Middle East? OR Near East?OR Southwest Asia? OR….?

Bodies of Water

TigrisRiver

Nile River

EuphratesRiverJordan

River Persian Gulf

ArabianSea

Mediterranean Sea

IndianOcean

Red Sea

Black Sea

Gulf of Aden

Strait ofHormuz

Suez Canal

Dardanelles Strait

AtlanticOcean

Gulf ofOman

Caspian Sea

The Arab Empire

The Expansion of Islam

Islamic Civilization

Islamic Society1. All are supposed to be equal a. not always the case 2. Classes a. upper class b. women’s rights - divorce - the house

The Culture of Islam

Philosophy and Science1. Middle Ages a. Arabic Learning thrived - World is round b. Mathematics - Arabic Numbers - Algebra c. Medicine - Disease

The Culture of Islam

Islamic Literature1. Quran a. greatest work 2. Omar Khayyam 3. The Arabian Nights a. collection of stories

The Culture of Islam Islamic Art and Architecture1. Mixture of Persian/Arab/Turkish culture 2. Arts a. calligraphy b. geometric designs c. mosques d. not many figures

WWI

• During WWI- the Ottoman Empire became an ally of the Germans.

• The Ottoman Empire was key for the Germans to get oil in order to fight the War.

• In the end the Ottoman Empire suffered when they had to surrender along with Germany at the end of the War.

Post WWI

In 1916, French and British diplomats secretly reached the Sykes-Picot agreement, carving up the Middle East into spheres of influence for their respective countries. That agreement was superseded by another which established a mandate system of French and British control for 25 years, sanctioned by the new League of Nations.

League of Nations• Mandate- a

commission from the League of Nations authorizing a nation to govern a territory.

• Self-determination- the right of a people to decide their own political future.

French and British Imperialism• Suez Canal – The Canal

has been under Egyptian, British, and French joint ownership since its construction in 1888.

• The British did end up having a lot of influence over the canal, because they agreed to protect it in exchange for the use of it.

• In 1956, the canal was Nationalized. So that Egypt had 100% control of it. This caused a small war to break out between Britain and Egypt, but it ended quickly under Soviet and U.S. pressure.

The Canal was important for Western European Powers in order to haveShipping access to the Middle East, India, and Asia.

Ottoman Empire Dismemberment

• The modernization of the Ottoman Empire.

• Turkification of the Empire.

• Centralization of political authority.

• Arab revolt and the Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916.

Colonialism

Middle Eastern Independence

• These were the dates that all imperial influences of France, Britain, and Russia left these Middle Eastern States.

• 1941 – Iran• 1943 – Lebanon• 1944 – Syria• 1946 – Jordan• 1947 – Egypt & Iraq

Post WWII

• The Creation of Israel-- Following the world hearing of the Holocaust, there was pressure to create a Jewish State. This was

called the “Zionist Movement”.-So On November 29, 1947 the region

known as Palestine was changed to Israel by the United Nations.

• Zionist- a member of a movement known as Zionism, founded to promote the establishment of an independent Jewish state.

Israel

Original United Nations planFor Israel and Palestine.

Israel and Palestine today.

Once Israel is Created all the Surrounding ArabStates declare War on Israel in 1948.

Once the Arab-Israeli War is wonBy Israel, they End up occupying70% of Palestine.This is 50% moreThan the U.N.Intended.

The Palestinian Dilemma

Arab Viewpoint

Jewish Viewpoint

United Nations Solution

Describe how the creation of Israel affected relations between Arabs and Jews.

Soft and Shifting Boundaries

• There are no natural borders that delineate the boundaries of the Middle East.

• Egypt, Iran, Sudan, Turkey, North Africa are disputed parts of the region.

The Middle East

• In fact the boundaries of the Middle East are political, and they keep shifting overtime.

• Islam is the common thread that join Middle Eastern Country together

Presentation Outline• Islam

• Who are Muslims• Concept of God• Islamic Belief and Practices• Attitude towards other Religions

• History

• Islamic Civilization• Crusades• Ottoman Empire• Colonialism

• Society

• Islam and Modernity• Middle East Culture• Women

Islamic Civilization

▲ Alhambra Palace, Granada 715

▲ Umayyad Mosque, Damascus 705

Khaju Bridge in Isfahan, built 1602 ▼

Islamic Civilization◄ Cordova University

(Cordova 786)

Al Azhar University ► (Cairo 972)

The Blue Mosque(Istanbul 1603)

▼

Social Mobility for All

Moses Maimonides (1135-1204)The foremost intellectual figure of medieval Judaism, was born Moses ben Maimon in Cordoba, Spain to an educated, distinguished family. Maimonides began his study of medicine in Fez, Morocco, and later moved to Cairo, Egypt. Soon after their arrival Maimonides' father and brother died, and Maimonides began to practice medicine to support his family. His fame as a physician spread, and he soon became the court physician for Sultan Saladin and his family. Maimonides also lectured at the local hospital, maintained a private practice, and was a leader in the Jewish community.

SOCIETY

Modern City

Modern Dubai Modern Cairo

• Multi-Story apartment buildings is the new residential pattern.

Quick Write

In 1-2 sentences answer the following on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Explain how the Ottoman Turks tried to unite the peoples of the Middle East.

2. Explain why European powers took control of the nations of Southwest Asia after World War I.