migration and demography

Migration

Saturday, February 21, 2009

Migration and Health



Health Impact



Health Impact

Definitions



Health Impact

Definitions

Flawed Assumptions



Health Impact

Definitions

Flawed Assumptions

Contributory Factors


Health Impact


Health Impact

Individual


Health Impact

IndividualCommunity


Health Impact

IndividualCommunityEpidemiological


Health Impact

IndividualCommunityEpidemiologicalService Demands


Internal Migration Out In


Internal Migration

0 8 16 24 32 40

Manchester

Liverpool

Lancaster

S. Lakeland

Out In


Internal Migration

0 8 16 24 32 40

Manchester

Liverpool

Lancaster

S. Lakeland

27.7

30.6

Out In


Internal Migration

0 8 16 24 32 40

Manchester

Liverpool

Lancaster

S. Lakeland

27.7

30.6

15.8

19.0

Out In


Internal Migration

0 8 16 24 32 40

Manchester

Liverpool

Lancaster

S. Lakeland

27.7

30.6

15.8

19.0

8.0

6.8

Out In


Internal Migration

0 8 16 24 32 40

Manchester

Liverpool

Lancaster

S. Lakeland

27.7

30.6

15.8

19.0

8.0

6.8

5.3

4.5

Out In


International Migration



'Legal/illegal'



'Legal/illegal'Asylum Seekers



'Legal/illegal'Asylum SeekersRefugees



'Legal/illegal'Asylum SeekersRefugeesEconomic Migrants


Immigration and re-emigration



Between half and two thirds of immigrants from the EU, North America and Oceania re-emigrate within 5 years.



Between half and two thirds of immigrants from the EU, North America and Oceania re-emigrate within 5 years.

15% of those from the Indian Subcontinent re emigrate within 5 years.


Neo Classical Economic Theory


Macro level factors: geographical differences in age,employment and capital investment opportunities




Push and pull factors: Place of origin- poverty, unemploymentDestinations - high standard of living standard, job opportunities.




Push and pull factors: Place of origin- poverty, unemploymentDestinations - high standard of living standard, job opportunities.

Individual decides whether or not to emigrate: maximise of income and skillsperceived financial and psychological costs



New Economics of Migration (Stark, 1981)


Expansion of macro level factors:



Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets.



Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance



Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to credit



Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to creditEmigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk insurance for non-migrating household members.



Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to creditEmigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk insurance for non-migrating household members.Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making.



Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to creditEmigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk insurance for non-migrating household members.Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making. Emigration helps to diversify income sources



Expansion of macro level factors:Volatility/failures of local markets. Lack of livelihood risk insurance Lack of access to creditEmigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk insurance for non-migrating household members.Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making. Emigration helps to diversify income sources Remittances provide a steady source of income.



Dual Labour Market Theory (Piore, 1979)


Focus on pull factors in destination areas



Focus on pull factors in destination areasMain cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern economies in destination areas



Focus on pull factors in destination areasMain cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern economies in destination areas Shortage of labour in low status/low income jobs.



Focus on pull factors in destination areasMain cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern economies in destination areas Shortage of labour in low status/low income jobs. Objective of host population is upward mobility away from low status/ low income jobs (then filled by immigrants)



World Systems Theory (Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)


Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization.



Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization. Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional employer/labour relations



Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization. Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional employer/labour relations Introduction of modern means of production pushes unskilled workers out of jobs.



Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization. Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional employer/labour relations Introduction of modern means of production pushes unskilled workers out of jobs. Market penetration in poor countries affects local aspirations increasing emigration motivation.



The European response to migration


• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:



• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tape



• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualifications



• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognition



• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognitionRemoval of physical border controls



• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:Abolition of red-tapeEquivalence of qualificationsSocial security and welfare recognitionRemoval of physical border controlsRight of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections




• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens




• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens Implementation of harsher national legislative frameworks both on immigration and asylum




• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens Implementation of harsher national legislative frameworks both on immigration and asylumGreater co-ordination of European immigration policies



Irish Mental Health


Irish Mental Health

Highest suicide rate for all BME and host population in England and Wales

Overall 53% excess suicide

Males 20- 29- 75% excess

Females almost 3 x higher suicide rates

Hospital admissions 1996- 22:1000 for Irish women compared to 6:1000 for white women and 7:1000 for black women


Demographic Change


Why demography is important



Estimation of current social needs and prediction of future social needs.




Size




Size

Distribution




Size

Distribution

Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth




Size

Distribution


Fertility, morbidity and mortality




Size

Distribution



Migration




Size

Distribution



Migration

Future trends


‘The demographic time bomb’



• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs. compared to 600 in 1961.




• 71% of women over 75 live alone




• 71% of women over 75 live alone • The number of people aged over 85 is predicted to

increase by 138% in the next 30 years.





increase by 138% in the next 30 years.• One in five people between 45-64 provided care for

someone else in 1995/6





increase by 138% in the next 30 years.• One in five people between 45-64 provided care for

someone else in 1995/6• Only 9.6% of households where the oldest adult was

between 75-84 yrs. received home care from local authorities in 1997.


Households% living alone lone parent


1961 1971 1981 1991 20000

4

8

12



1961 1971 1981 1991 20000

4

8

12

1211

86

4



1961 1971 1981 1991 20000

4

8

12

1211

86

4

1010

64

3



UN Migration Scenario

To maintain the ratio of 15-64 year olds to 65+ year olds constant requires:


Health and Illness


Health and Illness

• The prevalence of dementia roughly doubles every five years after 65


Health and Illness


• Less than 1.5% of 65-69 year olds have dementia


Health and Illness



• But prevalence rises to10-13% for 80-84 year olds and reaches 32- 38% amongst adults over 90.


Health and Illness



• But prevalence rises to10-13% for 80-84 year olds and reaches 32- 38% amongst adults over 90.

• Less than 7% of adults over 65 have dementia.


Images of older people


Images of Older People


Social and Cultural Factors



• The impact of ageing on physical and mental well being is significantly influenced by social and cultural factors such as:



• The impact of ageing on physical and mental well being is significantly influenced by social and cultural factors such as:– Personal and social expectations about work,

exercise levels, dependency and autonomy



• The impact of ageing on physical and mental well being is significantly influenced by social and cultural factors such as:– Personal and social expectations about work,

exercise levels, dependency and autonomy– The political and social influence of older

people in society


migration and demography

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