MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW PPTThese are copies of slides from all the

powerpoints we have viewed this semester. They are more or less in the order as on your review. Hope this helps narrow down your searching.

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (AN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION)

Considered one of the great turning points in history.

• People learned to plant crops (rice, wheat, barley, etc.)• Invented the plow, used fertilizer, irrigation• Domesticated animals• Settled in villages

WHAT WAS THE BIG CHANGE DURING THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION?

• The change from hunting and gathering to systematic farming and domesticating animals.

• As a result, social roles changed– A warrior class developed– Priests gained importance– The importance of women’s roles decreased

WHAT DID THE CHANGE TO AGRICULTURE ENABLE EARLY PEOPLE TO DO?

• Settle in villages and towns instead of being nomadic hunters and gatherers.– the concept of land ownership– modifications to the natural environment – higher population densities in certain areas– Creation of "trading economies" using surplus

production from increasing crop yields, and the development of new technologies.

Characteristics of Civilization:• Developed government• Division of labor – a social structure• Rise of Cities• Use of writing• Artistic achievement and innovations• Importance of religion in culture

Civilization – a form of culture in which some people live in cities and have complex social institutions, use

some form of writing, and are skilled in science, art, and technology

RIVER VALLEYSTHE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS AROSE IN RIVER VALLEYS

1. Tigris-Euphrates (Mesopotamia)2. Nile (Egypt)3. Indus (Harappa & Mahenjo-Daro)4. Huang He or Yellow (China)

Commonalities – Rivers to sustain life, mild climate, fertile soil (China & Egypt had geographic barriers like mountains to aid in protection)

Hammurabi’s Code– Pertained to all aspects of life– Did not apply to all people equally

(later civilizations will have writtenLaw codes, such as the Roman Twelve Tables, Justinian’s Code, etc.)

COMPARING SPARTA AND ATHENS

SPARTA ATHENS

TYPE OF GOVERNMENT

STATE CULTURE

MEN'S SOCIAL ROLE

WOMEN'S SOCIAL ROLE

CHILDREN & EDUCATION

Oligarchy – 2 kings/Council of Elders

First Democracy – People have the rule

Strict Military State – people controlled by state

Cultural Center – art, philosophy, education

Soldiers Civic participation/business

Relative freedom to run the household

Subordinate to men – can go out in public unescorted

Military training for boys / athletic training for girls

Wealthy boys taught by tutors / girls learn to take care of a home

Philosophers

Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle were the world’s first philosophersBelieved that truth can be found in reason

HELLENISTIC GREECE• In 338 B.C. the king of Macedonia (Philip II) brought all

Greek city-states under his control.• His son, Alexander the Great, went on to conquer most of

the Mediterranean world, including Egypt and Persia (as far as the Indus River).

• Alexander spread Greek culture throughout his new empire, from Europe to Africa and Asia.– Blended Greek and Persian cultures– Built new cities– Encouraged learning and philosophy

• Complete page 2 of “Greek Geeks” and add to your notebook.

Greek Achievements

• Democracy• Realistic art (statues depicting the ideal form)• Architecture (use of balance, symmetry,

columns, marble temples and public buildings)• Philosophy• Drama and literature

THE RULE OF ROMAN LAW• Government officials were not above the law and could

not act outside the law• THE TWELVE TABLES

– Issued by the Republic and placed in public meeting places– Protected the plebeians– Covered civil, criminal, and religious law– Provided a foundation for later law codes– All citizens were “equal under the law”

• Contributed concept of a contract and established rules for property ownership

• Established legal processes (court trials, appeals, innocent until proven

guilty)

PAX ROMANA “The Roman Peace” (27 B.C. – 395 A.D.)

• A long period of peace ushered in by Augustus• Great engineering feats– Concrete for large buildings– A network of nearly 50,000 miles of roads and bridges– New cities– aqueducts

• Rome was a center of commerce, communication, trade, politics, culture, and military power

• Expansion changed its basic character– Professional armies loyal to its generals– Large force of slaves performed much of its labor

Religion continued…

• The Rise of Christianity– Based on the teachings of Jesus who was crucified

by the Romans for his teachings– Spread by his followers who were persecuted for

their beliefs– The apostle, Paul, was famous for travelling

throughout the empire converting people to Christianity

– Eventually became the official religion of the Empire

LEFT SIDE

Causes:

Effects: Fall of the Roman Empire

Military decline and constant threat of invasion

Weak leadership, economic decline, growth

Lack of government, dangerous living conditions

Social and economic decline throughout Western Europe

Accomplishments of Rome

• Pax Romana• Adoption of Christianity• Large-scale Building and architecture• Extended rule of other territories• Legal systems that became the foundation of

later law codes (Rule of Law)

Left Side• The mixing of Aryan and

native peoples led to a new social order

• The new rules allowed only Aryans to occupy the higher social classes

• There were 5 castes• Caste lines were rigid and

based on birth• DRAW A DIAGRAM OF THE

CASTE SYSTEM

Priests (Brahmins

)

Warriors (Kshatriyas)

Landowners (Vaisyas)

Peasants (Sudras)

Untouchables

The Gupta Empire (320 A.D. – 535 A.D.)• United the territory around the Ganges• Emperors encouraged peace, prosperity, and trade with

foreign lands, especially China• Had a “Golden Age” of Hindu Culture for nearly two centuries– Built universities– Supported learning, the arts (colorful murals), and literature (poems

and plays written in Sanskrit)– Scholars excelled in math (concept of zero, idea of infinity, a decimal

system, Arabic numerals)– Astronomy (Earth was round and rotated on its axis, solar year,

movement of heavenly bodies)– Medicine (set bones, skin grafts)

• Declined when invaded by the Huns

HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.)

• Unified China for over 400 years following years of civil war• Political achievements – Established civil service examinations based on Confucian ideas– Strengthened the power of the emperor by weakening the

independence of nobles– Commoners could move up the social ladder– Spread Confucian ideals

• Innovations– Paper– Lead-glazed ceramics– Improved silk-weaving

Continued…• Economy– Established overland trade routes, the Silk Road,

connecting trade with the Roman Empire and other regions

– Exported silk, iron, and bronze for gold, linen cloth, glass, ivory, animal hides, horses and cattle

FALL OF THE HAN DYANSTY

• Ruled an immense empire for 400 years• Han emperors were weakened by a series of rebellions• Provincial governors raised taxes and raised their own

armies (some became local warlords)• Economic hardship and population growth• Emperor turned over power to a warlord and Han

China collapsed into a series of civil wars and split into separate states

• Caused a long period of political, economic, and social decline

The Ottoman Empire• Captured Constantinople in 1453• A “Gunpowder Empire” located between Europe

and Asia• Interacted with both Eastern and Western cultures• Reached its height under the reign of Suleiman the

Magnificent– Conquered Egypt and N. Africa and parts of Eastern

Europe– Controlled much of the trade in the Mediterranean Sea

(to N. Africa, Europe, and other parts of the Middle East)

• Ottomans were defeated in 1571 by Spaniards and Venetians

More about the ottomans…

• Government:– Ruled by the Sultan (all-powerful ruler) and his lavish

court with a capital at Istanbul (Constantinople)– Well-organized and efficient government, assisted

by a special army, The Janissaries (soldiers recruited and trained at childhood)

• Culture– Sunni branch of Islam– Recognized diversity -Jews and Christians

represented by own leaders and represented by their own laws and collected their own taxes

– Art was tied to religion in that the greatest examples were the beautiful mosques (temples)

Akbar the Great• Most famous Mughal ruler (Babur’s grandson)– Conquered Muslim and Hindu states uniting all

Northern India under his rule– Promoted religious tolerance– Ended special Hindu taxes and used Hindu officials

in government– Divided empire into 12 provinces– Local government was run by well-trained officials

(enforced laws, collected taxes)– Encouraged learning, painting, music, and

literature

Shah Jahan• Akbar’s grandson• Re-imposed taxes on Hindus and destroyed Hindu

temples• Many converted to Islam (some to avoid taxes,

others from lower castes, to escape the caste system)

• Even more artistic and cultural achievements– Built palaces, fortresses, and mosques• Most famous was Taj Mahal (tomb for his

wife)• Combined Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles

Gold-Salt Trade – Ghana, Mali, Songhai

• Sahara was never completely cut off from Eurasia• Muslim merchants crossed the Sahara because of

gold and other riches in West Africa• West Africa lacked salt – vital to human survival• Merchants picked up large blocks of salt on their

journey and exchanged them for gold• A thriving trade developed, based on gold-salt trade• Ideas were exchanged, such as Islamic beliefs

Notes on Mali 1240-1400:• Rulers brought both gold and salt mines under their

direct control• Rulers converted to Islam, although most people did not• Mansa Musa – expanded kingdom greatly– Made a religious pilgrimage to Mecca– Brought Muslim scholars and architects back to Mali

with him– Muslim scholarship flourished– Timbuktu became an important center of several

important universities and attracted student from Europe, Asia, and Africa

Ibn Battuta –

• Arab traveler that wrote about Mansa Musa and his respect for law and the power of its ruler

• Because of his extensive travels and his records historians know a lot about this time period in Africa and the Middle East

• He was like the Marco Polo of the Muslims

More about the Tang• Empress Wu Zetian– Implemented government reforms– Built a new capital city of Chang’an

(largest city in the world – merchants and officials from Persia, India, Arabia, and Syria could be found there)

• Artistic Achievements– Pottery with painted glazed figures– Metalwork and jade– Poetry and painting– Unique gardens

• Mapmaking, medicine, and block printing• Encouraged Commerce

the Song Dynasty

• Achievements– The Grand Canal – connected Beijing, the Hwang Ho, and

the Yangtze Rivers (used to ship grain within China)– Continued to enlarge the Great Wall for protection– Caravans carried silks over the Silk Road– Large ships carried goods to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia,

India, and Africa– Science and Technology

• New instruments for astronomers• Acupuncture• Advanced mathematics• Gunpowder in war• Compass for navigation• Moveable type

• Created an alliance with the Mongols

THE MONGOLS• Established the greatest land empire the world had ever seen• Divided into several loosely organized tribes

– Slept in domed tents made of felt– Excellent horsemen and archers (used stirrups)

• Ghengis Khan (Chinggis Khan)– United Mongols by 1206– Conquered Mongolia, China, & Muslim States of Central Asia– Although a brutal warrior who used terror, he was tolerant of religions– Promoted trade– Used local administrators– Ordered a written script for Mongol language

The Empire after Ghengis Khan

• Ghengis Khan’s successors extended Mongol rule into Persia, Russia, Iraq, and the rest of China– This was the largest land empire the world has seen– There was a “Pax Mongolia” – people could trade safely

from one end of the empire to the other

• The empire was so vast, it was soon divided into four kingdoms (each ruled by a different descendant of Ghengis Khan)

Introduction• While the Byzantine Empire survived in the

east, important changes were taking place in Western Europe.

• Historians call this period of history (from the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. to the 1400s) the Middle Ages (medieval period) – the period between ancient and modern times

• Barbarian invasions contributed to the defeat of the Romans, and after a period of invasions, they established their own kingdoms in many parts of the former Roman Empire.

THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE DAY:• Constant warfare disrupted trade• Violence made travel unsafe• Bridges and roads fell into disrepair, and cities and

towns were abandoned• Bandits roamed freely• Wealthy families moved to the safety of fortified

homes in the country• No interest in learning• Shortages of food and goods grew• Churches and monasteries became the only places

where people could read and write

Feudalism (800-1400)• The system of government of the Middle Ages– To protect themselves from violence and to

provide for basic economic needs– Kings offered nobles a grant of land (fief) in

exchange for loyalty and service– The nobleman (vassal) gave homage

(allegiance) to the king– Helped people survive the breakdown of

central government and order– Characterized by key social, political, and

economic relationships

Economic system - Manorialism• The Manor– The Lord’s home and surrounding territory (peasant

homes, village, and farmland)– Produced its own food, clothing, and shelter (trade was

dangerous)– Varied in size depending on wealth (some nobles had

many manors)• Peasants (Serfs)– Farm laborers gave a portion of their harvest to the lord

in return for the lord’s protection– Bound to the land and had no voice in most matters– Worked long hours to produce the food for all members

of society

Social Roles• Feudalism provided for a strict class structure based on the control

of land and power• People were born into a social class and could not change their

position• Women

– Obedient to men– Had large numbers of children (many died in infancy)– Noble women spent their time in prayer and

domestic chores– Few received an education– Peasant women worked closely with their husbands,

ran the home, and looked after livestock• People lived in extended families (large

households)

Economic system - Manorialism• The Manor– The Lord’s home and surrounding territory (peasant

homes, village, and farmland)– Produced its own food, clothing, and shelter (trade was

dangerous)– Varied in size depending on wealth (some nobles had

many manors)• Peasants (Serfs)– Farm laborers gave a portion of their harvest to the lord

in return for the lord’s protection– Bound to the land and had no voice in most matters– Worked long hours to produce the food for all members

of society

THE CHURCH• Roman Catholic Church was single most powerful

organization in Western Europe– People believed the Church represented God and held

the power to send a person to Heaven or Hell.– Many nobles left land to the Church when they died,

hoping to gain entry into Heaven. (Church was the largest landowner)

– Church gained additional wealth through tithes (Church taxes)

– The Church was the main center of learning (Church officials were usually the only ones who could read or write). Rulers often relied on Church officials because they were educated.

MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN THINKERS• St. Augustine (Lived at the time of the fall of Rome)– Questioned why God would let barbarians destroy the

Christian civilization of Rome– Concluded that no earthly city could last forever, only the

“City of God” in Heaven is eternal• St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)– Showed how pre-Christian works of philosophy were

compatible with Christian teaching– Said people should trust both faith and reason– Believed in the existence of “natural law” – laws based on

reason– Believed that citizens have the right to remove rulers who

continually enact unjust laws (ruler’s power came from God through the people)

OUTCOME OF THE CRUSADES• Brought new goods to Europe,

stimulating a rebirth in trade (silk, rice, spices, coffee, etc.)• Weakened the Byzantine Empire

Contributed to the break down of feudalism

• Europeans learned about new technology (zero, weapons, etc.)

• Christian persecution of Jews and Muslims and Muslim persecution of Christians

Continued…

• THE GREAT SCHISM (1378-1417)– The Pope clashes with secular (non-religious) rulers– In 1305, a Frenchman was elected Pope and moved the

papacy to Avignon in France (it fell under the French King’s influence)

– In 1378, an Italian was elected Pope and moved the papacy back to Rome

– French Cardinals claimed the election was unlawful and elected a French Pope to keep the papacy in France

– This schism (split) greatly weakened the church

THE LATER MIDDLE AGES• Growth of towns– Increased trade led to the growth of towns

and cities– Rise of a new merchant class– Formation of guilds (powerful associations of

merchants and craftsmen)• New inventions (mills, mechanical clocks)• Cities founded Universities• Gothic architecture (pointed arches, high spires,

stained glass, flying buttresses, vaulted ceilings)

Continued…• THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)– Between England and France (king of England claimed the French throne)– Strengthened royal power in both countries

(kings developed large standing armies instead of relying on feudal lords)

– Created greater national feelings– Knights became less important in battle– New military technology was introduced (long

bow, gunpowder, cannons)– Joan of Arc became an inspiration and martyr

for the French

Background – The Renaissance began in Italy

• Location – centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea region

• As trade increased, Italian cities became centers of banking, commerce, and industry

• Merchants and nobles acted as patrons– Supported artists, writers, and scholars–Powerful leaders (because no single ruler

had united the Italian peninsula)

Characteristics of the Renaissance• Secularism (non-religious) – increased as people

began to show greater interest in this world rather than the “here after”

• Reason – used observation and experience to explain the world rather than Christian teachings

• Humanism – emphasized dignity, worth, and uniqueness of individuals. (man is the focus of all things)

• Christian Humanism – a movement in northern Europe that promoted reason through Christian teachings

Masters of the “High Renaissance”

• Leonardo Da Vinci• Michaelangelo• Rafael• Donatello

AKA: NINJA TURTLES

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)• The epitome of the “Renaissance Man”• Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist– Dissected human bodies– Kept a notebook of designs (machine gun,

helicopter, etc.)– Last Supper, Mona Lisa

Gutenberg and the printing revolution

• Johann Gutenberg (German printer)–Developed a printing press with

moveable type–Moveable type, a special press, and oil-

based inks allowed the mass production of printed books– Encouraged the rapid spread of new

ideas – Increased literacy

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

• A German monk and Bible scholar• Opposed the sale of indulgences– Pardons from punishment for sin– Church sold them to increase

revenue for the Church• Posted Ninety-Five Theses

(statements) on his Church door, challenging the Pope’s right to sell indulgences

• Translated the Bible into German

LUTHER’S FIGHT WITH THE CHURCH

• Pope excommunicated him (in defiance, he publicly burned the decrees)

• Was summoned to the Diet of Worms where he refused to recant (take back) his statements and was declared an outlaw

• Received protection from a number of German princes

• Started a new church, the Lutheran Church

THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION

• Council of Trent – redefined Catholic beliefs and ended the sale of indulgences

• Established the Inquisition – court to punish heretics (also banned Protestant books)

• The Jesuits – an order of monks founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 dedicated to defending and spreading the Catholic faith

The Hebrews (Israelites) 1200 B.C.E.

• Mostly nomadic herders• Influenced both Mesopotamia and Egypt due

to its geographic location near the eastern Mediterranean

• Developed the first monotheistic religion– Ten Commandments– Forefathers, Abraham and Moses entered into

covenants with God (Yahweh)

Activity• Add Confucianism and Daoism to your Religions chart

– Confucius – taught ideas he believed were the basic order of the universe. Stressed following traditional ways to achieve peace and harmony. All was based on social obligations.• Obedience and order• Importance of family• Family served as model for society (duty, good deeds, civilized

way of life)– Lao Tzu (Daoism or Taoism) – believed that nature has a “way” in

which it moves. People should accept the way rather than to try to resist it.• Respect for nature and harmony• Use contemplation and abandon earthly concerns

The Spread of Buddhism• A new religion, Buddhism, began around 500 B.C.• Spread quickly and attracted many followers• Missionaries helped it spread throughout India and other

Southeast Asian countries (Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indochina)

• It also spread to central Asia, China, Japan, and Korea• It was popular among many groups because it rejected

the caste system

Activity

• FILL IN THE BUDDHISM SECTION OF YOUR RELIGIONS CHART– Basic philosophy: based on the idea of self-denial and

meditation– Gods: do not believe in a supreme being– Holy books: no major holy book, but teachings can be

found in the Sutras– Major beliefs: Four Noble Truths – explain life’s meaning.

Eightfold Path – must be followed to achieve Nirvana. Nirvana – a state of eternal peace and bliss and release from the soul’s endless reincarnation.

ISLAM:

• Founded in the 7th century (A.D. 600s)• By Mohammed– Born in 570 A.D.– A merchant and shepherd in Mecca– Had a vision in which he was told to convert Arab tribes

to believe in a single God, Allah (same God worshipped by Jews and Christians)

• Islam is the Arabic word for “submission”• Within 100 years, it grew to control an area larger

than the Roman Empire

Activity:

• Complete your religions chart by adding Islam

• Major beliefs – one God, the Five Pillars (confession of faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage)

• Holy book – Quran (Koran)• Holy places – Mecca, Jerusalem, and their place of

worship the mosque

Sikhism (add to religions chart)

• New religion in Northern India– Founder – interactions between Muslims and Hindus– Major beliefs• Reincarnation• One God• God can be known through meditation (a form of

deep contemplation)• Equality in the eyes of God

– Scriptures teach moderation (eat little, sleep little, talk little, consume little)

– No caste system– Sikh men do not cut their hair (often wear turbans)– Holy places – Temples and shrines (Golden Temple)