midterm review - lcps.org · web viewname two cities on marco polo’s route. follow the yellow...

Name ____________________________ Period ___________

Midterm ReviewThis is a study tool, completing this DOES NOT guarantee an A, you will

need to study EVERYTHING we have done so far this year!

On the map below, draw a compass. Next, label the FOUR oceans and SEVEN continents. Then, draw in the FIVE major rivers in this unit and label the FOUR River Valleys.

Pre-AP World I P a g e | 1Unit 1 Review

Unit: River Valleys Review Stations

Label the following:Aegean Sea Ionian Sea Dardanelles (Hellespont)Balkan Peninsula Peloponnesus CreteAsia Minor Macedonia KnossusSparta Athens CorinthMycenae Troy

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Label the following:Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Red SeaAegean Sea Ionian Sea GreeceItaly Egypt SpainAnatolia Canaan SicilyCrete Carthage Rome

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Graph #1

Graphs look just like what you might see in math class. This is a line graph, which is often used to show change over time. The line plots the number of famines (the vertical axis) against the time period (the horizontal axis).

Using the graph, you can identify when something happened most frequently, as well as look at the trends over time.

1. During which century did France have the most famines?18th

2. Were famines generally becoming more or less frequent in France?More

Graph #2

This is a bar graph, which allows you to compare change over time AND between two places, for example, England and France.

3. Which of the following best describes the trend in crop yields?a. Crop yields for both England and France increased.b. Crop yields for both England and France decreased.c. Crop yields increased for England, but decreased for France.d. Crop yields decreased for England, but increased for France.

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Using the printed map of the Mongol Empire in 1294 CE as an example, read about the important features of maps and answer the questions.Assumptions. Map makers cannot tell you everything, or there would be no room left on the map for the map. Certain assumptions are made, and you know what happens when you assume…The map will never point out to you the difference between land and water. You will need to use context clues! In a color map, you can usually just look for big spots of blue, and that’s where the water will be. In black and white maps, you may need to trace the outline of things called ocean, sea, bay, or lake. You can also look for the outlines of mountains or the labels of cities, which are usually on land.

1. The map also assumes that you know what the blue squiggly lines and small black dots are. What are they?rivers and cities

Legend (or key). The legend tells you how to read the symbols, lines, and colors on the map. On the Mongol Empire map, the legend is in the upper right-hand corner of the map.

2. Based on the legend, how would you find the places that Marco Polo visited in China? Name two cities on Marco Polo’s route.

follow the yellow lines – Beijing and Hangzhou

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3. Name one river that Genghis Khan’s successors crossed in their campaigns.Mekong, Indus, Ganges, Volga

Scale. The scale relates the size of the map on the page to the area covered in the world; it gives the proportion between what you see and what it represents in the real world. On some maps, each inch will represent a mile; on other maps, an inch may represent several hundred miles. The scale on this map is near the lower left-hand corner.

4. About how far apart are Lhasa and Pagan?500-700 miles

5. Karakorum was the Mongol capital. Approximately how many kilometers from home was Genghis Khan’s furthest campaign?3000 kilometers (maybe 4000)

Compass. The map compass indicates the direction of north on the map. Most maps are oriented with north pointing up, as we are used to. Some maps, like the Mongol Empire map, have north at an angle. The compass on this map is just above the scale.

6. What direction would you travel from India to Vietnam?east

7. Compare the Mongol Empire map and the big map of the world. Where is Africa in relation to China?

south/southwest

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Neolithic vs. Paleolithic Comparison

CHARACTERI STIC PALEOLITHI C PEOPLE NEOLITHIC PEOPLE

FireLearned how to make and use fire Still used fire

Source of foodHunting and gathering Farming and domesticated animals

Size of groupsSmall – clans, 60-100 Large, cities of thousands

SettlementsNo – nomadic, following herds Yes – permanent settlements in fertile

areas

LanguageYes – spoken language (not just grunting)

WRITTEN language

ToolsSimple stone tools Advanced stone tools (multi-piece,

specific purpose tools) and later metal

ArtCave paintings Pottery, weaving, etc.

Choose the River Valley Civilization most closely associated with each of the following items (one correct answer for each).

1. Huang He River Mesopotamia Egypt India China

2. Ziggurats Mesopotamia Egypt India China

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3. Hieroglyphics Mesopotamia Egypt India China

4. Oracle bones Mesopotamia Egypt India China

5. Planned cities Mesopotamia Egypt India China

6. Harappans Mesopotamia Egypt India China

7. Pharaoh Mesopotamia Egypt India China

8. Zhou Dynasty Mesopotamia Egypt India China

9. Monsoon Mesopotamia Egypt India China

10. Cuneiform Mesopotamia Egypt India China

River Valley GeographyIn the table below, add the four major River Valleys to the leftmost column. Then, describe the three key geographic features of each River Valley as indicated by the other columns.

R IVER VALLEY FLOODINGNATURAL

RESOURCES

NATURAL DEFENS ES

NilePredictable flooding Plenty of resources

Rich soil, stone, goldGood natural defenseRed sea on one side and desert on the other

Tigris and Euphrates Unpredictable flooding No real resources No real defenses

IndusUnpredictable flooding Plenty of resources

Precious stonesGood defenses (Subcontinent – separated from Asia by Himalaya Mnts), but not isolated

Huang He (Yellow)Unpredictable flooding Plenty of resources

Rich soil, gold, stone etcDesert (Gobi) and mountains (Himalaya) provide defenses, but not completely isolated

Hinduism & Buddhism

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Match the term on the left to the description on the right. Be sure to write the letter in the appropriate blank.

_H___1. Vedas and Upanishads A. Enlightenment in Buddhism

_G___2. Caste System B. Brought beliefs and caste system to India

__K__3. Moksha C. Fundamental Beliefs in Buddhism

__I__4. Karma D. Spread Buddhism through his missionaries

__J__5. Eightfold Path E. One who has achieved total enlightenment

__L__6. Reincarnation F. Universal life force

__A__7. Nirvana G. A social class system where your position is determined by your past life

__C__8. Four Noble Truths H. Sacred Texts in Hinduism

__M__9. Dharma I. Balance of your good and bad actions

__F__10. Brahman J. A system to do away with desires

__E__11. Buddha K. Enlightenment in Hinduism

__D__12. Ashoka L. Rebirth into a new form

__B__13. Aryans M. One’s duties or work

HebrewsMatch the term on the left to the description on the right. Be sure to write the letter in the appropriate blank.

___J_1. Covenant A. Belief in a single god

__G__2. Yahweh B. The event when Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt

__E__3. Abraham C. To be forcibly removed from your homeland and not allowed back (like the Hebrews in the Babylonian

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Captivity)

__K__4. Famine D. organizational structure in government that is in charge of running things

__A__5. Monotheism E. Considered the Father of the Hebrew people.

__B__6. exodus F. Means belonging to an empire

__H__7. The 10 commandments G. The Hebrew name for God

__C__8. Exile

__L__9. Torah

H. Rules given to Moses by god that form the basis of Hebrew law

__I__10. Promise Land I. Canaan

__F__11. Imperial J. An agreement between God and people

__D__12. Bureaucracy K. A severe shortage of food causing starvation and death

L. The Hebrew holy book with their rules and history

MAURYAN EMPIR E G UPTA EMPIR E

Geography Location/region Physical features Environment Movement Neighbors

Indian Ocean Indus RiverHimalaya Mountains

Egypt and Mesopotamia to the west

Subcontinent help to unify

SAME AS MAURYAN

Religion Holy books Beliefs, teachings Deities Sin/salvation Conversion

Mainly HinduismAshoka (King) spread Buddhism through missionaries

Hinduism

Achievements Under ChandraguptaUnited India for the 1st time

Considered the Golden age of IndiaTrade by land and sea, both east and west

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Arts/music Literature Philosophy Math/science Conquests

Strong Bureaucracy

Under AshokaReligious toleranceBuilt roads, free hospitals and hotels

Developed astronomy, advanced math, calendars and a system of banking. Spread culture, art, and literature

Political Leaders, elites Gov’t structure War Diplomacy,

treaties Courts, laws

Chandragupta- conquered the empire and created a large bureaucracy

Ashoka- non-violent, people liked him

Used marriage to form empireLast of the strong kings, marked the decline of the golden ageEmpire finally collapsed in 500 C.E

Economic Type of system Technology,

industry Trade, commerce Capital/money Types of

businesses

Heavy taxes to pay for army and public worksOpened trade with Persia, china

Very rich empire- Kings had most of the wealthLots of trade and banking

Social Family Women’s rights Social classes Inequalities Daily life

Caste system Caste system

ConfucianismConfucianism is a system of belief, founded by a man named Kongfuzi, who is most commonly known as Confucius. He lived in a small state of Eastern China, during a turbulent time period in which lords were frequently fighting for land and power. Even though he experienced frequent war, Confucius held onto the belief that people were generally good, and not bad. This “goodness” that Confucius believed in, was necessary when describing his theory for a just and peaceful society. Confucius believed that in order for this type of society to exist, people had to follow certain roles in five basic relationships: ruler and subject, husband and wife, father and son, older sibling and younger sibling, and friend and friend. Another strong belief that Confucius taught was the importance of fulfilling obligations to your family, and honoring your ancestors. This concept is known as filial piety. Additionally, Confucius emphasized respect for the wisdom of scholars. The role of scholars, according to Confucius, is to work in the bureaucracy. In China, civil servants had traditionally been the sons of nobles. Under Confucianism, people believed that those working the government should be evaluated on

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ability. For example, these workers had to have knowledge not only of classical Chinese texts, but also know the proper behavior between basic relationships. In order to prove this knowledge, they had to take tests before being hired. This created an educated civil service in China. These beliefs, known as Confucianism, can still be seen today throughout China.

1. Who was Confucianism named after?Kongfuzi – Confucius

2. What was Confucius’ belief in the nature of human beings?humans are generally good

3. According to Confucius, what was the key to a just and peaceful society?people had to follow roles in five basic relationships, fulfill obligations to family, and honor ancestors (filial piety)

4. What is civil service? How did Confucianism change the way that workers were chosen within this system?

the civil service is the people who work in the government bureaucracy. Confucius wanted civil servants chosen based on merit, rather than family connections, so they had to take tests to prove their ability

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DaoismAnother system of beliefs that came out of classical China was Doaism. The founder of this philosophy was a great sage, or wise man, named Laozi. Many of Laozi’s thoughts and beliefs are found in his book Dao De Jing (The Classic of the Way and Its Powers). Known for its emphasis on harmony within nature, Daoism literally means “following the Way”. This belief system stressed that people achieved happiness and peace through living in harmony, or agreement, with the way of nature. To Daoists, nature was full of opposites like life and death, and light and dark. In fact, Daoism had a term for these opposites called yin and yang. When translated, yin means “shadowed” and yang means “sunlit”. To achieve harmony, you had to balance these opposites. Daoists believed that it is impossible to have the good without the bad, and therefore it was the job of the person to find a way to balance both. To help with this, Daoists preached a life of humility and simple living that came through meditation. People are not supposed to feel self-important or strive for possessions, but instead immerse themselves in finding the true inner peace as found in nature. This inner peace can only be achieved at your own pace, and cannot be guided by another. Because of the practice of individual discovery of the Way, Daoism preaches that too many laws and social rules are a bad thing. They believe that forcing people to act and telling people how to discover truth and harmony simply gets in the way of individual discovery, and therefore the best rulers are those who govern the least. As the famous Daoist saying goes, “Governing a large country is like frying a small fish. You ruin it with too much poking.”

1. Who was the founder of the philosophy of Daoism?Laozi

2. In Daoism, how does one achieve peace and harmony in their lives?by living in harmony or agreement with nature, balancing opposites

3. How did Daoists believe that a society should be governed?very loosely and without too many laws or rules, people should discover on their own

4. What is the significance of the yin and yang? represent opposite forces in the universe that must be balanced

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LegalismThe third major philosophy that came out of classical China was called Legalism. Based on the teachings of a royal Han prince named Hanfeizi, Legalism was founded to address the growing concern of creating peace and order within society. In contrast with Confucianism, Legalism was founded under the belief that people are generally selfish and cannot be relied on. They believed that people will only pursue their own self interests and cannot be relied on to have a good influence on others. To combat this, it was necessary to have strict laws and enforce them with rewards for good behavior a, while giving harsh punishments for bad behavior. Legalism preached that civil servants should be watched carefully, and that those criticizing the government should be banished to the farthest reaches of China. These beliefs in the selfish interest of people also had its effects on government. At the time of Hanfeizi, rulers were frequently overthrown because new people wanted power. To solve this, Legalists said that rulers should have absolute power with the backing of the military to support their decisions. With one ruler who handed out severe punishments, it was believed that society would have their self interests kept in check. As Hanfeizi proclaimed, “People are submissive to power, and few of them can be influenced by doctrines of righteousness”.

1. Who was the founder of Legalism?Hanfeizi

2. What did Legalists believe about the true nature of human beings?human beings are bad, selfish and untrustworthy

3. What role did the government/ruler have under Legalism?strong government with absolute power to control people

4. What was the best way to control people under Legalism?harsh rules, rewards and punishments (but mostly severe punishments)

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Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty

Geography Location/region Physical features Environment Movement Neighbors

Controlled both Huang He and Yangtze Rivers

Larger than the Qin

Religion Holy books Beliefs, teachings Deities Sin/salvation Conversion

Followed Legalism Followed Confucianism

Achievements Arts/music Literature Philosophy Math/science Conquests

Doubled the size of China, defeated nomads and rivalsCentralized China by building roads, standardizing writing and currencyIrrigation increased food productionBegan construction of Great Wall

Invented paper, compass, silk, porcelain, harness

Political Leaders, elites Gov’t structure War Diplomacy,

treaties Courts, laws

Came to power in the 3rd century BCELed by Shi Huangdi (means “first emperor”) – first dynasty to unite ChinaAutocracy: government in which the ruler has unlimited and arbitrary powerPower collapsed after Shi Huangdi’s death

Centralized government and bureaucracy – civil serviceFounded by Liu BangWudi – the Martial Emperor, expands the empire through war

Economic Type of system Technology,

industry Trade, commerce Capital/money Types of

businesses

Trade expanded (because of roads)High taxes

Silk Roads tradeLots of agricultureGovernment controlled manufacturing

Social Family Women’s rights Social classes Inequalities Daily life

Attacked nobles, scholars, and Confucianists who disagreed with the emperorMerchants rose in status

Farmer was most respected occupation (because there were lots of people to feed)Distrust of merchants returnedAssimilation of conquered peopleRich took advantage of the poor

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WORD DEFIN ITION OBJ . #

Prehistory The time period of human history before the invention of writing (NOT the time before important things happened!)

Culture Culture is a system of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that guide behavior and are shared by a group of people

Paleolithic Era The Old Stone Age, began about 2.5 million years ago, when early humans made tools and fire but not civilization

Hunter-gatherers People whose food primarily comes from hunting wild animals and collecting wild plants, seeds, and nuts

Nomads Groups with no permanent homes; move in search of food, usually following herds of animals

Century 100 years

Millennium 1000 years

AD Anno Domini, refers to years since the birth of Christ. Current system of years (we are in AD now)

BC “Before Christ” – years that count backwards from the birth of Christ

BCE “Before Common Era” – non-religious term that signifies same time period as BC

CE “Common Era” – non-religious term that signifies same time period as AD

Neolithic Revolution

Invention of farming (a.k.a. Agricultural Revolution)

Agriculture Farming

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Specialized workers

People with one specific job that they get good at

Civilization A complex culture with these five characteristics: (1) advanced cities, (2) specialized workers, (3) complex institutions, (4) record keeping, and (5) advanced technology.

Fertile Land that is good for farming

Slash and Burn Farming

Cutting down and burning plants to fertilize the soil, then growing crops on top of the ashes

Silt Super-rich soil that is good for farming

River valley An area with a river and a lot of good farm land

Mesopotamia The land between two rivers (in the Middle East) – the first river valley civilization

Fertile Crescent A crescent-shaped area of fertile land (in the Middle East)

Polytheism The belief in many gods

Ziggurat The temple and city-center in ancient Mesopotamia

Cuneiform The first written language, invented in Sumer

Dynasty A family of rulers that pass down power over generations

City-state A city that controls its surrounding area and is independent,

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with its own rulers and laws

Cultural diffusion The spread of cultural elements from one culture to another

Kingdom An area including multiple cities controlled by one government

Pharaoh Egyptian god-kings

Theocracy A government controlled by religious leaders

Papyrus Ancient Egyptian form of paper

Hieroglyphics Ancient Egyptian written language

Mandate of Heaven

belief that the gods choose the rulers (specific to Chinese dynasties)

Dynastic Cycle process by which dynasties gain and lose power in China

Oracle bones Shells used to predict the future and ask ancestors for guidance (in ancient China); they were heated and the cracks were interpreted

Monotheism Belief in a single god

Covenant An agreement between God and people

Exodus The event when Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt

Ten Rules given to Moses by god that form the basis of Hebrew

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Commandments law

Torah The Hebrew holy book with their rules and history

Exile To be forcibly removed from your homeland and not allowed back (like the Hebrews in the Babylonian Captivity)

Bureaucracy organizational structure in government that is in charge of running things

Caste system rigid social class structure in India, a part of Hindu beliefs

Moksha Perfect understanding in Hinduism; the end goal, enlightenment and peace

Reincarnation When the soul is reborn in a new body

Karma the sum of your good and bad deeds in life, which influences the form in which you are reincarnated

Four Noble Truths Buddha’s revelations about how the world works; avoid suffering by ending desires

Eightfold Path The Buddhist path to Enlightenment; how to live a good Buddhist life

Nirvana Enlightenment for Buddhism

Autocracy Government where the ruler has unlimited and arbitrary power (can do what he wants, when he wants, with no reason)

Civil service People who work for the government, pass tests to get their positions

Myth A traditional story about how the world works or why things are the way they are (usually involving gods or heroes)

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WORD DEFIN ITION OBJ . #

Monarchy A government ruled by a single person, like a king or queen 38

Aristocracy A government ruled by the rich landowners (e.g. the nobility) 38

Oligarchy A government ruled by a small group, perhaps rich merchants or old veterans

38

Tyranny A temporary government of one person given absolute power 38

Democracy A government ruled by the will of the people 38

Hellenistic Culture The blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian cultures created and spread by Alexander the Great’s armies.

41

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midterm review - lcps.org · web viewname two cities on marco polo’s route. follow the yellow...

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