midterm review worksheet open book 30 point quiz to be turned in at your midterm
TRANSCRIPT
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MIDTERM REVIEW
WORKSHEET
OPEN BOOK 30 POINT QUIZ
To Be Turned in at your Midterm
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Components of an ExperimentIndependent Variable: The factor in the experiment that is purposely changed.“I” the examiner change
Dependent Variable: Measurable factor that responds to a change in the independent variable.Dependent depends on the independent.
Constant- Conditions that remain the same during the course of the experiment
Control- A standard for comparison, not in every experiment.
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**Remember how to choose the Independent variable (what “I” the examiner change), Dependent variable (depends on the independent- usually measurable), Constants (remains the same), Control (standard to compare to) etc.
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How to Graph “Effect of IV on DV”
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Scientific Method
• A series of logical steps that are followed to solve a problem.
• Uses critical thinking
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PIE CHART- parts of a whole, %
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Bar Graph- Comparison of similar data for several different items or events
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LINE GRAPH:For displaying data that changes over time
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Metric Conversion of Units
Base:MeterLiterGram
by
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Metric Conversion Units
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Accuracy vs Precision
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MATTER
Substance Mixture
Element Compound HeterogeneousMixture
HomogeneousMixture
‘Solutions’
Atom: Molecule:
Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples:
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MATTERPURE
SUBSTANCEMIXTURE
• Matter that has a fixed composition (makeup) and definite properties (chemical and physical).
• Matter that is a combination of two or more pure substances
that do not have a fixed composition or definite
properties.• Are chemically combined- so they can’t be physically separated.
• Are NOT chemically combined, so components CAN be separated.
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Compound:
A substance made of atoms of 2 or more different
elements that are chemically combined.
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Element:
A substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances
Each element is made of only one kind of atom.
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ATOM:
The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of the element.
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MOLECULE:H2O O2
The smallest unit of a
substance that behaves like the substance.
(Keeps all of its physical and chemical properties)
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Changes of State
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PHYSICAL CHANGE
• Dissolving• Sanding• Crushing• Breaking/cutting• Bending/twisting• Mixing
• CHANGE OF STATE– Melting/evaporating– freezing
A change of matter from one form to
another without a change in chemical properties
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CHEMICAL CHANGE • ODOR
• COLOR CHANGE• BUBBLING• FIZZING• FOAMING• HEAT PRODUCED• SOUND PRODUCED
A change of matter that
occurs when a substance changes
composition by forming one or
more new substances
CANNOT BE REVERSED BY PHYSICAL CHANGES
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Changes of State
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Buoyant Force
The buoyant force is equal to the weightof the liquid displaced.
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Archimedes Principle
An object that is submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced
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Density
D = M/V
mass volume
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Pascal’s PrincipleA change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted equally throughout the fluid.
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VISCOSITY
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PressureTemperature
andVolume
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Boyle’s Law, Charle’s Law of Gases:Constant Temperature: If you decrease the volume you
will increase the pressure.Constant Pressure: If you increase the temperature the
volume will increase (if it could).
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Bohr’s Model of the Atom
Like planets around the sun
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METALS
NONMETALS
Periodic Table
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METALS•Alkali Metals•Alkali Earth Metals•Transitions Metals•‘Other Metals’
NON-METALS•‘Other Non-Metals’•Halogens•Noble Gases
Form Cations +
Form Anions -
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ATOMIC NUMBER =
Number of Protons =
Number of Electrons
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MASS NUMBER = (Atomic Mass, Atomic Weight)
Number of Protons +Number of Neutrons
Atomic Number +Number of Neutrons
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Using the Periodic Table
ELEMENT NAME AND
SYMBOL
ATOMIC #
MASSNUMBER(round to nearest whole
number)
NUMBERof
PROTONS
NUMBERof
NEUTRONS
NUMBERof
ELECTRONS
NUMBER of
VALENCEELECTRONS
OXIDATIONNUMBER
and CHARGE(+ or -)
(P) 15
38Gallium
(Ga) 31
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Using the Periodic Table
ELEMENT NAME AND
SYMBOL
ATOMIC #
MASSNUMBER(round to nearest whole
number)
NUMBERof
PROTONS
NUMBERof
NEUTRONS
NUMBERof
ELECTRONS
NUMBER of
VALENCEELECTRONS
OXIDATIONNUMBER
and CHARGE(+ or -)
Phosphorus (P)
Strontium(Sr)
Gallium (Ga) 31 70 31 39 31 3 +3
Remember: Atomic number is = the number of ProtonsIn a Neutral Atom the number of = protons is = to the number of – electrons
All the Mass in in the nucleus- The Mass Number is = Protons + NeutronsValence Electrons = outer shell = Group 1 has 1, Group 2 = 2, Group 13 = 3, Group 14 = 4 etc
Oxidation # = # of electrons taken in (-) or give away (+) to get to a full valence shell.
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
• 1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
• 2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
• 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.
• 4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.
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This chart and a Periodic Table will be provided to you- you just have to know how to READ it and USE it.
Practice with your class worksheets, quizzes and homeworks
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Organic CompoundA COVALENTLY bonded compound
that contains carbonMost common elements:
C,H
ANY organic compound that is burned will release Carbon in some form
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Hydrocarbon
An organic compound made of only carbon and hydrogen
Simplest Hydrocarbon:Methane
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Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
Only Single Bonds C-CAt least one Double C=CAt least one Triple C=C
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POLYMERS Polymers are substances that are
made up of a large number of repeating units (monomers). There are both synthetic and naturally occurring
polymers.
Formed by chemical reactions in which these monomers are joined in a certain order, forming a chain.
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Natural Polymers:Proteins - silk, collagen, keratin, DNARepeating units of amino acidsCarbohydrates - cellulose, starch. Made up of repeating units of glucose
Other Natural polymers: Rubber (hydrocarbon base) and silicones (alternating silicon and oxygen).
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Cross Linking of Polymers:
Cross linking: Makes the polymer elastic, flexible by helping it to go back to its original shape after stretching.Too many cross links and the polmer becomes rigid (like the back of a desk chair), or may even crack/break
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Counting Atoms
2H2O
= 2 Molecules of H2O, or 4 atoms of H, 2 atoms of O,
6 atoms all togetherCo