflation inc – Pop inc – inflation inc – living standards decliving standards dec

1550 Antwerp Cloth 1550 Antwerp Cloth market collapses – market collapses – widespread unemploy widespread unemploy amongst textile amongst textile workersworkers

1551 Debasement - 1551 Debasement - inflationinflation

However No serious However No serious widespread unrest widespread unrest why?why?

Higher order more Higher order more united after 1549united after 1549

Vagrancy Act and Vagrancy Act and Sheep Tax repealedSheep Tax repealed

New Treason Act – New Treason Act – restored censorshiprestored censorship

Revaluation of coinage Revaluation of coinage 15521552

Was Northumberland more successful that his Was Northumberland more successful that his predecessor in tackling the major problems of the predecessor in tackling the major problems of the

period 1547-1553?period 1547-1553?

Look at the major problems of the Look at the major problems of the period – FP/Economy and period – FP/Economy and finance/Social order/religion finance/Social order/religion

Why were they a problem?Why were they a problem? What did each man attempt to do?What did each man attempt to do? Which proved more successful? Why Which proved more successful? Why

were they more successful?were they more successful?

Was there a religious Was there a religious crisis?crisis?

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

1521 ‘fidei defensor’ Defender of the faith1521 ‘fidei defensor’ Defender of the faith 1534 Act of Supremacy1534 Act of Supremacy 1539 Six Articles – transubstantiation / 1539 Six Articles – transubstantiation /

clerical celibacy / confessionclerical celibacy / confession Persecuted both Protestants and Catholics Persecuted both Protestants and Catholics

e.g. William Tyndale executed for e.g. William Tyndale executed for translating the bible into Englishtranslating the bible into English

1547 Situation confused1547 Situation confused

Edward VI - SomersetEdward VI - Somerset

Protestant TutoredProtestant Tutored Services in English July 1547Services in English July 1547 Chantries ended 1547 – financial rather Chantries ended 1547 – financial rather

than doctrinal than doctrinal Treason Act 1547 – ended heresy laws Treason Act 1547 – ended heresy laws

and censorship exploited by protestantsand censorship exploited by protestants Act of Uniformity 1549 – New Prayer Act of Uniformity 1549 – New Prayer

book translated by Archbishop Cranmerbook translated by Archbishop Cranmer

ReactionReaction

Western Rebellion 1549Western Rebellion 1549 Stephen Gardiner removed and Stephen Gardiner removed and

eventually Somerseteventually Somerset Reform accelerated the acceleratedReform accelerated the accelerated

Edward VI - NorthumberlandEdward VI - Northumberland

Altars replaced by tablesAltars replaced by tables 1552 New Prayer book more radical 1552 New Prayer book more radical

and penalties for not attending and penalties for not attending churchchurch

New Treason Act prevented New Treason Act prevented questioning of Royal supremacy questioning of Royal supremacy

ReactionReaction

Little direct oppositionLittle direct opposition Why – fear after crushing 1549 Why – fear after crushing 1549

rebellionsrebellions Or – started to accept changes taking Or – started to accept changes taking

place – less fear of changeplace – less fear of change

ResultsResults

Difficult to measure public reactionDifficult to measure public reaction West against e.g. Western RebellionsWest against e.g. Western Rebellions Areas close to London supportedAreas close to London supported Definitely unacceptable to Mary IDefinitely unacceptable to Mary I She would restore CatholicismShe would restore Catholicism People chose Tudor rather than LJGPeople chose Tudor rather than LJG Thus secured a reversal, however Thus secured a reversal, however

would return to Protestantismwould return to Protestantism

Mary IMary I

No understanding of countryNo understanding of country Wanted counter-reformationWanted counter-reformation Aimed to 1) imprison reformist Aimed to 1) imprison reformist

ringleaders 2) welcome back ringleaders 2) welcome back Reginald Pole 3) improve calibre of Reginald Pole 3) improve calibre of clergy 4) Latin missals (contains all clergy 4) Latin missals (contains all the mass details) and other service the mass details) and other service books availablebooks available

LegislationLegislation

11stst Parliament (1553) – 1 Parliament (1553) – 1stst Statue of Statue of Repeal – restored heresy laws, Latin Repeal – restored heresy laws, Latin service, prohibited clerical marriages.service, prohibited clerical marriages.

33rdrd Parliament (1555) – restored Parliament (1555) – restored papal authoritypapal authority

Monastic and Chantry lands were not Monastic and Chantry lands were not restored to the Catholic Churchrestored to the Catholic Church

PersecutionPersecution

1555 onwards1555 onwards Burning of Protestant leadersBurning of Protestant leaders Earn her the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’Earn her the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’ Total 298 burnings Total 298 burnings Many protestants exiledMany protestants exiled Comparison – Henry VIII had Comparison – Henry VIII had

executed many and Elizabeth was to executed many and Elizabeth was to execute 150 Catholic priestsexecute 150 Catholic priests

ReactionReaction

Mary may have believe that following Mary may have believe that following the burning of Laitmer, Ridley and the burning of Laitmer, Ridley and Cranmer that others would earn from Cranmer that others would earn from the example.the example.

However became martyrsHowever became martyrs

As illustrated in John Foxe’s ‘Acts and As illustrated in John Foxe’s ‘Acts and Monuments’ 1563 often known as the Monuments’ 1563 often known as the ‘Book of Martyrs.‘Book of Martyrs.

Success of Mary Success of Mary Too brief a reignToo brief a reign Difficult to measure as she did not involve herself Difficult to measure as she did not involve herself

in the debates and propaganda of the timein the debates and propaganda of the time Mary failed to understand how far England had Mary failed to understand how far England had

comecome Methods caused great harmMethods caused great harm Catholicism associated with foreign powersCatholicism associated with foreign powers Argue England remained Catholic in North and Argue England remained Catholic in North and

West so nothing to changeWest so nothing to change Shortage of money at the timeShortage of money at the time Need to keep support of PC and Parliament – many Need to keep support of PC and Parliament – many

of which against restoring monastic landsof which against restoring monastic lands Returned to moderate protestant worship under Returned to moderate protestant worship under

ElizabethElizabeth

How successful was How successful was Mary I?Mary I?

Mary Mary quite Mary Mary quite contrary contrary

How does your How does your garden grow?garden grow?

With Silver bellsWith Silver bells And cockle shellsAnd cockle shells And pretty maids And pretty maids

all in a row.all in a row.

Mary was going against her father Mary was going against her father and brother.and brother.

Mary could not get pregnant. Nothing Mary could not get pregnant. Nothing would grow.would grow.

Mary is alleged to have liked church Mary is alleged to have liked church music and bells.music and bells.

Phillip of Spain was supposed to have Phillip of Spain was supposed to have been having affairs – cuckolding.been having affairs – cuckolding.

Mary has a series of miscarriages and Mary has a series of miscarriages and it was alleged she buried them all in a it was alleged she buried them all in a row.row.

Aims and problems?Aims and problems?

Aims – Aims –

1) restoration of Catholicism 1) restoration of Catholicism

2) alliance with Habsburgs to 2) alliance with Habsburgs to maintain national securitymaintain national security

Aims and problems?Aims and problems?

ReligiousReligiousdivisionsdivisions

foreign policyforeign policy

System ofSystem of governmentgovernment

Succession Succession heirheir

Social orderSocial order

FinanceFinanceEconomyEconomy

ProblemsProblems

System of Government?System of Government?

PC too big up to 43PC too big up to 43 Lack of choice led to lack of ability and Lack of choice led to lack of ability and

experience at first – later Paget allowed experience at first – later Paget allowed back.back.

Faction/Rivalry – Gardiner (Conservative) Faction/Rivalry – Gardiner (Conservative) vs Paget (Moderate)vs Paget (Moderate)

Inner Council / Use of Simon RenardInner Council / Use of Simon Renard Generally had support of Parliament – Generally had support of Parliament –

parliaments concerns centred on property parliaments concerns centred on property rights and local affairsrights and local affairs

Simon Renard – Imperial Ambassador William Paget

Philip of SpainStephen Gardiner

MarriageMarriage Goes against Parliament and marries Philip Goes against Parliament and marries Philip

favoured by Paget.favoured by Paget. Earl of Devon, Edward Courtney favoured by Earl of Devon, Edward Courtney favoured by

Gardiner. Gardiner. Splits PC, upsets Parliament and FranceSplits PC, upsets Parliament and France Treaty drawn up – philip no legal power, heirless Treaty drawn up – philip no legal power, heirless

goes to Elizabeth, no foreign appointments in PC, goes to Elizabeth, no foreign appointments in PC, England not pay towards Spanish wars. England not pay towards Spanish wars.

However unpopular fear England be drawn into However unpopular fear England be drawn into Spanish wars and Habsburg Empire.Spanish wars and Habsburg Empire.

Impact – threat , postponed coronation of Philip, Impact – threat , postponed coronation of Philip, very little time in England thus no heirvery little time in England thus no heir

Social OrderSocial Order

Wyatt’s rebellion – anti-spanish/catholic – Wyatt’s rebellion – anti-spanish/catholic – fear over loss of positionfear over loss of position

Plot to marry Elizabeth to Edward Plot to marry Elizabeth to Edward Courtney – rising in West Country, Courtney – rising in West Country, Midlands and Kent.Midlands and Kent.

Fails to rise except in Kent, march on Fails to rise except in Kent, march on London, delays allowed Mary to fortify London, delays allowed Mary to fortify London, defeated and executed along with London, defeated and executed along with LJG and Guildford Dudley.LJG and Guildford Dudley.

Catholicism Catholicism

Supported by Gardiner who had lost Supported by Gardiner who had lost Mary’s favour after supporting Mary’s favour after supporting Courtney marriageCourtney marriage

Opposed by Paget who believed Opposed by Paget who believed parliamentary issueparliamentary issue

Mary back down and gained Mary back down and gained parliaments support in exchange for parliaments support in exchange for guaranteeing property rightsguaranteeing property rights

Persecution of heretics unpopularPersecution of heretics unpopular

Financial Financial

ReformReform Exchequer restoredExchequer restored Planned to restored silver content in Planned to restored silver content in

coinage – delayed by Mary’s deathcoinage – delayed by Mary’s death New book of rates increased customs New book of rates increased customs

dutiesduties Survey of crown lands resulted in increase Survey of crown lands resulted in increase

in entry finesin entry fines However death in 1558 meant Elizabeth However death in 1558 meant Elizabeth

main benefactor main benefactor

EconomyEconomy

Serious problems – bad harvests, Serious problems – bad harvests, epidemics, sweating sickness, bubonic epidemics, sweating sickness, bubonic plague, influenza.plague, influenza.

Hit urban areas, high mortality rates and Hit urban areas, high mortality rates and food shortagesfood shortages

Solution offered stop migration of textile Solution offered stop migration of textile industries – thus minimising industries – thus minimising unemployment – little impactsunemployment – little impacts

New overseas markets not explored due to New overseas markets not explored due to fear of offending Spain and Portugal.fear of offending Spain and Portugal.

What were the extent of What were the extent of the religious and the religious and

ecclesiastical changes in ecclesiastical changes in the period 1542-1558? the period 1542-1558?

What were the results of What were the results of these changes?these changes?

Key DatesKey Dates 15361536 The Ten Articles The Ten Articles 15391539 The Great Bible in English circulated to churches The Great Bible in English circulated to churches 15391539 The Six Articles restored full Catholic doctrine The Six Articles restored full Catholic doctrine 15471547 Repeal of the Six Articles Repeal of the Six Articles 15481548 Act for the dissolution of chantries Act for the dissolution of chantries 15491549 Jan Act of Uniformity and the Book of Common Prayer Jan Act of Uniformity and the Book of Common Prayer 15491549 Jun Introduction of the First Prayer Book Jun Introduction of the First Prayer Book 15521552 Act of Uniformity. Second Book of Common Prayer – Act of Uniformity. Second Book of Common Prayer –

introduced some Calvinistic doctrine.introduced some Calvinistic doctrine. 15531553 Catholic Mass re-introduced Catholic Mass re-introduced 15541554 Nov Cardinal Pole came to England as papal legate and Nov Cardinal Pole came to England as papal legate and

England was formally reconciled with the Church of RomeEngland was formally reconciled with the Church of Rome 1554 Dec Re-introduction of the heresy laws1554 Dec Re-introduction of the heresy laws 1555 Oct Bishops Ridley and Latimer burnt at the stake1555 Oct Bishops Ridley and Latimer burnt at the stake 1556 Mar Archbishop Cranmer burnt at the stake1556 Mar Archbishop Cranmer burnt at the stake 1558 Deaths of Mary and Pole1558 Deaths of Mary and Pole 1559 May Act of Supremacy restored Henrican anti-papal laws1559 May Act of Supremacy restored Henrican anti-papal laws

Religion may not have been the crisis Religion may not have been the crisis area as certain level of compromise area as certain level of compromise

was achieved across England. was achieved across England. However it had a considerable However it had a considerable

influence directly or indirectly on influence directly or indirectly on potential crises such as political, social potential crises such as political, social and economic changes that occurred and economic changes that occurred e.g. Western or Northumberland in e.g. Western or Northumberland in

1553.1553.

Compromise not a crisisCompromise not a crisis Protestantism didn’t take firm hold in 1553 large Protestantism didn’t take firm hold in 1553 large

areas particularly with lower orders remained areas particularly with lower orders remained catholic particularly away from London and East catholic particularly away from London and East Anglia.Anglia.

Catholicism restored – Mary allowed to take Catholicism restored – Mary allowed to take throne illustrates this. Heir over religionthrone illustrates this. Heir over religion

General – moderate stance of people accepted General – moderate stance of people accepted doctrine of ruling regime.doctrine of ruling regime.

Therefore toleration – even Marian repression Therefore toleration – even Marian repression mild in comparison with the continent mild in comparison with the continent

Obviously there were extremists e.g. Ridley. Obviously there were extremists e.g. Ridley. Latimer, CranmerLatimer, Cranmer

European DiplomacyEuropean Diplomacy Religion complicated issuesReligion complicated issues Foreign powers interested in successionForeign powers interested in succession Treat of Catholic intervention promoted Henry to Treat of Catholic intervention promoted Henry to

go to war with Scotland 1542 and France 1544go to war with Scotland 1542 and France 1544 Failed to united Scotland and England through Failed to united Scotland and England through

marriagemarriage Moderate reforms under Somerset due to fear of Moderate reforms under Somerset due to fear of

alienating Charles Valienating Charles V Under Northumberland England became more Under Northumberland England became more

Calvinist and Charles withdrew his supportCalvinist and Charles withdrew his support Mary – Catholic-Habsburg alliance – drawn into Mary – Catholic-Habsburg alliance – drawn into

war with France resulting in loss of Calais.war with France resulting in loss of Calais.

MotivationMotivation

Henry VIIIHenry VIII Political – Act of Political – Act of

SupremacySupremacy Financial – monasteriesFinancial – monasteries Keep both groups on Keep both groups on

side – balancing act side – balancing act and mixture of changesand mixture of changes

Leaves PC – dominated Leaves PC – dominated by reformists intention by reformists intention to safe guard to safe guard succession and succession and supremacysupremacy

EdwardEdward VIVI LoyaltyLoyalty Edward – ProtestantEdward – Protestant Northumberland Northumberland

allowed Conservatives allowed Conservatives back into PC only to back into PC only to expel them when expel them when securesecure

Devise and LJG to Devise and LJG to secure position more secure position more than religionthan religion

Henrician Church in 1547Henrician Church in 1547

Broke away from Rome – but how Broke away from Rome – but how Protestant had it become?Protestant had it become?

ReformistsWanting Change

e.g. Cranmer

ConservativesCatholic

e.g. Gardiner

1536 Act of Ten Articles

Moderate Lutherandoctrine

1539 Act of Six Articles –

Restored some Catholic

doctrine

15471547 CatholicCatholic Services in LatinServices in Latin TransubstantiationTransubstantiation ConfirmationConfirmation MarriageMarriage Holy ordersHoly orders ConfessionConfession Clergy - Unable to Clergy - Unable to

marrymarry ChantriesChantries Paintings and statues Paintings and statues

remainedremained

ProtestantProtestant Prayers and responses Prayers and responses

in Englishin English Ten Commandments Ten Commandments

taught in Englishtaught in English Great Bible of 1539 Great Bible of 1539

EnglishEnglish No pilgrimagesNo pilgrimages Reduction in Holy Reduction in Holy

Days to 25Days to 25 Monasteries removed Monasteries removed

by 1539by 1539

ConflictedHeld together by

Treason and Heresy Laws

Edwardian Church 1547-1549Edwardian Church 1547-1549 Somerset – moderateSomerset – moderate Edward – inspired hope for protestantsEdward – inspired hope for protestants Reformers in majority in PCReformers in majority in PC Balance over reform amongst Bishops - Balance over reform amongst Bishops -

Gardiner vs CranmerGardiner vs Cranmer Mixed support across country – lower Mixed support across country – lower

clergy opposed reform away from East clergy opposed reform away from East Anglia and London. Less educated. Form Anglia and London. Less educated. Form set of rituals helped explain way of life. set of rituals helped explain way of life. London more educated Clergy, East Anglia London more educated Clergy, East Anglia settlement area for those fleeing settlement area for those fleeing persecution from continentpersecution from continent

1547-1549 Somerset1547-1549 Somerset Moderate reforms - government Moderate reforms - government

did not feel secure enough to did not feel secure enough to make substantial changemake substantial change

Heresy and censorship laws not Heresy and censorship laws not enforcedenforced

No lead from government / No lead from government / Limited reaction from governmentLimited reaction from government

Chantries (financial for war Chantries (financial for war against Scots and France) against Scots and France)

Treason Act effectively repealed Treason Act effectively repealed heresy and censorship laws and heresy and censorship laws and escalated religious debate.escalated religious debate.

Indecision continuedIndecision continued 1548 felt stronger after success in 1548 felt stronger after success in

Scotland – First Act of Uniformity Scotland – First Act of Uniformity Jan 1549 changes such as mass in Jan 1549 changes such as mass in English, marriage, singing mass English, marriage, singing mass for the dead stopped.for the dead stopped.

Alienated more radical Alienated more radical reformistsreformists

Fear of Catholic backlashFear of Catholic backlash

Religious debate grewReligious debate grew

Frustration resulted in Frustration resulted in outbreaks of iconoclasm.outbreaks of iconoclasm.

Confusion continuedConfusion continued

Potential reaction in Western Potential reaction in Western RebellionRebellion

1550-1553 Northumberland1550-1553 Northumberland Increasingly radicalIncreasingly radical Result of PC infightingResult of PC infighting Felt more secure?Felt more secure? Dec – 1549 removal of popish Dec – 1549 removal of popish

images and old service old images and old service old from churchesfrom churches

Ridley became Bishop of Ridley became Bishop of London plus other bishops London plus other bishops across the countryacross the country

New Treason Act 1552New Treason Act 1552 Second Act of Uniformity Mar Second Act of Uniformity Mar

1552 1552 Cranmer’s new Book of Cranmer’s new Book of

Common PrayerCommon Prayer Attacked wealth of the churchAttacked wealth of the church Forty Two Articles Drawn upForty Two Articles Drawn up

Gained Northumberland supportGained Northumberland support Reduced Catholic oppositionReduced Catholic opposition Stephen Gardiner further Stephen Gardiner further

imprisonedimprisoned London – removal of altars – London – removal of altars –

replaced with communion tablesreplaced with communion tables Unable to question the Unable to question the

supremacy or articles of faith / supremacy or articles of faith / officially limited Holy Days to 25officially limited Holy Days to 25

Had to attend Church of England Had to attend Church of England servicesservices

Some of the property Some of the property transferred to the crowntransferred to the crown

Edward dies articles never Edward dies articles never become lawbecome law

England – ProtestantEngland – Protestant Mixed acceptance – lukewarm?Mixed acceptance – lukewarm?

Homework Homework Read pages 93-101Read pages 93-101

What What changes changes were made were made by each by each monarch?monarch?

What What impact or impact or results did results did they have?they have?

Did they Did they achieve what achieve what they wanted they wanted to achieve?to achieve?

What What motives or motives or considerationconsiderations did they s did they have?have?

Past PapersPast Papers Jan 2006 Mary IJan 2006 Mary I June 2005 Political Instability EdwardJune 2005 Political Instability Edward Jan 2004 Problems end of Henry / Beginning Jan 2004 Problems end of Henry / Beginning

EdwardEdward June 2004 Social Problems EdwardJune 2004 Social Problems Edward June 2003 Royal SuccessionJune 2003 Royal Succession Jan 2003 Reformation in Edwardian ChurchJan 2003 Reformation in Edwardian Church June 2002 Popular ProtestsJune 2002 Popular Protests Jan 2002 Economic ChangesJan 2002 Economic Changes June 2001 Mary I’s Restoration of CatholicismJune 2001 Mary I’s Restoration of Catholicism 2000 Unrest in England2000 Unrest in England

‘‘The Pendulum swings The Pendulum swings back a successful counter back a successful counter

reformation – ‘By 1558 reformation – ‘By 1558 England had become a England had become a Catholic country once Catholic country once

again’again’

SummarySummary Mary succeeded in returning the English Mary succeeded in returning the English

church to Rome in an organisation sense, but church to Rome in an organisation sense, but Protestant beliefs still existed in England.Protestant beliefs still existed in England.

Mary was helped chiefly by Cardinal Pole, but Mary was helped chiefly by Cardinal Pole, but her actions had the support of the Council.her actions had the support of the Council.

A combination of proactive and reactive A combination of proactive and reactive methods were used to restore Catholicism.methods were used to restore Catholicism.

Mary successfully used Parliament to restore Mary successfully used Parliament to restore Catholicism in England, but she had to bow to Catholicism in England, but she had to bow to pressure and recognise that monastic lands pressure and recognise that monastic lands could not be restored to the Church.could not be restored to the Church.

SummarySummary Emphasis on improving the quality of the Emphasis on improving the quality of the

clergy, through training and removing clergy, through training and removing abuses.abuses.

Marian government did not maximise Marian government did not maximise propaganda opportunitiespropaganda opportunities

Nearly 300 protestants burnt as heretics, Nearly 300 protestants burnt as heretics, effectiveness for converting people back to effectiveness for converting people back to Catholicism limitedCatholicism limited

Reputation of ‘Bloody Mary’ largely created Reputation of ‘Bloody Mary’ largely created in Elizabethan period by propaganda and in Elizabethan period by propaganda and contemporaries such as John Foxe.contemporaries such as John Foxe.

Ultimately did not last as she had no heirs Ultimately did not last as she had no heirs and Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558.and Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558.