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Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
Journal of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 98
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
Paul Longley Arthur*, Jason Ensor†, Marijke van Faassen‡, Rik Hoekstra‡,
and Nonja Peters§
Abstract
Migrants all over the world have left multiple traces in different countries,
and this cultural heritage is of growing interest to researchers and to the
migrant communities themselves. Cultural heritage institutions, however,
have dwindling funds and resources to meet the demand for the heritage of
immigrant communities to be protected. In this article we propose that the
key to bridging this gap is to be found in new possibilities that are opened up
if resources are linked to enable digital exploration of archival records and
collections. In particular, we focus on the value of building a composite and
distributed resource around migrants’ life courses. If this approach is used
and dispersed collections held by heritage institutions can be linked, migrant
communities can have access to detailed information about their families and
researchers to a wealth of data—serial and qualitative—for sophisticated and
innovative research. Not only does the scattered data become more usable
and manageable, it becomes more visible and coherent; patterns can be
discovered that were not apparent before. We use the Dutch-Australian
collaborative project “Migrant: Mobilities and Connection” as an example
and case study of this life course–centered methodology and propose that this
may develop into a migration heritage template for migrants worldwide.
Global migration is one of the defining characteristics of the twentieth and early
twenty-first centuries. As Alexander Betts noted in 2015, “There is greater human
mobility than ever before. In 1970, there were 70 million international migrants; today
there are well over 200 million” (Betts 2015). With globalization, the opportunity and
* Edith Cowan University
† Western Sydney University
‡ Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands
§ Curtin University
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
Journal of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 99
inclination to move is greater than ever. In Australia, nearly half of the population now
lives in migrant households, the third-highest proportion in the Western world (see
Arthur 2018, 3). Successive generations of migrants have left material and immaterial
traces of their culture and identity in multiple locations worldwide, forming deep etches
in modern collective memory. However, the documents and evidence of the history of
migration are spread very widely and, in most cases, remain almost entirely inaccessible
for research purposes. These records are a vital resource for humanities and social
sciences research on multicultural heritage, and they play a central role in fostering
enduring, multicultural community identities.
Conceptualized as a case study on Dutch-Australian mutual cultural heritage, the
Migrant: Mobilities and Connection (MMC) project set out to examine the archival,
custodial, and digital challenges that researchers face in the quest to discover, collect,
and preserve traces from the past and to propose an approach to managing such material.
Considerable progress has been made on this study, which takes in a range of histories
that the Netherlands shares with Australia, including maritime, military, migration, and
mercantile history. Interdisciplinary in its approach, the project is a collaboration among
Dutch and Australian historians and literary scholars from Huygens ING (Amsterdam),
the Centre for Global Issues at Edith Cowan University (Perth), Western Sydney
University Library (Sydney), and the Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute
(Perth).
The history of migration is truly international in character. In his article “Global
Migration, 1846–1940,” Adam McKeown begins with the statement, “Mass long-
distance migrations have been an important part of world history; but historians have
been slow to acknowledge their global extent” (McKeown 2004, 155). Making a similar
point, Barbara Lüthi points out that “scholars have begun to look beyond the normative
model of ‘global migration’—one that focuses solely on European migration and the
Western world—to focus on the rich and complex migration patterns and circulations of
the entire modern (and premodern) world” (Lüthi 2010). While this project focuses on a
European example against the backdrop of this immense global phenomenon, the same
approach could be used in other parts of the world. Vast population movements
following the Second World War had a profound influence on people’s lives in both
their home and host countries. The impacts of those migrations continue into the lives of
the migrants and of later generations (Arthur 2018, “Introduction,” 11–12; Schrover and
Van Faassen 2010, “Introduction”, 3–14; see also Persian 2018, 151–76; Williams 2018,
177–200; Peters 2001, 2006a-b, 2016). However, with more than seventy years having
passed since the end of World War II, the opportunities to gather firsthand postwar
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
Journal of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 100
accounts of immigration memories are receding, and pressure is mounting to find ways
of recording histories relating to these migrant groups and making them visible and
accessible.
Poignant personal memories are recorded in physical documents such as
manuscripts, letters, photographs, and objects that are now very widely dispersed and
fragmented. Some may be housed in private and public collections, policy files, and
records stewarded by the institutional archives of local, national, and supranational
governments. Others may be under the care of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
museums, or libraries, or be in private possession in the homes of individual migrants
and their families (Peters 2010a; Peters et al. 2017). Adding a high degree of urgency to
the task is the fundamental problem of the blurring of memory with the long passage of
time. History can be lost because of people’s “extraordinary capacity to obliterate
memory,” but as Colin Tatz also recently explained, there is something “more benign
but equally dangerous, and that is simple forgetfulness. The world moves on, history
recedes” (Tatz 2018). This project uses as its starting point the individual life course and
the stories it can offer through archived information, and also, where possible, through
recorded memories. This approach is intended to stem the flow of forgetting in the case
of this segment of history that forms an important part of the collective memory of each
of the two countries (home and host land).
In the second half of the twentieth century, the total number of people on the
move in Europe alone was estimated to be thirty million (Hoerder 2002). Of these, half
a million were Dutch nationals—amounting to some five percent of the country’s
population—who migrated to various overseas countries of settlement, including
Australia. There were comparable flows of migrants from other parts of the world—
people seeking a temporary or permanent new home in response to many kinds of
pressures, including political persecution, vilification, or conflict. Little has changed in
modern times (see Ensor, Polak, and Van Der Merwe 2007). In fact, never before have
there been so many people migrating across borders. In 2017 there were 258 million
international migrants worldwide (3.4 percent of the world’s population), up from 173
million in 2000. Of these, 65.6 million were forcibly displaced, 22.5 million were
refugees, and 10 million remain stateless (United Nations 2017). In using the MMC
project as an example, our intent is to present a methodology that can be applied in
other arenas and across other kinds of migration to contribute toward the preservation of
important cultural data in situations of displacement or disruption that have arisen as a
result of the huge increase in human mobility in recent decades.
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
Journal of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 101
In this article we propose a life course–centered approach to finding, connecting,
and opening up heritage collections—for migrant communities, for scholarly research,
and for the general public. With a focus on Dutch-Australian migrants and what shaped
the course of their lives, this method seeks to examine specific social and cultural
connections and the interactions between individual migrants and institutions in both
countries. Working across local, regional, and national scales of inquiry, the method
goes beyond the macro or micro level of analysis typically adopted in migrant and
migration research (de Haas 2014).
Given the highly mobile nature of modern global society, the sustainable
preservation of migrants’ cultural heritage has worldwide relevance, extending far
beyond the Dutch-Australian case study, and yet to date this issue has not been
adequately addressed (UNESCO 2002). Fundamental questions relating to how to
digitally preserve and organize migrant materials and historical traces remain
unanswered. Planning for digital preservation tends to be uncoordinated and irregular,
leading to concerns about the loss of migrant communities’ histories. With vastly
improved digital tools and methods now available, there are opportunities to take
positive action to digitally preserve heritage materials and maintain historical
knowledge in ways that will enable them to endure beyond our generations and beyond
the lifetimes of current technology formats. This project demonstrates how, through
collaboration, and by confining the project to a well-defined group, this result can be
achieved transnationally, drawing upon records from both the country of departure and
the country of destination, to provide a more integrated and complete picture.
There is a growing awareness of and interest in the heritage of specific migrant
groups in cultural institutions and within migrant communities. Seen from a worldwide
perspective, migrants often belong to migrating ethnic groups and are a minority in the
countries of settlement. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), the International Council on Monuments and Sites
(ICOMOS), and recently the European Union (EU) have signaled an urgent need for
preserving community heritage (UNESCO 2003; ICOMOS 2004; EU 2014). Museums
face unprecedented pressures due to the difficulty and high cost of preserving ethnically
diverse cultural heritage materials in a time of economic upheaval. According to the
2014 Digital Agenda Toolbox report, “The digitisation of Europe’s cultural heritage and
its preservation is a costly task. . . . With only a fraction (20%) of Europe’s cultural
heritage digitised, and only a small proportion of all digitised items accessible online,
this work is still in its infancy” (Digital Agenda Toolbox 2014, 48). The digital
processes and platforms used to collect and hold the cultural material are critically
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
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important to ensure longevity and interoperability. The UNESCO Charter on the
Preservation of the Digital Heritage (2003) recommended the use of a template for the
preservation of immigrants’ cultural heritage as an effective tool for addressing
challenges such as these, hence the approach selected for the MMC project. The value
of cultural heritage to a country’s economy and social capital is widely recognized for
“turn[ing] … cultural resources into an important building block for the digital economy”
and “stimulating innovation in other sectors” (Digital Agenda Toolbox 2014, 48), and
yet the gap between growing societal demand for cultural services and diminishing
resources is difficult to bridge.
In the country of settlement, a migrant may be identified through a number of
different official documents and registers. Government archives hold migration
registrations that record departure, travel, or arrival plus documentation pertaining to
security checks and health. Migrants can also be identified through their membership of
groups of immigrants recruited for a particular purpose or under a known migration
assistance scheme that has its own list of participants, or who settled as a recognizable
group in the land that was their destination. Other kinds of documents are generated
when individual migrants become members of migrant associations, where they may be
listed as having served on committees or may be mentioned in newsletters describing
events and activities; members may also be identified through grant applications
submitted when these groups have sought assistance by applying for funds from
governments. In addition to governments, numerous civil society organizations,
churches, and other NGOs accumulate document trails through their interactions with
individual migrants (see figure 1). They provide information about their families and
social group and the governance systems that have intervened to manage their mobility
and their citizenship. All migrants leave evidence of facets of their lives in their country
of origin and in their host country within records and artifacts that can be joined up to
tell their story of migration and form part of the overlapping cultural heritage of the two
places. Each of these traces can be seen, in context, as a representative instance within
the life course of a migrant that can be captured in a template designed to bring these
facts, dates, and figures together to form the frameworks for narratives that can grow
and change as more information comes to light.
In this project the central focus in the development of a migration heritage
template is the individual migrant. The benefits of a migrant heritage template extend
far beyond the arenas of family history and academic research. As the map in figure 1
illustrates, many stakeholders are involved, so a template of this kind has the potential
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
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to have a wider societal impact. Most importantly, the template can help members of
migrant communities better understand their own transnational histories.
Figure 1. Scheme of the myriad cultural heritage institutions involved in a migrant life
course.
Source: van Faassen 2014b.
The context and rationale for developing such a template focus on these key
aspects, following the concept of a “data scope” (Hoekstra and Koolen, forthcoming):
Information held by the migrants themselves. Migrants are custodians of the
cultural heritage of their families; as a result, the materials almost invariably exist as
scattered fragments and remnants, disconnected from each other, even within a single
family. Despite the practical difficulties, migrant communities increasingly want to
safeguard their heritage objects through digitization. Although a great deal of work has
to be done to achieve it, digitization enables not only preservation but also the potential
to link materials to a wider ethnic context. Because migrant groups do not usually have
the resources or technical skills to embark on this kind of project, the need exists to
create an underlying digital infrastructure that can facilitate this effort and provide a
model for doing so on a larger scale. A template designed for this purpose can provide
both a tool and an incentive for migrants to contribute and make their own heritage
accessible and thus help to supplement the official documents with voices from the
migrant community.
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
Journal of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 104
Information held by institutions. At the public-sector level, cultural heritage
institutions—including archives, libraries, and museums—preserve those parts of
migrant cultural heritage that are sourced from documents such as those recording
historical government activities or the membership and activities of migrant
associations, and also the artifacts and memorabilia of key individuals’ estates and
migrant newspapers (for example, the Dutch Weekly and Dutch Courier, digitized by
the National Library of Australia). Increasingly, but only selectively, collections are
being made available digitally. Collections are typically exhibited in isolation from one
another, even when they contain information about the same individual or events. The
cross-national dispersion of materials that can be linked to the same people exacerbates
the problem and leads to fragmentariness in cultural heritage understanding. The
template approach offers practical steps toward a solution to this aspect.
Synthesis and analysis. Academic research organizations can provide the
analytical skills to connect different documents together and link materials to the wider
history of global migration. By guiding researchers toward a variety of sources and
collections that they might not otherwise have considered, the template approach can
add new dimensions to research. While using the individual migrant as the starting point,
this approach also allows analysis across groups and thus supports the construction of
broader, evidence-based, representative stories of the experience of migrant
communities.
In the MMC project, the overall aim is to reconstruct migrant cultural heritage to
show how the histories of Australia and the Netherlands have intersected and flowed
into each other through the lives of migrants. Many preparatory steps are required for
such a project. The first requirement is to set up a collaborative relationship between
relevant organizations in the two countries. The next step is to set up processes to
identify the documents that are to be accessed and, if they are in analog forms, to plan
for them to be digitized. Official papers include emigration and immigration records,
passenger lists, passport requests, health clearances, alien registration documents, and
citizenship papers, as well as school, business, and employment records. Where possible,
diaries and letters held in state, regional, national, and international archives, consulates,
and other governmental organizations are also being accessed, and plans are underway
for these to be digitized and linked. While this process is labor-intensive and time-
consuming, it is important to recognize that archives themselves have cultural and
political dimensions that are governed by underlying institutional priorities and
emphases in each country; as a result, historical knowledge and a critical perspective are
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required when searching the archives, as is an awareness of the lives behind the simple
factual data. Archives are themselves “already stories” (Haebich 2018, 37). Archives
can provide insights into social attitudes through their recording and preserving
principles. A notorious example is the archive of the West Australian Department of
Indigenous Affairs (DIA), which documents seventy-four years of state control of
Aboriginal people from 1898 to 1972 in the state of Western Australia. As the DIA
archive vividly demonstrates, archives are cultural artifacts that reflect, express, and
consolidate the prevailing social structures and systems of regulation; they are not
“immutable artifacts of the past” but can be adaptive and open to change through new
interpretations (Haebich 2018, 37). For this reason, digitizing archives achieves much
more than simple transfer. It enables archives to be searched for patterns that may stay
hidden when they are in analog formats. Through the life course approach, such patterns
may reveal themselves through formerly invisible common threads or links across
individual lives (on the Dutch in Western Australia, see Peters 2016).
The MMC project started out with a pilot study that involved the registration
system of the post–World War II Dutch consulates in Australia, consisting of 51,525
emigration cards now held by the Dutch National Archives, The Hague. These contain
pre-emigration demographic data for over 180,000 Dutch emigrants over the period
from 1946 to 1992. The material includes “hard facts” such as composition of family,
dates of birth, addresses, religion, marital status, date of arrival, carriers, and port of
entrance, as well as some “soft facts,” such as nature of employment or profession.
From this information a basic picture of the life courses of migrants can begin to be
constructed and some key questions can be identified. The lives of migrants differ
structurally from the lives of most other people, as their life courses are divided very
clearly into the periods before and after migration. Continuities and discontinuities are
very visible across this divide, raising questions such as which institutions, in the
countries of origin and destination, were influential in the emigrants’ enrollment for
migration. The life course approach can, for example, facilitate the tracing of influences
via churches or local community organizations (Green 2005; Green and Weil 2007;
Schrover and van Faassen 2010; Peters 2010b; see also Elich 1987).
Dutch and Australian migrant registrations from both nations’ National Archives
contain the core information on the migrants’ life courses. While these are accessible
through databases, up to now it has only been possible to search them separately. The
backbone of the current research program is the development of a digital platform that
links records from the Netherlands and Australia to create a connected resource with
data relating to the life courses of virtually all Dutch-Australian emigrants from 1945 to
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1992 (van Faassen 2014b; Hoekstra 2005). The longer-term intent is to extend the
linked archives to other cultural heritage collections to understand aspects of migration
that could previously only be viewed in isolation or were not visible at all (see fig. 2).
Figure 2. Scheme for research and community (web) access to migration data
The study of life courses has tended to focus on either the micro level or the
macro level. The micro (close-reading) historical approach is predominantly qualitative
in nature, relying on biographical interpretations of the lives of individuals. The macro
(distant-reading) historical method is serial in nature and distinguishes patterns in the
lives of groups of people but is less personalized. The current project breaks down the
barriers between these approaches. It enables the study of groups of migrants in much
more depth than conventional macro approaches to the individual records in a database
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
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would allow. The groups selected may be arbitrary or identified through a specific
question. The research is organized around a new comprehensive dataset, blending the
computer-assisted heuristics of the digital humanities with traditional archival sources
(Ensor 2009). This organization enables the micro and the macro approaches to be
connected into what we call serial qualitative research, a method that makes it possible
to find patterns while retaining access to details, to make representative selections for
case studies, and to generalize and quickly test representative coverage of the findings
from case studies (see fig. 3).
Figure 3. Scheme for a Dutch-Australian migrant database
For all manner of groups and selections it is possible to investigate the life
course of each member in detail. This approach allows for the identification of social
networks of and around the migrants and offers a means to follow their individual and
group trajectories as they migrated from a Dutch setting to their new environment in
Australia (Peters 2000, 2001, 2006a, 2006b, 2009, 2010b, 2012). It is also possible to
identify the different influences on the social networks as they evolved, using pattern
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
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recognition to show links between life courses. Such identification allows better
understanding both of community formation in the homeland and of forms of
assimilation in Australia with the influences of a different and changing social context
(Peters 2001; Hoekstra 2005; Tilly 2011; Brettell and Hollifield 2014; White and
Houseman 2002). The combined Dutch-Australian resource allows important new
questions to be asked and explored, such as which institutions were involved, and what
their influences were on the lives of the emigrants during their time in the Netherlands
and then after their immigration to Australia. The institutions include not only the Dutch
and Australian governments but also the church, employers, trade unions, and other
civil society organizations (Peters 2000; van Faassen 2014a). It becomes possible to
answer questions as to whether specific aspects of the cultural background of the people,
such as original home locality or religion, contributed to the lives they led in their new
country. Did they seek a similar community? Did they join a church? Many new
questions can be identified and pursued now and into the future as a result of the
foundations this project has laid. The connected transnational resource allows access to
data in a way that crosses the chasm that has traditionally existed between the old world
and the new, making it possible to better understand how culture was transferred both
ways and new identities were forged. In addition to basic factual data, other kinds of
information and written texts can be integrated into the database, including literary texts,
which are a rich resource for migration history (Douma 2014; Arthur 2009, 2014).
Concluding Remarks
This collaborative transnational study of migration has many dimensions. First, it seeks
to develop a postwar Dutch-Australian migration database, using a template approach to
capture a wide range of archival and other information in digitized form from both
countries, that will enable seamless searching across institutional and national barriers.
The overall purpose of the combined database is to preserve and better understand the
important and extensive Dutch heritage that has been transferred to Australia as a result
of migration and that has been changed by this process, but continues to have cultural
and historical value in both countries. Importantly, the project seeks to discover hitherto
hidden connections and patterns that may cast light not only on this specific set of
transitions across geographical, cultural, and linguistic boundaries but also on processes
of cultural transition or displacement anywhere, something that is critically important in
the current era of unprecedented levels of global mobility. In other words, the project
has value in itself as a specific study of Dutch-Australian cultural heritage intersections,
but it also has representative value as a model to be used in other transnational contexts.
Migrating People, Migrating Data: Digital Approaches to Migrant Heritage
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The project is particularly timely because of the dwindling numbers of post–World War
II immigrants from Europe who have firsthand memories of migration or of their home
country. The project recognizes and addresses the fact that, across the world, archival
materials are dispersed, fragmented, and in many cases endangered. Creating linked
digital resources greatly enhances the usability and value of the separate resources, and
linking them across countries opens up completely new possibilities for the
interpretation of the experience of migration. It allows the movement of people across
space and time to be more effectively contextualized, and it provides a framework for
accessing the interconnected social, material, and temporal dimensions of private and
public migrant archival holdings around the world. There are dynamic links and
interdependencies to be discovered among collections, and among the scattered
fragmentary records that are incorporated into the databases and given a safe haven for
potential future deeper analysis, when connections may be made with other migrant
stories or other relevant databases. This approach will inspire as well as facilitate new
research that can unpack the multiple shifting configurations of migration that occur on
and over multiple scales and time frames. Fundamental to its success is collaboration. In
addressing the challenges of connecting dispersed collections from many different
libraries, archives, and museums as well as private collections from the community, a
joint effort is required from cultural heritage owners, cultural heritage experts,
humanities and digital humanities scholars, and computer science researchers. The
MMC project—with its sound base of coherent core data and its strong history of
transnational research collaboration and mutual support—is an example that points to
multiple possibilities and has already engendered pride and community awareness in the
intertwined Dutch-Australian history of migration.
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