midterm 1 mean = 74.6% > 100: | | > 90: | | | | | | | | | | > 80: | | | | | | | | | | | | |...
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Midterm 1
• Mean = 74.6%
> 100: | |
> 90: | | | | | | | | | |
> 80: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
> 70: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
> 60: | | | | | | | | | | | |
> 50: | | | | | | | | | | | > 40: |
Extra Credit, To Date: = 18 pts
Please see me if you have questions about arithmetic, or obvious misgrades.
If you want to argue a point, I reserve the right to re-grade
the entire test.
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Midterm 2
• Lectures,
• Assignments,
• Through Chapter 5, Chromosomal Mutations.
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Linkage
• Genes located on the same chromosome do not recombine,
– unless crossing over occurs,
• The recombination frequency gives an estimate of the distance between the genes.
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Recombination Frequencies
• Genes that are adjacent have a recombination frequency near 0%,
• Genes that are very far apart on a chromosome have a recombination frequency of 50%,
• The relative distance between linked genes influences the amount of recombination observed.
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Linkage Ratio(How do you determine it?)
recombinant
total progeny
GW Gw gW gw
? ? ? ?
= Linkage Ratio
P GGWW x ggww
Testcross F1: GgWw x ggww
Experimentally
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Linkage Ratio(If Sorting Independently)
50 (Gw) + 50 (gW)
200 (all classes)
GW Gw gW gw
50 50 50 50
= .5
P GGWW x ggww
Testcross F1: GgWw x ggww
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Linkage Ratio Units
% = mu (map units)
- or -
% = cm (centimorgan)
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Fly Crosses(white eyes, minature, yellow body)
• In a white eyes x miniature cross, 900 of the 2,441 progeny were recombinant, yielding a map distance of 36.9 mu,
• In a separate white eyes x yellow body cross, 11 of 2,205 progeny were recombinant, yielding a map distance of 0.5 mu,
• When a miniature x yellow body cross was performed, 650 of 1706 flies were recombinant, yielding a map distance of 38 mu.
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Simple Mapping
• white eyes x miniature = 36.9 mu,
• white eyes x yellow body = 0.5 mu,
• miniature x yellow body = 38 mu,
my
38 mu
36.9 mu
w
0.5 mu
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Three Point Testcross
Triple Heterozygous
(AaBbCc )
x
Triple Homozygous Recessive
(aabbcc)
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Three Point Mapping Requirements
• The genotype of the organism producing the gametes must be heterozygous at all three loci,
• You have to be able to deduce the genotype of the gamete by looking at the phenotype of the offspring,
• You must look at enough offspring so that all crossover classes are represented.
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Representing linked genes...
W G D w g d
x
w g dw g d
w g d
P
Testcross
= WwGgDd
= wwggdd
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Representing linked genes...
+ + + w g d
x
w g dw g d
w g d
P
Testcross
= WwGgDd
= wwggdd
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Phenotypic Classes
W-
ww
G-
gg
G-
gg
D-
dd
D-
dd
D-
dd
D-
dd
W-G-D-
W-G-dd
W-gg-D
W-gg-dd
wwG-D-
wwG-dd
wwggD-
wwggdd
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W-G-D-
W-G-dd
W-gg-D
W-gg-dd
wwG-D-
wwG-dd
wwggD-
Crossovers
0
W G D
w g d1
1
2
#
179
52
46
4
22
22
2
wwggdd 173 0
1
1
2
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W-G-D-
W-G-dd
W-gg-D
W-gg-dd
wwG-D-
wwG-dd
wwggD-
#
179
52
46
4
22
22
2
wwggdd 173Parentals
Recombinants,double crossover
Recombinants 1 crossover, Region I
Recombinants 1 crossover, Region II
W G D
w g d
III
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W-G-D-
W-G-dd
W-gg-D
W-gg-dd
wwG-D-
wwG-dd
wwggD-
#
179
52
46
4
22
22
2
wwggdd 173Parentals
Recombinants,double crossover
Recombinants 1 crossover, Region I
Recombinants 1 crossover, Region II
W G D
w g d
I
Total = 500
Region I:
46 + 52 + 2 + 4
500x 100
= 20.8 mu
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W-G-D-
W-G-dd
W-gg-D
W-gg-dd
wwG-D-
wwG-dd
wwggD-
#
179
52
46
4
22
22
2
wwggdd 173Parentals
Recombinants,double crossover
Recombinants 1 crossover, Region I
Recombinants 1 crossover, Region II
W G D
w g d
II
Total = 500
Region II:
22 + 22 + 2 + 4
500x 100
= 10.0 mu
20.8 mu
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W G D
w g d
W-gg-D
wwG-dd 4
2Recombinants,double crossover
Total = 500
10.0 mu 20.8 mu
0.1 x 0.208 = 0.0208
6/500 = 0.012
NO GOOD!
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Interference
…the affect a crossing over event has on a second crossing over event in an adjacent region of the chromatid,
– (positive) interference: decreases the probability of a second crossing over,
• most common in eukaryotes,
– negative interference: increases the probability of a second crossing over.
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Gene Order in Three Point Crosses
• Find either double cross-over phenotype, based on the recombination frequencies,
• Two parental alleles, and one cross over allele will be present,
• The cross over allele fits in the middle...
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#
2001
52
46
589
990
887
600
1786
Which one is the odd one?
A C B
a c b
II I
A-B-C-
A-B-cc
A-bb-C-
A-bb cc
aaB-C-
aaB-cc
aabbC-
aabbcc
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A-B-C-
A-B-cc
A-bb-C-
A-bb cc
aaB-C-
aaB-cc
aabbC-
#
2001
52
46
589
990
887
600
aabbcc 1786
Region I
A C B
a c b
I
990 + 887 + 52 + 46
6951x 100
= 28.4 mu
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A-B-C-
A-B-cc
A-bb-C-
A-bb cc
aaB-C-
aaB-cc
aabbC-
#
2001
52
46
589
990
887
600
aabbcc 1786
Region II
A C B
a c b
28.4 mu
600 + 589 + 52 + 46
6951x 100
= 18.5 mu
II18.5 mu
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Master
• Problems 1, 2
• Questions 4.1 - 4.4, 4.6 - 4.16, 4.19 - 4.20
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Quantitative Traits
Optional; Klug and Cummings (at the library),
– Chapter 5, pp. 115 - 120, Insights and Solutions #1 (pp. 130), Questions 1-6 (pp. 131-132)
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Reading Assignments
Available as a PDF, online.
Will answer question on Monday.
Read 15.5
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Quantitative Traits
…traits that show a continuous variation in phenotype over a range,
…often result from multiple genes and are further termed polygenic traits.
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Ribera, 1642
The Club Footed Boy
•Heart disease
•Spina bifida
•Neural tube disorders
•Diabetes
•Etc.
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Environmental Factors
Optional: Chapter 15
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Discontinuous Traits
• Discontinuous Traits,– exhibit only a few distinct phenotypes and can
be described in a qualitative manner,
• Mendel and others worked with “inbred” lines,Father: DD BB cc aa EE FF GG
Mother: dd BB cc aa EE FF GG
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Continuous Traits
• “Outbred” transmission,
Father: dd BB CC AA EE FF GG Mother: DD bb CC aa EE ff gg
• Continuous Traits,
– Display a spectrum of phenotypes, and must be described in quantitative terms,
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F3 #1: Cross Two Individuals With 10 Cm Ears.
F3 #2: Cross Two Individuals With 17 Cm Ears.
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Polygenic Traits and Mendel
• It is possible to provide a Mendelian explanation for continuous variation by considering numbers of genes contributing to a phenotype,
– the more genes, the more phenotypic categories,
– the more categories, the more the variation seems continuous.
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Melanin Pigmentation
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Calculating the Number of Genes
• If you know the frequency of either extreme trait, then the number of genes (n) can be calculated using the formulae…
1
4n
= ratio of F2 individuals expressing
either extreme phenotype.
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1/4 show the extreme traits,
1 4n = 1
41
n = 1
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1 4n =
n = 2
1/16 show either extreme traits,
1 42
1 16
=
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Continuous Variation
• Two or more genes that influence the same phenotype, often in an additive way,
– additive allele: contributes a set amount to the phenotype,– non-additive allele: does not contribute to the phenotype.
• The affect of each allele on the phenotype is relatively small, and roughly equivalent,
• Substantial variation is observed when multiple genes control a single trait,
• Must be studied in large populations.
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• Inbred strain #1, mean height = 24 cm,• Inbred strain #2, mean height = 24 cm,• F1 mean height = 24 cm,• F2, 12 - 36 cm range, mean = 24 cm,
– 4/1000 are 12 cm, smallest class
– 4/1000 are 36 cm, largest class
a. What mode of inheritance?
b. How many gene pairs?Quantitative.
1/4n = 1/250, n = 4
4/1000 = 1/250 are the extreme class,
solve 1/4n = ratio of extreme class
42 = 16, 43 = 64, 44 = 256, etc.
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• Inbred strain #1, mean height = 24 cm,• Inbred strain #2, mean height = 24 cm,• F1 mean height = 24 cm,• F2, 12 - 36 cm range, mean = 24 cm,
– 4/1000 are 12 cm, smallest class
– 4/1000 are 36 cm, largest class
c. How much does each allele contribute?
range: largest (36 cm) - smallest (12 cm) = 24 cm
alleles: 4 genes, 8 potential additive alleles
24 cm / 8 additive alleles = 3 cm / additive allelle
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• Inbred strain #1, mean height = 24 cm,• Inbred strain #2, mean height = 24 cm,• F1 mean height = 24 cm,• F2, 12 - 36 cm range, mean = 24 cm,
– 4/1000 are 12 cm, smallest class
– 4/1000 are 36 cm, largest class
d. Indicate one possible set of P1, F1.
P1 AABBccdd x aabbCCDD
F1 AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd
Base Height is 12 cm, so each P1, F1 has 4 additive alleles.