migration and entrepreneurship in nepal · table of contents acronyms and abbreviations ..... 7
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Migration and Entrepreneurshipin Nepal with a focus on Youth: An Initial Analysis
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Migration and Entrepreneurshipin Nepal with a focus on Youth: An Initial Analysis
© The World Bank Group, Nepal 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Published by: The World Bank GroupNepal OfficeP.O. Box 798Yak and Yeti Hotel ComplexDurbar Marg, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: 4226792Fax: 4225112www.worldbank.org/npwww.facebook.com/WorldBankNepal
Design and Layout by: PrintCommunication
Printed and bound in Nepal
Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 7
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... 9
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................11
Objectives of the Study and Report Structure ......................................................................................17
1. Youth and Entrepreneurship: A Conceptual Framework ..................................................................19a. Definition of Entrepreneurship ..........................................................................................................................19b. Entrepreneurship and Migrant Returnees .....................................................................................................20
2. Youth Migrant Returnees and Remittances: A Rapid Situational Assessment in Nepal ................24a. Research Methodology .........................................................................................................................................24b. Demographics and Migration History .............................................................................................................26c. Skills ............................................................................................................................................................................ ..29d. Remittances ...............................................................................................................................................................31e. Entrepreneurship.....................................................................................................................................................35f. Institutional Assistance .........................................................................................................................................36
3. Existing Youth-related Policies and Initiatives in Nepal ...................................................................40a. Government Initiatives ..........................................................................................................................................40b. Initiatives by International Agencies ............................................................................................................... .48c. Civil Society Initiatives ...........................................................................................................................................52d. Discussion and Conclusions ................................................................................................................................54
4. Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................................................................56a. Key Findings from the Survey .............................................................................................................................56b. Key Findings from the Stocktaking of Programmes and Policies in Nepal .........................................58 c. Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................58
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................62
Annexes ..................................................................................................................................................64Stimulating Entrepreneurship among Youth: Global Experiences ...................................................................64Mapping of Youth and Migrant Organizations in Nepal ......................................................................................70
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S6 List of Tables
Table 1: Social Composition of Respondents ....................................................................................................................26Table 2: Top Five Destinations of Last Migration of Survey Respondents...............................................................27Table 3: Category of Work Migrants Overseas (top five destinations, in percentage) ........................................29Table 4: Skills Acquired While Working Overseas.............................................................................................................30Table 5: Applicability of Skills Acquired Overseas ...........................................................................................................31Table 6: Major Uses of Remittance ........................................................................................................................................32Table 7: Relative Importance of Remittances for Household Livelihood ................................................................33Table 8: Major Uses of Money Brought Back by Respondents ....................................................................................34Table 9: Annual Government Contribution to YSESEF 2008-2012 .............................................................................43
List of Figures
Figure 1: Categorizing Youth Entrepreneurs .....................................................................................................................20Figure 2: Contributing Factors to Youth Entrepreneurship ..........................................................................................21Figure 3: Top Migration Destinations by District ..............................................................................................................28Figure 4: Importance of Remittances to Respondent’s Households .........................................................................33
List of Boxes
Box 1: Innovative Loans: Fundación Impulsar, Argentina .............................................................................................65Box 2: Microloans: Commonwealth Youth Credit Initiative ........................................................................................ .65Box 3: Migrant Enterpreneurship in China .........................................................................................................................67Box 4: Business Development Services through Mentorship: SAYES, Australia ...................................................68Box 5: Use of ICT for Training and Guidance: CYPTEC, Commonwealth Secretariat ..........................................68Box 6: Commonwealth Asia Forum of Junior Chambers...............................................................................................68Box 7: Entrepreneurship among Migrant Returnees: The Experience from Romania and Peru .....................69
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S7Acronyms and Abbreviations
ASD Alliance for Social DialogueAYON Association of Youth Organizations Nepal CCI Chamber of Commerce and IndustryCBO Community Based OrganizationCDO Chief District OfficerCTEVT Council for Technical Education and Vocational TrainingDCCI Dhanusha Chamber of Commerce and IndustryDoFE Department of Foreign Employment DoL Department of LabourDSC District Sports CommitteeE4N Entrepreneurs for NepalEF Employment FundEIC Employment Information CentreEIG Education for Income GenerationEVENT Enhanced Vocational Education and TrainingFEPB Foreign Employment Promotion BoardFGD Focus Group DiscussionfN farkeka NepaliFNCCI Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and Industry ICPD International Conference on Population and DevelopmentIFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO International Labor OrganizationIOM International Organization for MigrationKII Key Informant InterviewLGCDP Local Governance and Community Development ProgrammeLMIS Labour Market Information SystemMEDEP Micro-Enterprise Development ProgrammeMoFA Ministry of Foreign AffairsMoLE Ministry of Labour and EmploymentMoYS Ministry of Youth and SportsMPI Migration Policy InstituteNGO Non-Government OrganizationOSYI Open Society Youth InitiativePNCC Pravasi Nepali Coordination CommitteeSLC School Leaving CertificateT&E Training and Employment Service ProvidersTCCI Tanahu Chamber of Commerce and IndustryTYA Today’s Youth AsiaUAE United Arab EmiratesVAT Value Added TaxWOREC Women’s Rehabilitation CentreYAF Youth Action FundYEEP Youth Empowerment and Employment ProjectYOAC Youth ActionYSESEF Youth Self-Employment and Small Enterprise Fund
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S9Acknowledgements
This study was financed by the World Bank and prepared under the coordination of Stefania Abakerli (Task Manager, Senior Social Development Specialist, SASDS), jointly with Rajib Upadhya (Senior External Affairs Officer, SAREX), Bandita Sijapati (Social Development Specialist, SASDS), Keith Leslie (Senior Social Development Specialist, SASDS), Trishna Thapa (Communications Associate, SAREX) and Sulochana Nepali (Team Assistant, SASDI). Peer reviewers at concept note stage included Joanna De Berry (Senior Social Development Specialist, ECSSO) and Prafulla Pradhan (UN-Habitat Nepal). Peer reviewers at decision meeting stage include Mark Woodward (Lead Social Development Specialist, EASER), Joanna De Berry (Senior Social Development Specialist, ECSSO), Arsalan Alfred M. Ni (Regional IFC SME Ventures Coordinator for South Asia), and Navin Dahal (Private Sector Development Adviser, DfID Nepal).
The study was carried out by a team consisting of Deepak Thapa, Bimbika Basnett, Nabin Rawal and Shaileshwori Sharma of the independent, non-profit organization Social Science Baha. To ensure its relevance, the study scope and survey questionnaire benefited from the insights of a Nepalese youth organization, Samriddhi, the Prosperity Foundation, which also organized the feedback consultations on the study’s findings and the gathering of recommendations offered.
Arsalan Alfred M. Ni (Regional IFC SME Ventures Coordinator), Afrah Al-Ahmadi, (Senior Human Development Specialist, SASSP), Gabi George Afram (Senior Financial Economist, SASFP), Pavol Vajda (Senior Operations Officer, CSAAF), Anupa Pant (IFC Associate Operations Officer, CSASB), and Pablo Gottret (Sector Manager for Human Development, SASSP), provided invaluable comments during the conceptualization, design and conduction of the study.
The team is thankful to Maria Correia (Sector Manager for Social Development, SASDS) as well as Tahseen Sayed Khan (Country Manager for Nepal), Andras Horvai (Country Programme Coordinator, SACNA) and Johannes Widmann (Senior Country Officer, SACNA) for their overall guidance and support to this study.
Above all, the team would like to extend its sincere gratitude and appreciation to all government officials, partners, businesses and respondents met, for openly sharing their views, thoughts, experiences and ideas on how best to nurture and support young entrepreneurs in Nepal.
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S11Executive Summary
INTRODUCTION
1. Nepal is facing massive out-migration. With a 46% national unemployment rate and an extreme shortage of attractive job opportunities in Nepal, approximately 400,000 people – most being youth and young adults – seek labour permits every year to work abroad. These out-migrants, however, are not finding medium- or high-skilled jobs in the foreign labour market. Instead, most of these migrants are forced to accept low-skilled or manual jobs in the expanding economies of the Middle East.
2. This massive out-migration of over 40,000 people per month is draining Nepal of one of its most important and creative and productive assets – its youth and young adults. Increasingly, this cohort is among the main drivers of Nepal’s foreign labour market – which is now an integral component of Nepal’s economy and society. Presently, 72% of all the remittances received by Nepali households are sent by 15- to 44-year-olds; an age bracket that constitutes about 40% of the country’s population. It should be noted that in Nepal the official definition of youth are those falling between the 16-40 age cohort, even though within this group many have made the transition to adulthood and should therefore not be classified as ‘youth’.
3. Nepal’s future economic growth, and social stability and near-term development strategy, therefore, will depend increasingly upon creating alternative sources of employment for young people. In this regard, the Government of Nepal has begun to acknowledge the multiple benefits of promoting entrepreneurship as part of its national economic development and post-conflict strategies – with a focus on youth. After signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord (2006), specific policies and programmes targeting youth were formulated, as follows:
n Recognition of youth as a priority group in the Three-Year Plans (2007/08–2009/10 and (2010/11–2012/13)
n Establishment of the Ministry of Youth and Sports (MoYS) in 2008 n Creation of the Youth and Small Enterprise Self-Employment Fund in 2009 n Adoption of the National Youth Policy in 2010
4. These recent government actions have begun to lay the foundation for greater national engagement with the youth while creating new possibilities for youth entrepreneurship and employment. Additionally, these new government structures and policies provide an initial framework by which the state may start to focus on not only being responsible for creating these opportunities itself, but establishing innovative incentives to encourage the private sector and civil society to promote entrepreneurship among migrant returnees.
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STUDY OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
5. To contribute to and advance this critical national discourse and inform policy making in Nepal, the Government of Nepal (GoN) asked the Bank to prepare this study on youth, migration and entrepreneurship jointly with the Ministry of Youth and Sports and the Ministry of Labour and Employment. The study focused on factors that have advanced as well as limited the Government’s youth and entrepreneurship policies and initiatives. It also sought to increase understanding of the situation of migrants out of Nepal, with special emphasis on the impact of overseas labour on the potential for entrepreneurship upon their return, constraints they face in such endeavours and strategies to draw youth migrants more actively and effectively into the economic growth of Nepal. The study examines migrants falling in the 16- to 40-year-old age group, based on the GoN definition.
6. The main objectives of the study were:(i) To address a recognized gap in knowledge on the situation of young Nepali migrant
returnees with a focus on skills and attitudes and identify entry points to inform Government policies and programmes relating to youth migration and entrepreneurship, and
(ii) To inform and assist in the preparation of the Ministry of Youth and Sports’ new Youth Strategic Plan that is currently under preparation.
7. The study included a rapid situational assessment which surveyed 303 migrant returnees from six divergent districts: Achham, Dhanusha, Tanahu, and the three districts in the Kathmandu Valley. Dhanusha and Tanahu were selected for the study because they have the highest number of migrant labourers, respectively, in the Terai and the middle hills. The survey questionnaire focused on skills, remittances and money brought back by returnees as well as issues related to entrepreneurship. A brief review of international good practices has also been carried out as part of the study, which, together with the survey, is offered as valuable resources for policymakers, development partners, the private sector and civil society working with the youth in Nepal. Based on the study findings, and consultations with key stakeholders engaged in youth issues in Nepal, a series of practical entry points are suggested to promote entrepreneurship among youth migrant returnees.
KEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8. The main findings of the study are as follows: i) Nearly half of the Nepali youth surveyed had either invested in or were thinking of
investing in business (new or existing).
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ii) After returning to Nepal from external labour migration, entrepreneurship was more of an economic necessity for them given the lack of jobs available in Nepal, rather than their desire to find new opportunities to use the skills they had learnt overseas.
iii) Because of their age, limited resources, and limited life-work experiences, the youth, especially young migrant returnees, face unique constraints in starting new businesses.
iv) The majority of respondents who had/were thinking of investing in a business did not believe that the skills they had learnt while working overseas were relevant/applicable in Nepal.
v) Lack of access to business information, credit, trainings, technical support and organizations linking skills with prospects were seen by these youth migrant returnees as major hindrances to their own entrepreneurship possibilities in Nepal.
vi) Previous education achievement or certificates achieved in Nepal has not necessarily helped young migrant workers secure good jobs overseas.
vii) In fact, most migrant workers had not received any specific skills training prior to migrating overseas. Even those who had received training admitted that their training was not primarily for migration purposes and/or their employers did not recognize the certificates they had earned in Nepal.
viii) The widely held view that remittances and the money young migrant workers bring back are spent on conspicuous consumption was not borne out by the survey results.
ix) Remittances among returning migrants were mostly being used to meet their daily household needs, repay loans taken to migrate, and for the education of their children and family members.
x) In this regard, most returning migrants stated that investing in either existing businesses and/or starting a new business would require additional sources of business management advice and investment capital, either from the GoN or the private sector.
9. In analysing experiences outside Nepal, similar research in other developing countries experiencing high levels of out-migration as Nepal has shown the value of youth entrepreneurship as a critical component of poverty reduction and development strategies. Moreover, engaging youth in entrepreneurship can be an effective way of attracting alienated and marginalized youth into the economic mainstream by giving them a sense of meaning and belonging, particularly in a post-conflict situation. Research also suggests that migration followed by a return to self-employment and the creation of small businesses can be catalytic in enterprise development and poverty reduction. Accumulation of financial, as well as human, capital is some of the immediate benefits accruing from migrants returning to their countries of origin. The trend elsewhere has been for greater-than-average number of returnees choosing self-employment and entrepreneurial activities.
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10. The experience in Nepal, however, shows that existing policies and programmes aimed at supporting youth, especially towards entrepreneurship, do not seem to be guided by evidence-based knowledge. Policies and programmes have been established without a comprehensive information base on Nepal’s youth labour market. There is a lack of understanding of the youth motivations and their propensity to choose self-employment and the applicability of their skills in entrepreneurship development in Nepal. There are limits on the extent of funds they are able to bring back after their labour migration to mobilize to start new businesses. In addition, better understanding is required of the Government, NGO and private sector-led services they have access to while making such investments. Further research is required as well regarding the opportunities and challenges they confront in these processes and for promoting an enabling environment for youth entrepreneurship.
11. In general, in Nepal, entrepreneurship is seen in isolation from the creation of employment. The focus of existing policies and programmes is solely on outgoing migrant workers, and not on returnees. Moreover, the few organizations that deal with migration have limited their efforts to ensuring safer migration only. As a result, there is no government or private institution assisting youth returnees find employment.
12. Even with the massive scale of labour migration, especially among youth, there is no national institution collecting relevant information on migrant returnees and their skills, carrying out market surveys, disseminating information about existing trainings, finance and other support that may be available. Existing training centres and vocational and entrepreneurship trainings provided by government institutions either do not reflect the broader range of needs of Nepal’s youth labour market or add much value to the youth. Equally, there are limited private or civil society institutions serving the needs of youth migrant returnees. Overall, the number of Nepali youth benefitting from such services is minimal.
13. In addition, the few public and private organizations helping youth set up their own businesses in Nepal tend to work in isolation, severely limiting their reach and impact. A few organizations are working on the social and geographical peripheries of Nepal, particularly among the more historically marginalized ethnic and caste communities. Attempts to improve access to financing for entrepreneurship, such as the Government’s Youth Self-Employment and Small Enterprise Fund, have been largely piecemeal and overly politicized with few or no linkages to other key entrepreneurship programmes. There have been very few Government or private sector incentives for the youth to pursue their own entrepreneurship development.
14. The GoN has not provided incentives to private financial institutions to make collateral-free or minimum-collateral loans to enterprising youth. With only a few exceptions, most existing initiatives financed by international organizations tend to focus on promoting youth employment – rather than youth entrepreneurship – while the majority
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of youth organizations have focused primarily on human rights and democracy which is understandable given that Nepal only recently emerged from a 10-year civil conflict that limited most economic development activities.
15. Based on this initial research, future technical and advisory assistance provided to the Government on entrepreneurship for returning youth migrants is required to expand its collaboration with the private sector and a broad-based civil society that reaches out to the more historically marginalized segments of society, with special emphasis on vulnerabilities faced by returning women migrants. These new policy and programmatic interventions may include assistance before these youth migrants depart Nepal for employment overseas to upgrade their technical or management skills, while specifically emphasizing technical support services and financial assistance upon their return when these youth are more actively seeking support to initiate their own local businesses.
16. Finally, it goes without saying that to be meaningful, the GoN should consider reviewing its definition of youth or reclassifying the 16-40-year-old age bracket it is targeting in order to use a term that describes the characteristics of this group more aptly.
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S17Objectives of the Study and
Structure of the Report
1. The objectives and scope of this study were prepared in close consultation with government officials at the Ministry of Youth and Sports and the Ministry of Labour and Employment. One of the main areas of concern at the time, to be addressed by the study, was how to keep youth from migrating abroad in search of employment opportunities. This request led the study team to look at youth entrepreneurship as one possible alternative to migration. The other main areas of expressed interest were a better understanding of the status of returned youth migrants and efficacy of existing youth policies and initiatives as well as a review of international good practices to be used as resources not only for both ministries but also for policymakers, development partners, the private sector and civil society in general working with the youth in Nepal.
2. Based on the above-referred consultations, the study’s main objectives were agreed as follows:(i) Contribute to address a recognized gap in knowledge on the situation of young Nepali
migrant returnees with a focus on skills and attitudes and identify entry points to inform Government policies and programmes relating to youth migration and entrepreneurship, and
(ii) Inform and assist in the preparation of the Ministry of Youth and Sports’ new Youth Strategic Plan currently under preparation.
3. To this end, five main activities were carried out under this study: i) A mapping of organizations engaged in youth and entrepreneurship in Nepal ii) A review of existing youth-related policies, programmes and initiatives undertaken or
supported by the government, development agencies, civil society organizations and youth organizations
iii) A rapid situational assessment (survey) of youth who have returned to Nepal after a period of employment abroad, including relevance of the skills they have brought back; use of remittances and funds brought back for enterprise-related investments; and their interests and propensity towards self-employment
iv) Consultations with key stakeholders on the study findings for the elaboration of practical recommendations on how to stimulate entrepreneurship among youth and youth migrant returnees in Nepal, and
v) A brief review of international good practices to serve as a resource for different ministries, policymakers, development partners, the private sector and civil society working with the youth in Nepal.
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3. Limitations of the ‘youth’ element of the study: Youth strictly defined is the period between childhood and adulthood. Youth therefore has a cultural and social dimension in that the ability to transition to adulthood is dependent on how a particular society defines what it is to become an adult. And for men in particular, this means getting a permanent job. As such, the United Nations defines ‘youth’ as a person between the age where he/she may leave compulsory education (15), and the age at which he/she finds his/her first employment (24).1 In Nepal, the fact that the Government classifies 16-40-year-olds as youth is therefore an issue. With this caveat in mind and for the purposes of this analysis, the report maintains the official definition.
4. This report is structured in four main sections: Section 1 – Youth and Entrepreneurship: A Conceptual Framework dicusses how
entrepreneurship among youth migrants can be defined and understood.
Section 2 – Youth Migrant Returnees and Remittances: A Rapid Situational Assessment in Nepal analyzes the situation of youths who have returned to Nepal after a period of employment abroad, including the research methodology, synopsis of the respondents’ background, and main findings of the survey.
Section 3 – Overview of Existing Youth-related Policies and Initiatives in Nepal looks at the policies and programmes currently being implemented by the government, international and bilateral agencies, and youth organizations with regard to youth entrepreneurship.
Section 4 – Conclusions and Recommendations presents practical suggestions on how to promote youth entrepreneurship in Nepal, as discussed with government agencies, development agencies, the private sector, youth and non-profit organizations, based on the study findings.
5. A brief review of global experiences in entrepreneurship amongst youth migrants is presented as Annex 1. The mapping of youth and migrant organizations working in Nepal is presented in Annex 2.
1 See http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/youth/youth-definition
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S191. Youth and Entrepreneurship:
A Conceptual Framework
Drawing on a range of academic and policy literature on the topic, Section 1 offers a framework for defining and understanding entrepreneurship among youth migrant returnees, underlying features of ‘youth entrepreneurship’ possibly applicable to Nepal.
a. Definition of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the recognition of an opportunity to create value, and the process of acting on this opportunity, whether or not it involves the formation of a new entity. While concepts such as ‘innovation’ and ‘risk taking’ in particular are usually associated with entrepreneurship, they are not necessary to define the term.2
1.1 As the above definition implies, entrepreneurship is the ability to recognize an opportunity to increase the value of any goods or services and of seizing such an opportunity. Entrepreneurs can be motivated by the prospect of increasing profits; pursuing financial sustainability as well as social returns on investments; and enhancing the responsiveness and accountability of public institutions, customers and local communities. Among many youth entrepreneurs in developing countries, such as Nepal, entrepreneurs tend to be driven mostly by ‘economic necessity’ (i.e., having no other alternative for a livelihood) rather than ‘opportunity’ (i.e., resulting from a desire to pursue a perceived opportunity). This is primarily because of lack of employment options and the need to supplement household income and/or escape poverty. Arguably, youth migrant returnees with higher incomes and employment alternatives have better prospects of emerging as ‘opportunity-driven’ entrepreneurs. But, personal attitudes, interests and individual strengths as well as the general environment for entrepreneurship development are critical in motivating individuals into turning entrepreneurs.
1.2 Drawing on the transition and motivational dimension of youth entrepreneurs, Massy and Lewis (2003) have proposed dividing youth entrepreneurs into four categories: ‘pre-enterprise’, ‘enterprise aware’, ‘enterprise able’ and ‘enterprising’ (see Figure 1). Cross-country evidence suggests that youth between the ages of 26 and 29 tend to be ‘enterprise able’ with a high level of maturity, experience in business, and more likely to run viable enterprises than their younger counterparts. The formative and growth stages are equally important for many youth to transition into enterprising individuals.
2 Schoof 2006, p. 1
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Figure 1: Categorizing Youth Entrepreneurs
High Group A: Enterprise able Group B: Enterprising
Current status – will be an employee or student with either business experience of business qualifications.
Personal characteristics – likely to have been exposed to enterprising role models and /or had an enterprise education experience.
Service needs – likely to require general information and advice about business start up.
Current status – will be preparing to be self-employed, or already is self-employed. May have business qualifications.
Personal characteristics – likely to have self-employed parents, or prior work experience in the same industry and had an enterprise education experience.
Service needs – likely to require specialized information and business advice and/or monitoring, and the opportunity to network with other enterprising young people.
Readiness Group C: Pre-enterprises Group D: Enterprise aware
Current status – will be an employee or student.
Personal characteristics – unlikely to have been exposed to enterprising role models and/or had an enterprise education experience.
Service needs – likely to require exposure to information about being enterprising and what it takes to start a business.
Current status – will be interested in being self-employed.
Personal characteristics – likely to have self- employed parents, prior work experience and/or had an enterprise education experience May already have a business idea.
Service needs – likely to require skill development and information and advice about business start up or management.
Low Intention HighSource: Lewis and Massey (2003), p. 10.
b. Entrepreneurship and Migrant Returnees
1.3 Research has shown that the attitudes, awareness and aspirations of the youth towards entrepreneurship are linked to their personal environment, individual awareness and familiarity with the concept of entrepreneurship as well as general reputation, acceptance and credibility of entrepreneurs. A 2006 study by the International Labour Organization (ILO) identified the following major opportunities and bottlenecks faced by young entrepreneurs: i) sociocultural attitudes towards youth entrepreneurship; ii) entrepreneurship education, access to finance/start-up financing; iii) administrative and regulatory framework conducive to promoting youth entrepreneurship; and iv) business assistance and support (see Figure 2).
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Figure 2: Contributing Factors to Youth Entrepreneurship
Youth Entrepreneurship
Social/Cultural Legitimacy & Acceptance
Access to Finance
Business Assistance & Support
Administrative & Regulatory Framework
Entrepreneurship Education & Training
Source: Schoof (2006), p. 23.
1.4 In tandem, the Migration Policy Institute has pointed out that financial and human capital are the positive channels that open up when migrants return to their home countries. Many studies have shown that a higher-than-average number of returnees choose self-employment and entrepreneurial activity.3 A study in Egypt finds that overseas migration helps with accumulation of financial capital on a high scale and also of new skills that increase the likelihood of investment upon return,4 while a study from China notes a significant rise in the number of returnees with advanced technical knowledge, experience with labour-intensive exports to the West, and better management skills.5 MPI also points out that international migration is increasingly perceived as ‘brain circulation’ rather than ‘brain drain’.
3 Aguniasm 20064 McCormick et al 20045 Zweig 2005
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A comparison between returnee entrepreneurs and local entrepreneurs in China found that returnees were four times more likely than their local counterparts to possess the latest international technology, giving them an edge in the domestic market. A Ghana study found that the majority had improved employment status upon return besides having acquired organizational, interpersonal and other worth-related skills, leading to the conclusion that ‘migration, followed by a return to self‐employment and the creation of a small business can represent a potential strategy for poverty alleviation’.6
1.5 Notwithstanding these potential gains, the Migration Policy Institute calls for caution and a great need for focusing on the nature of migration and of the return to understand the specific challenges and opportunities for self-employment among migrant returnees. For instance, research on the permanent return of migrants from the Middle East back to Kerala, India, has found that the majority of the returnees were middle aged with low levels of skills, education and experience. Half were unemployed upon return while the other half either retired from active work, got into salaried jobs, or became wage labourers in agriculture and fishing. Only a fraction entered self-employment. The study attributes these impacts to Kerala’s poor investment climate coupled with the lack of a return-migration policy. Although several schemes for cheap loans and other incentives for small-scale investors exist in Kerala (as in India in general), these were largely inaccessible to returnees.7
1.6 Similarly, Kapur and McHale note that many migrant returnees either return with very few skills and/or are barely able to apply their skills meaningfully.8 Examples include Bangladeshi workers in the construction sector in Singapore, and Romanian farm labourers in France, where the technologies migrant workers are exposed to either do not exist and/or are inappropriate to the home country’s soils and climates. It is also the case that many migrant workers are forced to return due to contractual violations or abuse, deportation as a result of war or changes in immigration laws, and illegal termination of contracts or illness, and many still have debts in connection with their migration. Very few such workers have savings to invest or the possibility of finding employment upon return.
1.7 There is also a growing trend of ‘temporary migrants’ and of ‘temporary return’. The Migration Policy Institute review points out that from a development perspective such returns have a limited, albeit not necessarily negative, impact. A study by the International Organization of Migration (IOM) in Bangladesh found that many returnees were forced to re-migrate because of lack of options for rehabilitation, the use of most of the remittances for consumption, lack of employment opportunities, and inability to apply skills learnt.9 For many
6 Black et al 2003 7 Nair 19998 Kapur and McHale 20059 Siddiqui et al 2002
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migrants, the decision to work overseas and return only temporarily is also a ‘career choice’. International migration in the Caribbean, for example, is characterized by a complex, reciprocal flow rather than a permanent one-way movement, prompting some scholars to understand it as a form of ‘extended kinship over space and time with frequent rather than one‐time movements’.10
1.8 Such a classification is helpful to understand the diversity of Nepal’s migrant returnees as well. As the findings of the situational analysis will point out, most Nepali migrants work as temporary contractors and labourers. The proportion of returnees who want to re-migrate is the same as those that plan to remain in Nepal permanently. The challenge is for self-employment to be considered a viable livelihood strategy by permanent migrant returnees to invest in the country.
10 Aguniasm 2006, pp. 17
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S24 2. Youth Migrant Returnees and Remittances:
A Rapid Situational Assessment in Nepal
Section 2 analyzes the situational assessment of youth who have returned to Nepal after a period of employment abroad. It presents the research methodology, a synopsis of the background of the respondents (demographics and migration history), and the main findings of the survey, clustered into five main issues, as discussed below.
a. Research Methodology11
2.1 The assessment examined key issues such as relevance of the skills youth returnees come bakc with; whether remittances and funds brought back are utilized for investment in enter-prises; and how far their interests and propensity go towards the prospect of self-employment.
2.2 Using qualitative and quantitative tools, the assessment’s main questions included:
i) To what extent do migrant returnees come back with skills that will help them start a business and become successful entrepreneurs?
ii) Are the remittances that migrant workers send and the money they bring back being spent on savings and investment required for building an entrepreneurial base?
iii) Are migrant returnees even interested in becoming entrepreneurs? iv) What kind of enterprises are youth migrant returnees setting up? v) What challenges do these entrepreneurs face and what solutions do they propose?
2.3 The research sites were selected on the basis of physical geography, the number of migrants from there heading out to foreign countries, and geographic diversity of origin within Nepal. Accordingly, Dhanusha and Tanahu were chosen for being the highest migrant-sending districts (not counting those going to India) in the Tarai and the hills/mountains respectively.
11 The assessment consisted of a quantitative survey and the qualitative methods of focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The survey was conducted between 20 and 27 June, 2012, and the focus group discussions between 11 July and 15 August, 2012. The survey was designed by the Social Science Baha research team and carried out by Blitz Advertizing and Research, a private company specializing in administering surveys. Blitz used enumerators who had considerable experience in carrying out similar surveys in field research settings. The survey questionnaire was pre-tested in various locations of the Kathmandu Valley (in-city and outskirts) before it was finalized. The Social Science Baha research team provided a two-day orientation to the enumerators in collaboration with Blitz. The first day was devoted to understanding the questionnaire while the second day was spent conducting mock surveys. The enumerators were also given a manual which provided instructions and explanations for each question in the survey. The manual was designed to make it easy for enumerators to refer to it in the field. The Social Science Baha research team and Blitz closely monitored the field research and ensured consistency and reliability of the data obtained.
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Achham in the Far-Western Hills was chosen because most of the migrant workers from that region tend to go to India and the pattern of migration is more often seasonal. Finally, Kathmandu Valley was chosen because it is home to people from all parts of the country and hence representative of the country as a whole.
2.4 The breakdown of the sample size of 303 was as follows: 33 in Achham, 75 Dhanusha, 75 Tanahu and 120 Kathmandu Valley. The criteria for selecting the respondents were as follows: i) they had to be 16 to 40 years of age (following the definition of ‘youth’ in Nepal); and ii) they had to have a minimum of two years’ employment experience in another country. Considering that migration to India tends to be seasonal, respondents with migration experience in India had to have had a cumulative work experience of at least two years. The survey also tried to ensure that the sample reflected the social demography of each of the districts as indicated in Census 2001.12 Snowball sampling method was used given the inherent difficulties of finding the pre-determined subjects of the research. The same criteria used for selecting survey respondents were also used to choose participants for focus group discussions (FGD). Local residents in each district and key informants provided support in identifying the respondents in both cases.
2.5 Despite the length of the survey questionnaire, the vast majority of the respondents gave their full cooperation. Many provided a lot of insights on the challenges and opportunities faced by returnee migrants. But it was also difficult to find returnee migrants-turned-entrepreneurs; more so in Dhanusha district than elsewhere.
2.6 The major limitations of the survey are its small sample size due to resources and time constraints. The participation of women in the study is also very low even though it is still higher than the total percentage of women migrant workers (to destinations other than India).13 It was beyond the scope of the study to carry out a nationally representative sample survey, but it did try to ensure that the ethnic/caste composition of respondents matched that of the districts surveyed.
2.7 Data was disaggregated by education, destination of migration, caste and ethnicity, geography and age, among other variables. Results broken down by destination of migration yielded the most significant results, although breakdown by other variables, including caste and ethnicity, have been included where relevant.
12 The results of the 2011 census were not available at the time the survey was conducted.13 According to the Department of Foreign Employment, from 2007 to 2012, women constituted a mere 3.3% of the documented
migrant workers.
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b. Demographics and Migration History
2.8 This part of the survey consisted of questions pertaining to the respondent’s personal history, viz, name, age, gender, caste/ethnicity, religion, marital status, present address, educational qualification, and current occupation. It also asked questions related to household, including number of family members; members engaged in an earning profession(s); members working abroad; and members solely dependent on the respondent’s income.
2.9 Except for one individual, all the 303 respondents could at least read and write and 63% of them had a School Leaving Certificate (SLC)14 or higher degree. The average age of the respondents was 31, with nearly half (49%) between 26 and 30 years old. Individuals from 35 different ethic and caste groups were represented in the survey, with the Hill ‘upper-caste’ group of Bahuns and Chhetris making up 36%, Newars 18%, non-Newar Hill and Mountain Janajatis 17%, Madhesi ‘middle castes’ 12%, and so on (see Table 2). Respondents identified themselves as Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian and Kirat, with approximately 90% of them being Hindu. A vast majority (80%) of the respondents were married at the time of the survey. Men constituted 95% of the respondents, which is roughly approximate with the proportion of male migrants. Respondents also mentioned over 30 different types of occupations they were involved in at the time; 40% said they were unemployed while 22% owned their own business.
Table 1: Social Composition of Respondents15
Groups Absolute % Composite average in sample districts
Hill ‘upper caste’ 108 35.6 34.2
Newar 57 17.8 22.6
Hill and Mountain Janajati (excluding Newar) 52 17.2 18
Madhesi ‘middle caste’ 36 11.9 9.5
Tarai ‘upper caste’ 19 6.3 1.2
Hill Dalits 14 4.6 7.0
Muslim 11 3.6 1.9
Tarai Janajati 3.0 1.0 1.4
Tarai Dalit 3.0 1.0 3.5
Total 303 100
2.10 The first finding of significance from the survey is that a good proportion of youth migrants is educated and belongs to ‘upper-caste’ and the better-off Janajati groups. This is likely because migration still remains inaccessible and unaffordable to many people. As will be
14 The national degree awarded after 10 years of school education.15 The broad groupings are based on Acharya et al 2008.
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clear in the findings discussed below, migrant returnees who participated in the study relied on loans and family savings to meet the high costs of migration, which might not be available to those from lower economic strata. In fact, most returnees from a non-India destination did not even think that the remittance they sent was the ‘most important contribution to their household well-being, indicating that many were quite well-to-do to begin with. Dalits and Janajatis from poor backgrounds seem to have less access to networks both within Nepal and outside that are critical to facilitating the migration process, particularly since when asked how they had migrated, a good number of the respondents (36%) said that their family and friends had helped them.
2.11 The average age at the time of last migration was 25 years, and roughly equal numbers were unmarried (46.5%) and married (53.5%). Similarly, the average family size among the respondents was 6.6%, with an average of 2.25 children and 1.58 elderly members per household as dependants. A substantial 61.4% of the respondents were not the sole earners in the family. Households with at least one member employed overseas actually had an average of 1.23 family members overseas. Respondents mentioned 17 different countries where their household members were working, with Qatar, Saudi Arabia, India, Dubai and Malaysia being the top five destinations.
2.12 To be able to earn a livelihood and not being able to find a job in Nepal were cited as the most important reasons for wanting to migrate and re-migrate. Most of the respondents (85%) had migrated only once, 13% twice, and only 2% three times. It should be noted here that the survey was conducted only among those who were in Nepal at the time and the figures mentioned here should not in any way be considered to reflect the reality of multiple migrations. The majority of those surveyed had decided against re-migrating.
2.13 There were as many as 18 different countries mentioned as the destination of last migration. Of the top five destinations, which accounted for 258 (85%) of the 303 respondents, Qatar (22%) was the destination for the highest number, followed by Dubai (19%), Malaysia (18%) and Saudi Arabia (17%). Only 10% of the respondents reported having migrated to India. It is noteworthy that despite the long history of migration to India, it figured last among the top five destinations.
Table 2: Top Five Destinations of Last Migration of Survey RespondentsDestination Number %
Qatar 67 22
Dubai (UAE) 58 19
Malaysia 54 18
Saudi Arabia 49 16
India 31 10
Total 259 85
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2.14 Malaysia and Qatar are the favourite destinations for respondents from Kathmandu; Dubai and Qatar for Tanahu; Qatar, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia for Dhanusha; and India for Achham.
Figure 3: Top Migration Destinations by District
40
30
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0Kathmandu Tanahu Dhanusha Achham
Qatar Malaysia Dubai (UAE) Saudi Arabia India
2.15 The average cost incurred for migration to the last destination was NPR 107,740 (c. USD 1,200); with 39% spending between NPR 60,000-100,000 and 28% spending in the range of NPR 100,000-200,000. When asked about the sources of funds to meet this cost of migration, respondents mentioned taking loans (60%), dipping into family savings (29%), selling family land (3%), selling other types of property (2%), and using savings from previous migration (6%). The majority (36%) said family members helped them migrate the last time; 19% said they were helped by recruitment agencies, and only 12% said they were helped by contacts already in the destination country.
2.16 The average time spent overseas in the last stint was 39 months, with 64% spending between 13 and 36 months.
2.17 The number of destinations mentioned for the second to last stint abroad was significantly lower—10 countries, including India, with Malaysia on top (22%) followed by Saudi Arabia (18%), Qatar (16%), and India (11%). The average age at migration was 23, and 64.4% of them were married. The average cost of migration then was NPR 84,933, which were met by taking out loans (60%) and using family savings (24.4%). Family members (51%) had played a bigger role in the second last migration. The average duration of stay in the respective destination countries was 33 months.
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c. Skills
2.18 In order to determine the skills migrant returnees brought back that could potentially help them become successful entrepreneurs, the survey also focused on the skills migrant workers migrated with; the skills they acquired overseas; and relevance of these skills for employment and entrepreneurship upon return to Nepal.
2.19 Respondents mentioned a total of 44 forms of employment they were engaged in overseas, with a high concentration of ‘company labourers’ (23.4%) and security guards (10%). The research team grouped the different types of employment into ‘unskilled’, ‘semi-skilled’, ‘skilled’ and ‘white collar’ categories, and compared them across the top five destination countries.
2.20 As Table 3 below shows, most of the migrant workers were employed at skilled and semi-skilled jobs. There were very few (7%) employed in white-collar jobs while the number of those employed as skilled workers is pretty consistent across all countries. Only 8% of those going to India were engaged in the unskilled category compared to the much higher percentages in Qatar, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia. This finding, which could have resulted from sample bias, goes against the grain since it has been assumed that the majority of those going to India are from the lowest strata of society and, hence, are without any professional or technical skills.
Table 3: Category of Work Migrants Overseas (top five destinations, in percentage)Category Destination
All Countries Qatar Dubai (UAE) Malaysia Saudi Arabia India
Unskilled 31 43 16 35 54 8
Semi-skilled 29 17 40 21 14 24
Skilled 34 38 33 41 30 57
White collar 7 3 12 4 2 11
2.21 The kind of work migrants engaged in was not always determined by their level of education even though 60% of the respondents with a SLC degree and 59% of those with an Intermediate/Class XII degree were employed in the semi-skilled and unskilled categories. The majority of respondents had not received any kind of training prior to migrating overseas. Of the 120 individuals who did, 39% received ‘computer training’, and only 53% said the training was intended to improve their prospects during migration. Most of the training was provided by private institutions and only a small number (13%) was trained by government agencies and even fewer (7%) by recruitment companies. The average cost for the training was NPR 6,868. The majority did report having received a certificate after the training, but only 38% said the certification was recognized by employers here and/or abroad. Qatar had the highest percentage of migrants whose certificates were recognized (54%) whereas Malaysia had the lowest (13%).
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There were respondents who had received more than one kind of training as well (13.5% of total respondents). A breakdown by social groupings showed that Hill Dalits were least likely to have received training with only 14% of them having received any kind of training.
2.22 ‘Computer training’ was the most popular training by far. Even youth currently employed as ‘security guards’, ‘painters’ and ‘unemployed’ had received ‘computer training’. However, only 16% of them said that they could make use of those skills during their work abroad. Training to be a cook was cited as one of the most useful for work overseas (23%). Unskilled (68%) and white collar workers (63%) were likely to state that they did not use the training they had received while overseas. Disaggregation by the top five destinations showed that the majority of respondents who had received ‘technical training’ had migrated to Qatar (11 out of 18).
2.23 As for skills acquired through work overseas, respondents mentioned a wide range, including business skills, technical knowledge and account-keeping. The highest number of respondents (34%) thought they had not learnt any new skills during their experience overseas while an equal number (33%) said they came back with technical skills, 14.5% reported acquiring skills related to domestic work, and 13%, business skills. In other words, 39 out of 303 respondents said they had gained some business skills. Of these 39, half (20) mentioned that they had learnt how to interact with customers/marketing and how business transactions/trade work. Disaggregated by the top five destinations, respondents from Qatar, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia oscillated between ‘technical skills’ and ‘did not learn anything’ while the highest number of those having acquired business skills had come back from the UAE.
Table 4: Skills Acquired While Working Overseas
Skills acquired Destination
All Qatar Malaysia Dubai (UAE) India
Business 12.9 6 7.4 25.9 19.4
Technical 33.3 41.8 48.1 29.3 22.6
Domestic 14.5 11.9 9.3 13.8 25.8
Care-giving 2.6 0 0 0 0
Other skills 6.3 3 13 8.6 0
Did not learn any skills 33.7 38.8 27.8 25.9 35.5
2.24 Of the 133 respondents who have started a business or were planning to, the majority (60% ) thought the skills they acquired while working overseas have either not been or will not be useful in starting a new business back home. Of them, 57% felt that their skills were not applicable in Nepal. This finding was corroborated during a FGD with migrant returnees in Dhanusha, during which participants pointed out that many migrant workers, including themselves and others they know, usually worked in large companies involving the use of sophisticated machinery but upon return tended to go back to farming or starting a small retail shop.
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Table 5: Applicability of Skills Acquired Overseas
Level of UsefulnessDestination
All Qatar Malaysia Dubai (UAE) India Saudi Arabia
Very useful 24 7 0 7 3 3
Useful 21 6 3 6 4 2
Not Useful 73 15 25 10 4 10
None 5 2 0 2 0 1
2.25 Of those who did not plan to re-migrate and were already engaged in some occupation or business, only the returnees from India and the UAE thought their skills were useful or very useful (64% of 11, and 52% of 13 respectively) to start or invest in a business. Malaysia had the lowest proportion of respondents (only 11% of 28) who thought their skills learnt overseas could be useful in Nepal, primarily because most could not apply what they had learnt in Nepal.
d. Remittances
2.26 In order to determine whether the remittances migrant workers send and the money they return with are being spent on savings and investment required to build an entrepreneurial base, the survey sought responses to the following: what proportion of migrants’ earnings were being remitted; how frequently; through which channels; the relative importance of remittance to household livelihood; and major uses of remittance. Similar responses were also sought for the money brought back in person upon their return from foreign destinations, which was then compared and contrasted with findings on remittances.
2.27 Respondents reported remitting most of their earnings home. Approximately 80% of them said that they spent very little or less than half their income on food and living expenses while overseas. Nearly everyone (96%) remitted money to Nepal. A breakdown by top five destinations revealed that India was the only destination where respondents spent half or more of their income on food and living expenses. In the remaining top four destinations, respondents spent very little or less than half.
2.28 The majority sent money every three to six months, with 78% remitting half or more of their income. The amount remitted was not the same all the time with the average standing at around NPR 60,000 (c. USD 690). When broken down by the top five destinations, there was considerable variation in the frequency, consistency and proportion of amount remitted between India and the four other major destinations (Qatar, Dubai, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia). As expected, a slightly lower percentage of respondents who had migrated to India remitted; 81% compared to 97% from the remaining four destinations. Respondents who had gone to India also remitted slightly less regularly than their counterparts in the other top destinations—every six months to a year compared to every three to six months. Asked what proportion of their income they remitted, the majority said more than half whereas those from India said around half.
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2.29 The father, mother and spouse were the three major recipients of the remittance, accounting for 88% of the remittances. As expected, the breakdown in terms of marital status showed a role reversal, with 57% of the unmarried sending money to their father and 24% to their mother, while 55% of the married sent money to their spouse. It is noteworthy that even among the latter category, the father (29%) and mother (8%) are still major recipients. The highest number of respondents (43%) said their fathers had the greatest say over how the money they remitted would be spent, followed by the spouse (21%) and mother (15%), suggesting that while remittances may be reinforcing the patriarchy prevalent in Nepali society, it was also giving some measure of financial autonomy to married women—both spouses (who were mostly women in the study) and the mothers.
2.30 In order to determine how remittances were being spent, respondents were asked to identify three areas where they spent the highest proportion of their remittances from a list of 13 major expenditures and rank the three highest, from 3 to 1. Table 7 lists the 13 major categories of expenditure ranked according to the total scores received by each category. The survey showed that much of the remittances is being spent to cover daily expenses, repay loans, and for education and health. Daily expenses were, in turn, defined as food, clothes, oil, seasoning and other basic necessities. Only 10% of the respondents said they had purchased land and just 3.3% said they bought a TV or a fridge. Investments on existing or new businesses figure at the bottom of the list.
Table 6: Major Uses of RemittancesCategories Ranked Total
Daily expenses 543
Repay loan taken to migrate 260
Education 218
Repay other loan 192
Medicine/Treatment 131
House Repair/Construction 128
Savings 103
Invest in land 76
Invest (in existing business, loan out) 25
Miscellaneous 21
TV/Fridge 20
Start new business 16
Re-migrate for work 7
2.31 Most of the remittance from destinations apart from India was being sent through formal channels (such as money transfer agencies and banks) and hence were being captured
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in the national accounts. A full 83% used formal channels to send money back home; 63% of them used money transfer services while 20% used banks. Respondents from India, on the other hand, relied on friends and family members who were returning (56%), with the second most popular mode of transfer being banks. ‘Ease of transfer’, low transaction costs and trustworthiness were the primary factors taken into consideration in deciding on the remittance channel to employ. Such a response is significant for two main reasons. First, the channel that respondents used denoted preference rather than compulsion. Even those back from India almost unanimously (91%) agreed that the channel they used, i.e., sending by hand, was the most trustworthy. Second, the preferences differ by destination.
Figure 4: Importance of Remittances to Respondents’ Households
250
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150
100
50
0Not important
No
of re
spon
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s
Most important source of income
Only source of income
important
2.32 For 93% of the recipient households, the remittance was important for household livelihood although only 19% of the respondents said that it was the only or most important source of income. The majority (75%) reported that the money they remitted was ‘important’, and of the 7% who thought that it was ‘not important’, most claimed that the financial condition of their household was already good. A breakdown of the top five destinations showed that respondents back from India were more likely to say that the remittance they sent was the ‘most important source of livelihood’ (Table 9).
Table 7: Relative Importance of Remittances for Household Livelihood
Relative ImportanceDestination
All Qatar Malaysia Dubai (UAE) India
Not important 6.9 6.1 7.5 7 12
Important 74.5 77.3 77.4 75.4 52
Most Important 16.6 16.7 11.3 15.8 36
Only Source 2.1 0 3.8 1.8 0
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2.33 These results are significant for three main reasons. First, for so few respondents to state that remittance was the ‘most important’ or ‘only source of income’ can mean either that people are reluctant to admit the fact, or, more ominously, the poorest sections of society have not benefitted from the phenomenon of labour migration since even going to India require some capital. Second, despite the fact that respondents from India are likely to remit less regularly and also a smaller portion of what they earn, their households are more dependent on them. And third, the results confirm that households sending members to India are more likely to be poorer than those sending members to the other top destinations.
2.34 The survey also showed that the majority of respondents choose to remit their income rather than bring it with themselves. Nearly half (49%) said they brought ‘very little’ back and another 23% said ‘less than half’. While bringing back their money, 40% brought it in the form of Nepali rupees, indicating the strong but informal circulation of the national currency in destination countries.
2.35 Table 8 shows how the money brought back was made use of. As with the funds remitted, the most important spending was daily expenses. Education still figures prominently but it is significant that repayment of loans slips to the bottom of the list, indicating that much of loan will have been paid off by then. ‘Starting a new business’ is 6th on the list, compared to 12th for funds remitted. Purchase of land also moves up the list as do the consumer items of TV and/or refrigerator. (In percentage terms, 19% of the migrants bought consumer items with the money they were bringing back compared to just 3.3% who used the remitted funds for the same purpose, indicating the trend of returnees to bring such items with themselves while returning.)
Table 8: Major Uses of Money Brought Back by Respondents SN Categories Ranked Total
1 Daily expenses 594
2 Education 213
3 House Repair/Construction 172
4 Medicine/Treatment 138
5 Savings 130
6 Start new business 127
7 TV/Fridge 111
8 Repay other loan 107
9 Repay loan taken to migrate 64
10 Invest in land 64
11 Miscellaneous 53
12 Re-migrate for work 14
13 Invest (in existing business, loan out) 31
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2.36 The majority of the respondents (89%) said that they had not moved their residence since going abroad for employment. And among the 32 who did move, the majority (44%) attributed it to better business opportunities and/or better job opportunities (31%) in their new place of residence.
e. Entrepreneurship
2.37 The survey asked whether migrant returnees were interested in starting/investing in a business, and, if so, the motivations underlying their interest. Respondents were also asked where they got the capital for starting/investing in a business, the location of the business, the number of people employed, and relative success of their enterprise. They were asked to comment on the major impediments to starting/investing in business as identified through a review of international experiences and consultations with stakeholders, namely, business information, access to credit, training, technical support, and organizations linking skills with prospects in Nepal.
2.38 In general, respondents were more interested in seeking paid work than on entrepreneurship. Hardly any respondents mentioned ‘save enough to start a business’, and, more importantly, very few were interested in investing in a business. In other words, entrepreneurship was viewed as a necessity than an opportunity to make use of skills acquired overseas. Only 29% said that they had started a new business and 7% reported having invested in an existing one, while 4% were thinking of starting a new business and another 3% were considering investing in an existing business. Together, the respondents already engaged in entrepreneurship or planning to be made up 43% of the survey sample. When disaggregated by the top five destinations, respondents back from India and Saudi Arabia were least interested in starting their own businesses (71% for India and 64% for Saudi Arabia).
2.39 In FGDs with migrant returnees in Dhanusha, all the participants agreed that migrants prefer to use their savings to set up a bank balance, purchase land or construct houses. Most opt to re-migrate rather than start a new business. One of the participants also added that most of his fellow migrants were cheated by their agents during the migration process and were forced to take out high-interest loans to meet the cost of migration. They typically spend the first two years repaying their loans, making it very difficult to save enough capital to be able to start a business upon return.
2.40 The story was drastically different when we considered only the pool of respondents who had decided against working overseas again. From a total of 154 such respondents, 97 (52%) said that they either wanted to start their own business or invest in an existing one (11%). The remaining 60 individuals were already employed in government offices, NGOs and private companies (8%); engaged in agriculture (5%); or involved in a variety of other jobs.
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2.41 Asked where respondents have/are likely to establish/invest in businesses, half of those who had started their own business are concentrated in Kathmandu (41 out of 88) followed by Dhanusha (26). Tanahu includes a combination of new and existing businesses.
2.42 The most important reason provided for starting or wanting to start a business was that investing in Nepal would yield better results (55%); that it was better to invest in a business than to sit idle (43%); and that it was an opportunity to apply the skills learnt overseas (12%). In other words, not all respondents were motivated by the prospects of taking advantage of busi-ness opportunities in Nepal or of making use of the skills they had acquired overseas.
2.43 In terms of the time required to start a new business, 44% stated that it took them or expect it to take them up to three months. Such a cumbersome process of starting a business is also verified by the World Bank’s ‘Doing Business’ survey, which compares the ease of business regulations and environment across countries and ranks Nepal 108 out of 185 economies.16
2.44 Survey respondents generally said that the business is/will be in their own villages and/or closer to the district headquarters. Almost 30% of the respondents were planning to use their savings from overseas employment to start a new business. Of the 89 respondents who said they have started a business with savings from employment overseas, almost 70% had either completed SLC (37%) or had an Intermediate degree (equivalent to Grade 12) (30%). This goes to show that the vast majority of people who have decided to stay back and invest in a business constitute a relatively better educated and capable pool of people. Also, respondents with an SLC degree constituted more than 50% of the respondents who had taken loans from the bank.
2.45 Of the 133 respondents who have started a business or were planning to start their own business, 63% were providing employment to others as well, with most employing between one to five people. Of these enterprising individuals, 44% considered the most important source of business information to be contacts made while working overseas (41%), family members (35%), and neighbours (11%). Only around 2% relied on government or other agencies for such information, indicating a big gap in government support in this area.
f. Institutional Assistance
2.46 Respondents were also asked to rank the relative importance they would place on each of the following issues and provide reasons for their response.
16 According to the survey, it takes around 29 days to start a new business in Nepal, involves following seven distinct procedures, and costs 33% of income per capita. In comparison, Thailand (ranked 85) also requires 29 days but only involves four procedures, and costs 6.7% of income per capita. www.doingbusiness.org/rankings
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Information on business2.47 An overwhelming majority considered access to information on processes and procedures for starting a business to be ‘important’ (68.3%) and ‘very important’ (29%). The highest number of respondents (39%) thought that such information would help them find out about business prospects. Those who provided elaborate responses suggested that because they had been away for overseas work, youth migrant returnees often lacked an understanding of the opportunities in Nepal. Respondents also felt such information would reduce the likelihood of business failure.
2.48 With regards to income, respondents thought that such information would help them use the money they saved appropriately, and would help them take care of their families. Such information would also help link the skills learnt overseas with possibilities in Nepal. Respondents also said that having such information would make it more attractive for them to stay back in Nepal.
2.49 During an FGD with former migrant workers in Tanahu who have started their own businesses, lack of knowledge about the legal requirements of starting a business and lack of information on investment were cited as two of the major hurdles returnees face in starting a business. FGD participants in Achham felt that information on access to credit available to migrant workers was not communicated to them adequately. For instance, one of them pointed out that when he was in Qatar, he had heard about a new law formulated whereby Nepali migrant workers abroad could invest in businesses (presumably, the ‘diaspora bond’) and that he would have put in money in it had somebody given some kind of guarantee on his investment (which the government actually does). The participants recommended using effective and area-specific public service announcements (PSAs) to provide information on the type of businesses suitable for that area. This would help to relay information to a larger population at a low cost. More accessible information on government programmes, such as the Youth and Small Enterprise Self-Employment Fund (YSESEF), would also be beneficial. The participants recommended setting up a new governmental department to cater to the needs and challenges of the returnees.
Access to credit2.50 The vast majority of the respondents thought that access to credit would be ‘important’ (66.3%) and ‘very important’ (31.4%) for starting a business. Improved access to credit would serve as an additional source of funding to start a business (44.9%); enhance their employment prospects (20.5%); make them more self-dependent (11.2%); help them implement new business ideas (9.9%); and give them the flexibility to take risks (8.9%). Without access to credit, they would not be able to take any risks and invest in businesses. Still others argued that they would prefer to stay in Nepal but without adequate credit to help them start their own enterprises and earn a livelihood, they would be forced to re-migrate over and over again. Another group felt that since many migrants return to Nepal with specialized skills, such skilled people should be able to access loans as a group and start businesses on a large scale.
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Training2.51 Although respondents provided many reasons why training is either important or very important, most of these were geared towards finding a job rather than starting their own business. Training would make migrant returnees more efficient in their work (8.6%); upgrade their skills (8.3%); reduce unemployment upon their return home (7.9%); update/refresh skills (5.6%); encourage returnees to seek employment upon return (2.6%); reduce incentives to re-migrate (2%); and facilitate re-migration (1.7%). There were contradictory responses in the sense that while some felt that such training would help them make use of the skills they learnt overseas (6.3%), others thought they had learnt limited skills while working overseas and such trainings would allow them to be better skilled (3.3%). Such differences in responses are likely to be attributed to two reasons: difference in types of employment overseas, and relevance of skills they acquired overseas in the Nepali context.
2.52 Returnees also provided a list of issues to be considered when providing training to youth migrant returnees: the training should reflect market demand (15.8%); be commensurate with skills and capacity (11.2%); tailored to the specific interests of returnees (9.2%); linked with the type of work they were doing overseas (9.2%); guaranteed employment upon completion (7.6%); and help re-acclimatize returnees to life in Nepal (2%).
2.53 Among the reasons given by some of the returnees who felt that such training was unimportant are: the absence of a conducive working environment in Nepal; lack of companies actively seeking to hire trained individuals; and the skills returnees bring back being under-utilized (see a list of trainings preferred by survey respondents in Annex 4).
Technical support2.54 Almost everyone, 99% (299 out of 303), said technical support to returnees to be important or very important. This could be partly because as opposed to the intention of finding responses to the possibility of technical support in terms of learning skills to draw up a business plan, keep accounts, conduct market surveys, maintain a supply chain, etc, the respondents seem to have understood the question in the terms of technology transfer alone. Hence, the major reasons offered for setting such high store on technical support are: increase efficiency and overcome challenges (12.9%); help in finding employment (6.6%); enhance skills further (6.6%); ensure the success of business (5.3%); empower returnees (4.3%); and help returnees to start a business (2%). While the vast majority of the respondents thought technical assistance to be important or very important, at least 7.6% also said that there was a lack of technical facilities in Nepal.
Organization linking skills with prospects2.55 Of all the services mentioned in this section, respondents felt that an organization or organizations that work to match migrant workers’ skills and capacities with opportunities in Nepal to be crucial (important, 57.4%, and very important, 41.9%). But, once again, the
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responses were related to the importance and role of such an organization to help migrant workers find a job in Nepal rather than help them start a business.
2.56 Respondents felt that such an organization would help returnees utilize the skills they gained overseas (32.3%); reduce human resource drain (27.1%); prevent unemployment in Nepal (23.1%); be self-dependent (9.9%); increase self-confidence (2%); and contribute towards the development of the country (2%). Less frequently cited benefits included: promoting a sense of responsibility towards the nation; preventing migrant workers from being cheated; helping re-integrate returnees; preventing capital flight; and reducing youth violence.
2.57 The role of such an organization was envisaged as follows: provide employment opportunities and salaries commensurate with skills (13.9%); focus on and benefit returnees (6.9%); link demand with supply (5.9%); and promote collective action among returnees (2%). The latter was with reference to business ventures that returnees could set up with help from the organization, which should also upgrade the skills of returnees; develop new skills base in Nepal; match salaries/wages earned overseas; and curb nepotism to make employment more transparent.
2.58 Some also added that such an organization needs to be present at the airport in order to be more noticeable and reach more of the returnees who are likely to disperse as soon as they leave the airport premises. The kind of skills and work the returnee migrants have engaged in should be recorded upon arrival by the organization.
2.59 A relatively small number (2%) expressed reservations about the usefulness of such an organization. They worried that it would also cheat migrant workers; and that it would fall prey to political interference. Some respondents were sceptical of any government effort since it had extended little support to returnees so far.
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and Initiatives in Nepal
Section 3 provides an overview of the programmes currently being implemented by the government, international and bilateral agencies, and youth organizations with regard to youth entrepreneurship. It also examines whether existing government policies and programmes have any bearing on attempts to make use of the remittances and skill sets brought back by young migrant returnees. The key question addressed is whether there exists or not an environment for the capitalization of opportunities and the establishment of new businesses in Nepal with youth migrants.
a. Government Initiatives
3.1 Following the decade-long Maoist conflict (1996-2006), the government increasingly began to recognize the youth as a significant demographic group, and formulated specific policies and programmes targeted at them.17 Government acknowledgement of the importance of the youth is clear from the last two national development plans, which recognize youth as a priority group, and stresses unemployment and underemployment as the major problems and challenges faced by the youth.18 But despite this acknowledgement, the Government has not formulated any comprehensive policy or established a body that focuses on helping promote entrepreneurship among the youth.
3.2 This section analyzes the relevant government policies, programmes and institutions that deal, even tangentially, with youth, migration and entrepreneurship development. A review of the National Youth Policy and the Labour and Employment Policy will be followed by assessments of government agencies devoted to youth, entrepreneurship and migration, namely, the Ministry of Youth and Sports; the Youth Self-Employment and Small Enterprise Fund (YSESEF); vocational training centres; Employment Information Centres; the Ministry of Labour and Employment; the Department of Foreign Employment; and the Foreign Employment Promotion Board.
17 The Three-Year Interim Plan (2007/08-2009/10) devoted a whole chapter to youth and the Three-Year Plan (2010/11-2012/13) dwells at length on involving the youth in national development.
18 This is a far cry from the Tenth Plan (2002-2007), which took a paternalistic view of youth and sought ‘to rescue the youth from crimes and addiction effectively, to mobilize them in development programmes, and to create awareness by involving the youth in sports from the school level...’
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State Policies3.3 The 2010 National Youth Policy targets historically marginalized and conflict-affected groups of youth. Although it does briefly mention the need for the establishment of youth information and research centres, youth counselling and service centres, and youth employment promotion centres, there are no concrete steps spelt out on how these objectives would be achieved and neither has any action been taken by the government towards achieving this goal so far. The failure to execute most of the provisions in the Policy can be attributed partly to systemic budget constraints and to the delay in the setting up of the National Youth Council, the body through which all programmes are to be implemented. As a result, there has not been any significant progress to benefit the youth.
3.4 The Policy recognizes youth as a priority group alongside Dalits, the poor, women, indigenous peoples, the displaced and differently-abled as being in need of increased access to activities such as quality vocational training programmes to develop their capacities and also make them more employable. The Policy envisages two levels in training management wherein the central government is responsible for planning, coordination and curriculum development, while implementation is entrusted to the local or district levels. The forms of training targeted at individuals in the informal sector include entrepreneurial development, skill, organizational and leadership development, and labour standards. Despite identifying the need for income-generating employment as a means of poverty alleviation, nowhere in the Policy objectives does it specifically emphasize entrepreneurship as a vital component of the Nepali labour market. This even as it focuses on micro-credit programmes aimed to generate self-employment for enterprising, educated youth, while stressing the need for a specific programme to ‘creating self-employment opportunities by developing entrepreneurial qualities among the youth’.
State Agencies and Initiatives3.5 The main government agencies engaged in youth matters include the Ministry of Youth and Sports and the Ministry of Finance which have programmes that distribute funds and provide training targeted specifically at the youth. The Ministry of Labour and Employment and the Ministry of Industry also conduct training in entrepreneurship as well as aimed at imparting various skills.
3.6 Following the changed political context after the 2006 People’s Movement and recognizing the role played by the youth in that movement (and others previous to it), the government set up a separate Ministry of Youth and Sports (MoYS) in August 2008.
3.7 The MoYS currently conducts the Yuwa Sajhedari Karyakram (Youth Partnership Programme), in which it works with private training providers in districts all over Nepal on a 60:40 funding agreement. But mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation are not well
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developed, and barely any effort has been made to measure the impact of this programme on the youth.
3.8 One of the components of the Youth Partnership Programme is the ‘worksite training programme’ which is meant to provide on-the-job training to youth seeking to enter the workforce. The MoYS has been trying to work with district chambers of commerce and industry (CCI) but business and factory owners have been hesitant to team up since they are expected to provide space, time and energy for no apparent gain in return.
3.9 The MoYS has also set up the Pratibha Samman Puraskar (Talent Recognition Award) to recognize young people who have made significant contributions to their chosen professional fields. As per the National Youth Talent Recognition Working Plan approved in February 2012, a certificate and cash prize of Rs 100,000 are to be given to three youths, youth groups or youth organizations that have made significant, unique and lasting contributions to society. Entrepreneurship is one of the areas recognized by the award under the broader category of employment.
3.10 Currently, the MoYS operates at the local level through the District Sports Committees (DSCs), which is the only decentralized organ of the Ministry. The Ministry ultimately plans to work through the Youth Councils at the district level but, as pointed out earlier, these are yet to be formed. The Youth Councils are likely to have a significant impact on youth programmes since they will act as the focal points overseeing and coordinating the various programmes on youth by governmental, non-governmental and private institutions. One of its main functions will be to partner with NGOs so that their resources can be mobilized for the benefit of the youth. Significantly, the Youth Councils are envisaged as autonomous bodies governed by a separate act and will be present at both the central and district levels.
Youth and Small Enterprise Self-Employment Fund (YSESEF)3.11 The government launched the Youth and Small Enterprise Self-Employment Fund (YSESEF) in 2009 in an attempt to reduce unemployment in the country. It is targeted mainly at unemployed youth and small business people who would be provided with collateral-free, low-interest loans of up to NPR 200,000 to serve as seed capital to start an enterprise. The programme is guided by the Youth and Small Enterprise Self-Employment Fund (Management) Regulations 2009, which lays out the objectives of the YSESEF as: provide training on different aspects of agriculture such as commercial farming, livestock farming, and agro- and forestry-based industries; provide loans for service-oriented self-employment such as rickshaws, etc, in urban areas; invest in traditional skill-based occupations; provide loans to people affected by the conflict, marginalized communities, indigenous peoples and women; provide training to the unemployed to operate a self-employment fund; ensure priority to raw materials found locally and provide skill-based trainings for localized production and consumption; invest in
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the project ‘one village one product’ with the assistance of partner institutions and relevant governmental and non-governmental agencies.
3.12 With a presence in all 75 districts, the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) has been YSESEF’s partner since the very beginning. While FNCCI’s Central Office in Kathmandu is responsible for receiving and disseminating information on the Fund, the respective district chamber of commerce and industry (CCI) has a more active role. The CCIs are accountable to the Fund, and are responsible for promoting its programmes and in providing orientation. If the programme is implemented as has been planned, the CCIs would also be responsible for project development training and other awareness-raising programmes. The CCIs also collect application forms apart from assisting in filling out the forms that are available online.
3.13 The Fund is operationalized in four phases: i) application and registration at district CCIs; ii) three-day orientation training on small business and entrepreneurship provided by CCIs; iii) application for a loan of up to NPR 200,000 through banks and financial institutions; and iv) utilization of the loan to establish new small-scale businesses or strengthen existing small-scale ones. The YSESEF received wide media coverage, and the level of interest was so high that on the first day of its launch, the CCIs helped some 600,000 applicants fill out the application forms. Since then, the CCIs have also provided the three-day orientation programme, and, according to the FNCCI, most of the applicants have also received their orientation certificates.19
3.14 When the YSESEF was first envisioned, it was allocated a total of NPR 500 million. Table 9 shows the government’s subsequent annual contributions to the Fund since. In an attempt to give the programme the flavour of a national campaign, in 2009, the government asked all organizations (governmental, non-governmental and private) to post a day’s worth of salary of each employee into the state’s revenue mechanism to be channelled into the Fund.
Table 9: Annual Government Contribution to YSESEF 2008-2012Fiscal year Amount (in millions)
NPR USD
2008/09 500 5.6
2009/10 505 5.6
2010/11 249 2.8
2011/12 255 2.8
3.15 The implementation of YSESEF, however, has been far from smooth. It has been tainted with corruption charges, political nepotism, mismanagement of funds, recurrent delays in
19 Humagain 2010
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implementation, and less-than-enthusiastic co-operation from the private sector owing to doubts about loan recovery. Financial institutions or banks that are part of the YSESEF are allowed to collect 12% interest from loans while the government provides a further 7%. But despite repeated attempts to get the private sector involved in what seems to be a fairly attractive deal, since the loans are collateral-free and there is no clarity yet on the means of loan recovery, private banks and financial institutions have so far shied away from any active collaboration.
3.16 To address that, in March 2012, the YSESEF decided to form the District Coordination and Monitoring Committees with the respective district CCI chairperson or his/her representative as the coordinator; a representative from a bank or financial institution and an officer from the District Administration Office as members; and a volunteer appointed by the Fund as member-secretary. The YSESEF is now working through co-operatives. It has called for proposals from central cooperative associations with information on the potential types of businesses (production, service or small industry) to be undertaken by cooperatives under them; their financial status; and basis for loan recovery. The deadline was mid-July 2012, and the proposals are now in the process of being reviewed.
3.17 One critique of the YSESEF is that it is a stand-alone initiative by the Ministry of Finance even though it has possible avenues of collaboration with other relevant ministries. It is notable that there is no formal linkage or coordination between YSESEF and the MOYS apart from the presence of the latter’s Secretary in the Fund’s management committee.
3.18 After a less-than-promising start, in its ‘Immediate Action Plan on Economic Development and Prosperity’ of October 2012, the government professed its commitment to implementing YSESEF. The Action Plan aims to provide self-employment opportunities to 50,000 youths through training and concessional loans, and, accordingly, trained applicants to YSESEF are to be provided loans without collateral. The major implementing agencies include YSESEF, the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, and the MOYS. The Plan also aims to boost employment in the agriculture sector by mobilizing NPR 1 billion through the YSESEF in order to attract educated but currently unemployed youth to the agriculture sector. Qualifying youths will also receive agriculture-related training from training centres under the Ministry of Agriculture.20 In that sense, the Plan does open up possibilities of coordination between the different state entities.
Government Training Schemes3.19 As yet, the YSESEF has no formal linkage between the entrepreneurship training provided by the Vocational and Skill Development Training Centre (under the Ministry of Labour and
20 Ministry of Finance 2012
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Employment) and the Office of Cottage and Small Industries (under the Ministry of Industries). Candidates interested in these training programmes are required to go through an extensive selection process, including interviews, and are also required to have completed at least one skills training provided by government agencies. This existing system could have been one of the ways in which the YSESEF could have identified applicants ready to make use of the loans.
3.20 The focus of the government training centres is on providing skills that would help trainees find employment in Nepal or abroad and also to become entrepreneurs. However, neither of these two training providers considers migrant returnees to be a separate category of individuals requiring a different kind of training aimed at their reintegration back home. One of the key issues highlighted repeatedly during meetings with returnee migrants was that any future initiative that plans to train migrant returnees needs to build on the existing skills of migrant returnees and/or transform their skills when not relevant to Nepal.
3.21 The duration and format of the week-long entrepreneurship training currently provided are far from adequate, with, for instance, no system that provides long-term support to trainees. Quality control is also an issue since there is often a clear mismatch between the skills provided and the demands of both the national and international labour markets. Hence, there is a need for greater agility in the programmes to allow for revisions in the curriculum to reflect changes in the labour market.
3.22 During interviews, officials at both institutions said that the trainings are demand-driven. But it appears that the same types of trainings have been offered year after year.21 This has most likely produced many individuals with the same or limited sets of skills in the same geographical area. Gender-stereotyped trainings are also on offer which perpetuate the view that women’s skills are confined to certain, low-return and already saturated professions such as hair-dressing or beauty care. Since the two training institutions are under different ministries, there is a degree of duplication as well, especially since their entrepreneurship trainings are similar in duration and are based on the same curriculum. There is a need to streamline these various bodies and modify training structures based on both the demands of the labour market and the youth as well as the competitive advantage each brings in with their respective ministries. Creating some formal linkages between these state institutions and the YSESEF could add to their further relevance in addressing youth employment issues.
3.23 There is the question of capacity as well. The Vocational and Skill Development Training Centre, for example, offers Foreign and Youth Self-employment-related Special Skill Development Training, but, as the name suggests, two types of training—for foreign
21 Interview with Shakuntala Rajbhandari, Section Officer, Vocational Skills and Development Training Centre, Bhaisepati, Lalitpur, 28 August, 2012; and Uddhab Man Singh, Administrative Assistant, Department of Cottage and Small Industries, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, 28 August, 2012.
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employment and self-employment—have been lumped together. The Centre’s target for 2011/12 was 3,000 although without indicating how many of these were to be for foreign employment and how many for self-employment. Considering an average of 1,200 people leaving every day for foreign employment (not counting those going to India), even if all these trainees were to go abroad, the Centre’s annual target would be fewer than the number of Nepali workers flying out of Kathmandu airport in three days.
3.24 The annual goal of the Office of Cottage and Small Industries is even lower with ‘entrepreneurship development training’ targeted at only 100 for the year 2008/09, which was further lowered to 40 in 2009/10.
3.25 Both organizations generally fall short of their targets. For instance, out of the annual target of 100 in 2008/09, the Office of Cottage and Small Industries was able to provide training to only 91 individuals. And the Vocational and Skill Development Training Centre was unable to provide any training under the Foreign and Youth Self-employment-related Special Skill Development Training in 2011/12 due to delays in the release of the national budget. Only a third of the year’s budget has been released at the time of the research in mid-2012, which meant that all the training targets also had to be reduced by a third. That only a few individuals have access to government-run trainings is corroborated by the survey on returnee migrants. Of the total of 120 respondents who had undergone some form of training, only 13% reported receiving it from a government institution (as they understood it).
3.26 There seems to be very little monitoring and evaluation of the trainings as well. The Vocational and Skill Development Training Centre does keep a record of the trainings on offer and the number of people trained. The data is disaggregated by each of the 16 training centres and by caste/ethnicity/disability/gender. But other than that, there is no information available on the effectiveness of the training, such as the number of people who have found employment and/or were able to start a business after taking the training. The research team was unable to access any M&E data from the Office of Cottage and Small Industries.
3.27 The new directive of the Vocational and Skill Development Training Centre released in June 2012, however, recognizes the importance of monitoring and evaluation in the future. According to the directive, there will be greater linkages with government institutions providing loans in order to help individuals who have received loans or are interested in being trained to access credit. (Although the name of the organization that would provide such loans is not mentioned but YSESEF could be presumed to be one.) There will be constant, micro-monitoring of every individual in the initial years after the training in coordination with the organization offering the loans.
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Employment Information Centres3.28 The Employment Information Centres (earlier, the Employment Service Centres) falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Labour and is based in 14 locations (one in each of the 14 zones). Currently, these Centres are in the process of collecting information from individuals who are either unemployed or would like to change jobs. But the data so far indicates that the numbers in contact with the Employment Information Centres is very small compared to the rate of unemployment in the country.22 This may be attributed to a lack of awareness about the Centres despite publicity in the national newspapers.
3.29 The Cabinet recently sanctioned the Employment Information Centre Operation and Management Directive 2012, which takes a more holistic approach towards creating a platform to link labour demand and supply. The Directive classifies unemployment into various categories: i) fully unemployed; ii) unemployed having reached the end of the employment period; iii) underemployed; iv) unemployed because of a desire to change the terms and conditions of employment; v) unemployed due to lack of appropriate skills or qualifications; vi) unemployed owing to changes brought by technology; and vii) unemployed due to a desire to take up a new job or start a venture different from the existing one. One of the notable changes introduced by the Directive is the provision of online applications so that both prospective employers and prospective employees can fill and submit forms online.
3.30 Since the prospective employers can submit information on vacancies and their human resources requirements, the Centre plans to bring into effect the Labour Market Information System (LMIS). The database currently being developed will form the basis of this system but it is still unclear how the data already with the Centre will be streamlined with the revised form which aims to collect much more extensive information.23 The LMIS could possibly be used to link existing businesses, business owners and entrepreneurs with the youth who are in the process of entering the labour market, are unemployed, or want to change jobs.
Department of Foreign Employment and Foreign Employment Board3.31 The Department of Foreign Employment (DoFE) does not have any programme specifically targeted at returnee migrants, since the Department’s sole focus is on outgoing migrants as opposed to those coming back. The one recent change has been the modification of the disembarkation form at the Kathmandu airport to include some information on foreign labour migration. This is one small step towards recognizing and organizing the data on returnee migrants even though it is not yet clear what use the limited information will be put to.
22 As per the website of the EICs, the Centres had registered 36,869 unemployed people till October 2011. www.dol.gov.np/employment-info-center-12-en.html, accessed 10 September 2012.
23 Though the system is yet to be operational, during the course of the research, it was found that the Employment Information Centre at Dhanusha had linked six unemployed individuals with jobs at a local factory. Following the Centre’s advertisement with information on 20 unemployed individuals, the local Bhrikuti Paper Mill contacted the Centre, which then matched up individuals with the requirements of the paper factory.
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3.32 But it is the Foreign Employment Promotion Board that has the specific mandate of dealing with returnee migrant workers since it is the Board that operates the Foreign Employment Welfare Fund and it can also design, implement, monitor and evaluate programmes that would make use of the funds and skills brought back by returnee migrant workers. The Board collects NPR 1,000 from each migrant during the pre-migration process as contribution towards the Foreign Employment Welfare Fund. Thus far, this Fund has been used to bring home the bodies of dead migrant workers, repatriate workers stranded in destination countries, provide emergency funds for the treatment of injured migrant workers, and compensate the families of dead migrant workers and those who are injured. There is nothing preventing the Board from using its substantial resources in the Welfare Fund to provide loans to migrant returnees interested in starting their own businesses if it wants to.
b. Initiatives by International Agencies
3.33 The study also looked at initiatives targeted at youth entrepreneurship and employment implemented by a number of international organizations. A total of eight initiatives are being supported by GIZ, the Norwegian Embassy, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, UNDP, UN Habitat, USAID, World Bank, UN Women and a consortium of donors. Most are geared towards providing vocational training and credit mechanisms for entrepreneurship and employment. The major implementing partners range from central and local government agencies, youth organizations, youth organizations affiliated to political parties and the private sector while the focus groups are youths who have been internally displaced, Dalits, ethnic minorities and girls.
3.34 In contrast to the government approach, international-financed initiatives for youth entrepreneurship and employment target a larger cross-section of the youth population, offer a wider variety of training that are designed through market surveys, and are more likely to lead to gainful employment upon completion of training. However, there are issues such as the sustainability of the donor-funded programmes, the extent of alignment with existing government systems, and harmonization among international organizations.
HELVETAS: The Employment Fund (EF)3.35 The Employment Fund was established in 2008 and is currently being implemented by HELVETAS. It receives funding from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), and the World Bank. It is governed by the Employment Fund Steering Committee (EFSC) under a Joint-Secretary from the Ministry of Education as chair.
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3.36 It currently has 30 private-sector training and employment service providers (T&Es) as partners through which it implements its comprehensive training programme. The T&Es also function as links to credit providers for trainees. Monitoring and evaluation is based on the outcome/output measured by the number of employed trainees, and only a satisfactory performance ensures payment to the training provider. Although the programme is conducted nationally and has trained participants from all 75 districts, it primarily targets males between 16 and 35 years of age and females of 16 to 40 years, and aims for a 60:40 female to male participation ratio. Males are required to have an education below the SLC level (Grade 10) and females below Grade 12.
3.37 By the end of the current phase, the Employment Fund seeks to train 70,000 youths, and as of July 2012, the programme had reached 55,000 youths, among whom 80% are employed. Likewise, during the year 2010, the Employment Fund trained 12,067 youths, of whom 9,057 were employed. In 2010 and 2011, respectively 17% and 29% of the trainees took up self-employment. In 2010 alone, 65 different kinds of trainings were provided through the T&Es.
3.38 On approach, the scope of any skill in a specific region is first explored through a market survey by the training provider. The trainings are decentralized and provided in a place convenient for the participants. Participants are also provided professional counselling and access to credit from financial institutions.
3.39 Since November 2011, NMB Bank and HELVETAS have jointly implemented the ‘Skill-based Loans’ scheme, which has been formally implemented in Kailali and Kanchanpur districts of the Far-Western Region. Interested individuals can receive collateral-free loans of NPR 10,000-300,000, which has to be paid back within a period of two years. Around 100 individuals have accessed the scheme. The objective of the scheme is to formalize the loan-taking process which has been historically based on informal interactions.
3.40 Following the success of this model, the World Bank’s Enhanced Vocational Education and Training Project (EVENT) is adopting the same approach. HELVETAS is also planning a pilot programme called INNOVATION in two districts starting October 2012. The pilot is expected to last one year. And although the full details are still being worked out, as one of its target groups, it seeks to bring into the programme’s fold youths who have already been trained by the Employment Fund programme. This is because the majority of the trained youths are involved in wage employment, and the follow-up programme will provide them with the necessary skills and opportunity to be self-employed.
GIZ: The Inclusive Development of the Economy (INCLUDE)3.41 The Inclusive Development of the Economy started in 2008 and is in an extended phase until 2013, with the possibility of being extended up to 2016. The programme has three sectors
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of focus: Entrepreneurial Development, Value Chain Development, and Public-Private Dialogue. Training is provided in different stages and involves a 2 to 3-day motivational training followed by a block period of 2-3 months, and then a two-week-long training. Since its inception, its primary focus has been to provide business-related skills to training participants and assist in the development of trainers.
3.42 The programme provides pre- and post-start-up support to allow new and existing entrepreneurs to benefit from individual and group mentoring, entrepreneurship development training as well as linkages with business service providers and financial institutions. It also assists Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) in revising its entrepreneurship development curricula, developing an instruction guide, and training 50 instructors to deliver entrepreneurship development training effectively through its component of Integrating Entrepreneurship Development in Vocational Training.
3.43 The target groups are youth, women and disabled individuals between 16 and 40 years of age, but owing to the nature of the programme, the preferred age starts at 20. Between 2008 and 2010, the programme worked in eight districts (Dang, Surkhet, Kailali, Pyuthan, Makwanpur, Chitwan, Palpa and Rupandehi) but has now moved its project location towards the Far-Western Region to match the government’s decision to prioritize that area.
3.44 GIZ has also looked for opportunities to collaborate with the YSESEF but that has so far been limited to providing Training for Trainers (ToT) to 74 individuals in coordination with FNCCI.
Norwegian Embassy: Youth Employment Promotion Campaign3.45 The Norwegian Embassy-financed Campaign aims to create solidarity among those affiliated to different political youth groups. As part of the campaign, the individuals brought together were asked to choose a cause relevant to Nepali youth and work towards it. The group chose employment as their topic of interest. Various research and advocacy activities were conducted across Nepal for the campaign. The first stage consisted of a two-day Advocacy and Campaigning Workshop in 16 strategic regions. In the second stage, recommendation reports were collected through discussions and meetings in 62 districts. These recommendations were compiled into a final recommendation report for the proposed National Youth Employment Policy.
3.46 The report identifies self-employment, local employment and foreign employment as the three avenues available to Nepali youth and provides policy and practical recommendations for the creation and promotion of each, including recognizing the lack of appropriate employment-oriented education. As for self-employment, the report finds that the current business climate is quite unsuitable for entrepreneurs despite the many possibilities. But, although a cross-section of the political youth collaborated on the report, advocacy for the formulation of an Employment Policy has been impeded by the growing discord among the political parties.
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UNDP: Micro-Enterprise Development Programme (MEDEP) 3.47 MEDEP’s objectives are to try and address poverty through the development of micro-enterprises among low-income families following the government’s Ninth Five-Year Plan. The enterprise development model promoted by MEDEP is based on the programme’s approach to inter-link and coordinate local resources, and increase low-income people’s interest in enterprise development and entrepreneurs’ access to local and national markets. MEDEP partners with local governments, state institutions and the private sector to set up a co-ordinated network of services for training recipients and entrepreneurs.
UNHABITAT: Urban Youth Fund3.48 The Fund was adopted under a 2007 resolution and is formally known as the Opportunities Fund for Urban Youth-Led Development. Launched in November 2008 to ‘meaningfully engage and support youth’ in developing countries, one of the main objectives of the Fund, called the Habitat Agenda, is to promote vocational training and credit mechanisms for entrepreneurship and employment. Applicants can receive a grant of either USD 5,000 or USD 25,000 depending on the size and scope of their project. Young men and women aged between 18 and 32 years are eligible to apply for the Fund. Five organizations from Nepal have been beneficiaries of the fund so far. Grant recipients also have the opportunity to participate in trainings project management, financial management, and monitoring and evaluation.
USAID/Nepal: Education for Income Generation (EIG) Program3.49 Identifying that exclusion of disadvantaged youth from relevant education, training and employment opportunities contributes to conflict, the Education for Income Generation Program (2008-2013) was designed to increase access to employment-focused skills training in all the 15 districts of Nepal’s Mid-Western Region. Formally launched in June 2008, the programme consists of four components—literacy, vocational education, agricultural productivity and rural incomes, and scholarships targeted primarily to disadvantaged youth. In terms of accomplishments, 42,835 individuals have been trained to increase agriculture productivity and a further 10,518 in agriculture enterprises. EIG evaluates vocational training graduates three months after graduation and of those evaluated, nearly 7,000 were found to be employed or self-employed with monthly incomes of at least NPR 2,400.
The World Bank: EVENT3.50 The Enhanced Vocational Education and Training (EVENT) Project is being implemented by the Ministry of Education with World Bank financing and technical inputs from the Employment Fund. The project’s main objective is to expand the supply of skilled and employable labour by increasing the access of youths to quality training programmes, and by strengthening the technical and vocational education and training system in Nepal. This project also incorporates socially and historically disadvantaged youth as its primary target group for short-term vocational skills and job placements. EVENT plans to train 10,000 youth during the project
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period (2011-2015). The training providers are expected to place at least 70% of the trainees in gainful employment (wage or self ) after completion of training. The graduates must be employed for at least six months with a minimum monthly income of NPR 3,000 if employed in Nepal, NPR 5,000 if employed in India, and NPR 12,000 if employed overseas.
Economic Security of Women Migrant Workers3.51 The Ministry of Labour and Employment has been collaborating with UN Women since 2009 on Economic Security of Women Migrant Workers. This project is executed and implemented by UNIFEM in partnership with the Nepal Institute of Development Studies (NIDS) and Pourakhi, an organization of returnee and women migrant workers. The goal of the project is to contribute to reducing poverty in Nepal by enhancing the economic security of returnee women migrant workers and their families through the productive investment of remittances. The project has focused on building multiple networks to link returnee women migrant workers with successful entrepreneurs, with Pourakhi and with UNIFEM so that these networks become a source of constant support, guidance and mentoring.
c. Civil Society Initiatives
3.52 The study also examined the engagement of Nepali NGOs with the youth. It was found that these organizations work on a range of issues and concerns pertaining to the youth population of Nepal, with the main ones being advocacy, capacity building, awareness, and research while the major cross-cutting themes included democracy, human rights, health, media, migration, entrepreneurship, peace and representation.
3.53 Considerable overlap was found in the activities of the youth organizations, with the vast majority focusing disproportionately on human rights and democracy. Only a few work on migration issues, fewer on entrepreneurship, and still fewer on the promotion of entrepreneurship among youth migrant returnees. There is also a discernible absence of any organization conducting research on youth migration.
3.54 These organizations can be classified into three different kinds: umbrella bodies, organizations with a focus on youth alone, and organizations with youth as one of their focus areas. (Refer to Annex 1 for a detailed mapping of these organizations, including their background, the major thematic areas they deal with as well as their implementing partner organizations, working areas, funding agencies and ongoing projects.) It should be mentioned that it was beyond the scope of the study to incorporate youth organizations affiliated to political parties.
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ChangeFusion Nepal3.55 ChangeFusion Nepal works mainly on capacity building of young social entrepreneurs. One of its major activities is to organize bazaars and seminars where entrepreneurs display products, services and ideas; network; exchange ideas and learn from customers, clients, seasoned entrepreneurs and other guests. It facilitates the dissemination of funds to young entrepreneurs by announcing a social entrepreneurs’ competition, selecting finalists, training and mentoring them, and finding seed funds to help achieve their business objectives. It also awards the most innovative, successful, effective or promising entrepreneur every year and also organizes an annual Entrepreneurship Bazaar, where young entrepreneurs are provided the opportunity to showcase their products/services.
farkeka Nepali3.56 Started in 2011, farkeka Nepali is perhaps the only organization that works to help qualified Nepalis living abroad wanting to return, network and find jobs in Nepal. Supported by The Asia Foundation, Niti Foundation and Biruwa, it brings together returnees and professional networks of entrepreneurs who could potentially support the former through communication and employment. farkeka Nepali also provides the necessary technical and human resources for networking and job searches.
Entrepreneurs for Nepal3.57 This is a network of more than 5,000 young creative Nepali entrepreneurs in the USA and Canada who have ideas and want to implement them in Nepal. Its programmes and activities are oriented towards building the capacity of youth entrepreneurs by organizing a boot camp for entrepreneurs; organizing interactions and Q&As with successful entrepreneurs and on opportunities and challenges of initiating a successful business in the country; organizing a business plan competition; and hosting a knowledge repository where information and tools for business operations and analyses are provided. However, the organization appears to work solely with migrant communities in the US and Canada only and is Kathmandu-centric in its coverage.
Pourakhi3.58 This organization of returnee women migrant workers was established in 2003 to work for the rights of women migrant workers and to make migration safe and secure. In terms of entrepreneurship, it has established the Srijansil Pourakhi Savings and Credit Cooperative Limited to serve as a bridge between returnees and the potential migrant population; has provided seed money for a few enterprises; conducted a survey and provided training on non-traditional sectors; and prepared members for investment in the non-traditional sector.
Nepal Youth Business Foundation3.59 This is the youth wing of FNCCI and has undertaken various programmes to engage youth entrepreneurs. One such is the Young Entrepreneur’s Summit (YES 2012), which provided
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a networking venue to budding entrepreneurs as well as an opportunity to learn from the experiences of the more established entrepreneurs through issue-based forums. In addition to the Summit, the NYBF is also engaged in linking new entrepreneurs with established individuals in their related line of business/service.
Biruwa Ventures 3.60 Biruwa Ventures is a business incubation project which provides office space and other start-up services at minimal cost to aspiring entrepreneurs, helping them realize their ideas. Additionally, it also connects entrepreneurs with avenues for funding and provides other essential services required by businesses. Biruwa hopes to become a one-stop centre through which a business becomes fully established. It has also recently launched the Udhyami Seed Capital Challenge with the primary objective of providing funding to entrepreneurs who do not have access to traditional sources of financing (family, banks, etc). Three individual entrepreneurs or teams will be chosen in the first year of the competition and provided with funding (up to NPR 500,000) apart from exposure to a network of potential investors and financial institutions. A three month-long mentoring period is also built in for those selected besides being provided with services such as office space, market research services, financial consulting services, creative services, and public relations assistance for up to a year.
Samriddhi, The Prosperity Foundation3.61 Samriddhi works on promoting economic freedom through education and training, research and publications, and public outreach and advocacy. It organizes monthly discussions with successful entrepreneurs in addition to workshops that promote entrepreneurship among youth. One of its features is a club to help students learn about entrepreneurship through sharing of ideas, discussions with successful entrepreneurs, and screening of documentaries.Besides these initiatives, YUWA and Youth Action organize their own versions of the annual entrepreneurship bazaar.
d. Discussion and Conclusions
3.62 The government began to recognize the youth as a major demographic group after the end of the 10-year-long Maoist insurgency and began established policies and programmes targeted at them. The creation of the MoYS and the subsequent adoption of the National Youth Policy in 2010 along with the launching of the YSESEF have all laid the foundation for actively engaging the youth. But as the MoYS is still in its infancy, there have been significant delays in the implementation of the Youth Policy such as the formation of Youth Councils. Important financing mechanisms, such as the YSESEF, have also been affected by multiple setbacks during implementation. The 2006 Labour and Employment Policy does recognize the youth as a priority
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group and makes the connection with self-employment, but the youth are yet to be recognized by other key policies and sectors pertaining to agriculture, housing, health and tourism.
3.63 There are efforts by the government to train the youth in a variety of vocational and entrepreneurship skills but the number of individuals benefitting from such trainings is very small. The trainings do not always reflect need, and often fail to add value to workers competing in the ever-changing national and international markets. The existing trainings and attempts to improve access to finance, such as YSESEF, are stand-alone efforts and not linked to the provision of complementary business services. The government has also done little to address the unwillingness of private financial institutions to make available collateral-free or minimum-collateral loans to enterprising youth.
3.64 Most of the existing international initiatives focus on promoting youth employment rather than nurturing youth entrepreneurship while the vast majority of Nepali organizations working with youth have a disproportionately high focus on human rights and democracy. Even those that work on strengthening youth capacity do so to increase their political advocacy skills, not their skills development and/or advocacy for improved employment opportunities for youth.
3.65 The organizations that deal with migration have limited their efforts to safer migration only while the focus of government policies and programmes is primarily on outgoing migrant workers, not on returning ones. The Foreign Employment Promotion Board does have the mandate to support migrant returnees and ensure the country gains from the skills they bring back, but it has not taken any steps so far to ensure this.
3.66 The Ministry of Labour and Employment collects a lot of useful migration-related data such as the number of people migrating overseas, destination countries, educational background of migrant workers, sectors of employment, etc. But it has no such information on returnees.
3.67 There is a discernible absence of organizations, however, that could provide direct assistance to would-be youth migrant workers or link them with institutions that provide skills development training. Sending better-trained workers would not only increase the likelihood of their earning higher incomes, remitting more, acquiring better skills and contributing more to the national economy, but also producing returnees whose skills are specialized and reflective of international markets.
3.68 Finally, there is no system in place to help migrant returnees reintegrate back into the economy upon their return to Nepal either by way of providing information to develop enterprises or matching their skills with employment opportunities. This is particularly striking since migrants will have been out of touch with the ground situation for years and it is only through proactive action that they can be enticed to stay back and utilize their skills in the country or set up enterprises with their earnings.
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Section 4 summarizes the key findings from the survey (Section 2) and the overview of existing youth-related policies and initiatives in Nepal (Section 3). It also offers some practical recommendations based on the research findings, global experiences, and subsequent consultations with key stakeholders working on youth-related issues in the country.
a. Key Findings from the Survey
4.1. The key findings of the study can be grouped into the three categories dealing with: skills, remittances or funds returnees bring back, and entrepreneurship.
Skills: n Education does not necessarily help migrant workers secure good jobs overseas. A high
proportion of respondents who had completed SLC and/or Intermediate (Class XII) were working as semi-skilled and unskilled workers.
n Most migrant workers had not received any training prior to migrating overseas. Even those who had received training admitted that their trainings were not for migration purposes and/or their employers did not recognize the certificates they earned upon the completion of their trainings. Employers in Qatar were most likely to recognize such certificates while those in Malaysia were least likely to do so.
n The majority of respondents felt they had not acquired any skills while working overseas. The 10% who said that they had acquired business skills were mostly concentrated in Dubai. But even among those who had acquired skills, what they learnt were too technical, specialized and not applicable in Nepal.
n Almost half (44%)of those surveyed had either invested in or were thinking of investing in business (new or existing). But entrepreneurship seemed to be a compulsion rather than prospect of seizing opportunities in the country and/or using the skills they had learnt overseas.
n The majority of respondents who had/were thinking of investing in a business did not think that the skills they had acquired while working overseas were relevant.
Remittances: n Remittances from non-India destinations relied mainly on formal mechanisms of money
transfer.
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n Respondents were remitting the majority of their income: 80% spent ‘less than half’ or ‘very little’ in living expenses and remitted the remaining. The average remittance was NPR 60,000 every three to six months.
n The widely held view that remittances and the money migrant workers bring back are spent on conspicuous consumption is questionable. Remittances were being spent on meeting daily expenses, repayment of loans taken to migrate, and for education. The majority of respondents chose to remit rather than to bring the money back with them. Any money brought back was also spent in daily expenses and education as well as house repairs/construction. Investing in existing businesses and/or starting a new business was not a priority.
n Remittance is a very important source of livelihood for most respondents, with 74.5% of the respondents saying that remittance was an ‘important’ source of livelihood rather than the ‘most important’ or ‘only source of income’ in their households.
n There was marked difference between returnees in India and those from the remaining top four destinations (Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Malaysia). Although India returnees spent more money on living expenses (half ), remitted less frequently, remittance still constituted the ‘most important source of household livelihood’.
Entrepreneurship: n Respondents engaged in entrepreneurship or planning to be entrepreneurs constituted
40% of the total sample, with the majority among them being those who had decided against re-migrating.
n Returnees were primarily interested in finding a job rather than becoming entrepreneurs, with entrepreneurship seen as a necessity than an opportunity to make use of skills acquired overseas.
n Lack of access to business information, credit, trainings, technical support and organization linking skills with prospects were seen as major hindrances to entrepreneurship development.
n Respondents felt access to information should be linked to business prospects and help migrant returnees use their earnings productively. Access to credit would serve as an additional source of funding to start a business, help implement business ideas, and provide space to take risks. Trainings have to cater to two divergent interests among migrant returnees – teaching new skills, and helping returnees apply the skills they learnt overseas. Technical support needs to be focused on making available state-of-the-art technology, either at a group or individual level. The role of the organization should be to provide employment opportunities and salaries commensurate with skills; focus on serving returnees; link demand with supply; and promote collective action among returnees.
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b. Key Findings from the Stocktaking of Programmes and Policies in Nepal
n The government began to recognize the youth as a major demographic group after the end of the 10-year-long Maoist insurgency and began establishing policies and programmes targeted at them, such as the MoYS and the subsequent adoption of the National Youth Policy in 2010 along with the launching of the YSESEF, which have all laid the foundation for actively engaging the youth. But these programmes and policies are still in there infancy.
n The government trains youth in a variety of vocational and entrepreneurship skills but the number of individuals benefitting from such trainings is very small and offerings do not always reflect need, and often fail to add value to workers competing in the ever-changing national and international markets.
n Existing international initiatives focus on promoting youth employment and not on nurturing youth entrepreneurship.
n The vast majority of Nepali organizations working with youth have a disproportionately high focus on human rights and democracy.
n The organizations that deal with migration have limited their efforts to safer migration only while the focus of government policies and programmes is primarily on outgoing migrant workers, not on returning ones. For its part, the Ministry of Labour and Employment collects data on number of people migrating overseas, destination countries, educational background of migrant workers, sectors of employment, etc, but no information on returnees.
n Programmes providing direct assistance to would-be youth migrant workers or link them with institutions that provide skills development training are lacking. Similarly, no systems are in place to help migrant returnees reintegrate back into the economy upon their return to Nepal either by way of providing information to develop enterprises or matching their skills with employment opportunities..
c. Recommendations
4.2 To better re-address the youth policies and effectively target related programmes vis-à-vis current dynamics of migration amongst youth in search for employment opportunities, the government needs to redefine the meaning of ‘youth’. This study shows that Nepal current definition of youth (people 16-40 years old) encompasses a much broader spectrum of education and employment experience/expectation, which equally require multiple policies and initiatives beyond the scope of a Ministry of Youth and existing youth policies and programmes.
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4.3 While the promotion of youth entrepreneurship in countries experiencing high levels of youth migration has shown to be a critical component for keeping people from re-migrating, a complementary in-depth analysis of the investment climate to promote entrepreneurship in Nepal is highly recommended.
4.4 In the short term, with regard to the current situation faced by youth migrants in Nepal, based on the research findings, global experiences, and subsequent consultations with key stakeholders working on youth-related issues, some practical recommendations are offered to nurture and engage youth migrant returnees, and the youth in general, in entrepreneurial activities in Nepal.
n Create a database of migrant returnees. Youth organizations and FNCCI could advise the Ministry of Labour and Employment on the creation of a database of returnee migrant workers containing information such as available skills, place of residence, etc, apart from collecting information on migrants leaving the country for overseas employment. This information could be linked with the government’s Employment Information Centres and be accessible to other government departments, NGOs, donors, the private sector and relevant organizations working towards capitalizing on the skills and finances that migrant returnees bring back.
n Foster information and support systems in both Nepal and destination countries. The Government can work alongside Nepali embassies abroad, migrant networks and NGOs in destination countries while youth organizations could partner with the private sector and other NGOs in Nepal to provide migrant workers with information on potential investment opportunities, assistance in mobilizing savings, and accessing credit. The lacklustre response to the government-issued ‘diaspora bond’ points to the extent of ignorance among migrants about investment possibilities in the home country. 24
n Upgrade existing training centres operated by the Government, youth organizations, CCIs and NGOs, and link them with placement opportunities. Their operations also need to be expanded for wider coverage and training needs to be provided in a broader range of skills that follow the needs of the labour market. These centres should capitalize on existing markets while also creating new ones if need be. They could equip workers with overseas employment but at the same time foster entrepreneurship within the country by harnessing the skills of the migrant returnees either to set up businesses or to train more people in those skills. The training centres could provide orientation in entrepreneurship as well in collaboration with the private sector.
24 Rs 4.5 million worth of bonds were sold in 2010 against a target of Rs 7 billion; and Rs 3.38 million in 2011 against a target Rs 5 billion.
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n Establish an organization to provide one-stop service to young entrepreneurs. This has the potential to be highly effective if it could be structurally integrated with loans to entrepreneurs, and replicated in other districts throughout the country with help from bodies such as the FNCCI. In addition to linking potential entrepreneurs to finance, the organization could also disseminate information about the existing administrative, legal and regulatory environment for business start-ups. This one-stop service centre, which has to be decentralized as well, can thus work towards changing current perceptions of most returnee migrants and budding entrepreneurs in general, who look askance at the existing framework for starting a business. Such an organization can also arrange for mentoring by experienced entrepreneurs, business leaders and professionals as well as address issues of lack of infrastructure such as affordable and well-located workspace, ICT and other equipment. The Commonwealth Secretariat’s ‘CYPTEC on wheels’ could serve as a replicable concept to provide information, business skills training and guidance to aspiring entrepreneurs. The organization could also help migrant returnees find employment or begin an enterprise by collecting relevant information on migrant returnees and their skills, carrying out market surveys, disseminating information about training, finance and other support services that are already available. Sharing information about the different kinds of skills migrants come back with can also help young entrepreneurs seeking new opportunities to invest.
n Organize regular networking events. Keeping in mind that networking is key to the success of any business, youth organizations can partner with private firms to organize regular networking events. Similarly, the Government of Nepal can partner with organizations such as NYBF, the youth wing of the FNCCI, for the same purpose. These events could range from speaker series meetings, business roundtables and other discussions, mentor-matching programmes, and on-site field trips to companies, ultimately helping young entrepreneurs connect with more established entrepreneurs and support organizations.
n Diversify access to funds. The Government can provide tax incentives to businesses with low capital start-ups for a given period until they are properly established. Such tax breaks may help turn these businesses into tax-payers in the long term because they enter the system as beneficiaries of the tax incentive system. It can also ease access to loans by providing better linkages to the formal banking sector and credit agencies and by negotiating with the private sector to accept non-traditional forms of collateral, such as offering project-based loans, and other services. There are a few limited programmes that are already providing financing along these terms but these have to scaled up if they are to have any meaningful impact on youth
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entrepreneurship.25 Organizations already involved in helping the youth set up businesses could be encouraged to work with each other for sustainable solutions and wider reach.
n Stricter eligibility criteria for entrepreneurial loans. In order to assess the viability of business plans as well as commitment and responsibility towards their businesses and local communities a strict vetting process has to be in place for those seeking loans as entrepreneurs. Meeting all the applicants individually may not be possible because of the large number of applicants likely, but group interviews can be conducted and, where feasible, group applications can also be encouraged. And, instead of providing all stages of trainings to all applicants, they can be screened at various stages through a review of their business ideas. Special priority, however, can be given to youth from geographically disadvantaged locations and communities who have historically been denied access to opportunities. This could be complemented with better mentoring and support services throughout the business start-up period.
n Integrate youth self-employment and entrepreneurship in key government programmes. There are a number of government policies and programmes focused on employment and poverty reduction, and a youth component should also be added to them. Further, entrepreneurship should not be viewed in isolation from the creation of employment, and the complementarity between the two should be recognized to bring in entrepreneurship in any discussion on employment.
25 For instance, the Clean Energy Development Bank provides collateral-free loans of up to Rs 300,000 to women and up to Rs 200,000 under its scheme, the Young Entrepreneurs’ Loan.
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S62 Bibliography
Acharya, Meena et al (2008) Caste, Ethnic and Gender Dimensions of Nepal’s Population: A Statistical Analysis, 1991-2001. Kathmandu: Tanka Prasad Acharya Memorial Foundation, Department for International Development and The World Bank.
Aguniasm, D.R. (2006) ‘From Zero-Sum to a Win-Win Scenario? Literature Review on Circular Migration’, Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC.
Ahlburg, D.A. and R.P.C. Brown (1998) ‘Migrants’ Intentions to Return Home and Capital Transfers: A Study of Tongans and Samoans in Australia’, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 125-1551.
Black, R., R. King and R. Tiemoko (2003) ‘Migration, Return and Small Enterprise Development in Ghana: A Route out of Poverty?’, Sussex Migration Working Paper No. 9, Sussex Centre for Migration Research.
Central Bureau of Statistics (2011) Nepal Living Standards Survey 2010/11, Vol II. Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics.
Commonwealth Secretariat, Commonwealth Youth Credit Initiative, http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/152929/152933/152934/152935/commonwealth_youth_credit_initiative [Accessed October 2012].
Commonwealth Secretariat, CYPTEC on Wheels, http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/152929/152933/152934/154184/cyptec_on_wheels
Fundacion Impulsar, http://www.fundacionimpulsar.org.ar/ [Accessed August 2012]Government of Nepal (2010) National Youth Policy 2010, http://www.moys.gov.np/uploads/moys%20
doc/7National%20youth%20policy.pdf [Accessed May 2012].Government of Nepal (2012) Immediate Action Plan on Economic Development and Prosperity, http://mof.
gov.np/files/Files/Action_Plan%20_2012_1335435540cW1W.pdf [Accessed November 2012].Government of Nepal, Employment Information Centre, http://www.doleic.gov.np [Accessed October 2012]Gurung, P. (2010) ‘Budget 2067 and the Youth of Nepal’, My Republica, 24November 2010, http://archives.
myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=25527&show_comments=tru%20e’ [Accessed October 2012].
Humagain, B. (2010) A Second Chance in Life: Nepal’s Youth Receive a Timely Help, 7 December, 2010, www.includenepal.org/newsletter-32-a+second+chance+in+life+nepals+youth+receive+a+timely+help [Accessed 11 September, 2012].
International Fund for Agricultural Development, Support to Migrants’ Entrepreneurship (SME): Innovative Facilities to Support Migrant Economic Initiatives in the Countries of Origin, http://www.ifad.org/remittances/projects/central/romania.htm [Accessed May 2012].
International Fund for Agricultural Development, Pilot Program on Entrepreneurial Leadership Aimed at Transnational Family Networks, http://www.ifad.org/remittances/projects/lac/peru.htm [Accessed May 2012].
Kapur, D. and J. McHale (2005) Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World. Washington DC: Center for Global Development, Brookings Institution Press.
Lewis, K. and Massey, C. (2003) ‘Youth Entrepreneurship and Government Policy’, http://sme-centre.massey.ac.nz/files/ICSB_03_Lewis.pdf [Accessed May 2012].
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McCormick, B. and J. Wahba (2004) ‘Return International Migration and Geographical Inequality: The Case of Egypt’, Research Paper No. 2004/7 World Institute For Development Economics Research.
Ministry of Finance (2012) ‘Immediate Action Plan on Economic Development and Prosperity’, http://mof.gov.np/files/Files/Action_Plan%20_2012_1335435540cW1W.pdf [Accessed 12 November, 2012].
Murphy, R. (2000) ‘Return Migration, Entrepreneurship and Local State Corporatism in Rural China: The Experience of Two Counties in South Jiangxi’, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.9, No.24, pp. 231-247.
Nair, P.R.G. (1999) ‘Return of Overseas Contract Workers and Their Rehabilitation and Development in Kerala (India): A Critical Account of Policies, Performance and Prospects’, International Migration, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 210-242.
Schoof, U. (2006) ‘Stimulating Youth Entrepreneurship: Barriers and Incentives to Enterprise Start-ups by Young People’, SEED Working Paper No.76, International Labor Organization, Geneva.
Siddiqui, T. and C.R. Abrar (2002) Contribution of Returnees: An Analytical Survey of Post Return Experience, International Organization for Migration, Regional Office for South Asia, Dhaka.
World Bank (2010) ‘Nepal Migration Survey 2009’. Kathmandu: World Bank.Zweig, D. (2005) ‘Learning to Compete: China’s Strategies to Create a ‘Reverse Brain Drain’. Working Paper
No. 2, Hong Kong: Center on China’s Transnational Relations.
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S64 Stimulating Entrepreneurship among Youth:
Global Experiences
Annex 1 examines some of the major challenges and opportunities that youth in general, and youth migrant returnees in particular, face in developing successful enterprises in their home countries. It focuses specifically on the related issues of ‘access to finance’ and ‘business and skills development’ as the two critical areas in which many youth lag, and discusses ways in which these may be addressed in Nepal, based on global experience.
a. Access to Finance
A1.1 The ILO study on entrepreneurship among youth points out that, across the developed and developing world, young people are over-represented in low-growth areas (such as the service and informal sectors) and in the micro-business category (owned and operated by a single person).26 These enterprises are also in the early stages of growth, and have limited tangible assets and low profit margins. Consequently, failure to access adequate start-up finance is one of the most prominent impediments facing aspiring young entrepreneurs. In particular, these obstacles manifest as follows:
i) Lack of credit history and insufficient collateral or guarantees makes young people seem risky. As the findings demonstrate, because the majority of young people in Nepal have had to take out loans to migrate overseas for employment, it makes it even more difficult for them to get further loans without first re-paying what is already outstanding. Also, accessing funds through banks and formal institutions often requires previous business experience, which returnees generally lack.
ii) Access to funds requiring little or no collateral is either limited in supply and/or tend to charge very high interest rates.27
iii) Complex documentation procedures deter aspiring young entrepreneurs. According to the World Bank’s ‘Doing Business Survey’, such processes and procedures in Nepal are one of the most cumbersome in the world.
A1.2 The ILO recommends eight main actions to enhance young entrepreneurs’ access to finance. These are discussed below, and, where available, successful initiatives are pro-vided as illustrative examples.
Annex 1
26 Schoof 2006 27 The Youth Self-Employment and Small Enterprise Fund (YSESEF) is meant to address this gap in Nepal but the programme has yet to
take off meaningfully.
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i) Provide grants to help aspiring returnees secure their livelihood during the time required to establish and stabilize their businesses. Grants-based schemes must have strict eligibility criteria, terms and selection procedures in order to effectively address the problem of lack of access to finance, and to avoid being used merely to temporarily relieve people who have been rejected by conventional forms of finance. Such terms could include approved business plans, additional funding sources, etc.
ii) Cash-based awards to successful or promising entrepreneurs by private companies or NGOs can be an effective way of helping potential entrepreneurs secure part of the funding and improve their chances of accessing other sources of funds.
iii) Provide loans with little or no collateral requirements, and no or low interest rates, but with strict eligibility criteria in the form of a viable business plan, adequate commitment and responsibility, and reasonable equity participation (see Box 1).
Box 1: Innovative Loans: Fundación Impulsar, Argentina28
Fundación Impulsar was established in Argentina in 1999 to help entrepreneurial-minded young people between 18 and 35 years of age with a good idea for a business. It focuses particularly on youth from economically disadvantaged backgrounds (i.e., those who would not be able to find funding elsewhere). Fundación Impulsar advertizes its services in the media, and then interviews applicants who are then required to discuss their ideas. If their business idea seems viable, Fundación Impulsar enrolls potential entrepreneurs in a course to help them write a business plan. If the plan looks feasible and sustainable, they sign a contract for the funding and mentoring to begin. Funding is in the form of a loan of up to USD 5,000 and is typically repaid in three years.
Since its establishment in the city of Salta, eight other branches of Fundación Impulsar have been established throughout the country. To date, it has helped over 1,000 people start businesses in Argentina, of whom 70% are still in business after three years. On an average, each business now employs 2.5 people. Loans have been approved for a wide variety of businesses such as cycle tourism, kindergarten and furniture factory.
iv) Provide loans through micro-credit programmes in a manner that treat youth as clients, and not merely as programme beneficiaries; adopt a customer-based, and not a client-based, approach; adopt new and innovative ‘collateral’ (such as business plans, education and residence status); emphasize livelihood viability through enterprise; de-politicize micro-credit schemes; and strengthen financial systems managements (see Box 2).
Box 2: Microloans: Commonwealth Youth Credit Initiative29
The Commonwealth Youth Credit Initiative provides employment opportunities to disadvantaged youth through training and provision of micro-credit. Disadvantaged young women and men trained in financial and enterprise management are approved for credit to establish successful businesses. The Initiative also invests in increasing the knowledge of young people and youth-related organizations in the operation and management of credit programmes. The Initiative was started as a pilot in Ahmedabad, India, in 1999. It became self-sustainable after three years and has since targeted 2,500 young people with training and small loans.
28 See http://www.ilo.org/youthmakingithappen/PDF/2a_Argentina_Fundacion-impulsar_26Nov07.pd; Schoof 2006
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v) Provide loan guarantee schemes complemented by stringent enforcement of basic eligibility requirements such as the ability to repay from cash flow, some business management experience, and owners’ equity contribution.
vi) Offer options for strengthening equity finance possibilities through tax incentives or general reduction of costs for the ‘love money’ that most youth start businesses with; networks or groups providing access to start-up capital for youth entrepreneurs as well as valuable management advice and important contacts reciprocated with high returns on investments; risk venture capital for highly innovative start-ups with large growth potential; and business incubators offering a range of resources and services.
vii) Improve the administrative and regulatory environment for start-up finance by providing one-stop services to young entrepreneurs. Tax relief or incentives can be used as a means to enhance personal savings and assets to strengthen young entrepreneurs’ capacity for self-financing business.
viii) Provide advisory, counselling and mentoring support in the preparation of business plans.
b.Business and Skills Development
A1.3 Business assistance and support in the early phases are equally critical for creating a successful and self-sustaining business. Some of the major constraints faced by young aspiring entrepreneurs are:
i) Lack of business contacts with suppliers, suitable partners and networks. Young people with no business experience also cannot fall back on an established supplier network or former customer base.
ii) Lack of knowledge of available business services. One of the major findings of the situational assessment was that migrant returnees lack information about the business support services that are available to them.
iii) Lack of business training and advice tailor-made for young start-ups. A number of governmental and international organizations offer vocational trainings to youth in Nepal. But these training programmes do not always reflect needs and often fail to add value to workers competing in the changing international and national market. They are also steeped in gender stereotypes that perpetuate the view that women’s skills are confined to certain low-return and saturated markets. Training offered by international organizations tends to be focused on employment creation rather than on entrepreneurship development.
29 See thecommonwealth.org/Internal/152929/152933/152934/152935/commonwealth_youth_credit_initiative
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iv) Lack of trained personnel and support services.
v) Lack of mentoring by experienced entrepreneurs, business leaders and business professionals. A few youth organizations offer mentoring support to aspiring youth entrepreneurs in Nepal, but they have limited reach outside of Kathmandu Valley.
vi) Lack of infrastructure such as affordable and well-located workspace, ICT and other equipment.
vii) Lack of forums, exchange networks to communicate and exchange experiences and ideas with other entrepreneurs (see Box 3).
Box 3: Migrant Entrepreneurship in China30
In south Jiangxi, China, the vast majority of migrants who returned home to set up businesses replicated the urban enterprises in which they had worked, making direct use of skills, contacts, market information and the capital they had gained. Returnee entrepreneurs were better educated than non-migrants, and, hence, more likely to take advantage of opportunities offered by urban labour markets in terms of having acquired greater skills and better access to information. They also have higher personal aspirations. One of the primary motivations for such entrepreneurs to return home is the favourable policies adopted by the Chinese government to encourage farmers with migrant work experience to return to the countryside to organize the poor in the creation of industries.
Specific measures to encourage returnee migrant entrepreneurship included preferential policies in the form of temporary tax reductions; a six-month grace period before having to register the business; and assistance with access to land, factory space, credit, raw materials, water and electricity; public expression of support to migrant returnee workers; a campaign aimed at recommending avenues for investment and development and for local people to seek advice on business practices in more prosperous areas and regions; direct contact with locally identified ‘successful’ migrants to encourage investment and projects; and the training of migrants so that they can contribute to the accumulation of human capital upon their return (these ranged from night schools that offer basic numeracy and literacy classes to vocational training in car repairs and electronics).
Returnees also lobby for change by cooperating with the local province in the development of towns; promote reform locally and in collective sectors by enlisting former migrants with the technical skills and management experience as managers and consultants in government enterprises requiring reform; lobby for tax concessions, mortgages and loans guaranteed by local governments; and help to expand marketing and information linkages beyond the confines of the state to help rural residents respond to market signals.
A1.4 Some of the steps that can be taken to improve business support and assistance for young people are:
i) On-the-job training and workshops on pertinent start-up issues offered by agencies and NGOs that work to support new enterprises. Government, NGOs and trade associations can offer formal mentoring programmes that also monitor and evaluate the relationship between mentee and mentor (see Box 4).
30 Murphy 2000, pp. 231-247
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Box 4: Business Development Services through Mentorship: SAYES, Australia31
The South Australian Young Entrepreneur Scheme (SAYES) project, an initiative of Business SA, provides its services to young South Australians aged 18 to 30 who are willing to make self-employment a viable and worthwhile option. The assistance helps young people fine-tune their business ideas and obtain important first-hand information from successful South Australian business people who volunteer their time as mentors to the scheme. Successful applicants are provided assistance for an agreed period for one or more of the following: mentoring, business plan development, financial guidance, legal advice, business/industry referrals, networking, training, seminars, incubator referral, media exposure, and business loans.
ii) Use of modern information technology and internet to provide business skills training as well as guidance and counselling services (see Box 5)
Box 5: Use of ICT for Training and Guidance: CYPTEC, Commonwealth Secretariat32
The Commonwealth Youth Partnership Technology Empowerment Centre (CYPTEC), a component of the Youth Enterprise and Sustainable Livelihood Programme, provides education and training on information and communication technology (ICT) to the youth. A component of the programme is ‘CYPTEC on Wheels’, whereby mobile vans fitted with computers move from region to region, bringing awareness among disadvantaged sections of society, bridging the digital divide between rural and urban populations and helping young people get basic ICT skills in an effort to enhance unemployed youth’s self-employment prospects.
iii) Formation of ‘mini-incubators’ in order to stimulate business creation inexpensively through innovations such as shared workspace, ICT infrastructure, small financial subsidies, media promotion, etc.
iv) Empower youth chambers of commerce, trade associations and youth entrepreneurs’ club to connect young entrepreneurs with more established entrepreneurs and support organizations. Such organizations can also represent the interests of youth entrepreneurs and lobby with the government and commercial banks (see Box 6).
Box 6: Commonwealth Asia Forum of Junior Chambers33
One of the outcomes of the Asia Regional Consultation on Youth Chambers of Commerce, jointly organized by the Commonwealth Youth Programme Asia Centre and National Youth Council, Singapore, was the institution of the Commonwealth Asia Forum of Junior Chambers (C7-JC). The C7-JC aims to enhance regional co-operation among young people and promote, facilitate and develop enterprises, entrepreneurship, business skills, values, ethics, mentorship and leadership.
31 http://business-sa.com/sa-young-entrepreneur-scheme; Schoof 200632 www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/152929/152933/152934/154184/cyptec_on_wheels/
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c. Youth Entrepreneurship Promotion
A1.5 While efforts to strengthen entrepreneurship among youth migrant returnees can draw lessons from youth entrepreneurship promotion in general, an International Organization for Migration (IOM) study on migrant returnees and entrepreneurship in Bangladesh suggests that policies and concrete plans of action need to be formulated both in the destination as well as in the home country. In the country of employment, migrant workers need to have access to information on potential investment opportunities, loans and banking facilities. Additional assistance in mobilizing their savings can also be provided by NGOs and relevant organizations.
A1.6 Once migrant workers return home, a database of the returnees should be created. This database can provide information such as background, available skills and available centres/work placement and can help in creating linkages to the formal banking sector and credit agencies for loans and other services. Training institutes can also be set up or upgraded to not only equip workers for overseas employment, but also to harness the skills of the returnees.34
A1.7 Box 7 below provides examples of self-employment as a viable livelihood strategy for migrant returnees, incentives to invest in their countries of origin being fostered even for temporary migrant returnees and the role of the government and migrant associations in policy reform.
Box 7: Entrepreneurship among Migrant Returnees: The Experience from Romania and Peru35
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is working with Veneto Lavoro, a regional government agency in Romania, to assist in the creation of innovative facilities to support migrant economic initiatives in Romania. The major target groups for the grant are would-be entrepreneurs within migrant communities, migrant associations in the Veneto region of Italy (the main labour-receiving region), and remittance-receiving rural communities in Romania. The project focuses on the creation of a fund for migrants to be made available to organizations, associations of migrants, or individuals with a business idea, which is presented in the form of a business proposal for risk analysis. The project is also opening a ‘one-stop desk’ for migrants, providing information/action plans for the submission of entrepreneurial projects and encouraging partnership.
Under the ‘Pilot Programme on Entrepreneurial Leadership aimed at Transnational Migrant Family Networks’, IFAD is working with the Government of Junin, Peru; a regional institute; and five migrant organizations of Peruvian migrants in Italy, Spain, the United States and Japan. The goal of the project is to strengthen links between migrant organizations, their families and their communities of origin in order to support the productive investment of remittances. Five priority districts are receiving training on how to develop a business plan with descriptions of business initiatives, location, market and target customers. The project is also working alongside the National Society of Industries to coordinate the participation of transnational families in the programme.
34 Siddiqui et al 200235 http://www.ifad.org/remittances/projects/central/romania.htm and http://www.ifad.org/remittances/projects/lac/peru.htm
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alJa
n 20
11 –
A
pril
2012
Foun
datio
n O
pen
Soci
ety
Inst
itute
(FO
SI)
Yout
h
Actio
n Fu
nd
(YA
F)
Chan
ge-
Fusi
on
Nep
al
Acts
as
an a
dvis
ory
body
to C
hang
e Fu
sion
Nep
al
whi
ch a
dmin
iste
rs fu
nds
to p
roje
cts
by in
nova
tive
yout
h to
take
up
loca
l lev
el a
ctiv
ism
and
gen
erat
e pu
blic
acc
ount
abili
ty in
thei
r res
pect
ive
regi
ons
thro
ugh
indi
vidu
al o
r gro
up a
war
ds o
f up
to
$100
0 an
d to
revi
ew a
nd s
elec
t the
gra
ntee
s.
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/En
trep
rene
ursh
ipA
ll di
stric
ts
of N
epal
July
201
1-
Apr
il 20
12Fo
unda
tion
Ope
n So
ciet
y In
stitu
te (F
OSI
)
Him
Ri
ghts
Acte
d as
an
advi
sory
bod
y to
Him
Righ
ts fo
r the
ad
min
iste
ring
of th
e Yo
uth
Actio
n Fu
nd
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Entr
epre
neur
ship
All
dist
ricts
of
Nep
al20
08-2
011
Foun
datio
n O
pen
Soci
ety
Inst
itute
(FO
SI)
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S71
2. A
ssoc
iati
on o
f You
th O
rgan
izat
ions
in N
epal
(AYO
N)
Ass
ocia
tion
of Y
outh
Org
aniz
atio
ns N
epal
(AYO
N) w
as e
stab
lishe
d in
200
5 an
d is
now
a n
atio
nal n
etw
ork
of 8
6 yo
uth-
led
Nep
ales
e or
gani
zatio
ns. I
ts
aim
is to
brin
g yo
uth
orga
niza
tions
toge
ther
to p
rovi
de a
com
mon
pla
tfor
m fo
r col
labo
ratio
n, c
oope
ratio
n, jo
int a
ctio
ns a
nd c
olle
ctiv
e en
deav
ours
. Ad
ditio
nally
, AYO
N w
orks
to b
ring
toge
ther
gov
ernm
ent,
non-
gov
ernm
ent,
busi
ness
inst
itutio
ns, c
ivil
soci
ety,
and
you
ng p
eopl
e fo
r col
labo
rativ
e ac
tions
for y
outh
pro
gram
me
and
polic
ies.[
ww
w.a
yon.
org]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Capa
city
bu
ildin
g of
yo
uth
(mem
ber)
or
gani
zatio
ns
Yout
h m
embe
r or
gani
zatio
nsO
rgan
izin
g re
gula
r tra
inin
gs to
enh
ance
repo
rt-
writ
ing,
pro
posa
l-writ
ing
and
com
mun
icat
ion
skill
s of
th
e st
aff fr
om m
embe
r org
aniz
atio
ns
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gO
ngoi
ngU
NFP
A
Org
aniz
ed a
n ac
tivis
m a
nd c
ampa
igni
ng fo
cuse
d AY
ON
Sch
ool o
f You
th
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gFe
b 20
12
- Aug
20
12
UN
ESCO
Ko
rea
Polic
y le
vel
advo
cacy
Cent
ral B
urea
u of
Sta
tistic
sLo
bbyi
ng fo
r dis
aggr
egat
ed d
ata
in th
e 20
11 C
ensu
s th
roug
h ‘Y
outh
Par
ticip
atio
n in
Cen
sus’
Advo
cacy
Ong
oing
Advo
catin
g fo
r effi
cien
t, tr
ansp
aren
t and
incl
usiv
e bu
dget
with
in g
over
nmen
t str
uctu
res
that
is
resp
onsi
ve to
you
th
Advo
cacy
2009
- pr
esen
tU
NFP
A
LGCD
PCo
nduc
ted
an a
sses
smen
t of y
outh
par
ticip
atio
n at
lo
cal l
evel
thro
ugh
the
gove
rnm
ent i
nitia
ted
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t & C
omm
unity
Dev
elop
men
t Pro
gram
me
(LG
CDP)
Rese
arch
2011
UN
FPA
Briti
sh C
ounc
ilCo
nduc
ted
rese
arch
on
yout
h in
the
cont
exts
of
empl
oym
ent a
nd c
onfli
ct w
ith B
ritis
h Co
unci
l who
se
publ
ishe
d re
port
is e
ntitl
ed ‘Y
outh
Sur
vey
of N
epal
’.
Rese
arch
2010
Briti
sh
Coun
cil
Nat
iona
l Pl
anni
ng
Com
mis
sion
, an
d M
inis
try
of Y
outh
and
Sp
orts
Invo
lved
in th
e fie
ld-w
ork
com
pone
nt o
f the
rese
arch
on
‘Ass
essm
ent o
f Sta
tus
of Y
outh
in N
epal
201
0’
Rese
arch
Rolp
a,
Kath
man
du,
Sira
ha a
nd
Bajh
ang
2009
Save
the
Child
ren
Advo
cate
d fo
r the
est
ablis
hmen
t of a
sep
arat
e Yo
uth
Min
istr
yAd
voca
cy20
05 –
20
08
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S72
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Nat
iona
l Pl
anni
ng
Com
mis
sion
Lobb
ied
for a
sep
arat
e Yo
uth
Chap
ter i
n In
terim
Pla
nAd
voca
cy
Yout
h re
pres
enta
tion/
pa
rtic
ipat
ion
Min
istr
y of
Yo
uth
and
Spor
ts
Repr
esen
ting
the
yout
h of
Nep
al a
t diff
eren
t pl
atfo
rms
e.g.
thro
ugh
part
icip
atio
n in
Asi
an Y
outh
Fo
rum
s in
the
abse
nce
of a
You
th C
ounc
il in
Nep
al.
Repr
esen
tatio
nO
ngoi
ng
20 m
embe
r or
gani
zatio
nsCo
nduc
ted
cam
paig
n on
‘You
th V
oice
s: G
rass
root
s to
Con
stitu
ent A
ssem
bly’
whi
ch a
imed
to re
ach
mor
e th
an 1
0,00
0 an
d en
gage
them
in c
onst
itutio
n-
build
ing
proc
ess
of N
epal
. The
key
feat
ure
of th
is
cam
paig
n w
as Y
outh
Dem
ocra
cy D
ialo
gues
(YD
Ds)
w
hich
pro
vide
d a
com
mon
por
tal t
o co
nven
e yo
uth
and
look
ed in
to th
eir s
ugge
stio
ns/ r
ecom
men
datio
n to
con
stitu
tion-
draf
ting
com
mitt
ees.
Advo
cacy
11 d
istr
icts
Mar
ch
2009
UN
DP
Nep
al To
uris
m
Boar
dO
rgan
ized
two
airp
ort c
lean
ing
cam
paig
ns a
t th
e Tr
ibhu
van
Inte
rnat
iona
l Airp
ort,
Kath
man
du
calle
d ‘L
et’s
Clea
n ou
r Airp
ort:
Chan
ge th
roug
h Vo
lunt
eeris
m’ .
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/Ad
voca
cy
30th
Apr
il,
2011
and
17
th M
ay,
2011
Advo
cacy
, lo
bbyi
ng a
nd
cam
paig
n
Mem
ber
orga
niza
tions
in
dist
ricts
Org
aniz
ed p
rote
st in
par
tner
ship
with
Nep
al U
nite
s fo
r the
tim
ely
prom
ulga
tion
of th
e co
nstit
utio
n.Ad
voca
cy
Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
and
Po
pula
tion
Mon
itore
d th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of In
tern
atio
nal
Conf
eren
ce o
n Po
pula
tion
and
Dev
elop
men
t (IC
PD)
and
Wor
ld P
rogr
amm
e of
Act
ion
for Y
outh
(WPA
Y)
in 1
0 di
stric
ts th
roug
h st
akeh
olde
rs’ m
eetin
g,
mon
itorin
g tr
aini
ng, c
ompi
latio
n of
mon
itorin
g ac
tiviti
es a
nd p
repa
ratio
n of
a g
ener
al re
port
, rep
ort-
shar
ing
with
clo
se g
roup
of l
ocal
sta
keho
lder
s (y
outh
, w
omen
, hea
lth) a
nd fe
edba
ck c
olle
ctio
n, p
repa
ratio
n of
fina
l rep
ort,
revi
ew a
nd s
harin
g m
eetin
g,
Nat
iona
l Con
sulta
tion
(han
ding
ove
r the
repo
rt w
ith
reco
mm
enda
tion
to c
once
rned
aut
horit
ies)
.
Advo
cacy
/ Re
sear
chD
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
oti,
Jhap
a,
Kanc
hanp
ur,
Kask
i, M
ahot
tari,
M
oran
g,
Sind
huli
and
Uda
yapu
r
UN
FPA
Min
istr
y of
H
ealth
and
Po
pula
tion
Org
aniz
ed 5
Nat
iona
l and
3 R
egio
nal P
opul
atio
n D
ebat
es in
par
tner
ship
with
the
gove
rnm
ent
Advo
cacy
UN
FPA
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S73
3. B
iruw
a Ve
ntur
esFo
unde
d in
201
1, B
iruw
a Ve
ntur
es is
the
first
-of-i
ts-k
ind
incu
batio
n se
rvic
e pr
ovid
er in
Nep
al fo
r new
bus
ines
ses
and
budd
ing
entr
epre
neur
s. It
help
s en
trep
rene
urs
tran
sfor
m th
eir i
deas
into
sus
tain
able
and
pro
fitab
le v
entu
res
by p
rovi
ding
a ra
nge
of s
tart
-up
serv
ices
suc
h as
offi
ce s
pace
, con
sulti
ng,
men
torin
g, a
nd a
cces
s to
ven
ture
cap
ital.
[htt
p://
ww
w.b
iruw
a.ne
t/]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Offi
ce S
pace
Offe
rs s
hare
d offi
ce s
pace
(ser
vice
d offi
ce) i
n Ka
thm
andu
, N
epal
with
am
eniti
es s
uch
as h
igh
spee
d in
tern
et, p
ower
ba
ck-u
p, c
onfe
renc
e ro
om, p
rintin
g/ph
otoc
opyi
ng/
scan
ning
, cle
an re
st-r
oom
with
runn
ing
wat
er, s
hare
d ki
tche
n, s
hare
d ph
one
line
and
even
a s
hare
d se
cret
ary.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
Kath
man
duO
ngoi
ng
Cons
ultin
gPr
ovid
es c
onsu
lting
ser
vice
s in
are
as s
uch
as le
gal
expe
rtis
e, b
usin
ess
plan
ning
, res
earc
h, a
nd a
ccou
ntin
g fo
r new
bus
ines
ses
or s
tart
-up
com
pani
es.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
Kath
man
duO
ngoi
ng
Men
torin
g H
elps
con
nect
asp
iring
ent
repr
eneu
rs w
ith e
xper
ienc
ed
entr
epre
neur
s an
d se
ason
ed b
usin
ess
exec
utiv
es.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
Kath
man
duO
ngoi
ng
Vent
ure
Capi
tal
Hel
ps c
onne
ct n
ew v
entu
res
with
sou
rces
of fi
nanc
ing
like
ange
l inv
esto
rs a
nd v
entu
re c
apita
l firm
s to
hel
p th
ese
vent
ures
gro
w.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
Kath
man
duO
ngoi
ng
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S74
4. C
hang
eFus
ion
Nep
alCh
ange
Fusi
on N
epal
was
foun
ded
in S
epte
mbe
r 200
8 to
hel
p lo
cal y
outh
dire
ct th
eir v
isio
n an
d sk
ills
tow
ards
ben
efitin
g pe
ople
and
the
plan
et th
roug
h so
cial
ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p. T
hey
supp
ort y
oung
Nep
ales
e w
ith th
e m
ost i
nnov
ativ
e id
eas
to s
olve
soc
ial a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal p
robl
ems
usin
g fo
ur c
ompo
nent
s:
Men
tors
hip,
Kno
wle
dge,
Fun
ding
and
Net
wor
king
. [w
ww
.cha
ngef
usio
nnep
al.o
rg]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Sury
a N
epal
A
sha
Soci
al
Entr
epre
neur
ship
Aw
ard
Nat
iona
l Bus
ines
s In
itiat
ive
& S
urya
N
epal
Priv
ate
Lim
ited
for t
he
over
all e
vent
Syne
rvat
e, N
epal
In
fo P
ark
for t
he
Baza
ar &
Sem
inar
s
Babe
r Mah
al
Revi
site
d fo
r the
ve
nue
Org
aniz
es ‘B
azaa
r’ w
hich
is a
mar
ketp
lace
w
here
soc
ial e
ntre
pren
eurs
dis
play
thei
r pr
oduc
ts, s
ervi
ces
or id
eas
to c
usto
mer
s, po
tent
ial i
nves
tors
, frie
nds
and
othe
r gu
ests
. Thi
s ga
ther
ing
is a
lso
a le
arni
ng
grou
nd fo
r the
ent
repr
eneu
rs to
mar
ket
and
netw
ork
with
pot
entia
l cus
tom
ers
and
inve
stor
s an
d a
grea
t opp
ortu
nity
for a
ll gu
ests
and
exh
ibito
rs to
sha
re id
eas
and
deve
lop
new
one
s. Ex
pert
s an
d se
ason
ed
entr
epre
neur
s gi
ve th
eir t
ime
to d
iscu
ss
idea
s an
d bu
sine
ss p
lans
.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
Kath
man
duAu
g 20
12
– N
ov
2012
Sury
a N
epal
Pr
ivat
e Li
mite
d
Org
aniz
es s
emin
ars
whi
ch p
rovi
de a
gr
eat o
ppor
tuni
ty fo
r the
gue
sts
and
entr
epre
neur
s to
inte
ract
and
exc
hang
e id
eas
whe
rein
Soc
ial E
ntre
pren
eurs
spe
ak
abou
t the
ir id
eas
and
vent
ures
with
gu
ests
, fel
low
ent
repr
eneu
rs a
nd p
oten
tial
inve
stor
s. Th
e se
min
ar a
lso
incl
udes
co
mpo
nent
s of
feed
back
and
sug
gest
ions
, sh
arin
g of
sto
ries
by e
stab
lishe
d so
cial
en
trep
rene
urs,
and
disc
ussi
on o
f bus
ines
s pl
ans
and
vent
ure
idea
s. Ex
pert
s sp
eak
abou
t how
to a
cces
s fin
ance
, how
to
deve
lop
busi
ness
pla
ns a
nd im
plem
ent
them
, how
to e
stab
lish
netw
orks
and
su
cces
sful
par
tner
ship
s, ho
w to
impr
ove
sale
s an
d m
arke
ting
and
othe
r iss
ues
of
maj
or in
tere
st to
asp
iring
ent
repr
eneu
rs.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
All
over
N
epal
Ong
oing
Sury
a N
epal
Pr
ivat
e Li
mite
d
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S75
Org
aniz
es a
war
d ce
rem
ony
whi
ch s
ees
the
mos
t inn
ovat
ive,
suc
cess
ful,
effec
tive
or p
rom
isin
g so
cial
ent
repr
eneu
rs b
eing
aw
arde
d ei
ther
indi
vidu
ally
or a
s an
or
gani
zatio
n. T
his
even
t rec
eive
s sp
ecia
l at
tent
ion
of th
e m
edia
, the
bus
ines
s co
mm
unity
and
inve
stor
s.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/ Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
All
over
N
epal
Ann
ually
Sury
a N
epal
Pr
ivat
e Li
mite
d
Yout
h Ac
tion
Fund
(YA
F)
Prog
ram
me
Faci
litat
es a
nd c
arrie
s ou
t the
dis
sem
inat
ion
of fu
nds
with
Alli
ance
for S
ocia
l Dia
logu
e in
an
adv
isor
y ro
le
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
All
over
N
epal
Ong
oing
Foun
datio
n O
pen
Soci
ety
Inst
itute
(F
OSI
)
Fello
wsh
ip
Prog
ram
me
Non
e O
rgan
izes
the
fello
wsh
ip c
ycle
by
anno
unci
ng a
n an
nual
soc
ial e
ntre
pren
eurs
’ co
mpe
titio
n, s
elec
ting
final
ists
, tra
inin
g an
d m
ento
ring
them
and
find
ing
seed
fund
ing
to h
elp
them
tran
sfor
m th
eir d
ream
s in
to
real
ity.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
All
over
N
epal
Ong
oing
Giv
e2A
sia
(Asi
a Fo
unda
tion)
, Sh
anti
Inte
rnat
iona
l, Em
pow
er
Gen
erat
ion,
U
dhya
mi N
epal
i, Sp
ort M
undi
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S76
5. E
ntre
pren
eurs
for N
epal
A n
etw
ork
of m
ore
than
500
0 yo
ung,
cre
ativ
e en
trep
rene
urs,
who
hav
e id
eas
and
wan
t to
impl
emen
t it i
n N
epal
, E4N
spe
eds
up c
hanc
es o
f suc
cess
by
cred
ibly
con
nect
ing
entr
epre
neur
s to
suc
cess
. [w
ww
.e4n
epal
.com
]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Boot
cam
p fo
r En
trep
rene
urs
Org
aniz
es a
mix
ture
of l
ectu
res,
case
stu
dies
, pr
esen
tatio
ns, a
nd re
al-w
orld
app
licat
ions
of c
once
pts.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
Kath
man
duO
ngoi
ngPa
rtic
ipan
t fe
e
Last
Thu
rsda
ys
with
En
trep
rene
urs
Biru
wa,
DEC
C,
Sam
riddh
i O
rgan
izes
an
inte
ract
ion
prog
ram
me
whe
re a
reno
wne
d en
trep
rene
ur fr
om a
ny s
ecto
r is
invi
ted
to s
hare
his
/he
r exp
erie
nces
of d
oing
bus
ines
s in
Nep
al, t
he fu
ture
pr
ospe
cts
and
chal
leng
es o
f the
rela
ted
sect
or a
long
w
ith th
eir p
erso
nal s
torie
s.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
Kath
man
duO
ngoi
ngPa
rtic
ipan
ts’
cont
ribut
ion,
D
ECC
Lotu
s U
nive
rsity
Pr
ovid
es fu
ndin
g to
acc
epte
d bu
sine
ss p
lans
in e
xcha
nge
for a
per
cent
age
owne
rshi
p st
ake
in th
eir c
ompa
ny.
The
team
s w
ill b
enefi
t fro
m w
eekl
y m
ento
ring
sess
ions
by
indu
stry
exp
erts
in te
chno
logy
, fun
ding
, leg
al,
PR, m
arke
ting
and
HR;
mee
t an
arra
y of
exp
erts
at
netw
orki
ng s
essi
ons
such
as
the
last
Thu
rsda
y so
cial
s an
d ha
ve a
n op
port
unity
to p
ract
ice
thei
r pitc
h an
d de
mo
thei
r pro
toty
pes;
and
hav
e ac
cess
to lo
cal s
hare
d re
sour
ces
to a
ccel
erat
e pr
oduc
t dev
elop
men
t.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
Kath
man
du,
Cana
da
(Tor
onto
) an
d U
SA
(Bos
ton)
Dhu
kuti
Free
kno
wle
dge
repo
sito
ry w
here
ser
ies
of in
form
atio
n on
spe
cific
sub
ject
s an
d to
ols
that
are
crit
ical
for b
usin
ess
oper
atio
n an
d an
alys
is a
re p
rovi
ded.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/M
edia
Ong
oing
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S77
6. fa
rkek
a N
epal
ifa
rkek
a N
epal
i is
an in
itiat
ive
that
ass
ists
qua
lified
Nep
alis
livi
ng a
broa
d, w
ho w
ish
to re
turn
, net
wor
k an
d fin
d jo
bs in
Nep
al. T
his
initi
ativ
e is
su
ppor
ted
by T
he A
sia
Foun
datio
n, N
iti F
ound
atio
n an
d Bi
ruw
a to
pro
vide
Nep
alis
with
ince
ntiv
e an
d co
nfide
nce
to re
turn
to N
epal
. By
brin
ging
to
geth
er re
turn
ees
and
prof
essi
onal
net
wor
ks o
f ent
repr
eneu
rs, w
ho w
ill s
uppo
rt re
turn
ees
thro
ugh
com
mun
icat
ion
and
empl
oym
ent,
fark
eka
Nep
ali a
ssis
ts N
epal
is fr
om a
ll ov
er th
e w
orld
. far
keka
Nep
ali a
lso
prov
ides
a s
pace
with
the
nece
ssar
y te
chni
cal a
nd h
uman
reso
urce
s fo
r ne
twor
king
and
job
sear
ches
. The
initi
ativ
e w
as la
unch
ed a
nd th
e offi
ce w
as o
ffici
ally
est
ablis
hed
in Ju
ly 2
011
to p
rom
ote
com
mun
icat
ion
and
coop
erat
ion
betw
een
Nep
alis
abr
oad
and
at h
ome.
[ww
w.fa
rkek
anep
ali.w
ordp
ress
.com
]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Part
ners
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Peri
od/
Stat
usFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Net
wor
king
/D
iscu
ssio
ns/
Pane
ls
Nep
al k
o Yu
wa
Bhet
ghat
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
Au
gust
20
11A
sia
Foun
datio
n, N
iti F
ound
atio
n, B
iruw
a Ve
ntur
es
Nep
al k
o Yu
wa
Bhet
ghat
: Tea
chin
g fo
r Nep
al
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
Sept
embe
r 20
11A
sia
Foun
datio
n, N
iti F
ound
atio
n, B
iruw
a Ve
ntur
es
Nep
al k
o Yu
wa
Bhet
ghat
: Wor
king
in
Nep
al –
IT S
ecto
r Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
Kath
man
duN
ovem
ber
2011
Asi
a Fo
unda
tion,
Niti
Fou
ndat
ion,
Biru
wa
Vent
ures
Nep
al k
o Yu
wa
Bhet
ghat
: Wom
en in
W
orkf
orce
Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
Kath
man
duFe
brua
ry
2012
Asi
a Fo
unda
tion,
Niti
Fou
ndat
ion,
Biru
wa
Vent
ures
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S78
7. N
agar
ik A
awaz
Nag
arik
Aaw
az is
a s
ocia
l org
aniz
atio
n w
orki
ng fo
r inc
lusi
ve, e
quita
ble,
pro
sper
ous
and
just
soc
iety
for s
usta
inab
le p
eace
. A fo
rum
of c
once
rned
dev
elop
men
t ac
tivis
ts/o
rgan
izat
ions
in a
rapi
dly
dete
riora
ting
secu
rity
envi
ronm
ent f
elt t
he u
rgen
cy to
adv
ocat
e/w
ork
for p
eace
. The
foru
m g
rew
to p
rovi
de a
pla
tfor
m
for t
he c
ivil
soci
ety
to u
nder
stan
d th
e im
pact
s an
d im
plic
atio
ns o
f the
vio
lent
arm
ed c
onfli
ct a
s w
ell a
s to
be
proa
ctiv
e an
d re
spon
d to
the
cont
extu
al n
eeds
. Tw
o m
onth
s of
regu
lar m
eetin
gs re
sulte
d in
the
real
izat
ion
of th
e ne
ed fo
r reg
iste
ring
an o
rgan
izat
ion
with
an
ad-h
oc B
oard
and
, thu
s, in
July
200
1, a
n or
gani
zatio
n w
as b
orn
and
was
chr
iste
ned
Nag
arik
Aaw
az o
r ‘Th
e Vo
ice
of th
e Ci
tizen
’. [ht
tp://
naga
rikaa
waz
.org
.np/
site
s/]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
W
orki
ng
Dis
tric
ts
Peri
od/
Stat
usFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Dis
plac
ed
Yout
h Vo
lunt
eer
Prog
ram
me
(DVY
P)
Non
ePr
ovid
es a
saf
ety-
net t
o th
e di
spla
ced
yout
hs fr
om
both
rura
l and
urb
an N
epal
whi
le a
lso
help
ing
yout
h vo
lunt
eers
dev
elop
nec
essa
ry a
nd p
ract
ical
sk
ills,
broa
dens
the
yout
hs’ u
nder
stan
ding
of
deve
lopm
ent a
nd p
eace
bui
ldin
g, a
nd p
rovi
des
emot
iona
l and
psy
chol
ogic
al s
uppo
rt to
the
yout
h vo
lunt
eers
. The
pro
gram
me,
whi
ch h
as s
ucce
ssfu
lly
grad
uate
d 20
6 yo
uths
from
nin
e ba
tche
s (e
ach
batc
h co
nsis
ting
of 2
0 to
22
disp
lace
d yo
uths
) is
now
wor
king
with
its
10th
bat
ch.
Pea
ce/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Inco
rpor
ates
yo
uth
from
al
l ove
r the
co
untr
y
Ann
ual
prog
ram
me
(Aug
ust-
July
) sin
ce
2003
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
core
pr
ogra
mm
e an
d fu
nded
th
roug
h in
tern
al
sour
ces
Yout
h fo
r Pe
ace
and
Re-in
tegr
atio
n Pr
ogra
mm
e (Y
PR)
Thar
u W
omen
U
plift
men
t Ce
ntre
, Bar
diya
; N
epal
Wom
en
Com
mun
ity
Serv
ice
Cent
re,
Dan
g; W
omen
A
ssoc
iatio
n fo
r M
argi
naliz
ed
Wom
en, S
urkh
et;
and
Fatim
a Fo
unda
tion
Nep
al,
Bank
e
The
prog
ram
me
incr
ease
s co
mm
uniti
es’ c
apac
ity o
f re
silie
nce
to c
onfli
ct, i
nflue
nces
favo
urab
le p
olic
ies
and
supp
ort s
yste
m fo
r the
con
flict
affe
cted
co
mm
uniti
es, a
nd im
prov
es a
cces
s an
d us
e of
ps
ycho
logi
cal s
uppo
rt a
nd re
ferr
al s
yste
m w
ith a
ta
ngib
le o
utco
me
of y
outh
bei
ng e
stab
lishe
d as
co
mm
unity
pea
ce w
orke
rs.
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Ad
voca
cy
Bard
iya,
D
ang,
Su
rkhe
t, Ba
nke
2008
-201
0Th
e Fo
rd
Foun
datio
n
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S79
Wom
en a
nd
Yout
hs a
s Pill
ars
of S
usta
inab
le
Peac
e Pr
ogra
mm
e (W
YPSP
)
Nat
iona
l par
tner
s:
Shan
ti M
alik
a an
d CA
RE N
epal
; dis
tric
t pa
rtne
rs: F
OCU
S N
epal
(Dha
ding
), H
imal
aya
Are
a D
evel
opm
ent
Cent
er (G
orkh
a) a
nd
Nam
una
Inte
grat
ed
Dev
elop
men
t Co
unci
l (Ru
pand
ehi
and
Kapi
lbas
tu)
Dev
elop
s ca
paci
ty o
f civ
il so
ciet
y ne
twor
ks
to e
ngag
e po
or, v
ulne
rabl
e an
d so
cial
ly
excl
uded
(PVS
E) g
roup
s of
wom
en a
nd y
outh
in
the
proc
ess
of in
fluen
cing
a d
emoc
ratic
co
nstit
utio
n in
Nep
al, l
eadi
ng to
war
ds
sust
aina
ble
peac
e an
d ac
hiev
emen
ts o
f the
ir as
pira
tions
. As
part
of t
he p
rogr
amm
e, a
tw
o-da
y sh
arin
g an
d or
ient
atio
n w
orks
hop
was
con
duct
ed in
May
, 200
8. F
our P
eace
am
bass
ador
s w
ere
recr
uite
d an
d pl
aced
them
in
four
dis
tric
ts.
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Dem
ocra
cy
and
Hum
an R
ight
s
Dha
ding
, Gor
kha,
Ru
pand
ehi a
nd
Kapi
lvas
tu
Euro
pean
Co
mm
issio
n an
d CA
RE
Inte
rnat
iona
l U
K
Esta
blis
hed
four
Pea
ce c
entr
es (o
ne in
eac
h di
stric
t) a
nd c
ondu
cted
sta
rt-u
p w
orks
hop
in
all 4
dis
tric
ts.
Peac
e/ D
emoc
racy
an
d H
uman
Rig
hts/
Ad
voca
cy
Dha
ding
, Gor
kha,
Ru
pand
ehi a
nd
Kapi
lvas
tu
Esta
blis
hed
345
peac
e gr
oups
, 51
VDC-
leve
l pe
ace
pres
sure
gro
ups,
and
4 di
stric
t-le
vel
pres
sure
gro
ups
bene
fittin
g 80
00 P
VSE
wom
en
and
yout
h di
rect
ly
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Dem
ocra
cy
and
Hum
an R
ight
s/
Advo
cacy
Dha
ding
, Gor
kha,
Ru
pand
ehi a
nd
Kapi
lvas
tu
Form
ed v
ario
us p
eace
supp
ort m
echa
nism
s su
ch a
s Pea
ce G
roup
s, Pe
ace
Pres
sure
Gro
ups,
Com
mun
ity M
edia
tors
, Com
mun
ity P
sych
osoc
ial
supp
ort w
orke
rs, j
ourn
alist
s, an
d ci
tizen
s
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Dem
ocra
cy
and
Hum
an R
ight
s/
Advo
cacy
Dha
ding
, Gor
kha,
Ru
pand
ehi a
nd
Kapi
lvas
tu
Incr
ease
d th
e ca
paci
ty o
f loc
al h
ost
orga
niza
tions
by
inco
rpor
atin
g th
em a
s m
embe
rs o
f Loc
al P
eace
Com
mitt
ee in
thei
r re
spec
tive
dist
ricts
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Dem
ocra
cy
and
Hum
an R
ight
s/
Advo
cacy
Dha
ding
, Gor
kha,
Ru
pand
ehi a
nd
Kapi
lvas
tu
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S80
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
e-m
enti
ng
Part
ners
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
W
orki
ng
Dis
tric
ts
Perio
d /S
tatu
sFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Peac
e A
mba
ssad
orTh
e Pe
ace
Am
bass
ador
s ar
e re
spon
sibl
e in
ass
istin
g an
d in
itiat
ing
peac
e-bu
ildin
g w
ork
and
rais
ing
awar
enes
s on
pea
ce a
nd d
evel
opm
ent i
n th
eir
resp
ectiv
e co
mm
uniti
es.
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity B
uild
ing/
D
emoc
racy
and
Hum
an
Righ
ts/ A
dvoc
acy
Four
Pea
ce A
mba
ssad
ors
are
wor
king
in fo
ur
dist
ricts
of c
entr
al a
nd w
este
rn d
evel
opm
ent
regi
on.
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity B
uild
ing/
D
emoc
racy
and
Hum
an
Righ
ts/ A
dvoc
acy
Dha
ding
, G
orkh
a,
Rupa
ndeh
i, Ka
pilb
astu
2008
-20
12
Five
you
ths
wor
ked
as P
eace
Am
bass
ador
s in
Ilam
(E
aste
rn N
epal
), Su
rkhe
t (M
id W
este
rn N
epal
), D
oti
(Far
Wes
tern
Nep
al),
Jana
kpur
(Cen
tral
Nep
al) a
nd
Ram
echh
ap (C
entr
al N
epal
).
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity B
uild
ing/
D
emoc
racy
and
Hum
an
Righ
ts/ A
dvoc
acy
Ilam
, Sur
khet
, D
oti,
Jana
kpur
, Ra
mec
hhap
2006
Four
you
ths
wor
ked
as P
eace
Am
bass
ador
s in
four
di
stric
ts o
f mid
-wes
tern
regi
onPe
ace/
Cap
acity
Bui
ldin
g/
Dem
ocra
cy a
nd H
uman
Ri
ghts
/ Adv
ocac
y
Bank
e,
Bard
iya,
Su
rkhe
t, D
ang
2008
-20
10
Four
Pea
ce A
mba
ssad
ors
(tw
o vi
ctim
ized
by
Mao
ists
, tw
o vi
ctim
ized
by
the
Stat
e) ra
n Pe
ace
Cent
re in
Ram
echh
ap d
istr
ict.
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity B
uild
ing/
D
emoc
racy
and
Hum
an
Righ
ts/ A
dvoc
acy
Ram
echh
ap
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S81
8. P
oura
khi
Pour
akhi
is a
non
-pro
fit, n
on-g
over
nmen
t org
aniz
atio
n of
retu
rnee
wom
en m
igra
nt w
orke
rs, f
orm
ed to
wor
k on
the
right
s of
wom
en m
igra
nt w
orke
rs.
Pour
akhi
has
est
ablis
hed
itsel
f as
a pi
onee
r in
the
field
of s
afe
mig
ratio
n th
roug
h its
var
ious
pro
gram
mes
. Reg
iste
red
in 2
003,
Pou
rakh
i was
est
ablis
hed
with
th
e ob
ject
ive
to e
nsur
e th
e rig
hts
of w
omen
mig
rant
wor
kers
thro
ugho
ut th
e va
rious
pro
cess
es o
f for
eign
em
ploy
men
t. [w
ww
.pou
rakh
i.org
.np]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
e-m
entin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Awar
enes
s Pr
ogra
mm
e on
Saf
e M
igra
tion
Runs
a w
eekl
y ra
dio
prog
ram
me
on S
unda
y ev
enin
g in
Nat
iona
l Gov
ernm
ent R
adio
to g
ive
info
rmat
ion
on
safe
mig
ratio
n an
d ad
dres
s fo
cuse
d ne
eds
of p
oten
tial
as w
ell a
s re
turn
ee m
igra
nt w
orke
rs
Mig
ratio
n/ M
edia
/ Ad
voca
cy/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Ong
oing
Org
aniz
es s
ensi
tizat
ion
prog
ram
mes
and
aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
ns o
n re
gula
r int
erva
lsM
igra
tion/
Cap
acity
Bu
ildin
g/ A
dvoc
acy
Ong
oing
Prep
ares
and
dis
sem
inat
es In
form
atio
n, E
duca
tion
and
Com
mun
icat
ion
(IEC)
mat
eria
ls o
n sa
fe m
igra
tion
issu
es
Mig
ratio
n/ M
edia
Ong
oing
Lega
l Aid
and
Pa
rale
gal S
uppo
rtPr
ovid
es fr
ee le
gal a
id to
mig
rant
wor
kers
ex
perie
ncin
g pr
oble
ms
durin
g th
eir f
orei
gn
empl
oym
ent p
roce
ss, w
heth
er a
t hom
e or
in th
e de
stin
atio
n co
untr
y. A
team
of p
aral
egal
vol
unte
ers
and
advo
cate
hel
p th
em w
ith le
gal a
dvic
e. P
oura
khi’s
pa
rale
gal t
rain
ers
help
the
mig
rant
wor
kers
in w
ritin
g ap
plic
atio
ns to
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lab
our a
nd
Min
istr
y of
For
eign
Affa
irs a
s w
ell a
s in
filin
g th
e ca
se.
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Ong
oing
Lega
l aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
mes
Prov
ides
lega
l aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
mes
thro
ugh
its
para
lega
l fac
ilita
tors
in d
iffer
ent p
lace
s ar
ound
the
Kath
man
du v
alle
y. T
he p
rogr
amm
es a
re fo
cuse
d on
th
e po
tent
ial r
etur
nee
mig
rant
wor
kers
and
thei
r fa
mily
and
pro
vide
s in
form
atio
n on
the
follo
win
g:
step
s fo
r saf
e fo
reig
n em
ploy
men
t and
ess
entia
l ca
utio
ns to
be
take
n by
wom
en m
igra
nt w
orke
rs;
the
right
s of
wom
en m
igra
nt w
orke
rs in
For
eign
Em
ploy
men
t Act
, 206
4; e
xper
ienc
e sh
arin
g of
fore
ign
empl
oym
ent;
com
plai
nt p
roce
dure
(whe
n, w
here
, w
ho, h
ow v
ictim
can
file
a c
ompl
aint
).
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Kath
man
du
valle
yO
ngoi
ng
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S82
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
e-m
entin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Safe
Hou
sePr
ovid
es e
mer
genc
y sh
elte
r ser
vice
for w
omen
m
igra
nt w
orke
rs w
ho h
ave
been
dep
orte
d fr
om
dest
inat
ion
coun
trie
s or
are
traffi
ckin
g su
rviv
ors.
Dur
ing
the
initi
al s
tage
s, th
is s
uppo
rt is
com
bine
d w
ith c
ouns
ellin
g, le
gal a
id, s
afe
mig
ratio
n an
d re
ferr
al
to o
ther
nec
essa
ry s
ervi
ces.
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Hea
lthKa
thm
andu
Ong
oing
Awar
enes
s on
HIV
/A
IDS,
STD
, STI
s an
d fir
st A
id
Teac
hes
the
mig
rant
wor
kers
abo
ut fi
rst a
id p
ract
ices
re
gard
ing
HIV
/AID
S, o
ther
Sex
ually
Tra
nsm
itted
di
seas
es a
nd in
fect
ions
thro
ugh
its h
ealth
faci
litat
ors
with
an
aim
to h
elp
the
mig
rant
wor
kers
avo
id a
ny
unsa
fe p
ract
ices
that
cou
ld le
ad to
har
m o
n th
eir
heal
th w
hile
on
fore
ign
empl
oym
ent.
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Hea
lthO
ngoi
ng
Psyc
hoso
cial
Co
unse
lling
Prov
ides
psy
chos
ocia
l cou
nsel
ling
supp
ort t
o po
tent
ial m
igra
nt w
omen
wor
kers
, ret
urne
es a
nd
thei
r fam
ilies
. The
info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
incl
udes
: in
trod
ucin
g an
d ad
optin
g on
new
env
ironm
ent/
wor
kpla
ce;
man
agin
g th
e fa
mily
and
hom
e m
embe
rs;
atta
inin
g in
form
atio
n of
law
s, ru
les
and
regu
latio
ns,
and
help
ing
orga
niza
tions
etc
. and
the
cultu
re
and
trad
ition
s of
the
wor
king
cou
ntry
; wor
kpla
ce
beha
viou
r tow
ards
fore
ign
mig
rant
wor
kers
; pr
obab
le p
robl
ems
and
diffi
culti
es a
t wor
kpla
ce; a
nd
info
rmat
ion
on g
ende
r dis
crim
inat
ion
at w
ork.
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Kath
man
du
valle
yO
ngoi
ng
Re-in
tegr
atio
n Pr
ogra
mm
esSu
ppor
ted
esta
blis
hmen
t of p
re-d
epar
ture
orie
ntat
ion
cent
reM
igra
tion/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gO
ngoi
ng
(soo
n to
be
com
plet
ed)
Don
a-tio
n of
m
embe
rs,
frie
nds
and
wel
l-w
ishe
rs
Supp
ort t
he m
embe
rs w
ho a
re re
ady
for i
nves
tmen
t in
non-
trad
ition
al s
ecto
r.M
igra
tion/
Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
En
trep
rene
ursh
ip
Ong
oing
Cond
ucte
d a
surv
ey a
nd p
rovi
ded
trai
ning
s on
no
n-tr
aditi
onal
inve
stm
ent s
ecto
rs li
ke b
eaut
y pa
rlour
, hea
lth th
erap
y, m
edita
tion,
yog
a, Jo
re, R
eiki
, re
stau
rant
/ caf
e, a
nd h
andl
oom
mac
hine
s et
c.
Mig
ratio
n/
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/ Re
sear
ch
Ong
oing
Prov
ided
the
seed
mon
ey fo
r lau
nchi
ng a
nd
impl
emen
tatio
n of
rest
aura
nt in
Kat
hman
du a
nd
hand
loom
in D
hara
n.
Mig
ratio
n/
Entr
epre
neur
ship
Kath
man
du,
Dha
ran
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S83
Ann
ual C
eleb
ratio
nCe
lebr
ates
inte
rnat
iona
l day
s su
ch a
s th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Mig
rant
s D
ay, I
nter
natio
nal W
omen
’s D
ay a
nd 1
6 D
ays
of A
ctiv
ism
aga
inst
Gen
der V
iole
nce.
Mig
ratio
n/ A
dvoc
acy
Ong
oing
(a
nnua
lly)
Sett
ing
up fi
nanc
ial
inst
itutio
nsRe
cent
ly re
gist
ered
its
coop
erat
ive,
‘Srij
ansi
l Pou
rakh
i Sa
ving
and
Cre
dit C
oope
rativ
e Li
mite
d’ to
ope
rate
as
an
affor
dabl
e se
lf-em
ploy
men
t act
ivity
and
a
brid
ge b
etw
een
the
retu
rnee
s an
d po
tent
ial m
igra
nt
popu
latio
n.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/M
igra
tion
Ong
oing
Fund
-rai
sing
Fund
-rai
ses
for i
ts o
pera
tion
cost
s th
roug
h th
e sa
les
of p
rodu
cts
such
as
draw
-str
ing
purs
es, c
aps,
t-sh
irts,
hand
wov
en c
ushi
on c
over
s an
d sh
awls
; do
natio
n bo
xes;
and
its
publ
icat
ion.
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Ong
oing
Polic
y Ad
voca
cyCo
ntrib
uted
to th
e Fo
reig
n Em
ploy
men
t Act
, 206
4 B.
S by
elim
inat
ing
the
disc
rimin
ator
y la
ws
agai
nst w
omen
m
igra
nt w
orke
rs. I
t als
o ad
voca
tes
for t
he ri
ght t
o m
obili
ty a
nd w
ork.
Mig
ratio
n/ A
dvoc
acy
Ong
oing
Star
ting
with
chi
ld
educ
atio
nM
obili
zes
fund
to p
rovi
de e
duca
tiona
l sup
port
for t
he
child
ren
of re
turn
ee w
omen
mig
rant
wor
kers
who
are
vi
ctim
s of
the
proc
ess
of fo
reig
n em
ploy
men
t.
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Ong
oing
Hot
line
and
info
rmat
ion
desk
Prov
ides
eas
ily a
cces
sibl
e in
form
atio
n on
per
tinen
t m
igra
tion
issu
es a
nd p
roce
ss th
roug
h its
ow
n in
form
atio
n de
sk a
nd h
otlin
e se
rvic
e.
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Base
d in
Ka
thm
andu
bu
t tar
gets
in
divi
dual
s th
roug
hout
N
epal
Ong
oing
Capa
city
-bui
ldin
g Ac
tiviti
esPr
ovid
es o
ppor
tuni
ties
to it
s m
embe
rs to
att
end
trai
ning
s, w
orks
hops
, sem
inar
s, m
eetin
gs a
nd
part
icip
ate
in e
xpos
ure
visi
ts
Mig
ratio
n/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Ong
oing
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S84
9. S
amri
ddhi
, The
Pro
sper
ity
Foun
dati
onFo
unde
d in
200
6, S
amrid
dhi:
The
Pros
perit
y Fo
unda
tion
is a
n in
depe
nden
t, no
n-pa
rtis
an re
sear
ch a
nd e
duca
tiona
l non
-pro
fit p
ublic
pol
icy
inst
itute
in K
athm
andu
. It
prom
otes
the
proc
ess
of g
ener
atin
g al
tern
ativ
e id
eas
from
the
gene
ral p
ublic
by
cond
uctin
g re
sear
ch a
nd p
erfo
rmin
g ot
her a
ctiv
ities
in th
e so
cial
, eco
nom
ic a
nd
polit
ical
are
nas
of N
epal
. [w
ww
.sam
riddh
i.org
]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/Sta
tus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Educ
atio
n an
d Tr
aini
ngO
rgan
izes
Art
hala
ya: S
choo
l of E
cono
mic
s an
d En
trep
rene
ursh
ip is
a fi
ve-d
ay w
orks
hop
who
se m
ain
purp
ose
is to
eng
age
yout
h in
priv
ate
sect
or a
nd
enco
urag
e th
em to
bui
ld n
ew b
usin
esse
s, cr
eate
new
op
port
uniti
es a
nd in
ject
new
idea
s in
to th
e ec
onom
y fo
r pro
mot
ing
econ
omic
and
dem
ocra
tic re
form
. The
pr
ogra
mm
e in
clud
es m
ock
deba
tes
and
busi
ness
si
mul
atio
ns th
at w
ill h
elp
yout
h un
ders
tand
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p in
eco
nom
ic re
form
as
wel
l as
the
polit
ical
asp
ects
in c
reat
ing
a bu
sine
ss.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Ad
voca
cy
Kath
man
duO
ngoi
ng (3
pr
ogra
mm
es
per y
ear)
Brih
at In
vest
men
t Pv
t. Lt
d. ,
Laxm
i Ba
nk, F
1 So
ft a
nd
LEA
D In
tern
atio
nal
Pvt.
Ltd,
indi
vidu
al
spon
sors
and
pa
rtic
ipan
ts’ f
ee
Org
aniz
es N
eetis
hala
, a p
ublic
pol
icy
disc
ours
e,
whi
ch is
a fi
ve-d
ay re
side
ntia
l pro
gram
me
for
youn
g pr
ofes
sion
als
and
stud
ents
take
par
t to
gain
kn
owle
dge
on d
iffer
ent a
spec
ts o
f Pub
lic P
olic
y an
d ad
voca
cy to
ols.
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Advo
cacy
Kath
man
du1-
2 pr
ogra
mm
es
per y
ear
Part
icip
ants
’ fee
, lo
cal c
ontr
ibut
ion
and
inte
rnat
iona
l co
ntrib
utio
n
Org
aniz
es L
iber
ty D
iscu
ssio
ns, a
wee
kly
disc
ussi
ons
serie
s in
volv
ing
Sam
riddh
i’s s
taff
and
prog
ram
me
grad
uate
s, on
an
artic
le s
elec
ted
befo
reha
nd m
ostly
fo
cuse
d on
the
issu
es o
f lib
erty
. The
bas
ic o
bjec
tive
of th
is p
rogr
amm
e is
to b
uild
the
capa
city
of t
he
team
mem
bers
and
pro
gram
me
grad
uate
s on
var
ious
ec
onom
ic a
nd p
ublic
pol
icy
issu
es.
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gKa
thm
andu
Regu
lar
Part
icip
ants
’ fee
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S85
Colle
ges
and
Entr
epre
neur
s’ Cl
ubs
Dev
elop
s ca
paci
ty o
f the
stu
dent
s an
d th
e cl
ub
mem
bers
thro
ugh
Entr
epre
neur
s’ Cl
ub w
hich
co
mpr
ises
of a
gro
up o
f stu
dent
s w
ho h
ave
show
n in
tere
st in
lear
ning
and
sta
ying
upd
ated
on
cont
empo
rary
issu
es o
f ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p. M
ost o
ften
, it
is a
follo
w-u
p to
Art
hala
ya to
inst
itutio
naliz
e an
d gi
ve c
ontin
uity
to th
e le
arni
ng a
nd k
now
ledg
e ga
ined
du
ring
Art
hala
ya. T
ill d
ate,
aro
und
400
stud
ents
hav
e gr
adua
ted
from
this
pro
gram
me
and
are
enga
ged
in d
iffer
ent a
ctiv
ities
thro
ugh
Entr
epre
neur
s’ Cl
ub
esta
blis
hed
in th
eir r
espe
ctiv
e co
llege
s.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/ Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
Bira
tnag
ar,
Palp
a,
Lalit
pur a
nd
Kath
man
du
Ong
oing
Entr
epre
neur
s’ Cl
ubs,
colle
ges,
Sam
riddh
i’s
savi
ng,
part
icip
ants
’ fee
Org
aniz
es c
apac
ity d
evel
opm
ent t
rain
ing
for
Art
hala
ya g
radu
ates
and
mem
bers
of
Entr
epre
neur
s’ Cl
ub o
n cr
eatin
g an
d m
aint
aini
ng a
blo
g, le
ader
ship
an
d te
am b
uild
ing
and
writ
ing
skill
s.
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gBi
ratn
agar
, Pa
lpa,
La
litpu
r and
Ka
thm
andu
Ong
oing
Pa
rtic
ipan
ts’ f
ee,
colle
ges
Entr
epre
neur
s’ Cl
ubs,
prog
ram
me
grad
uate
s
Publ
ishe
s ne
wsl
ette
r ‘Art
ha’ ,
prov
idin
g a
plat
form
fo
r gra
duat
es to
hon
e th
eir r
esea
rch
skill
s an
d kn
owle
dge.
Stu
dent
s of
diff
eren
t col
lege
s co
ntrib
ute
with
thei
r art
icle
s an
d vi
ews
whi
le S
amrid
dhi
faci
litat
es th
e pr
oces
s.
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Med
ia/ A
dvoc
acy
Thre
e pe
r yea
rSa
mrid
dhi
and
loca
l and
in
divi
dual
sp
onso
rs
Entr
epre
neur
s’ cl
ub
Hos
ted
by v
ario
us c
lubs
in th
eir r
espe
ctiv
e co
llege
s, Re
ndez
vous
with
an
Entr
epre
neur
are
pro
gram
mes
w
here
the
entr
epre
neur
sha
res
his/
her e
xper
ienc
e w
ith th
e st
uden
ts, a
nsw
ers
thei
r que
stio
ns re
gard
ing
esta
blis
hing
an
ente
rpris
e in
Nep
al a
nd a
lso
talk
ab
out t
heir
cont
ribut
ion
to s
ocie
ty th
roug
h th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f an
ente
rpris
e. S
amrid
dhi f
acili
tate
s th
ese
inte
ract
ions
whi
le a
lso
help
ing
in s
elec
ting
the
reso
urce
per
son,
and
mak
ing
tech
nica
l arr
ange
men
ts.
This
act
ivity
has
hel
ped
in in
crea
sing
the
visi
bilit
y of
th
e cl
ub w
ithin
the
colle
ge a
s w
ell a
s in
loca
l med
ia.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/ Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Ad
voca
cy
Kath
man
duPa
rtic
ipan
ts’ f
ee,
colle
ges
Ora
gniz
es d
ocu-
talk
s, a
docu
men
tary
scr
eeni
ng
prog
ram
me
(rela
ted
to e
ntre
pren
eurs
hip
and
econ
omic
free
dom
) hel
d at
var
ious
col
lege
s ar
ound
Ka
thm
andu
, fol
low
ed b
y di
scus
sion
s on
the
topi
cs
rais
ed b
y th
e do
cum
enta
ry.
Att
ende
es a
lso
incl
ude
stud
ents
who
are
not
clu
b m
embe
rs. T
his
initi
ativ
e ha
s en
cour
aged
cre
ativ
e id
eas
abou
t ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p an
d fr
ee s
ocie
ty in
the
min
ds o
f the
you
ng in
divi
dual
s.
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gKa
thm
andu
Ong
oing
Part
icip
ants
’ fee
, co
llege
s
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S86
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Part
ners
A
ctiv
itie
s Cr
oss-
cutt
ing
them
esW
orki
ng
Dis
tric
ts
Peri
od/S
tatu
sFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Rese
arch
and
Pu
blic
atio
nFe
dera
tion
of N
epal
ese
Cham
bers
of
Com
mer
ce
and
Indu
stry
(F
NCC
I) an
d Th
e H
imal
ayan
Ti
mes
dai
ly
Cond
ucts
diff
eren
t res
earc
h ac
tiviti
es a
nd p
ublis
hes
book
s an
d ar
ticle
sRe
sear
ch/ M
edia
Ong
oing
Part
ial f
undi
ng
from
FN
CCI
and
Cent
re o
f In
tern
atio
nal
Priv
ate
Ente
rpris
e (C
IPE)
, sel
ling
of
the
book
, loc
al
spon
sors
Fede
ratio
n of
Nep
ales
e Ch
ambe
rs o
f Co
mm
erce
an
d In
dust
ry
(FN
CCI)
Wor
ks o
n th
e po
licy
rese
arch
und
er d
iffer
ent t
hem
atic
po
tent
ial g
row
th a
reas
with
in th
e N
epal
Eco
nom
ic
Gro
wth
Age
nda
(NEG
A)
Rese
arch
Ong
oing
Loca
l fun
ding
, Ce
ntre
of
Inte
rnat
iona
l Pr
ivat
e En
terp
rise
(CIP
E)
Publ
ic
Out
reac
h an
d Ad
voca
cy
Entr
epre
neur
s fo
r Nep
al,
Biru
wa
and
DEC
C
Org
aniz
es L
ast T
hurs
days
with
Ent
repr
eneu
rs is
an
inte
ract
ion
prog
ram
me
whe
re a
reno
wne
d en
trep
rene
ur fr
om a
ny s
ecto
r is
invi
ted
to s
hare
his
/he
r exp
erie
nces
of d
oing
bus
ines
s in
Nep
al, t
he fu
ture
pr
ospe
cts
and
chal
leng
es o
f the
rela
ted
sect
or a
long
w
ith th
eir p
erso
nal s
torie
s. Th
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts, m
ainl
y yo
ung
entr
epre
neur
s, ge
t the
ir qu
erie
s an
swer
ed
by th
e sp
eake
r alo
ng w
ith re
ceiv
ing
tips
and
sugg
estio
ns fo
r the
ir ve
ntur
es. T
he p
rimar
y ob
ject
ive
of th
e pr
ogra
mm
e is
to c
reat
e a
plat
form
for N
epal
i en
trep
rene
urs
to s
hare
and
lear
n fr
om e
ach
othe
rs’
know
ledg
e an
d ne
twor
k. T
ill d
ate,
50
prog
ram
mes
ha
ve b
een
cond
ucte
d.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/ Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
Kath
man
duO
ngoi
ng (l
ast
Thur
sday
of
ever
y En
glis
h m
onth
)
Part
icip
ants
’ co
ntrib
utio
n an
d D
ECC
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S87
Busi
ness
ho
uses
, st
uden
ts a
nd
gene
ral p
ublic
Cond
ucts
Gar
i Kha
na D
eu C
ampa
ign
with
the
mes
sage
of a
Liv
able
Nep
al m
ovem
ent t
hat a
ims
to b
ring
toge
ther
the
voic
es o
f man
y N
epal
is w
ho,
desp
ite th
eir p
oliti
cal b
elie
fs, o
r the
abs
ence
of i
t, si
mpl
y w
ant t
o liv
e a
peac
eful
life
with
an
oppo
rtun
ity
to re
aliz
e th
eir e
ffort
s. Sa
mrid
dhi c
oord
inat
es th
e ca
mpa
ign
and
also
hos
ts it
s se
cret
aria
t.
Advo
cacy
Mor
ang,
Jh
apa,
Su
nsar
i, D
hank
uta,
Ill
am,
Tehr
athu
m,
Panc
htha
r, Si
raha
, Sa
ptar
i, Ba
glun
g,
Tapl
ejun
g,
Dha
nush
a,
Rupa
ndeh
i, Pa
lpa,
Pa
rbat
, Ka
ilali,
Ka
ncha
npur
, D
ang,
Su
rkhe
t, Ka
pilb
astu
, Ba
rdiy
a an
d Ka
vre
Loca
l fun
ding
, se
lling
of
mer
chan
dize
s lik
e t-
shirt
, stic
kers
and
ba
dges
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S88
10. T
oday
’s Yo
uth
Asi
aTo
day’
s You
th A
sia,
est
ablis
hed
in 2
002
with
its
head
quar
ters
in K
athm
andu
, is
a m
ulti-
med
ia &
you
th o
rgan
izat
ion
cove
ring
peac
e, d
evel
opm
ent,
educ
atio
n,
econ
omic
s, en
viro
nmen
t, po
litic
s, di
plom
acy,
con
flict
and
sec
urity
issu
es. T
hrou
gh it
s va
rious
inno
vativ
e pr
ojec
ts, T
YA e
mpo
wer
s yo
uths
with
lead
ersh
ip
skill
s on
glo
bal,
regi
onal
, nat
iona
l and
rura
l iss
ues
and
conn
ects
them
to m
ains
trea
m le
ader
ship
. TYA
aim
s fo
r the
Asi
an in
telle
ctua
l int
egra
tion
of th
e em
inen
t fut
ure
lead
ers
by p
rovi
ding
them
with
a p
rodu
ctiv
e co
mm
on p
latf
orm
to e
nsur
e th
eir c
ontr
ibut
ion
to d
emoc
racy
and
glo
bal h
arm
ony.
[ww
w.
toda
ysyo
utha
sia.
com
]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
e-m
enti
ng
Part
ners
Act
ivit
ies/
Proc
ess
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
-in
g Pa
rt-
ners
Yout
h Pr
ojec
tsRu
ns Y
outh
For
um w
hich
is a
n op
en p
latf
orm
for y
outh
s (b
etw
een
16 a
nd
24 y
ears
of a
ge) t
o sp
eak
out,
disc
uss,
and
expl
ore
thei
r cre
ativ
e id
eas
and
feat
ures
cre
ativ
e re
adin
g &
writ
ing,
cur
rent
affa
irs d
iscu
ssio
ns, d
ocum
enta
ry
and
film
sho
ws,
and
inte
ract
ion
with
a G
uest
Spe
aker
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
-ba
sed,
all
over
Nep
al
Ong
oing
(3
-6
mon
ths)
Org
aniz
es L
eade
rshi
p &
Ski
ll D
evel
opm
ent P
rogr
amm
e (L
SDP)
is a
cap
acity
-bu
ildin
g &
lead
ersh
ip-d
evel
opm
ent p
rogr
amm
e fo
r you
th o
f 13-
15, 1
6-19
&
19-
24 y
ears
pro
vidi
ng in
tens
ive
trai
ning
on
com
mun
icat
ions
, med
ia, c
lub
form
atio
n, a
nd le
ader
ship
qua
litie
s an
d al
so a
ims
at ra
isin
g aw
aren
ess
on
glob
al, r
egio
nal,
natio
nal a
nd ru
ral i
ssue
s.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
-ba
sed,
all
over
Nep
al
Ong
oing
(6
wee
ks)
Cond
ucts
Toda
y’s Y
outh
Team
(Int
erns
hip)
pro
ject
pro
vidi
ng in
tern
ship
s to
yo
uths
(18-
24 y
ears
) in
TYA’
s m
edia
out
lets
, pro
ject
s, ca
mpa
igns
and
eve
nts.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
-ba
sed,
all
over
Nep
al
Ong
oing
(3
m
onth
s)
Runs
the
TYA
App
rent
ice
Prog
ram
me
whi
ch c
ombi
nes
LSD
P (L
eade
rshi
p &
Ski
ll D
evel
opm
ent P
rogr
amm
e), Y
outh
For
um a
nd In
tern
ship
pro
ject
s off
erin
g yo
uths
(19-
24 y
ears
), w
ho h
ave
a co
llege
deg
ree
but n
o jo
b pr
ospe
cts
due
to th
eir m
odes
t fam
ily b
ackg
roun
ds, w
ith a
life
-tim
e op
port
unity
of l
earn
ing,
get
ting
expe
rienc
ed a
nd b
eing
hire
d.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g• Ka
thm
andu
-ba
sed,
all
over
Nep
al
Ong
oing
(6
m
onth
s)
Invo
lves
TYA
inte
rns
and/
or e
xper
ts fr
om v
ario
us fi
elds
in S
choo
l & C
olle
ge
Lect
ure
Serie
s, vi
sitin
g sc
hool
s an
d co
llege
s in
Kat
hman
du a
nd o
ther
pa
rts
of N
epal
to d
iscu
ss y
outh
issu
es, p
ress
ing
natio
nal a
nd g
loba
l iss
ues,
deve
lopm
ents
etc
. thu
s en
cour
agin
g st
uden
ts to
cre
ate
and
lead
inno
vativ
e pr
ojec
ts w
ithin
thei
r sch
ools
/col
lege
s an
d co
mm
uniti
es.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/
Advo
cacy
Kath
man
du-
base
d, a
ll ov
er N
epal
Ong
oing
(1
day
)
Org
aniz
es T
YA A
nnua
l Cre
ativ
e Co
ntes
ts (A
CC) p
rovi
ding
pla
tfor
ms
for
stud
ents
who
look
for c
reat
ive
chal
leng
es to
sho
wca
se th
eir c
reat
ive
skill
s in
the
follo
win
g ca
tego
ries:
sto
ry, p
oetr
y, e
ssay
, log
o, e
locu
tion,
deb
ate,
ad
vert
isem
ent,
ethn
ic m
usic
, pho
togr
aphy
, eco
nom
ics,
quiz
& m
ock
parli
amen
t.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
ba
sed,
all
over
Nep
al/
Abr
oad
Ong
oing
(m
onth
ly)
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S89
Tele
visi
on S
how
Prod
uces
Tele
visi
on S
how
s en
ablin
g th
e yo
ung
gene
ratio
n to
exp
erie
nce
and
shar
e re
fres
hing
and
insp
iring
per
spec
tives
on
polit
ics,
fore
ign
affai
rs,
loca
l and
glo
bal i
ssue
s, ec
onom
y, e
nerg
y, e
nviro
nmen
t, se
curit
y, c
onfli
ct a
nd
terr
oris
m, p
eace
and
just
ice,
dev
elop
men
t, ge
nder
and
edu
catio
n.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/
Med
ia
Loca
l/Glo
bal
Ong
oing
(d
aily
)
TYA
Aw
ards
Giv
es w
eekl
y ‘Yo
ung
Achi
ever
s’ Aw
ards
’ (YA
A) t
o ho
nour
you
ng g
loba
l, re
gion
al, n
atio
nal a
nd ru
ral l
eade
rs (u
nder
the
age
of fo
rty)
who
hav
e m
ade
notic
eabl
e co
ntrib
utio
ns to
soc
ietie
s at
an
early
age
. The
aw
ard
also
aim
s to
en
cour
age
man
y m
ore
youn
g pe
ople
to b
ecom
e in
fluen
tial l
eade
rs a
nd ro
le
mod
els
thro
ugh
inno
vativ
e an
d co
nstr
uctiv
e id
eas
and
wor
ks.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gxLo
cal/G
loba
lO
ngoi
ng
(wee
kly)
Giv
es w
eekl
y Ex
celle
nce
Achi
ever
s’ Aw
ards
(EA
A) t
o ho
nour
the
emin
ent
glob
al, r
egio
nal,
natio
nal a
nd ru
ral l
eade
rs (o
ver t
he a
ge o
f for
ty) w
ho h
ave
mad
e si
gnifi
cant
con
trib
utio
ns to
the
soci
ety.
In a
dditi
on to
the
reco
gniti
on
of th
eir o
utst
andi
ng a
chie
vem
ents
and
con
trib
utio
ns, t
he a
war
d is
als
o a
gest
ure
of g
ratit
ude
from
the
youn
ger g
ener
atio
n.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gLo
cal/G
loba
lO
ngoi
ng
(wee
kly)
Offe
rs E
vere
st S
umm
it Aw
ard
(ESA
), th
e hi
ghes
t ann
ual a
war
d fr
om
Nep
al to
two
indi
vidu
als
and/
or o
rgan
izat
ions
in re
cogn
ition
of t
heir
sign
ifica
nt c
ontr
ibut
ions
to th
e w
orld
in o
ne o
f the
four
dis
tinct
ive
area
s: (i
) H
uman
itaria
n w
orks
, (ii)
Wor
ks in
pea
ce a
nd ju
stic
e, (i
ii) P
oliti
cal l
eade
rshi
p,
(iv) L
eade
rshi
p in
eco
nom
ics.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gLo
cal/G
loba
lO
ngoi
ng
(yea
rly)
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S90
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
e-m
enti
ng
Part
ners
Act
ivit
ies/
Proc
ess
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
W
orki
ng
Dis
tric
ts
Peri
od/
Stat
usFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
TYA
Fo
unda
tion
Supp
orts
upc
omin
g in
depe
nden
t you
th o
rgan
izat
ions
and
indi
vidu
als
in N
epal
to
form
and
get
est
ablis
hed,
con
nect
s th
eir g
rass
root
s in
itiat
ives
to c
ompa
tible
su
ppor
ters
, and
sha
res T
YA’s
own
know
-how
mec
hani
sm o
f run
ning
var
ious
pr
ojec
ts th
roug
h Yo
uth
Empo
wer
men
t & E
mpl
oym
ent P
roje
ct (Y
EEP)
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gA
ll ov
er
Nep
al
Invi
tes y
outh
lead
ers f
rom
var
ious
cou
ntrie
s to
Nep
al, a
nd v
ice-
vers
a, to
shar
e va
rious
facu
lties
of e
ach
othe
rs’ n
atio
ns in
the
Yout
h Ex
chan
ge P
rogr
amm
e (Y
EP).
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gA
ll ov
er
Nep
al
Invi
tes
dist
ingu
ishe
d sp
eake
rs fr
om v
ario
us c
ount
ries
to N
epal
to g
ive
lect
ures
an
d or
gani
zes
inte
ract
ion
prog
ram
mes
with
Nep
al’s
mai
nstr
eam
lead
ers
and
youn
g le
ader
s on
the
topi
c of
thei
r exp
ertis
e co
verin
g gl
obal
and
regi
onal
is
sues
thro
ugh
the
Spea
ker’s
Pro
gram
me.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gA
ll ov
er
Nep
al
Conn
ects
uni
vers
ities
and
thei
r stu
dent
s fro
m a
roun
d th
e w
orld
to N
epal
and
So
uth
Asia
for t
heir
rese
arch
pap
ers.
Rese
arch
All
over
N
epal
Invo
lves
var
ious
sta
keho
lder
s to
hol
d yo
uth
asse
mbl
y on
rura
l, na
tiona
l, re
gion
al, a
nd g
loba
l lev
els
with
the
aim
of c
reat
ing
stro
ng p
latf
orm
s fo
r in
itiat
ing
com
mun
icat
ions
to fi
gure
out
sol
utio
ns o
n co
mm
on is
sues
.
Repr
esen
tatio
n/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
All
over
N
epal
Conn
ects
boo
k do
nors
to n
eedy
sch
ools
and
com
mun
ities
in ru
ral p
arts
of
Nep
al th
roug
h th
e Li
brar
y Pr
ojec
t.Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
All
over
N
epal
Seek
s fin
anci
al s
uppo
rt fr
om in
divi
dual
s an
d or
gani
zatio
ns to
pro
vide
sc
hola
rshi
ps to
chi
ldre
n an
d yo
uths
in/f
rom
rura
l par
ts o
f Nep
al in
two
cate
gorie
s: to
pur
sue
thei
r bas
ic e
duca
tion
in s
choo
ls/c
olle
ges,
and
to e
nrol
in
TYA
You
th P
roje
cts.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gA
ll ov
er
Nep
al
Enco
urag
es a
nd su
ppor
ts y
oung
em
ergi
ng le
ader
s fro
m K
athm
andu
and
rura
l par
ts
of N
epal
to co
me
up w
ith th
eir o
wn
educ
atio
nal a
nd a
war
enes
s pro
ject
s and
form
a
Yout
h Cl
ub w
ithin
thei
r sch
ools,
colle
ges o
r com
mun
ities
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gA
ll ov
er
Nep
al
Prov
ides
a p
latf
orm
and
sm
all a
udie
nce
of n
atio
nal r
epre
sent
atio
n to
a
dist
ingu
ishe
d sp
eake
r to
shar
e hi
s/he
r in-
dept
h kn
owle
dge,
ana
lysi
s an
d in
sigh
ts o
n a
pert
inen
t iss
ue o
f nat
iona
l con
cern
thro
ugh
Nep
al D
istin
guis
hed
Lect
ure
Serie
s (N
DLS
) or (
Boud
hik
Nep
al C
halp
hal S
hrin
gkha
la).
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gA
ll ov
er
Nep
al
Pro
vide
s its
med
ia o
utle
ts, y
outh
pro
ject
s, ev
ents
’ pla
tfor
ms,
loca
l and
in
tern
atio
nal n
etw
orki
ng to
par
tner
inst
itutio
ns a
nd y
outh
org
aniz
atio
ns to
la
unch
var
ious
aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
ns ra
ngin
g fr
om ru
ral t
o na
tiona
l lev
els
as
part
of i
ts N
atio
nal-R
ural
Aw
aren
ess
Cam
paig
n (N
RAC)
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/
Med
ia
All
over
N
epal
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S91
11. W
omen
’s Re
habi
litat
ion
Cent
re (W
ORE
C)
Wom
en’s
Reha
bilit
atio
n Ce
ntre
(WO
REC)
is a
hum
an ri
ghts
org
aniz
atio
n w
orki
ng fo
r the
pro
tect
ion
and
prom
otio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
sin
ce 1
991.
It w
orks
to
ensu
re th
e rig
hts
of v
oice
less
and
mar
gina
lized
gro
ups
and
prom
otes
soc
ial j
ustic
e. It
is o
ne o
f the
lead
ing
natio
nal o
rgan
izat
ions
that
add
ress
the
issu
es
of V
iole
nce
agai
nst W
omen
(VAW
), pr
otec
tion
and
reco
gniti
on o
f wom
en h
uman
righ
ts d
efen
ders
(WH
RD),
safe
mig
ratio
n an
d hu
man
traffi
ckin
g, a
nd
econ
omic
al, s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l rig
hts
of w
omen
and
oth
er m
argi
naliz
ed p
opul
atio
n gr
oups
. [w
ww
.wor
ecne
pal.o
rg]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
e-m
entin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
W
orki
ng D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Child
/You
th
Dev
elop
men
t St
reng
then
s th
e ca
paci
ty o
f com
mun
ity-
base
d yo
uths
and
ado
lesc
ent
girls
, esp
ecia
lly fr
om m
argi
naliz
ed
com
mun
ities
, and
pro
vide
s co
unse
lling
su
ppor
t to
them
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gM
oran
g, U
daya
pur,
Kath
man
du,
Dha
nush
a, K
aila
li, a
nd S
iraha
Ong
oing
Mis
ereo
r, D
anid
a,
DFI
D
Prov
ides
a fo
rum
whe
re y
outh
can
sh
are
and
disc
uss
emer
ging
issu
es a
nd
prob
lem
s w
ith th
eir p
eers
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gM
oran
g, U
daya
pur,
Kath
man
du,
Dha
nush
a, K
aila
li, a
nd S
iraha
Ong
oing
Mis
ereo
r, D
anid
a,
DFI
D
Mob
ilize
s yo
uth
to ra
ise
awar
enes
s ab
out
viol
ence
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Advo
cacy
Mor
ang,
Uda
yapu
r, Ka
thm
andu
, D
hanu
sha,
Kai
lali,
and
Sira
haO
ngoi
ngM
iser
eor,
Dan
ida,
D
FID
Prov
ides
ski
ll an
d te
chni
cal s
uppo
rt to
lo
cal y
outh
gro
up to
ens
ure
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gM
oran
g, U
daya
pur,
Kath
man
du,
Dha
nush
a, K
aila
li, a
nd S
iraha
Ong
oing
Mis
ereo
r, D
anid
a,
DFI
D
Safe
Mig
ratio
nAd
voca
tes
for s
afe
mig
ratio
n bo
th lo
cally
an
d na
tiona
llyAd
voca
cy/
Mig
ratio
nM
oran
g, U
daya
pur,
Kath
man
du,
Dha
nush
a, K
aila
li, a
nd S
iraha
Ong
oing
Runs
mig
ratio
n co
unse
lling
cen
tres
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Mig
ratio
nM
oran
g, U
daya
pur,
Kath
man
du,
Dha
nush
a, K
aila
li, a
nd S
iraha
Ong
oing
Runs
info
rmat
ion
boot
hs in
tran
sit a
reas
fo
r saf
e m
obili
ty a
nd h
ealth
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Mig
ratio
n/ H
ealth
Mor
ang,
Uda
yapu
r, Ka
thm
andu
, D
hanu
sha,
Kai
lali,
and
Sira
haO
ngoi
ng
Dev
elop
s tr
aini
ng m
odul
es, i
nfor
mat
ion
pack
ages
, IEC
mat
eria
ls fo
r out
reac
h an
d aw
aren
ess-
rais
ing
to p
rom
ote
safe
m
igra
tion,
par
ticul
arly
targ
eted
at w
omen
an
d gi
rls w
ho a
re in
the
proc
ess
of
mig
ratin
g, o
r who
hav
e al
read
y m
igra
ted
Rese
arch
/ Med
ia/
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Advo
cacy
Mor
ang,
Uda
yapu
r, Ka
thm
andu
, D
hanu
sha,
Kai
lali,
and
Sira
haO
ngoi
ng
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S92
12. Y
outh
Act
ion
Nep
al (Y
OA
C)Yo
uth
Actio
n N
epal
, est
ablis
hed
in 2
003,
is a
lead
ing
yout
h N
GO
com
mitt
ed in
the
field
s of
dem
ocra
cy, p
eace
and
soc
ial h
arm
ony,
sex
ual a
nd
repr
oduc
tive
heal
th a
nd ri
ghts
(SRH
R) a
nd h
uman
righ
ts is
sues
. YO
AC b
elie
ves
in d
uty
cultu
re, p
artn
ersh
ip, v
olun
teer
ism
and
you
th p
artic
ipat
ion
as
valu
ed p
rinci
ples
of c
hang
e an
d ho
listic
dev
elop
men
t. H
ence
, YO
AC b
elie
ves
in y
outh
Invo
lvem
ent f
or n
atio
n bu
ildin
g. [w
ww
.you
thac
tion.
org.
np]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Hum
an
Righ
ts/
Mig
ratio
n
Hol
ds a
nnua
l (In
tens
ive)
Hum
an R
ight
s st
udy
sess
ions
that
last
from
7 to
15
days
, and
are
ta
rget
ed a
t a d
iver
se g
roup
that
incl
udes
yo
ung
lead
ers,
prof
essi
onal
s, jo
urna
lists
, Yo
uth
Actio
n ne
twor
k m
embe
rs, c
ivil
soci
ety
repr
esen
tativ
es e
tc.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/H
uman
Ri
ghts
and
D
emoc
racy
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
Kaila
li
2006
–
pres
ent
Nat
iona
l End
owm
ent
for D
emoc
racy
(NED
)
Prav
asi N
epal
i Co
ordi
natio
n Co
mm
ittee
(P
NCC
)
Com
pilie
s ca
se s
tudi
es o
f suc
cess
es a
nd
failu
res
of m
igra
nt e
mpl
oyee
s to
be
publ
ishe
d in
the
form
of t
estim
onie
s
Advo
cacy
/Re
sear
chO
ngoi
ng
UN
Wom
en
Prav
asi N
epal
i Co
ordi
natio
n Co
mm
ittee
(P
NCC
)
Runs
thre
e m
igra
tion
info
rmat
ion
cent
res
Advo
cacy
/M
igra
tion
Jhap
a, P
alpa
, Ba
ra20
12
Hel
d m
onth
ly a
nd w
eekl
y di
alog
ue a
nd
disc
ussi
on s
erie
s on
Dem
ocra
cy a
nd H
uman
Ri
ghts
Advo
cacy
/ D
emoc
racy
and
H
uman
Rig
hts
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
Kaila
li
2011
NED
and
MIS
EREO
R
Mul
tiple
pa
rtne
rs
Org
aniz
ed H
uman
Rig
hts
Day
Cel
ebra
tions
Advo
cacy
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
Kaila
li
2009
– 2
010
NED
Exte
nded
sup
port
to y
outh
net
wor
ksCa
paci
ty
Build
ing
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
Kaila
li
2009
– 2
010
NED
and
MIS
EREO
R
Prav
asi N
epal
i Co
ordi
natio
n Co
mm
ittee
(P
NCC
)
Cond
ucte
d co
nsul
tativ
e m
eetin
gs w
ith
man
pow
er a
genc
ies,
pote
ntia
l mig
rant
s, sp
ouse
of r
etur
nee
mig
rant
s, po
lice
etc.
in 2
2 di
stric
ts
Advo
cacy
/ M
igra
tion
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
Kaila
li
2009
- 20
10U
N W
omen
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S93
Prav
asi N
epal
i Co
ordi
natio
n Co
mm
ittee
(P
NCC
)
Cond
ucte
d th
ree
stag
es o
f tra
inin
gs a
nd
mee
tings
for j
ourn
alis
ts a
nd m
edia
per
sons
fr
om F
M ra
dio/
TV/P
rint m
edia
abo
ut th
e im
port
ance
of m
igra
tion
issu
es a
nd m
edia
’s ro
le w
hile
cov
erin
g th
e sa
me
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/M
edia
/M
igra
tion
2009
-201
0U
N W
omen
Prav
asi N
epal
i Co
ordi
natio
n Co
mm
ittee
(P
NCC
)
Publ
ishe
d FA
Q o
n Fo
reig
n Em
ploy
men
tAd
voca
cy/
Rese
arch
2010
UN
Wom
en
Peac
eCo
nduc
ts a
nnua
l Pea
ce S
choo
l (Sh
anti
Path
shal
a) w
hose
gra
duat
es g
o on
to s
erve
as
Pea
ce A
mba
ssad
ors
in th
eir r
espe
ctiv
e co
mm
uniti
es
Peac
e/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
Kaila
li
2010
- pr
esen
t M
ISER
EOR,
Mul
ti-do
nor b
aske
t fun
d )
Org
aniz
es a
nnua
l Pea
ce R
ally
on
the
occa
sion
of W
orld
Pea
ce D
ayAd
voca
cyJh
apa,
Bar
a,
Palp
a, D
ang,
Ka
ilali
and
2007
- pr
esen
tM
ISER
EOR
Cond
ucts
one
ann
ual P
eace
Wor
k Ca
mp
(Sha
nti S
iwir)
, in e
ach
wor
king
dist
rict (
five
tota
l) w
here
par
ticip
ants
are
imm
erse
d in
a
com
mun
ity-li
ving
con
cept
and
take
par
t in
inte
rgen
erat
iona
l dia
logu
es w
ith th
e ai
m o
f fa
cilit
atin
g so
ciet
al h
arm
ony/
cohe
siven
ess.
The
part
icip
ants
also
eng
age
in c
onst
ruct
ion
of lo
cally
ben
efici
al in
frast
ruct
ures
such
as
cons
truc
tion
of sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs, p
ublic
latr
ines
et
c. to
pro
duce
a p
ositi
ve c
omm
unity
min
dset
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/
Advo
cacy
Kath
man
du
Loca
l par
tner
s O
rgan
izes
cul
tura
l ini
tiativ
es s
uch
as s
tage
sh
ows,
stre
et th
eate
rs a
nd fe
stiv
als
in lo
cal
lang
uage
to d
eliv
er th
e m
essa
ge o
f pea
ce
Advo
cacy
/ M
edia
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
and
Kaila
li
2009
- pr
esen
t N
atio
nal E
ndow
men
t fo
r Dem
ocra
cy (N
ED)
and
MIS
EREO
R
Mul
ti pa
rtne
rin
itiat
ive
Org
aniz
es N
epal
You
th S
ocia
l For
um w
ith th
e m
otto
‘Be
seen
, Be
hear
d’ to
enc
oura
ge a
nd
prom
ote
yout
h en
trep
rene
ursh
ip th
roug
h ba
zaar
s et
c. T
he p
ast e
ditio
ns, e
ach
with
a
diffe
rent
them
e, h
ave
been
hel
d in
diff
eren
t di
stric
t eac
h tim
e.
Advo
cacy
/ En
trepr
eneu
rshi
p/Re
pres
enta
tion
Kath
man
du,
Nep
algu
nj,
Bira
tnag
ar
and
Palp
a
2006
- pr
esen
tM
ulti
dono
r bas
ket
fund
Prov
idin
g su
ppor
t to
yout
h ne
twor
ks
wor
king
on
Peac
e Pe
ace/
Cap
acity
Bu
ildin
g/Jh
apa,
Bar
a,
Palp
a, D
ang,
an
d Ka
ilali
Regu
lar
Nat
iona
l End
owm
ent
for D
emoc
racy
(NED
) an
d M
ISER
EOR
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S94
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Alli
ance
for
Peac
e, M
inis
try
of P
eace
and
Re
cons
truc
tion,
In
tern
atio
nal
Ale
rt, C
ARE
N
epal
and
Se
arch
for
Com
mon
G
roun
d
Cond
ucte
d re
sear
ch a
nd p
ublis
hed
a re
port
on
Pea
ce-b
uild
ing
from
the
pers
pect
ive
of
Theo
ry o
f Cha
nge
Peac
e/ R
esea
rch
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
and
Kaila
li
2010
- 20
12CA
RE In
tern
atio
nal
Dem
ocra
cyCo
nduc
ts d
emoc
racy
dia
logu
es w
ith s
enio
r di
stric
t lev
el s
take
hold
ers
such
as
the
loca
l pe
ace
com
mitt
ee m
embe
rs, p
oliti
cal l
eade
rs,
polic
e al
ong
with
in-h
ouse
dem
ocra
cy
dial
ogue
s co
nduc
ted
by Y
outh
Act
ion
dist
rict
staff
Dem
ocra
cy a
nd
Hum
an R
ight
s/
Advo
cacy
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
and
Kaila
li
2006
–
pres
ent
Nat
iona
l End
owm
ent
for D
emoc
racy
(NED
)
Publ
ishe
s po
ster
s, bo
oks
and
othe
r IEC
m
ater
ials
on
vario
us th
emat
ic is
sues
of
dem
ocra
cy re
gula
rly
Dem
ocra
cy/
Rese
arch
/ M
edia
/ Ad
voca
cy
Kath
man
duRe
gula
rM
ulti
dono
r
Prov
ides
con
tinuo
us s
uppo
rt to
you
th
netw
orks
wor
king
on
Dem
ocra
cyD
emoc
racy
/ Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
and
Kaila
li
Regu
lar
Sexu
al a
nd
Repr
oduc
tive
Hea
lth a
nd
Righ
ts (S
RHR)
Prov
ides
con
tinuo
us s
uppo
rt to
you
th
netw
orks
wor
king
on
SRH
RH
ealth
/ Cap
acity
Bu
ildin
gJh
apa,
Bar
a,
Palp
a, D
ang,
an
d Ka
ilali
Regu
lar
Cond
ucte
d ad
voca
cy a
nd tr
aini
ng
on a
bort
ion
right
s an
d sa
fe a
bort
ion
acco
mpa
nied
by
lobb
ying
to c
eleb
rate
May
28
as
Safe
Abo
rtio
n D
ay in
sev
en c
ount
ries
of
Sout
h A
sia
Hea
lth/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Ad
voca
cy
Nat
iona
l le
vel
2012
Wom
en’s
Glo
bal
Net
wor
k fo
r Re
prod
uctiv
e Ri
ghts
(W
GN
RR)
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S95
Publ
ishe
d a
book
bas
ed o
n co
mpi
latio
n of
SR
HR
Goo
d pr
actic
es o
f var
ious
est
ablis
hed
orga
niza
tions
wor
king
on
the
issu
es o
f SRH
R
Hea
lth/
Rese
arch
/ M
edia
/ Ad
voca
cy
Kath
man
du20
11In
tern
atio
nal
Plan
ned
Pare
ntho
od
Foun
datio
n (IP
PF)
Hel
ped
to fo
rm a
n SR
HR
grou
p w
ith
mem
bers
from
diff
eren
t org
aniz
atio
ns
wor
king
on
the
sam
e is
sue
Hea
lth/ C
apac
ity
Build
ing/
Ad
voca
cy
Regi
onal
le
vel
2011
Inte
rnat
iona
l Pl
anne
d Pa
rent
hood
Fo
unda
tion
(IPPF
)
Wom
en
Empo
wer
men
t Ac
tion
Foru
m,
UN
V, N
aulo
G
hum
ti, V
SO
Cond
ucte
d a
mas
s aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
n ca
lled
‘San
g-Sa
ngai
’ whi
ch to
uche
d on
topi
cs
pert
inen
t to
yout
h su
ch a
s H
IV, l
ove,
sex
, vi
olen
ce a
nd g
ende
r with
20,
000
youn
g pe
ople
as
part
icip
ants
.
Hea
lth/
Advo
cacy
/ Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing/
Med
ia
Kath
man
du,
Bhak
tapu
r, La
litpu
r, D
aile
kh,
Dha
ding
, M
oran
g,,
Argh
akha
chi,
Gor
kha,
La
mju
ng,
Jhap
a, B
ara,
Pa
lpa,
Dan
g,
Kaila
li
2007
– 2
010
GIZ
, Eur
opea
n Co
mm
issi
on (E
C)
FPA
N, S
MFN
O
rgan
ized
a n
atio
nal l
evel
you
th c
onfe
renc
e an
d a
dist
rict l
evel
you
th s
ympo
sium
on
Sexu
al a
nd R
epro
duct
ive
Righ
ts
Hea
lth/
Advo
cacy
/ Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
Kath
man
du20
10G
IZ, U
NFP
A, U
nite
d N
atio
ns V
olun
teer
s (U
NV
)
You
ACT
Prod
uced
fact
-she
ets
on H
IV A
IDS
on th
e oc
casi
on o
f Wor
ld A
IDS
Day
Hea
lth/
Rese
arch
/ M
edia
/ Ad
voca
cy
Inte
rnat
iona
l le
vel
2010
Wor
ld A
IDS
Cam
paig
n
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S96
13. Y
outh
Init
iati
ve (Y
I)Yo
uth
Initi
ativ
e (Y
I) is
a y
outh
org
aniz
atio
n w
orki
ng fo
r the
cap
acity
dev
elop
men
t of y
outh
s in
Nep
al. E
stab
lishe
d in
199
9, Y
I was
form
ally
regi
ster
ed
with
the
Dis
tric
t Adm
inis
trat
ion
Offi
ce, K
athm
andu
in A
pril
2001
. Tod
ay, Y
I is
one
of th
e le
adin
g yo
uth
orga
niza
tions
wor
king
in th
e fie
ld o
f you
th
empo
wer
men
t, st
reng
then
ing
of s
tude
nt a
nd y
outh
pol
itics
, pro
mot
ion
of c
ivic
eng
agem
ent,
dem
ocra
tizat
ion
and
hum
an ri
ghts
in N
epal
. [ht
tp://
ww
w.y
outh
initi
ativ
e.or
g.np
]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Par
tner
s A
ctiv
itie
s Cr
oss-
cutt
ing
them
es
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/Sta
tus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Yout
h in
Civ
ic
Lead
ersh
ip,
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
tizat
ion
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Org
aniz
es a
five
-day
resi
dent
ial
prog
ram
me,
Civ
ic L
eade
rshi
p Sc
hool
,w
here
par
ticip
ants
of a
ll ag
es g
o th
roug
h a
serie
s of
out
door
and
in
door
act
iviti
es th
at c
halle
nge
thei
r ph
ysic
al a
nd in
telle
ctua
l com
fort
zo
nes.
The
end
prod
uct i
s an
act
ion
plan
dra
fted
by
the
part
icip
ants
, re
info
rcin
g th
eir l
eade
rshi
p sk
ills
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
-rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Org
aniz
es a
thre
e-da
y re
side
ntia
l Tr
aini
ng o
n Po
litic
al C
ultu
re
Dem
ocra
cy a
nd S
ocie
ty p
rovi
ding
an
opp
ortu
nity
for N
epal
ese
yout
h to
lear
n an
d pl
an to
geth
er fo
r pr
omot
ing
dem
ocra
tic v
alue
s at
in
stitu
tiona
l and
indi
vidu
al le
vel.
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd-r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1-no
w)
Org
aniz
es a
two-
day
resi
dent
ial
trai
ning
on
Hum
an R
ight
s an
d D
emoc
ratiz
atio
n at
str
ateg
ic
loca
tions
targ
etin
g lo
cal (
dist
rict
and
regi
onal
) lea
ders
from
var
ious
yo
uth
and
stud
ent o
rgan
izat
ions
(p
artis
an a
nd n
on-p
artis
an),
and
FSU
mem
bers
.
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd-r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S97
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Cond
ucts
a s
erie
s of
wor
ksho
ps
on H
uman
Rig
hts
issu
es a
t its
st
rate
gic
loca
tion
site
s. Th
ese
wor
ksho
ps fo
cus
on fu
ndam
enta
ls
of h
uman
righ
ts, a
nd p
roce
dure
s of
de
moc
ratiz
atio
n an
d in
clud
e gu
est
lect
ure,
gro
up w
ork,
doc
umen
tary
et
c. T
he p
urpo
se o
f thi
s w
orks
hop
is to
incr
ease
kno
wle
dge
of
yout
h in
civ
ic is
sues
incl
udin
g de
moc
ratiz
atio
n, h
uman
righ
ts a
nd
othe
r rel
ated
topi
cs.
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd-r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Cond
ucts
a s
erie
s of
roun
dtab
le
disc
ussi
ons
base
d on
var
ious
th
emat
ic a
reas
in it
s st
rate
gic
loca
tions
org
aniz
ed in
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith o
ther
like
-min
ded
orga
niza
tions
. The
focu
s is
on
curr
ent i
ssue
s of
civ
ic li
fe, p
oliti
cs
and
yout
h. T
hese
vdi
scou
rse
serie
s ar
e ai
med
at i
ncre
asin
g yo
uth
awar
enes
s on
var
ious
pol
icie
s, ei
ther
dire
ctly
rela
ted
to y
outh
or o
f na
tiona
l im
port
ance
.
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd-r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Org
aniz
es B
i-mon
thly
Col
lege
-bas
ed
Dis
cuss
ion
Serie
s in
col
lege
s w
ith
non-
part
isan
you
th a
nd s
tude
nts
on
civi
c is
sues
. In
the
back
drop
of t
he
cons
titut
ion-
mak
ing
proc
ess,
this
se
ries
prov
ides
pla
tfor
m fo
r you
th to
di
scus
s ab
out d
emoc
racy
and
oth
er
civi
c is
sues
.
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd-r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Prom
otes
Yout
h Vo
ter E
duca
tion
Cam
paig
n (Y
VEC)
thro
ugh
80 vo
lunt
eers
w
orki
ng in
eig
ht m
unici
palit
ies o
f Nep
al
targ
etin
g yo
uth
betw
een
16 to
29
year
s. YV
EC co
nduc
ts o
rient
atio
n se
ssio
ns in
ed
ucat
iona
l inst
itutio
ns an
d al
so re
ache
s ou
t to
yout
h th
roug
h co
mm
unity
ce
ntre
s, yo
uth
clubs
etc
.
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd-r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S98
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Par
tner
s A
ctiv
itie
s Cr
oss-
cutt
ing
them
es
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/Sta
tus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Star
ted
natio
nal l
evel
cam
paig
n to
pr
omot
e in
tegr
ity, a
fter
org
aniz
ing
Inte
grity
Con
fere
nce
whi
ch s
aw
part
icip
atio
n fr
om p
eopl
e fr
om
diffe
rent
wal
ks o
f life
, pol
itici
ans,
gove
rnm
ent o
ffici
als,
civi
l soc
iety
le
ader
s, en
trep
rene
urs,
busi
ness
pe
rson
s, jo
urna
lists
etc
. Als
o la
unch
ed ‘B
hras
tach
ari L
ai K
ira P
aros
‘(M
ay th
e Co
rrup
t Rot
) whi
ch is
an
anti-
corr
uptio
n ca
mpa
ign.
Advo
cacy
/ H
uman
Ri
ghts
and
D
emoc
racy
/ Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
- rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Cond
ucts
Rig
ht to
Info
rmat
ion
cam
paig
n an
d or
gani
zed
two-
day
sign
atur
e co
llect
ion
cam
paig
n on
‘In
form
atio
n is
my
Righ
t and
ens
ure
ever
y N
epal
i peo
ple
equa
l acc
ess
to te
chno
logy
and
info
rmat
ion’
at
Com
pute
r Ass
ocia
tion
Nep
al (C
AN
) M
oran
g
Advo
cacy
/ H
uman
Ri
ghts
and
D
emoc
racy
/ Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
Mor
ang
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
- rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Cond
ucts
cam
paig
ns o
n ci
vic
issu
es
aim
ed a
t dev
elop
men
t pro
cess
Advo
cacy
/ H
uman
Ri
ghts
and
D
emoc
racy
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
- rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Mar
ks In
tern
atio
nal D
ays
like
Inte
rnat
iona
l You
th D
ay, N
on-
Viol
ence
Day
, Pea
ce D
ay, H
uman
Ri
ghts
Day
, Vol
unte
ers
Day
and
Ant
i-Co
rrup
tion
Day
etc
.
Advo
cacy
/ H
uman
Ri
ghts
and
D
emoc
racy
/ Pe
ace
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
- rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S99
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Prov
ides
opp
ortu
nity
for N
epal
ese
yout
h (c
hose
n th
roug
h ap
plic
atio
ns)
to w
ork
as a
n ap
pren
tice
in p
oliti
cal
yout
h an
d st
uden
t org
aniz
atio
ns.
The
appr
entic
es g
et to
lear
n th
e sy
stem
of p
oliti
cal y
outh
and
st
uden
t org
aniz
atio
n in
add
ition
to
pro
vidi
ng a
dmin
istr
ativ
e,
prog
ram
mat
ic s
uppo
rt, h
elps
to
brid
ge th
e ga
p be
twee
n pa
rtis
an
and
non-
part
isan
you
th.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
, M
oran
g,
Dha
nush
a,
Dan
g an
d
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
- rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Yout
h in
G
over
nanc
eD
anid
aHU
GO
U (2
009-
2013
), Se
arch
For
Co
mm
on G
roun
d (2
009
– 20
13),
Inte
rnat
iona
l Fo
unda
tion
For E
lect
oral
Sy
stem
(IFE
S) (2
011-
now
)
Org
aniz
es o
ne-d
ay w
orks
hops
ca
lled
Yout
h Ad
voca
cy fo
r Ac
coun
tabi
lity
and
Tran
spar
ency
(Y
AAT
ra).
The
wor
ksho
ps e
nabl
e yo
uth
orga
niza
tions
to in
volv
e an
d m
obili
ze y
outh
as
activ
e st
akeh
olde
rs fo
r tra
nspa
renc
y an
d ac
coun
tabi
lity
in g
over
nanc
e.
YAAT
ra a
lso
aim
s to
enh
ance
pu
blic
sec
tor a
ccou
ntab
ility
and
tr
ansp
aren
cy a
nd d
evel
op g
reat
er
publ
ic a
war
enes
s ab
out t
he
need
and
requ
irem
ents
of g
ood
gove
rnan
ce.
Hum
an
Righ
ts a
nd
Dem
ocra
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/
Advo
cacy
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
-rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Cond
ucts
two-
day
trai
ning
/w
orks
hop
entit
led
Yout
h Ad
voca
cy
and
Actio
n fo
r Acc
ount
abili
ty a
nd
Resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
cusi
ng o
n th
e m
ajor
bo
ttle
neck
s im
pedi
ng p
rogr
ess
on th
e Co
nstit
utio
n-dr
aftin
g an
d Pe
ace
Proc
ess
and
to b
rain
stor
m
solu
tions
on
thos
e is
sues
. You
ths
get
an o
ppor
tuni
ty to
lear
n th
e co
ncep
t of
acc
ount
abili
ty a
nd re
spon
sibi
lity,
an
d ar
e al
so a
ble
shar
e th
eir v
iew
s w
ith fe
llow
par
ticip
ants
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
, M
oran
g,
Dha
nush
a,
Dan
g an
d Ka
ilali
Ong
oing
D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd- r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
0
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Par
tner
s A
ctiv
itie
s Cr
oss-
cutt
ing
them
es
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/Sta
tus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Calls
for a
pplic
atio
n fo
r Nat
iona
l Yo
uth
Serv
ice
whe
re th
e vo
lunt
eers
ha
ve th
e op
port
unity
to le
arn
abou
t th
e lo
cal g
over
nanc
e, s
uch
as th
e fu
nctio
ning
of V
DC/
DD
C an
d w
ays
to c
ontr
ibut
e at
the
loca
l lev
el.
Volu
ntee
rs a
re d
eplo
yed
to d
iffer
ent
stra
tegi
c lo
catio
ns fo
r tw
o w
eeks
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
, M
oran
g,
Dha
nush
a,
Dan
g an
d Ka
ilali
Ong
oing
D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd- r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Enco
urag
es a
nd s
uppo
rts
youn
g pe
ople
to a
ct a
gain
st c
orru
ptio
n th
roug
h vo
lunt
eeris
m a
t loc
al to
na
tiona
l lev
el.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
, M
oran
g,
Dha
nush
a,
Dan
g an
d Ka
ilali
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
- rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Gov
es o
ut Y
outh
Initi
ativ
e Aw
ard
(nam
ed In
tegr
ity A
war
d as
pa
rt o
f the
con
tinuo
us e
ffort
to
prom
otin
g in
tegr
ity a
nd fi
ght
agai
nst c
orru
ptio
n) w
hich
see
ks
out N
epal
’s m
ost p
rom
isin
g yo
uth
advo
cate
s w
ith p
oten
tial t
o m
ake
an im
pact
aga
inst
cor
rupt
ion.
Thi
s aw
ard
reco
gniz
es th
e eff
orts
of
yout
h w
ho w
ork
tow
ards
or h
ave
an id
ea to
era
dica
te c
orru
ptio
n an
d es
tabl
ishi
ng g
ood
gove
rnan
ce in
th
eir s
pher
es o
f infl
uenc
e.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gO
pen
to A
ll ov
er N
epal
Ong
oing
(a
nnua
l)D
onat
ion,
M
embe
rshi
p fe
e,
com
mitm
ent
fee
and
diffe
rent
fu
nd-r
aisi
ng
activ
ities
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
1
You
th in
Co
mm
on
Plat
form
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Hol
ds w
eekl
y di
alog
ue s
essi
ons
in
‘Sm
art C
lub’
pro
vidi
ng a
com
mon
pl
atfo
rm fo
r you
th a
nd s
tude
nts.
It al
so a
ims
to e
ngag
e th
em in
pe
rson
ality
dev
elop
men
t, cr
itica
l th
inki
ng, p
ublic
spe
akin
g an
d pr
esen
tatio
n sk
ills.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gKa
thm
andu
(S
C &
MC)
, M
oran
g (S
C),
Dha
nush
a (S
C),
Dan
g(SC
) an
d Ka
ilali(
SC)
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
-rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Org
aniz
es a
nnua
l Moo
n Ca
mp
on
the
eve
of F
agu
Purn
ima
(fest
ival
of
col
ors)
. Thi
s ev
ent,
with
its
uniq
ue a
ppro
ach
tow
ards
relig
ious
fe
stiv
als,
brin
gs to
geth
er y
outh
s fr
om d
iffer
ent b
ackg
roun
ds to
ca
rry
out c
reat
ive
activ
ities
of s
ocia
l im
port
ance
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/
Advo
cacy
Kath
man
du
(SC
&M
C),
Mor
ang
(SC)
, D
hanu
sha
(SC)
, D
ang(
SC)
and
Kaila
li(SC
)
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
-rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Enha
nces
the
capa
city
of t
he s
taff
and
boar
d m
embe
rs b
y pr
ovid
ing
oppo
rtun
ities
thro
ugh
diffe
rent
m
eetin
gs, e
xpos
ure
visi
ts a
nd
trai
ning
ses
sion
at n
atio
nal a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
l lev
el. G
ener
al a
nd
need
-bas
ed c
apac
ity b
uild
ing
prog
ram
mes
are
als
o or
gani
zed
on a
regu
lar b
asis
to im
prov
e th
e pr
ofes
sion
al c
ompe
tenc
ies
of th
e sa
me.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/
Repr
esen
tatio
n
Kath
man
du,
Mor
ang,
D
hanu
sha,
D
ang
and
Kaila
li
Ong
oing
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
-rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
Dan
idaH
UG
OU
(200
9-20
13),
Sear
ch F
or
Com
mon
Gro
und
(200
9 –
2013
), In
tern
atio
nal
Foun
datio
n Fo
r Ele
ctor
al
Syst
em (I
FES)
(201
1- n
ow)
Use
s th
e st
rate
gic
appr
oach
es o
f co
ordi
natio
n, c
olla
bora
tion
and
netw
orki
ng to
exp
and
netw
ork
amon
gst G
over
nmen
t and
Nat
iona
l/In
tern
atio
nal n
on- g
over
nmen
t en
titie
s th
roug
h di
ffere
nt m
eetin
gs,
cons
ulta
tion
and
colla
bora
tion
activ
ities
.
Repr
esen
tatio
n/Ad
voca
cyKa
thm
andu
, M
oran
g,
Dha
nush
a,
Dan
g an
d Ka
ilali
Don
atio
n,
Mem
bers
hip
fee,
co
mm
itmen
t fe
e an
d di
ffere
nt
fund
- rai
sing
ac
tiviti
es
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
2
14. Y
outh
NG
O F
eder
atio
n N
epal
Yout
h N
GO
Fed
erat
ion
Nep
al is
a n
on-p
artis
an, a
uton
omou
s, no
n-pr
ofit n
atio
nal-l
evel
um
brel
la o
rgan
izat
ion
form
ed b
y a
team
of y
outh
NG
O
prof
essi
onal
s to
pro
mot
e an
d pr
otec
t you
th o
rgan
izat
ions
acr
oss
the
coun
try.
It is
gov
erne
d by
its
cons
titut
ion,
bra
nch
guid
elin
es, c
ode
of c
ondu
ct
and
its th
irty-
thre
e m
embe
r cen
tral
com
mitt
ee. I
t has
bee
n re
cogn
ized
by
the
Min
istr
y of
You
th a
nd S
port
s as
a n
atio
nal u
mbr
ella
org
aniz
atio
n fo
r N
epal
i you
th. I
ts c
entr
al c
omm
ittee
is in
clus
ive
and,
ens
ured
by
the
cons
titut
ion,
con
sist
s of
repr
esen
tativ
es fr
om v
ario
us m
argi
naliz
ed g
roup
s su
ch
as w
omen
, Dal
it, Ja
naja
ti, M
adhe
si, D
isab
led,
Pic
hhad
a ba
rga
and
third
gen
der.
[ww
w.y
outh
ngof
eder
atio
n.or
g]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
e-m
enti
ng
Part
ners
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Trai
ning
, w
orks
hop,
se
min
ar,
shar
ing
Cond
ucts
vis
iona
ry L
eade
rshi
p D
evel
opm
ent T
rain
ing
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gO
ngoi
ng
Org
aniz
es p
ress
con
fere
nce
on to
pica
l com
mon
issu
es o
f yo
uth
inte
rest
Ad
voca
cy/
Repr
esen
tatio
nO
ngoi
ng
(spo
radi
c)
Nat
iona
l You
th C
onfe
renc
e 20
66Re
pres
enta
tion/
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Advo
cacy
Org
aniz
ed N
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Vol
unte
erin
g 20
10Re
pres
enta
tion/
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/
Advo
cacy
2010
Org
aniz
ed y
outh
wor
ksho
p in
Chi
twan
dis
tric
t with
35
yout
hs p
artic
ipan
ts
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gCh
itwan
Org
aniz
ed N
atio
nal l
evel
you
th c
onfe
renc
e at
Sta
ff Co
llege
in
Lal
itpur
with
mor
e th
an 3
00 p
artic
ipan
ts re
pres
entin
g al
l 75
dist
ricts
of N
epal
Repr
esen
tatio
n/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Ad
voca
cy
Kath
man
du
valle
y20
09
Org
aniz
ed in
tera
ctio
n m
eetin
g w
ith y
outh
pa
rliam
enta
rians
to d
iscu
ss a
nd s
hare
abo
ut th
e re
spec
tive
role
s of
the
Stat
e an
d th
e yo
uth
Repr
esen
tatio
n/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Ad
voca
cy
Advo
cacy
and
lo
bbyi
ngN
atio
nal
Plan
ning
Co
mm
issio
n
Cond
ucts
inte
ract
ion
mee
tings
with
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
t diff
eren
t lev
els
for t
he in
tegr
atio
n of
you
th
chap
ter i
n th
e fo
rthc
omin
g N
atio
nal P
lan
Repr
esen
tatio
n/Ad
voca
cyO
ngoi
ng
Carr
ied
out l
obby
ing
and
advo
cacy
for t
he fo
rmul
atio
n of
Nat
iona
l You
th P
olic
y. O
rgan
ized
sit-
in p
rote
st in
fron
t of
Min
istr
y of
You
th a
nd S
port
and
sub
mitt
ed m
emo
dem
andi
ng im
med
iate
ann
ounc
emen
t of N
atio
nal Y
outh
po
licy
befo
re it
was
ann
ounc
ed
Repr
esen
tatio
n/Ad
voca
cy
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
3
Part
icip
ated
act
ivel
y in
con
sulta
tive
and
inte
ract
ion
mee
tings
at d
iffer
ent l
evel
s w
ith Y
outh
Min
istr
y to
dec
ide
the
cont
ent a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
mod
ality
of N
atio
nal
Yout
h Po
licy
Repr
esen
tatio
n/Ad
voca
cy
Subm
itted
mem
o to
the
Spea
ker o
f the
Con
stitu
ent
Ass
embl
y, d
raw
ing
his
atte
ntio
n to
war
ds y
outh
s’ rig
hts
in
fort
hcom
ing
cons
titut
ion
Repr
esen
tatio
n/Ad
voca
cy
Subm
itted
mem
o to
Min
istr
y of
Fin
ance
, dem
andi
ng
smal
l ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p an
d se
lf-em
ploy
men
t pro
gram
me
for y
outh
, as
a re
sult
of w
hich
, the
pro
gram
me
has
been
in
trod
uced
at a
sm
all s
cale
Repr
esen
tatio
n/Ad
voca
cy
Net
wor
king
Obs
erve
s In
tern
atio
nal Y
outh
day
ann
ually
in a
lmos
t all
dist
ricts
by
orga
nizi
ng v
ario
us p
rogr
amm
es s
uch
as ra
lly,
stre
et d
ram
a, in
tera
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
es, e
tc.
Advo
cacy
Ong
oing
Repr
esen
ted
yout
h as
a ta
sk fo
rce
mem
ber i
n th
e N
atio
nal
Yout
h Po
licy
draf
ting
com
mitt
eeRe
pres
enta
tion/
Advo
cacy
Rese
arch
, pu
blic
atio
n an
d di
ssem
inat
ion
Cond
ucte
d re
sear
ch o
n an
d pu
blis
hed
gove
rnm
ent
budg
et a
naly
sis
repo
rt c
over
ing
yout
h re
spon
sive
pla
n an
d pr
ogra
mm
e
Rese
arch
/ Med
ia
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
4
15. Y
UW
AEs
tabl
ishe
d in
200
9, Y
UW
A is
a re
gist
ered
, not
-for-
profi
t, pu
rely
you
th-r
un a
nd le
d or
gani
zatio
n w
orki
ng to
pro
mot
e yo
uth
part
icip
atio
n th
roug
h em
pow
erm
ent a
nd a
dvoc
acy.
YU
WA
was
bor
n ou
t of a
gro
up o
f com
mitt
ed y
outh
s, un
offici
ally
wor
king
in th
is s
ecto
r sin
ce 2
005.
The
initi
al fo
cus
was
on
deve
lopi
ng le
ader
ship
ski
lls o
f the
invo
lved
you
ths
and
gett
ing
trai
ned
as y
outh
act
ivis
ts a
nd a
dvoc
ates
for c
hang
e. T
his
initi
ativ
e le
d to
the
real
izat
ion
of th
e se
rious
ness
of y
outh
issu
es a
nd th
e ne
ed to
act
whi
ch fi
nally
took
the
shap
e of
YU
WA
. [w
ww
.YU
WA
.org
.np]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
k-in
g D
is-
tric
ts
Peri
od/
Stat
usFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Activ
e Ci
tizen
ship
Loca
l Par
tner
from
va
rious
col
lege
s (li
ke
CAM
AD
Col
lege
, Ka
ntip
ur C
ity C
olle
ge
etc.
)
Org
aniz
es P
rara
mbh
a, a
two
day
non-
resi
dent
ial
prog
ram
me
targ
eted
tow
ards
the
yout
hs b
etw
een
the
ages
of 1
8-27
, aim
ed a
t cre
atin
g a
com
mon
pla
tfor
m
for i
nnov
atio
n an
d en
gage
men
t
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gO
ngoi
ngRe
gist
ratio
n fe
es fr
om
Part
icip
ants
an
d Su
ppor
t fr
om h
ost
colle
ges.
Loca
l Par
tner
from
va
rious
You
th C
lubs
(li
ke S
ickl
es C
lub
Kask
i, Ta
ntin
g Yo
uth
Club
Kas
ki, J
unta
ra
Yout
h Cl
ub S
yang
ja
etc)
Org
aniz
es P
ahic
han,
a ru
ral y
outh
targ
eted
non
-re
side
ntia
l pro
gram
me
with
the
thre
e m
ain
prin
cipl
es
of e
xplo
ring
the
loca
l lea
ders
hip,
em
pow
erin
g th
e lo
cal l
eade
rs a
nd e
stab
lishi
ng s
ocia
l net
wor
ks)
carr
ied
out i
n th
e ru
ral a
reas
of N
epal
and
is p
rimar
ily
desi
gned
to p
rodu
ce s
kille
d, s
elf-m
otiv
ated
and
em
pow
ered
cha
in o
f loc
al le
ader
ship
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gO
ngoi
ngFu
nd-r
aisi
ng
from
loca
l pe
ople
, loc
al
busi
ness
man
, w
ell-w
ishe
rs
and
Supp
ort
from
hos
t Clu
b
Wor
ld B
ank
Publ
ic
Info
rmat
ion
Cent
re
for D
iscu
ssio
n H
all
Org
aniz
es ‘Y
UW
A M
anth
an’, a
dis
cuss
ion
prog
ram
me,
in
whi
ch th
e yo
uths
gat
her a
t YU
WA
Offi
ce tw
ice
a m
onth
to d
iscu
ss in
the
issu
es a
ffect
ing
yout
hs, t
hus
prov
idin
g a
plat
form
for t
he y
outh
to v
oice
thei
r ide
as
and
also
cre
atin
g a
plac
e fo
r the
ir en
gage
men
t
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gO
ngoi
ng
HIV
& A
IDS
and
SRH
RM
TV S
tayi
ng A
live
Foun
datio
n an
d Va
rious
Col
lege
s
Cond
ucts
‘Rea
chin
g O
ut Yo
ung
Min
ds’ ,
a on
e-da
y w
orks
hop
espe
cial
ly ta
rget
ed a
t you
ng co
llege
stud
ents
an
d co
nsist
ing
of se
ssio
ns o
n ba
sics o
f SRH
R, n
atio
nal a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
l pol
icy
envi
ronm
ent,
over
view
of t
he y
outh
dy
nam
ism in
AID
S, a
dvoc
atin
g th
roug
h ne
w m
edia
, issu
es
of LG
BTI, h
arm
redu
ctio
n, e
tc. a
nd d
ocum
enta
ry sc
reen
ing
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/
Hea
lth
Ong
oing
MTV
Sta
ying
A
live
Foun
-da
tion
Advo
cate
s fo
r You
ths,
Vario
us y
outh
or
gani
zatio
ns
Cond
ucte
d In
tern
atio
nal Y
outh
Spe
ak O
ut P
roje
ct in
whi
ch
Yout
h Ac
tivist
s Lea
ders
hip
Coun
cil (Y
ALC)
, a g
roup
of t
en
yout
h ac
tivist
s, ag
ed 1
8 to
24,
who
advo
cate
at th
e na
tiona
l an
d in
tern
atio
nal le
vel fo
r im
prov
ed se
xual
and
repr
oduc
tive
heal
th p
olici
es th
at su
ppor
t rep
rodu
ctiv
e he
alth
/fam
ily
plan
ning
serv
ices,
com
preh
ensiv
e se
xual
ity e
duca
tion
and
prog
ram
mes
that
supp
ort m
eani
ngfu
l you
th p
artic
ipat
ion
Advo
cacy
/ Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
2010
-2
012
Advo
cate
s fo
r Yo
uths
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
5
Econ
omic
In
itiat
ion
and
Inno
vatio
n
n/a
Org
aniz
es Y
outh
Tra
de F
air,
a on
e-st
op p
latf
orm
to
enco
urag
e yo
ung
entr
epre
neur
s by
sho
wca
sing
thei
r pr
oduc
ts s
uch
as s
oftw
are,
han
dmad
e ite
ms,
gadg
ets,
and
devi
ces
and
othe
r par
aphe
rnal
ia.
Advo
cacy
/ Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing/
En-
trep
rene
ursh
ip
n/a
n/a
n/a
Runs
the
Crea
tivity
Sup
port
Tru
st –
YU
WA
Ban
k:,
for w
hich
the
fund
s ar
e co
llect
ed b
y se
lling
‘Soc
ial
Resp
onsi
bilit
y Sh
are
(SRS
)’ an
d us
ed o
nly
in Y
outh
In
nova
tion
Lab
(mai
ntai
ned
in Y
UW
A o
ffice
). YU
WA
Cr
eativ
ity S
uppo
rt T
rust
has
a B
oard
of T
rust
ees
with
no
t mor
e th
an fi
ve y
outh
bel
ow th
e ag
e of
27.
Capa
city
Bui
ld-
ing/
Ent
repr
e-ne
ursh
ip
n/a
n/a
n/a
Runs
the
Prog
ram
me
Supp
ort U
nit
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gn/
an/
a
Glo
cal
Info
rmat
ion
Acce
ss
n/a
Publ
ishe
s a
mon
thly
e-n
ewsl
ette
r whi
ch is
di
ssem
inat
ed th
roug
h e-
mai
l and
hel
ps in
sha
ring
of
idea
s, hi
ghlig
htin
g yo
uth
achi
evem
ents
and
pro
vidi
ng
info
rmat
ion
abou
t upc
omin
g op
port
uniti
es
Rese
arch
/ M
edia
Ong
oing
n/a
Advo
cate
s fo
r You
ths
Publ
ishe
d yo
uth
invo
lvem
ent f
acts
heet
con
sist
ing
of
the
upda
ted
situ
atio
nal a
naly
sis
of N
epal
i you
th, t
heir
sect
oral
invo
lvem
ent a
nd it
s im
pact
Rese
arch
/ M
edia
2012
Advo
cate
s fo
r Yo
uths
Yout
h O
utre
ach
and
Advo
cacy
US
Emba
ssy
Nep
al,
corp
orat
e ho
uses
and
yo
uth
orga
niza
tions
Hos
ts th
e yo
uth
port
al w
hich
is a
one
sto
p fo
r all
type
s of
info
rmat
ion
on y
outh
issu
es a
nd c
onsi
sts
of li
nks
to
impo
rtan
t res
ourc
es, t
rain
ing
and
acad
emic
mat
eria
ls,
book
lets
, jou
rnal
s an
d up
com
ing
oppo
rtun
ities
. Ac
hiev
emen
ts o
f you
ths
are
high
light
ed th
roug
h in
ter-
view
s an
d vi
deo
clip
ping
s al
ong
with
opi
nion
-sh
arin
g th
at is
enc
oura
ged
thro
ugh
blog
pos
ting.
Med
ia/
Rese
arch
/ Ad
voca
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
Und
er
Con-
stru
ctio
n
US-
Emba
ssy
Nep
al
n/a
Runs
an
e-ra
dio
as a
n on
line
audi
o in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g m
ediu
m w
here
pod
cast
s, au
dio
clip
s of
you
th
issu
es a
nd in
terv
iew
s w
ith p
rom
inen
t per
sona
litie
s ar
e po
sted
Med
ia/
Rese
arch
/ Ad
voca
cy/
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
n/a
n/a
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
6
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
k-in
g D
is-
tric
ts
Peri
od/
Stat
usFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Jeev
an Jy
oti H
ighe
r Se
cond
ary
Scho
ol,
Syan
gja
and
YUW
A
Volu
ntee
r
Runs
Boo
ketin
g Pr
ojec
t, a
zero
- cos
t vol
unta
ry y
outh
in
itiat
ion
scho
ol li
brar
y pr
ojec
t in
Jeev
an Jy
oti H
ighe
r Se
cond
ary
Scho
ol in
Sya
ngja
dis
tric
t, w
here
the
scho
ol
stud
ents
are
them
selv
es tr
aine
d to
man
age
the
libra
ry
Advo
cacy
/Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing
Ong
oing
YUW
A Te
am
Mem
ber,
pers
onal
do
nors
and
fu
nd-r
aisi
ng
even
ts
n/a
Hos
ts Y
UW
A S
atel
lite,
whi
ch is
a h
ub w
here
cre
ativ
ity
is u
sed
as a
maj
or to
ol o
f aw
aren
ess,
info
rmat
ion
and
mot
ivat
ion
for y
outh
. The
maj
or o
bjec
tive
is to
ab
sorb
info
rmat
ion
from
the
surr
ound
ing
area
and
di
ssem
inat
e it
thro
ugh
crea
tive
chan
nels
suc
h as
po
ster
s, ar
t, dr
ama,
mus
ic, e
tc.
Advo
cacy
/Ca
paci
ty
Build
ing/
Med
ia
n/a
n/a
n/a
Runs
YU
WA
vol
unte
ers,
a vo
lunt
eer m
obili
zatio
n pr
ogra
mm
e, th
roug
h w
hich
the
volu
ntee
rs a
re m
an-
aged
and
mob
ilize
d as
per
the
need
, int
eres
t and
pr
ogra
mm
es.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
gn/
an/
a
Vario
us Y
outh
O
rgan
izat
ions
, Co
llege
s, co
rpor
ate
hous
es e
tc.
Cele
brat
es fe
stiv
als
to m
ark
such
occ
asio
ns a
s In
tern
atio
nal Y
outh
Day
(Aug
ust 1
2), G
loba
l You
th
Serv
ice
Day
, (A
pril
16, 1
7 an
d 18
), W
orld
AID
S D
ay
(Dec
embe
r 1) e
tc.
Advo
cacy
Ong
oing
Vario
us y
outh
or
gani
zatio
ns,
colle
ges,
corp
orat
e ho
uses
etc
.
Supp
orts
stu
dent
cou
ncils
in c
olle
ges
acro
ss
Kath
man
du to
con
duct
diff
eren
t pro
gram
mes
and
als
o w
orks
with
diff
eren
t Rot
arac
t Clu
bs a
nd Y
outh
Red
Cr
oss
Circ
les
in le
ader
ship
dev
elop
men
t pro
gram
mes
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g
US
Emba
ssy
Nep
alPa
rtic
ipat
es in
US
Yout
h Ad
viso
ry C
ounc
il N
epal
Advo
cacy
Jan
2011
D
ec 2
012
US
Emba
ssy
Nep
al
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
7
B. G
over
nmen
t-le
d Yo
uth
Init
iati
ves
1. M
inis
try
of Y
outh
and
Spo
rts
[ww
w.m
oys.g
ov.n
p]
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a Im
plem
enti
ng P
artn
ers
Act
ivit
ies/
Proc
ess
Peri
odFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Esta
blis
h an
d ru
n N
atio
nal Y
outh
Co
unci
l
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on, M
inis
try
of P
eace
and
Just
ice,
M
inis
try
of F
inan
ce, Y
outh
or
gani
zatio
ns a
ffilia
ted
to
polit
ical
par
ties,
othe
r you
th
orga
niza
tions
and
oth
er
rele
vant
sta
keho
lder
s
• Con
sult
rele
vant
sta
keho
lder
s on
the
subj
ect
• Get
inte
rnat
iona
l exp
erie
nce
and
expo
sure
• Dra
ft th
e bi
ll• S
end
the
bill
to th
e ca
bine
t for
dis
cuss
ion
and
endo
rsem
ent
• Est
ablis
h th
e co
unci
l onc
e th
e Bi
ll is
end
orse
d
201
0 -
2012
Yuva
Saj
heda
ri Pr
ogra
mm
e75
Dis
tric
t Spo
rts
Dev
elop
men
t Com
mitt
ees
and
Yout
h or
gani
zatio
ns
• Con
duct
coo
rdin
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
es in
par
tner
ship
with
150
org
aniz
atio
ns
by p
rovi
ding
60%
of t
he fu
ndin
g fo
r any
one
pro
gram
me,
not
to e
xcee
d N
PR 2
00,0
00
• Inf
orm
atio
n ha
s be
en d
isse
min
ated
at d
istr
ict l
evel
and
app
licat
ions
hav
e be
en in
vite
d at
the
cent
ral l
evel
• 6 o
rgan
izat
ions
to b
e ch
osen
in e
ach
dist
rict t
o co
nduc
t wor
k w
ithin
di
ffere
nt th
emat
ic a
reas
2008
- pr
esen
t
Yout
h In
form
atio
n Ce
ntre
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
• App
oint
con
sulta
nts
• Con
duct
rese
arch
into
the
subj
ect
• Rec
eive
repo
rt• C
olle
ct re
com
men
datio
ns• B
uild
an
actio
n pl
an• A
men
d th
e bi
ll• C
ondu
ct 7
5 Yo
uth
Info
rmat
ion
Cent
res
• The
Min
istr
y w
ill a
ct a
s th
e fo
cal m
echa
nism
to c
oord
inat
e an
d m
onito
r all
activ
ities
und
er th
is h
eadi
ng
Com
-pl
eted
Prog
ram
me
to
build
the
situ
atio
n pr
ofile
of n
atio
nal
and
inte
rnat
iona
l or
gani
zatio
ns
wor
king
for y
outh
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
• App
oint
con
sulta
nts
• Rec
eive
repo
rt• F
inal
ize
repo
rt• P
ublis
h an
d di
ssem
inat
e th
e re
port
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
8
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a Im
plem
enti
ng P
artn
ers
Act
ivit
ies/
Proc
ess
Peri
odFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Inte
rnat
iona
l Yo
uth
Day
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
• Cel
ebra
te o
n Au
gust
12
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
gov
ernm
ent,
non-
gove
rnm
ent a
nd y
outh
• Ral
ly, d
iscu
ssio
n, in
form
atio
n di
ssem
inat
ion
and
publ
ishi
ng m
essa
ge fo
r th
e oc
casi
on
Yout
h Ex
chan
ge
prog
ram
mes
un
der t
he B
ilate
ral
agre
emen
t (w
ith
Chin
a)
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
• Rec
eive
invi
tatio
n le
tter
• Con
duct
you
th e
xper
ienc
e ex
chan
ge p
rogr
amm
e• P
ay th
e re
mai
ning
bal
ance
from
pre
viou
s ye
ar’s
prog
ram
me
Inte
rnal
You
th
Exch
ange
Pr
ogra
mm
e
• Sel
ect y
outh
from
gov
ernm
ent/
priv
ate
sect
or s
choo
ls o
r oth
er re
leva
nt
mec
hani
sm w
ithin
10+
2 le
vel
• Tak
e se
lect
ed y
outh
for c
ount
ry-w
ide
trav
el• A
naly
ze th
e pr
ogra
mm
e’s
effec
tiven
ess
Wor
ksho
p of
Yo
uth
Cont
act
Poin
ts
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
• Con
duct
a w
orks
hop
with
the
invo
lvem
ent f
rom
17
foca
l poi
nt
orga
niza
tions
• Est
ablis
h co
ordi
natio
n be
twee
n yo
uth
prog
ram
mes
Publ
icat
ion
of
‘Yuw
a’ Bu
lletin
an
d m
inis
teria
l ac
tiviti
es
• Col
lect
all
min
iste
rial l
evel
act
iviti
es a
nd li
tera
ry w
ritin
gs fo
r pub
licat
ion
and
diss
emin
atio
n
Capa
city
bui
ldin
g pr
ogra
mm
e fo
r po
litic
al y
outh
or
gani
zatio
ns
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
• Con
duct
mee
tings
bet
wee
n po
litic
al y
outh
fede
ratio
ns• P
repa
re a
n ag
enda
• Con
duct
cap
acity
- and
lead
ersh
ip-b
uild
ing
prog
ram
me
Wor
k-si
te tr
aini
ng
for u
nem
ploy
ed
yout
h
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on, M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
and
Fede
ratio
n of
Nep
ales
e Ch
ambe
rs o
f Co
mm
erce
and
Bus
ines
ses
• Con
duct
dis
cuss
ions
with
Fed
erat
ion
of N
epal
ese
Cham
bers
of C
omm
erce
• Fin
aliz
e th
e pr
ogra
mm
e du
ratio
n• C
ondu
ct th
e pr
ogra
mm
e af
ter a
gree
men
ts w
ith th
e Ch
ambe
r and
priv
ate
busi
ness
es ta
rget
ing
1000
une
mpl
oyed
you
th
Yout
h Ta
lent
H
onou
r and
Hel
p Pr
ogra
mm
e
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
• Pub
lish
info
rmat
ion,
find
and
sel
ect t
alen
ted
yout
h an
d ho
nour
them
with
a
cash
priz
e of
NPR
100
000
(3 y
outh
per
yea
r)
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S10
9
Yout
h ge
nera
tion
med
ia p
rogr
amm
eRa
dio
Nep
al• C
ondu
ct m
eetin
gs w
ith R
adio
Com
mun
icat
ion
Dev
elop
men
t Com
mitt
ee
and
com
e to
an
agre
emen
t• C
ondu
ct ra
dio
prog
ram
me
in p
hase
s (e
very
Tue
sday
mor
ning
8:1
5 to
8:4
5 am
)• M
onito
r and
eva
luat
e• E
dit t
he s
crip
t eith
er th
roug
h th
e m
inis
try
or s
ome
appo
inte
d m
echa
nism
or
per
son
Yout
h Li
tera
ture
Co
mpe
titio
nN
atio
nal P
lann
ing
Com
mis
sion
and
Min
istr
y of
Fi
nanc
e
• Pub
lish
gene
ral n
otic
e• C
ondu
ct th
e co
mpe
titiv
e pr
ogra
mm
e• A
war
d fir
st, s
econ
d an
d th
ird p
lace
hol
ders
Dra
ft-b
uild
ing
of
yout
h re
spon
sive
bu
dget
Nat
iona
l Pla
nnin
g Co
mm
issi
on a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce
• Mee
ting
of d
irect
oria
l com
mitt
ee• R
ecei
ve d
raft
from
con
sulta
nt a
nd fi
naliz
e it
• Rec
eive
app
rova
l fro
m re
leva
nt m
echa
nism
• Pro
vide
trai
ning
and
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g to
sta
ffs• I
mpl
emen
t you
th re
spon
sive
bud
get i
n co
ordi
natio
n w
ith g
over
nmen
t m
echa
nism
s
Mon
itorin
g an
d Ev
alua
tion
(M&
E)N
atio
nal P
lann
ing,
Co
mm
issi
on, M
inis
try
of
Fina
nce,
Nat
iona
l Spo
rts
Coun
cil a
nd N
epal
Sco
ut
• Mon
itor t
he p
rogr
amm
es a
nd c
ondu
ct e
valu
atio
ns• A
men
d th
e M
&E
form
s to
mak
e th
em m
ore
conc
ise
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
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inis
try
of F
inan
ce[w
ww
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Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
aIm
plem
enti
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Part
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Act
ivit
ies/
Proc
ess
Peri
odFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Yout
h an
d Sm
all
Ente
rpris
e Se
lf-Em
ploy
men
t Fu
nd (Y
SESE
F)
Prog
ram
me
Fede
ratio
n of
N
epal
ese
Cham
bers
of
Com
mer
ce a
nd
Indu
stry
(FN
CCI)
and
finan
cial
inst
itutio
ns
such
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bank
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d co
oper
ativ
es
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pplic
atio
n an
d re
gist
ratio
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dis
tric
t Cha
mbe
rs o
f Com
mer
ce a
nd In
dust
ry
(CCI
s)• P
artic
ipat
ion
in o
rient
atio
n tr
aini
ng o
n sm
all b
usin
ess
and
entr
epre
neur
ship
(3
days
) pro
vide
d by
CCI
s• A
pplic
atio
n fo
r a lo
an u
p to
the
max
imum
am
ount
of R
s. 20
0,00
0 th
roug
h ba
nks
and
finan
cial
age
ncie
s• U
tiliz
atio
n of
the
loan
for e
stab
lishm
ent o
f new
sm
all-s
cale
bus
ines
ses
or
stre
ngth
enin
g of
exi
stin
g sm
all-s
cale
bus
ines
ses
2009
–
pres
ent
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
1
3. M
inis
try
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abou
r and
Em
ploy
men
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ww
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Prog
ram
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enti
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ivit
ies/
Proc
ess
Peri
odFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Skill-
base
d
Trai
ning
s Vo
catio
nal
and
Skill
s D
evel
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ent
Trai
ning
Cen
tre
Prov
ides
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atio
nal a
nd S
kill
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elop
men
t Bas
ic T
rain
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whi
ch is
eith
er o
f thr
ee
or s
ix m
onth
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clud
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e fo
llow
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gen
eral
mec
hani
cs, e
lect
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fitt
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pl
umbi
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air d
ress
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tailo
ring,
ele
ctro
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otor
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pair,
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mpu
ter,
wel
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nitu
re m
akin
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umps
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echa
nics
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dha
ka w
eavi
ng.
Ong
oing
Prov
ides
Voc
atio
nal a
nd S
kill
Dev
elop
men
t Upg
radi
ng T
rain
ing
whi
ch in
clud
e: e
lect
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fit
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and
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ides
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evel
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rain
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mbr
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mak
ing,
soa
p-m
akin
g,
nurs
ery
man
agem
ent,
squa
sh a
nd s
auce
-mak
ing.
The
maj
or ta
rget
gro
ups
of th
is
trai
ning
are
indi
vidu
als
from
fam
ilies
who
wer
e vi
ctim
s of
the
civi
l con
flict
, are
blin
d or
ha
ve fa
iled
the
Scho
ol L
eavi
ng C
ertifi
cate
(SLC
) boa
rd e
xam
inat
ion,
am
ong
othe
rs.
Ong
oing
Prov
ides
Res
iden
tial W
omen
Ski
ll D
evel
opm
ent T
rain
ing
whi
ch is
six
mon
ths’
long
and
co
nsis
ts o
f tra
inin
g in
tailo
ring,
coo
king
, pai
ntin
g, li
tera
cy, e
mbr
oide
ry, c
andl
e-m
akin
g an
d no
odle
s-m
akin
g.
Ong
oing
Prov
ides
For
eign
and
You
th S
elf-
empl
oym
ent-
rela
ted
Spec
ial S
kill
Dev
elop
men
t Tra
inin
g ta
rget
ed a
t you
ths
who
asp
ire to
be
empl
oyed
ove
rsea
s an
d/or
sta
rt th
eir o
wn
busi
ness
an
d ca
n be
take
n in
: coo
king
, wai
ting,
sm
all h
otel
man
agem
ent,
sale
s, ca
re-g
ivin
g,
secu
rity
(men
and
wom
en),
stee
l fixt
ure,
shu
tter
ing,
car
pent
ry, s
caffo
ldin
g, s
ecre
taria
l w
ork,
hou
seke
epin
g, n
urse
ry m
anag
emen
t and
gar
deni
ng, m
ushr
oom
farm
ing
and
prod
uctio
n, w
ood
carv
ing,
sto
ne c
arvi
ng, f
ront
offi
ce m
anag
emen
t and
rura
l ani
mal
se
rvic
e.
Ong
oing
Prov
ides
Ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p D
evel
opm
ent T
rain
ing
whi
ch is
one
wee
k lo
ng a
nd is
ta
rget
ed a
t ind
ivid
uals
who
hav
e al
read
y re
ceiv
ed a
ny o
f the
afo
rem
entio
ned
trai
ning
s.O
ngoi
ng
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
2
4. M
inis
try
of In
dust
ry[w
ww
.moi
.gov
.np]
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
aIm
plem
enti
ng
Part
ners
Act
ivit
ies/
Proc
ess
Peri
odFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Skill
-bas
ed
Trai
ning
s O
ffice
of
Cott
age
and
Smal
l In
dust
ries
Prov
ides
Reg
ular
Tra
inin
g fo
r tai
lorin
g, e
mbr
oide
ry, f
ashi
on d
esig
n, h
osie
ry, t
extil
e,
furn
iture
, bat
ik p
aint
ing
and
woo
d-ca
rvin
g. D
eman
d-ba
sed
trai
ning
s ar
e al
so o
ffere
d su
ch a
s th
angk
a pa
intin
g, c
ellp
hone
repa
ir, c
uttin
g of
pre
ciou
s an
d se
mi-p
reci
ous
ston
es, a
nd c
ompu
ter r
epai
r.
Prov
ides
Han
dicr
aft T
rain
ing
in h
andm
ade
pape
r and
pro
duct
s pr
oduc
tion,
leat
her
and
leat
her g
oods
pro
duct
ion
and
prom
otio
n, c
eram
ic p
rodu
cts
prod
uctio
n an
d pr
omot
ion.
Prov
ides
Tra
inin
gs B
ased
in G
roup
Par
ticip
atio
n w
hich
are
as
per l
ocal
dem
and
and
the
pote
ntia
l for
dev
elop
ing
succ
essf
ul b
usin
esse
s in
sel
ecte
d di
stric
ts. T
hese
trai
ning
s ar
e ca
rrie
d ou
t in
colla
bora
tion
with
oth
er o
rgan
izat
ions
wor
king
on
inco
me
gene
ratio
n.
Prov
ides
Ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p D
evel
opm
ent T
rain
ing
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
3
C. Y
outh
Init
iati
ves
of In
tern
atio
nal P
artn
ers
1. E
qual
Acc
ess
Nep
alEq
ual A
cces
s N
epal
(Equ
al A
cces
s) w
as e
stab
lishe
d as
an
NG
O in
Nep
al in
Feb
ruar
y 20
04. I
nitia
lly, E
qual
Acc
ess,
an In
tern
atio
nal N
GO
bas
ed in
San
Fr
anci
sco
(cur
rent
ly a
lso
regi
ster
ed w
ith th
e So
cial
Wel
fare
Cou
ncil
as a
n IN
GO
in N
epal
), st
arte
d op
erat
ions
in N
epal
as
the
exec
utin
g ag
ency
for t
he
UN
DP
Asi
a Pa
cific
Reg
iona
l pilo
t pro
ject
, Dig
ital B
road
cast
Initi
ativ
e. T
his
initi
ativ
e, th
at u
tiliz
ed d
igita
l sat
ellit
e br
oadc
astin
g te
chno
logy
to b
ring
vita
l de
velo
pmen
t inf
orm
atio
n di
rect
to u
nder
serv
ed c
omm
uniti
es in
rura
l set
tings
, was
form
ally
laun
ched
in K
athm
andu
, Jun
e 24
, 200
3. S
ince
then
, Equ
al
Acce
ss h
as c
ontin
ued
to im
plem
ent n
umer
ous ‘
com
mun
icat
ions
for d
evel
opm
ent’
proj
ects
in N
epal
, with
pro
gram
min
g on
a ra
nge
of th
emat
ic a
reas
in
clud
ing
educ
atio
n, h
ealth
care
, mic
rofin
ance
, sus
tain
able
agr
icul
ture
, hum
an ri
ghts
and
con
flict
man
agem
ent,
HIV
/AID
S an
d w
omen
’s em
pow
erm
ent.
[ww
w.e
qual
acce
ss.o
rg.n
p]
Org
aniz
atio
n’s
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Part
ners
A
ctiv
itie
s Cr
oss-
cutt
ing
them
esW
orki
ng
Dis
tric
ts
Peri
od/
Stat
usFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Chat
ting
with
M
y Be
st F
riend
(S
aath
i San
ga
Man
Ka
Kura
)
Rad
io s
tatio
nsRu
ns a
45-
min
ute
radi
o p
rogr
amm
e, w
ith s
ix m
illio
n w
eekl
y yo
uth
liste
ners
, pro
vidi
ng th
em w
ith c
ruci
al in
form
atio
n ab
out h
ealth
, liv
elih
oods
, eco
nom
ic o
ppor
tuni
ties
and
basi
c lif
e sk
ills
to d
eal w
ith th
e di
fficu
lt is
sues
they
face
in th
eir
daily
live
s. T
he fr
ank
yout
h-to
-you
th o
n-ai
r dis
cuss
ions
abo
ut
the
real
ities
and
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
of a
dole
scen
ce h
elp
youn
g pe
ople
to ri
se a
bove
dai
ly c
onfli
cts,
enta
ngle
d ex
pect
atio
ns
and
peer
pre
ssur
e. T
hrou
gh c
hatt
ing
amon
gst t
he h
osts
, sh
ort s
eria
l dra
mas
, int
ervi
ews
with
exp
erts
and
dis
cuss
ion
rega
rdin
g th
e co
urse
s of
act
ion,
list
ener
s ga
in th
e kn
owle
dge
and
supp
ort t
o m
ake
info
rmed
dec
isio
ns. I
nspi
red
by th
e ra
dio
show
, lis
teni
ng c
lubs
als
o co
nduc
t the
ir ow
n ac
tiviti
es,
such
as
HIV
/AID
S tr
aini
ng a
nd p
reve
ntio
n, p
rogr
amm
es o
n ge
nder
dis
crim
inat
ion
& c
aste
dis
crim
inat
ion
in c
olla
bora
tion
with
loca
l hea
lth c
entr
es a
nd v
illag
e de
velo
pmen
t co
mm
ittee
s Web
site
Med
ia/
Advo
cacy
/ Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
Reac
hes
all o
ver
Nep
al
2001
- pr
esen
tU
NIC
EF
Kam
ka
Kura
: New
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Radi
o st
atio
ns
Runs
a ra
dio
prog
ram
me
that
teac
hes
unem
ploy
ed to
id
entif
y, p
repa
re fo
r, pa
rtic
ipat
e in
and
ben
efit f
rom
loca
lly
avai
labl
e en
trep
rene
uria
l and
edu
catio
nal o
ppor
tuni
ties.
The
prog
ram
me
form
at is
an
info
rmal
cha
t bet
wee
n fr
iend
s in
ters
pers
ed w
ith s
hort
dra
mas
, int
ervi
ews,
succ
ess
stor
ies,
feat
ures
, rep
orts
, and
lett
er-r
eadi
ng
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/M
edia
/ Adv
ocac
y/
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g
Reac
hes
all o
ver
Nep
al
May
200
7 - p
rese
nt
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
4
2. G
IZ: T
he In
clus
ive
Dev
elop
men
t of t
he E
cono
my
(INCL
UD
E)
The
Incl
usiv
e D
evel
opm
ent o
f the
Eco
nom
y pr
ogra
mm
e st
arte
d in
200
8, a
nd is
in a
n ex
tend
ed p
hase
till
2013
, with
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f its
bei
ng e
xten
ded
into
201
6. T
he p
rogr
amm
e ha
s th
ree
sect
ors
of fo
cus:
Ent
repr
eneu
rial D
evel
opm
ent,
Valu
e Ch
ain
Dev
elop
men
t, an
d Pu
blic
-Priv
ate
Dia
logu
e. [h
ttp:
//w
ww
.in
clud
enep
al.o
rg/h
ome]
Prog
ram
me/
Th
emat
ic A
rea
Impl
emen
ting
Part
ners
A
ctiv
itie
s Cr
oss-
cutt
ing
them
esW
orki
ng D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Busi
ness
Sta
rt-u
p Su
ppor
tPr
ovid
es n
ew a
nd e
xist
ing
entr
epre
neur
s w
ith p
re- a
nd
post
-sta
rt-u
p su
ppor
t thr
ough
in
divi
dual
/gro
up m
ento
ring,
en
trep
rene
ursh
ip d
evel
opm
ent
trai
ning
, and
link
ages
with
bus
ines
s se
rvic
e pr
ovid
ers
and
finan
cial
in
stitu
tions
Entre
pren
eurs
hip
Far-
Wes
tern
Reg
ion
Ong
oing
Trai
ning
Con
flict
Vi
ctim
s an
d D
iffer
ently
-abl
ed
Confl
ict V
ictim
s an
d D
isab
led
Soci
ety
(CVD
S),
Gan
dake
e Be
e Co
ncer
n (G
BC)
and
Hot
el
Dev
otee
.
Focu
sing
on
entr
epre
neur
ship
de
velo
pmen
t, tr
aine
es a
lso
rece
ive
on-t
he-jo
b tr
aini
ng a
t Hot
el
Dev
otee
, with
pro
spec
ts o
f a jo
b de
pend
ing
on p
erfo
rman
ce.
Entre
pren
eurs
hip/
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g O
ngoi
ng
Inte
grat
ing
Entr
epre
neur
ship
D
evel
opm
ent
in V
ocat
iona
l Tr
aini
ng
CTE
VTAs
sist
s CTE
VT in
revi
sing
its
entr
epre
neur
ship
dev
elop
men
t cu
rric
ula,
dev
elop
s an
inst
ruct
ion
guid
e an
d tr
ains
50
inst
ruct
ors t
o eff
ectiv
ely
deliv
er e
ntre
pren
eurs
hip
deve
lopm
ent t
rain
ings
Entre
pren
eurs
hip/
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g O
ngoi
ng
Prom
otin
g Va
lue
Chai
ns a
nd th
e Lo
cal B
usin
ess
Envi
ronm
ent
Iden
tifies
new
pro
duct
s th
at m
ay
yiel
d go
od e
mpl
oym
ent a
nd h
ave
inco
me
gene
ratio
n po
tent
ial a
nd
prov
ides
sup
port
in th
e pr
oduc
tion,
pr
oces
sing
and
mar
ketin
g of
suc
h pr
oduc
ts
Entre
pren
eurs
hip
Ong
oing
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
5
Prom
otin
g Pl
atfo
rm fo
r Pu
blic
-Priv
ate
Dia
logu
es
Fede
ratio
n of
Nep
ales
e Ch
ambe
rs o
f Co
mm
erce
an
d In
dust
ry
(FN
CCI)
and
Nep
al B
usin
ess
Initi
ativ
e
Dev
elop
s Pu
blic
-Priv
ate
Dia
logu
e m
anua
l with
par
tner
s, w
hich
was
al
so u
sed
to p
rovi
de tr
aini
ng to
pa
rtic
ipan
ts fr
om D
DCs
, Cha
mbe
rs
of C
omm
erce
and
Indu
stry
and
th
e Co
ttag
e an
d Sm
all I
ndus
trie
s D
evel
opm
ent B
oard
.
Advo
cacy
Ong
oing
Supp
ort t
o CC
I an
d Co
oper
ativ
esSu
ppor
ts C
ham
bers
of C
omm
erce
an
d In
dust
ry (C
CI) a
nd c
oope
rativ
es
deliv
er b
ette
r ser
vice
s an
d al
so
prov
ides
ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p de
velo
pmen
t tra
inin
g to
thei
r m
embe
rs.
Entre
pren
eurs
hip/
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
gO
ngoi
ng
Busi
ness
Clim
ate
Surv
eys
Und
erta
kes
regu
lar s
urve
ys w
ith
the
obje
ctiv
e of
ass
istin
g bu
sine
ss
and
gove
rnm
ent s
ecto
rs to
mak
e in
form
ed a
nd ti
mel
y de
cisi
ons
Rese
arch
Ong
oing
Trai
ning
of
Trai
ners
(ToT
)
Fede
ratio
n of
Nat
iona
l Ch
ambe
r of
Com
mer
ce
and
Indu
strie
s (F
NCC
I)
Prov
ided
ToT
to 7
4 in
divi
dual
s Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing
2010
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
6
3. H
ELV
ETA
S: T
he E
mpl
oym
ent F
und
The
Empl
oym
ent F
und
(EF)
was
est
ablis
hed
in 2
008,
and
is c
urre
ntly
bei
ng o
pera
ted
by H
ELVE
TAS
Swis
s In
terc
oope
ratio
n N
epal
und
er th
e ag
reem
ent s
igne
d in
201
1 be
twee
n th
e G
over
nmen
t of N
epal
(GoN
) and
the
Swis
s Ag
ency
for D
evel
opm
ent &
Coo
pera
tion
(SD
C). E
F is
gov
erne
d by
the
Empl
oym
ent F
und
Stee
ring
Com
mitt
ee (E
FSC)
whi
ch is
cha
ired
by th
e Jo
int S
ecre
tary
of t
he M
inis
try
of E
duca
tion.
EF
focu
ses
prim
arily
on
prov
idin
g sh
ort t
erm
mar
ket o
rient
ed
skill
trai
ning
s, as
wel
l as
busi
ness
and
life
ski
ll tr
aini
ng to
une
mpl
oyed
, dis
adva
ntag
ed y
oung
wom
en a
nd m
en in
ord
er to
link
them
to g
ainf
ul e
mpl
oym
ent
afte
r com
plet
ion
of th
e tr
aini
ng. T
he p
roje
ct h
as n
atio
nal c
over
age
and
is im
plem
ente
d th
roug
h pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Tra
inin
g an
d Em
ploy
men
t Ser
vice
Pro
vide
rs
(T&
Es).
[ww
w.e
mpl
oym
entf
und.
org.
np/]
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
aIm
plem
enti
ng
Part
ners
A
ctiv
itie
s Cr
oss-
cutt
ing
them
esW
orki
ng D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Skill
Tra
inin
g Pr
ivat
e Tr
aini
ng
Prov
ider
s Pr
ovid
es s
kill
trai
ning
to
econ
omic
ally
poo
r and
soc
ially
di
scrim
inat
ed y
outh
who
are
out
of
sch
ool.
Priv
ate
Serv
ice
Prov
ider
s he
lp id
entif
y th
e m
arke
t pot
entia
l as
wel
l as
to tr
ain
part
icip
ants
and
an
outc
ome
base
d fin
anci
ng h
elps
in
qual
ity c
ontr
ol.
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty
Dev
elop
men
t
All
dist
ricts
of N
epal
2008
–
pres
ent
Swis
s Ag
ency
for
Dev
elop
men
t an
d
Coop
erat
ion
(SD
C), U
Kaid
, Th
e W
orld
Ban
k
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
7
4. N
orw
egia
n Em
bass
y in
Nep
al: Y
outh
Em
ploy
men
t Pro
mot
ion
Cam
paig
nTh
e N
orw
egia
n Em
bass
y be
gan
this
cam
paig
n in
an
effor
t to
crea
te s
ome
kind
of s
olid
arity
bet
wee
n th
e yo
uth
affilia
ted
to d
iffer
ent p
oliti
cal y
outh
gro
ups.
It br
ough
t tog
ethe
r you
ng le
ader
s fr
om th
e ei
ght m
ajor
you
th w
ings
to a
com
mon
pla
tfor
m: T
arai
Mad
hes Y
outh
Fro
nt; N
epal
Tar
un D
al; P
rogr
essi
ve Y
outh
Fe
dera
tion
Nep
al; M
adhe
shi Y
outh
For
um, N
epal
; Mad
hesh
i You
th F
orum
, Nep
al (D
emoc
ratic
); Sa
dhbh
awan
a Yo
uth
Fron
t; Yo
uth
Fede
ratio
n, N
epal
; and
Yo
ung
Com
mun
ist L
eagu
e, N
epal
. [ht
tp://
ww
w.y
outh
polit
icsn
epal
.org
/]
Prog
ram
me/
Th
emat
ic A
rea
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
Dis
tric
ts
Peri
od/
Stat
usFu
ndin
g Pa
rtne
rs
Advo
cacy
M
ater
ials
Lead
In
tern
atio
nal
Mad
e m
ater
ials
wer
e m
ade
for
diss
emin
atio
n th
roug
h di
ffere
nt
plat
form
s: ra
dio/
TV, h
oard
ing
boar
ds, b
anne
rs, w
all c
alen
dars
, co
ncep
t pap
er, b
roch
ures
, t-s
hirt
s an
d ca
ps, w
ebsi
te, p
ocke
t boo
k on
fo
reig
n em
ploy
men
t, ha
ndbo
ok o
n lo
cal e
mpl
oym
ent,
and
cam
paig
n co
nduc
ting
dire
ctiv
e
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Advo
cacy
All
acro
ss N
epal
Com
plet
edN
orw
egia
n Em
bass
y
Cam
paig
ners
’ O
rient
atio
n Pr
ogra
mm
e
Lead
In
tern
atio
nal
Org
aniz
ed th
ree-
day
orie
ntat
ion
prog
ram
me
for r
epre
sent
ativ
es
from
all
eigh
t pol
itica
l you
th w
ings
to
trai
n th
em a
bout
con
duct
ing
cam
paig
ns a
nd e
ffect
ivel
y us
ing
advo
cacy
mat
eria
ls
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Advo
cacy
Panc
htha
r, M
oran
g, S
apta
ri,
Uda
yapu
r, D
hanu
sha,
La
litpu
r, Ka
vrep
alan
chow
k,
Pars
a, K
aski
, Bag
lung
, Bu
twal
, Dan
g, B
anke
, Su
rkhe
t, Ka
ilali,
Dad
eldh
ura
Com
plet
edN
orw
egia
n Em
bass
y
Cam
paig
n at
Lo
cal L
evel
Lead
In
tern
atio
nal
Cond
ucte
d di
alog
ues
on
empl
oym
ent w
ith y
outh
at b
oth
dist
rict a
nd lo
cal l
evel
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Advo
cacy
62 d
istr
icts
Co
mpl
eted
Nor
weg
ian
Emba
ssy
Hel
d co
nsul
tatio
ns w
ith re
leva
nt
stak
ehol
ders
(bot
h in
divi
dual
s an
d or
gani
zatio
ns)
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Advo
cacy
All
acro
ss N
epal
Com
plet
ed
Yout
h Em
ploy
men
t Po
licy
Reco
mm
enda
tion
Repo
rt
Lead
In
tern
atio
nal
Com
pile
d th
e re
com
men
datio
ns
colle
cted
from
acr
oss
Nep
al in
to a
fin
al re
com
men
datio
n re
port
for
a lo
ng-p
endi
ng N
atio
nal Y
outh
Em
ploy
men
t Pol
icy
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Advo
cacy
Com
plet
edN
orw
egia
n Em
bass
y
Sout
h A
sian
You
th
Conv
entio
n on
Em
ploy
men
t
Lead
In
tern
atio
nal
Dis
sem
inat
ed th
e re
com
men
datio
n re
port
am
ong
400
part
icip
ants
En
trep
rene
ursh
ip/
Capa
city
Bui
ldin
g/Ad
voca
cy
Kath
man
du (p
artic
ipan
ts
from
acr
oss
the
coun
try)
Com
plet
ed
(May
, 20
12)
Nor
weg
ian
Emba
ssy
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
8
5. U
ND
P: M
icro
Ent
erpr
ise
Dev
elop
men
t Pro
gram
me
(MED
EP)
MED
EP’s
obj
ectiv
es a
re to
tran
slat
e th
e br
oade
r vi
sion
of t
he g
over
nmen
t’s N
inth
Fiv
e-Ye
ar P
lan,
to tr
y an
d ad
dres
s po
vert
y th
roug
h th
e de
velo
pmen
t of m
icro
-ent
erpr
ises
am
ong
low
-inco
me
fam
ilies
. The
refo
re, t
he e
nter
pris
e de
velo
pmen
t mod
el p
rom
oted
by
MED
EP
is b
ased
on
the
prog
ram
me’
s st
rate
gic
appr
oach
to in
ter-
link
and
coor
dina
te lo
cal r
esou
rces
, inc
reas
e lo
w-in
com
e pe
ople
’s in
tere
st in
en
terp
rise
dev
elop
men
t, a
nd e
ntre
pren
eurs
’ acc
ess
to lo
cal a
nd n
ation
al m
arke
ts. [
http:
//w
ww
.med
ep.o
rg.n
p/]
Prog
ram
me/
Them
atic
Are
aIm
plem
enti
ng
Part
ners
A
ctiv
itie
s Cr
oss-
cutt
ing
them
esW
orki
ng D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Mic
ro E
nter
pris
e D
evel
opm
ent
Prog
ram
me
(Pha
se II
I)
Gov
ernm
ent o
f N
epal
/Min
istr
y of
Indu
stry
Prov
ides
ski
ll an
d bu
sine
ss tr
aini
ng a
nd
othe
r sup
port
, mai
nly
for w
omen
and
po
or a
nd d
isad
vant
aged
peo
ple
to s
et
up m
icro
-ent
erpr
ises
;
Entr
epre
neur
ship
/Ca
paci
ty B
uild
ing/
Advo
cacy
Phas
e I:
1998
to
2003
(10
dist
ricts
)
Phas
e II:
200
4 to
M
arch
200
8 (2
5 di
stric
ts)
Phas
e III
: Mar
ch
2008
to D
ecem
ber
2012
(38
dist
ricts
)
Ong
oing
UN
DP
($7.
3m),
AusA
ID
($5.
3m),
CID
A
($1.
2m),
Him
al
Pow
er L
td
($0.
3m)
Hel
ps e
stab
lish
busi
ness
supp
ort s
ervi
ces
and
repr
esen
tativ
e or
gani
zatio
ns fo
r m
icro
-ent
repr
eneu
rs
Wor
ks w
ith th
e go
vern
men
t to
impr
ove
the
polic
y en
viro
nmen
t
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S11
9
6. U
SAID
: Edu
cati
on fo
r Inc
ome
Gen
erat
ion
Prog
ram
(EIG
)U
SAID
sup
port
s a
mul
ti-fa
cete
d yo
uth
educ
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
e, c
ombi
ning
lite
racy
and
life
ski
lls, v
ocat
iona
l edu
catio
n, a
gric
ultu
ral t
rain
ing,
and
ta
rget
ed s
chol
arsh
ips
for d
isad
vant
aged
you
th in
15
dist
ricts
of t
he M
id-W
este
rn D
evel
opm
ent R
egio
n in
Nep
al. T
he p
rogr
amm
e co
ntrib
utes
to
redu
cing
pov
erty
by
incr
easi
ng a
cces
s to
edu
catio
n fo
r em
ploy
men
t and
inco
me
gene
ratio
n fo
r the
rura
l poo
r, in
clud
ing:
the
land
less
, ten
ants
, sm
all
farm
ers,
disa
dvan
tage
d ca
stes
, eth
nic
min
oriti
es a
nd in
tern
ally
dis
plac
ed p
eopl
e. T
his
prog
ram
me
has
a de
man
d-dr
iven
app
roac
h—cr
eatin
g tr
aini
ng
cour
ses
that
mee
t the
nee
ds o
f the
labo
ur m
arke
t and
link
ing
yout
h to
pre
-iden
tified
em
ploy
men
t opp
ortu
nitie
s. By
201
2, th
e pr
ogra
mm
e ai
ms
to c
reat
e th
ousa
nds
of n
ew jo
bs a
nd d
irect
ly b
enefi
t aro
und
70,0
00 y
outh
. [ht
tp://
nepa
l.usa
id.g
ov/o
ur-w
ork/
prog
ram
me-
area
/eco
nom
ic-g
row
th-
educ
atio
n-a-
food
-sec
urity
/420
-edu
catio
n-fo
r-in
com
e-ge
nera
tion-
eig-
prog
ram
.htm
l]
Prog
ram
me/
Th
emat
ic
Are
a
Impl
emen
ting
Pa
rtne
rs
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/St
atus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Lite
racy
Win
Rock
In
tern
atio
nal
and
32 lo
cal
orga
niza
tions
Trai
ns y
outh
in in
tegr
ated
ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p-fo
cuse
d lit
erac
y, w
ith a
dded
less
ons o
n lif
e sk
ills,
peac
e-bu
ildin
g,
heal
th, n
utrit
ion,
HIV
/AID
S aw
aren
ess,
and
anti-
traffi
ckin
g,
thro
ugh
a te
n-m
onth
curr
icul
um ,in
clud
ing
sess
ions
on
the
alph
abet
, bas
ic a
rithm
etic
, rea
ding
, rec
ord
keep
ing,
and
ac
coun
ting
for s
elf-e
mpl
oym
ent.
It se
rves
as a
foun
datio
n fo
r add
ition
al v
ocat
iona
l ski
lls, a
gric
ultu
ral p
rodu
ctiv
ity, o
r en
terp
rise
train
ing.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g/En
trepr
eneu
rshi
p
15 d
istr
icts
of
Mid
-Wes
tern
de
velo
pmen
t re
gion
2008
-201
2 (c
ompl
eted
)
Voca
tiona
l Ed
ucat
ion
Win
Rock
In
tern
atio
nal
and
32 lo
cal
orga
niza
tions
Trai
ns y
outh
in v
ario
us v
ocat
ions
suc
h as
mas
onry
, el
ectr
icia
n, m
otor
cycl
e m
echa
nic,
and
car
pent
er.
Trai
nees
are
then
link
ed to
pot
entia
l em
ploy
ers.
Dat
a in
dica
tes
81 p
erce
nt o
f tho
se g
radu
ated
sec
ure
prod
uctiv
e jo
bs o
r ini
tiate
thei
r ow
n bu
sine
sses
, ea
rnin
g an
ave
rage
mon
thly
inco
me
of N
PR 2
,400
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g15
dis
tric
ts o
f M
id-W
este
rn
deve
lopm
ent
regi
on
2008
-201
2 (c
ompl
eted
)
Agric
ultu
ral
Prod
uctiv
ity
and
Rura
l In
com
es
Win
Rock
In
tern
atio
nal
and
32 lo
cal
orga
niza
tions
Prov
ides
agr
icul
ture
trai
ning
with
a m
arke
t-dr
iven
, va
lue-
chai
n ap
proa
ch to
incr
ease
inco
me
and
food
su
ffici
ency
. You
ng fa
rmer
s are
intr
oduc
ed to
and
trai
ned
in m
icro
-irrig
atio
n sy
stem
s, hi
gh-v
alue
veg
etab
le
prod
uctio
n (in
clud
ing
crop
s or n
on-t
imbe
r for
est
prod
ucts
such
as c
ham
omile
and
lem
on g
rass
), fis
herie
s, an
d go
at-r
earin
g. T
he p
rogr
amm
e al
so li
nks a
gric
ultu
re
prod
uce
to m
arke
ts a
nd fa
cilit
ates
serv
ices
thro
ugh
loca
l in
put s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g15
dis
tric
ts o
f M
id-W
este
rn
deve
lopm
ent
regi
on
2008
-201
2 (c
ompl
eted
)
Scho
lars
hips
Win
Rock
In
tern
atio
nal
and
32 lo
cal
orga
niza
tions
Prov
ides
sch
olar
ship
s to
you
th w
ho a
re d
alit
or fr
om
mar
gina
lized
pop
ulat
ions
to in
crea
se th
eir c
hanc
es o
f pu
rsui
ng s
tudi
es in
the
form
al e
duca
tion
syst
em a
nd
sele
cted
tech
nica
l fiel
ds. M
any
of th
e st
uden
ts g
o on
to
beco
me
teac
hers
in th
eir c
omm
uniti
es.
Capa
city
Bu
ildin
g15
dis
tric
ts o
f M
id-W
este
rn
deve
lopm
ent
regi
on
2008
-201
2 (c
ompl
eted
)
MIG
RATI
ON A
ND EN
TREP
RENE
URSH
IP IN
NEP
AL
WIT
H A
FOCU
S ON
YOUT
H: A
N IN
ITIA
L ANA
LYSI
S12
0
7. T
he W
orld
Ban
k: E
nhan
ced
Voca
tion
al E
duca
tion
and
Tra
inin
g (E
VEN
T) P
roje
ct
The
Enha
nced
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
and
Trai
ning
(EVE
NT)
pro
ject
is b
eing
impl
emen
ted
by th
e M
inis
try
of E
duca
tion
with
fina
ncin
g fr
om th
e W
orld
Ba
nk a
nd te
chni
cal i
nput
s fr
om th
e Em
ploy
men
t Fun
d. T
he m
ain
obje
ctiv
e of
this
pro
ject
is to
exp
and
the
supp
ly o
f ski
lled
and
empl
oyab
le la
bour
by
incr
easi
ng y
outh
’s ac
cess
to q
ualit
y tr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es, a
nd b
y st
reng
then
ing
the
tech
nica
l and
voc
atio
nal e
duca
tion
and
trai
ning
sys
tem
in
Nep
al. T
his
proj
ect a
lso
inco
rpor
ates
soc
ially
and
his
toric
ally
dis
adva
ntag
ed y
outh
as
its p
rimar
y ta
rget
gro
up fo
r sho
rt-t
erm
voc
atio
nal s
kills
and
jo
b pl
acem
ents
. [ht
tp://
ww
w.e
vent
.gov
.np/
]
Prog
ram
me/
Th
emat
ic
Are
a
Impl
e-m
enti
ng
Part
ners
Act
ivit
ies
Cros
s-cu
ttin
g th
emes
Wor
king
D
istr
icts
Pe
riod
/Sta
tus
Fund
ing
Part
ners
Enha
nced
Vo
catio
nal
Educ
atio
n an
d Tr
aini
ng
Min
istr
y of
Ed
ucat
ion
Stre
ngth
en Te
chni
cal E
duca
tion
and
Voca
tiona
l Tra
inin
g (T
EVT)
regu
lato
ry a
ctiv
ities
and
cap
acity
bui
ldin
gCa
paci
ty
Dev
elop
men
tA
pril
2011
–
Oct
ober
201
5W
orld
Ba
nk
Stre
ngth
en te
chni
cal e
duca
tion
at th
e Te
chni
cal S
choo
l Le
avin
g Ce
rtifi
cate
(TSL
C) a
nd D
iplo
ma
leve
ls p
rovi
ded
by C
TEVT
(Cou
ncil
for T
EVT)
con
stitu
ent a
nd a
ffilia
ted
inst
itutio
ns, c
omm
unity
col
lege
s an
d an
nex
prog
ram
mes
Capa
city
D
evel
opm
ent
Apr
il 20
11 –
O
ctob
er 2
015
Wor
ld
Bank
Supp
ort s
hort
term
voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
and
the
cert
ifica
tion
of te
chni
cal a
nd v
ocat
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