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Middle Ages

ReformationRenaissance

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The Age of CharlemagneAround 800 Western Europe was briefly unified. A Christian pope, proclaimed him “Emperor of the Romans” reviving the idea of a unified Christian world but widening the split between Eastern and Western Christianity

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Background

End of Roman Empire

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Background

The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe.  Near constant invasions and scant resources required that Europeans develop a new system for living.  This system included all aspects of life, social, political, and economic.  It was called Feudalism

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Characteristics

Unsafe and dangerous timesLittle to no tradeConstant warfareLearning and culture declineLoss of common languageChristianity became dominate religion

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FeudalismFeudalism was a social, political, and

economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval life.  The economic portion of feudalism was centered around the lord's estates or manor, and is called manorialism.  A lord's manor would include peasant villages, a church, farm land, a mill, and the lord's castle or manor house.

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Manor

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Manors were self sufficient; all economic activity occurred on the manor. This meant that little to no trade occurred during this time period.  Most of the peasants during the Middle Ages were serfs. Serfs were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord.  Service included working in the fields, maintaining roads and the manor, or military service in during wars.   7/2013

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   The lords had responsibilities also under this system.  In return for the services and taxes paid by the peasants, they provided land and protection to them.  Lords also had to pay fees and give service to high lords and the king.  Feudalism affected all levels of society.

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The Feudal System

KingsGive large land grants to Upper Lords called fiefs

Give ProtectionReceives money, military service, and advice

Upper LordsGive land grants to Lesser Lords

Give ProtectionReceives money, military service

Lesser LordsGive land grants to knights

Receives money, military service

KnightsGive land to peasants/serfs

Receives crops, labor

Peasants/ SerfsReceives land to farm Pays with labor, crops

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Comparison of Feudalism in Europe and Japan

Europe Japan

Nobility King, lord, lesser lord

Emperor, shogun, daimyo

Warriors Knights Samurai

Code of Conduct

Chivalry Bushido

Both practices developed in response to the need for security and stability everyone had well-defined social roles

helped preserve law and order

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During the middle ages two distinct Christian churches emerged

Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox

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Spiritual: Religion was a central part of life for medieval people from baptism to marriage.

Secular: In addition to being the social center of the village, the church had economic power and political power. The Church was the largest landholder, gained wealth through tithing and had its own laws and courts which frequently clashed with King’s authority. Some parish priests ran schools.

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Ranks of clergy (church officials)

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- Standards or rules applied to all Christians during the Middle Ages.

- Christians banned from the Catholic church for breaking church laws.

- Standards or rules applied to rulers who disobeyed the Pope during the Middle Ages.

- No sacred actions of the church could officially take place there.

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L - Land

W - Wealth

P - Power7/2013

The Church kept birth, marriage, and death records

All Christians paid taxes to the Church in the form of a tithe –

10% of income

The Church had its own laws and courts which regulated Church

practices & individual deeds/actions

Church had the powers of excommunication & Interdiction

at its command

The Church was the largest landholder in W. Europe L=W=P

The Church forbade usury which is charging of interest on loans

between Christians (Jews become the bankers)

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The Church became rich and powerful = CORRUPTION at

times

Preserved the learning & knowledge of the Greeks and

Romans after Rome Fell

Some clergy became WORDLY – more interested in wealth/power than spiritual/religious matters

Priests were marrying and having families

Bishops were selling Church positions (SIMONY)

Lay Investiture allowed Kings to control Bishops

Set up hospitals, school, and hotels for the poor and sick

Christians attended village churches; Churches became one

of the few places for average people to gather & interact

Missionaries travelled spreading Christianity

The church promised eternal life in Heaven; provided hope for people who were poor w/no

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Monasteries - Led the spiritual revival across Europe.

Effects of the Spiritual Revival

return to the basicsNew religious ordersPope reforms the churchNew age of religious feeling

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Problems the Church was dealing with:

Priests married & had families

Simony – practice of selling positions in the church.

Lay investiture – appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles.

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Christians vs. Muslims

Muslim leader: Saladin controlled Holy Land

Time of Muslim Golden Age7/2013

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In the 1050’s the Seljuk Turks invade the Byzantine empire and conquered Palestine or the Holy land.The Muslims and Jews also considered this their Holy Land.The Pope Urban II called for a crusade to free the Holy Land

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English King: Richard the Lion-Hearted agreed to a truce with Saladin

Muslims kept Holy Land

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Reasons for the Crusades

The Pope wanted to increase his power

Christians believed it was their duty to recover the Holy Land

Nobles wanted to gain wealth.

Adventurers sought travel and excitement

Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression

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Results of the Crusades

End of Feudalism/Crusades

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Increased Trade with

Europe and Middle East

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Impact of the Crusades

A major results of the Crusades, include Cultural Diffusion and an increase in trade.  European interest in goods from the east was stimulated by returning Crusaders who brought back many things. As the Crusades ended, ships that were once used to carry soldiers to the Middle East, now carried trade goods. Merchants from rich Italian city states, such as Venice and Florence, dominated this trade. 

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Commercial Revolution

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Trade Fairs and Growth of Cities

Along the trade routes, trade fairs were established in towns with larger populations, or at major crossroads. Merchants and craftsman settled in these towns, and some grew to be cities of several thousand people. This fundamentally altered the way people lived in Europe, and marked the beginning of the end of feudalism as serfs began to pay their feudal obligations with cash instead of service. An economy based on money, not barter emerged.

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Merchant - worked for the best prices for their guild worker

Craftsman – Artisan Guilds included bankers, tailors, and glassmakers

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Journeyman – A day worker learning a craft

Apprentice

Journeyman

Master7/2013

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- an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of

capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by

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The Black DeathThe Bubonic Plague was a highly infectious disease

spread by the fleas on rats. Rats were common in the cities of this time.

Between 1347 and 1353, the plague killed one person out of every three in Europe over 25 million.

• It was a global epidemic that that spread through the increased trade between counties.

This particular outbreak first appeared in China In the early 1300’s with deaths of about 35 million Chinese.

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Transforming from the Middle Ages

WHAT IT WASFeudal System

Manors

Church is all knowingBlack DeathFocus on the AfterlifeFocus on Group

HOW IT CHANGEDNobles, middle class, peasantsTrade/money/lending/ banking/insuranceQuestioned church/secular viewCelebrate life/Enjoy the Present/ Humanism

Focus on Individual

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The RenaissanceRenaissance means “rebirth”. It was a golden age in the arts, literature and sciences.During the Middle ages, philosophers and writers were concerned with life after death.In stead of the medieval preoccupation of life after death, a new way of thinking, Humanism, focused on life in the present and emphasized individual achievements.Ancient knowledge was rediscovered and the Classical period of the Greeks and Romans were glorified.

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Why Italy?Urban Centers– Large city-states in northern Italy– Cities – breeding ground for intellectual

revolution– Cities – Florence, Milan– Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing

Wealthy Merchant Class– Merchants – wealthiest, most powerful class &

dominated politics– Had $ to pursue other interests – Arts/education– Medici Family –

Cosimo de’ Medici – Influenced the ruling council (loans))Lorenzo de’ Medici – behind the scene dictator

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Why Italy?Classical Heritage– Return to Greek and Roman ideals– Arts and scholars – inspired by ruins of

Rome– 1300’s = Latin and Greek manuscripts

studied

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New Outlook/AttitudeClassical - Worldly

Patrons of Arts– Church – spent $$$ beautifying Rome– Wealthy families – supported artists

Renaissance Man– Ideal individual strove to master all areas of

study– “universal man”

Renaissance Woman– Inspire but not create art– Less influential than middle age women

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New Outlook/AttitudeEnjoyment of Worldly Pleasures– Middle Ages – piety– Humanists- can enjoy life without

insulting God– People were still devout Catholics

but…concerns were secular (worldly and

here/now)

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Renaissance Art

Some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and architecture in the history of the world.Greek and Romans styles were used for columns, arches, and domes.Artists were supported by merchants, popes and princes.Art was detailed, realistic, and reflected study of human anatomy

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Literary Achievements

Dante Wrote the Divine ComedyCervantes wrote Don QuixoteShakespeare wrote many playsMachiavelli wrote the Prince

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Impact of Printing PressBy 1300 papermaking and print technology had reached Europe from China.The invention of moveable type led Gutenberg to print the Bible in 1456.Books became more availableLiteracy increasedIdeas spread rapidly

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Causes of Reformation

The Renaissance. Humanism led people to question Church authority as increasing faith was put in human reason.Strong Monarchs. A weakened church meant strong national monarchs could increase their power.Problems within the church. Corruption among church leaders. Increased fees for marriage, baptism and indulgences for the pardon of sins.

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Protestantism

In 1517 a German monk, named Martin Luther posted his famous 95 Theses against indulgences.Promoted radical idea that faith in God alone, not the Pope granted pardon for sins.Sparked Protestant Reformation.Followers of Luther’s beliefs were called Lutherans and---eventually----Protestants, because they protested Papal authority.A French priest, John Calvin, an influential reformer who also preached predestination started another protestant movement.

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Martin Luther and John Calvin

Ideas spread to Northern Germany and ScandinaviaIdeas spread to France, Germany, Holland, England and Scotland

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“Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason, I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils,

for they have contradicted each other, my conscience is captive to the Word of God.

I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. 

God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther’s defense at his Catholic inquisition, April 1521

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Counter ReformationA reform movement also took place in the Catholic Church.The purpose was to strengthen the Catholic Church and keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism1545 Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and worked to end abusesIgnatius Loyola founded the Jesuits. Jesuit missionaries helped spread Catholism around the world

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Effects of Reformation

Formation of Protestant ChurchesLoss of religious and political unity in Western EuropeReligious conflicts sparked wars among the European states for over 100 yearsAnti-Semitism. Religious persecution increased, especially against Jews. Witch Hunts

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SummaryFrom the late Middle Ages feudalism continued to decline as kings, nobles and the Church struggled for power. A growing population and increase in trade led to a commercial revolution in Europe and a growing middle class. The Renaissance sparked a new way of looking at the world and the printing press helped new ideas such as the Reformation continue to challenge the old order. Nations began to unite under strong monarchs and nation states emerged.

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