migration and security in the european space: process of securitisation and the investigation of...

7/21/2019 Migration and Security in the European Space: Process of securitisation and the investigation of Security-Based Pr

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_^BUHA NR

EBDBU^BFY WF@R\FY

Ehpcrtdhat fj Wf`btbis

Xabvhrsbty fj RfrkDC ba Bathractbfac` ^h`ctbfas

Cicehdbi yhcr< >739/>735

{_fre Ifuat< 35.22? wfres}


2/80

R355=?>3

Cnstrcit

Umh tmhdh fj tmbs tmhsbs bs sfvhrhboa pfwhr fj Hurfphca ifuatrbhs ba dctthrs fj

dborctbfa ifathatbfa cae shiurbty prhshrvctbfa ba tmhbr thrrbtfrbc` spcih. Yfvhrhboa

pfwhr fj tmh baebvbeuc` Hurfphca stcth bs put uaehr tmh dbirfsifph fj sfibc` tmhfrbhs

wmbim hxp`cba tmh efdbactbfa fj rctbfac` imfbih ny mbom`bomtbao tmh imcrcithrbstbis fj

mudca acturh wmbim hxp`cba hxi`usbfa cae c`bhactbfa fj bddborcats cs c rctbfac`

imfbih fj tmh mfstbao sfibhtbhs.

Umh cbd fj tmh prhshat tmhsbs cae khy croudhat bs tmct tmh cnb`bty fj tmh sfvhrhboa

actbfa (cae tmh HX ba hxthat cs c sfvhrhboa uabfa fj actbfa stcths) tf i`cbd cutmfrbty

cae tf nh sh`j-ehthrdbahe sthds jrfd bts icpcnb`bty tf rctbfac`bsh bts imfbihs fa tmh

ncsbs fj shiurbtbsctbfa cae sh`j-prhshrvctbfa. Bt wb`` nh crouhe tmct bddborctbfa

pf`bibhs crh p`caahe cae hajfrihe ny stcths uaehr tmh efitrbah fj sh`j-prhshrvctbfa

cae bt wb`` nh csshsshe wmhtmhr dfehra bddborcat ehthatbfa icdps shrvh tmh ifddfa

sfibc` orcthr offe ny rhvbhwbao tmh icsh fj ehthatbfa icdps ba Orhhih.

bb


3/80

Cikafw`heohdhats

Umh prhshat tmhsbs mcs nhha tmh icpstfah fj c yhcr fj mcre wfrk, c vcrbhty fj `hssfas

`hcrat cae c wfrè fj ahw hxphrbhaihs afah fj wmbim wfuè mcvh nhha pfssbn`h mce B

aft imfsha tmh Xabvhrsbty fj Rfrk tf uaehrtckh dy DC stuebhs, tmhrhjfrh B wfuè `bkh

tf tmcak tmh Xabvhrsbty jfr tmh bairhebn`h fppfrtuabty B rhihbvhe tf nh c pcrt fj fah

hxihptbfac` cicehdbi sfibhty cae wmbim fjjhrhe dh c yhcr tmct B wb`` c`wcys

rhdhdnhr wbtm tmh jfaehst dhdfrbhs.

B wfuè c`sf `bkh tf hxprhss dy ehhphst cpprhibctbfa tf dy suphrvbsfr Er Ufd FYmh

tf wmfd B fwh dy prfjfuae orctbtueh, jfr wbtmfut mbs suppfrt cae oubecaih tmh

prhshat ebsshrtctbfa wfuè aft mcvh nhha pfssbn`h.

B wfuè c`sf `bkh tf tmcak dy jcdb`y jfr tmhbr `fvh cae dfrc` suppfrt tmrfuomfut tmh

wmf`h cicehdbi yhcr.

bbb


4/80

Ucn`h fj Ifathats

B. BAU^FEXIUBFA...9

BB. ^HZBH_ FJ UMH @BUH^CUX^H?

3.3 Umh frbobas fj rhcsfabao ba pf`btbic` pmb`fsfpmy; tmh @fofs.?

3.> Yfvhrhboa pfwhr cae tmh Hurfphca stcth .2

3.9 Umhfrhtbic` jrcdh wfrk fj tmh stuey...33

3.9.3 Jfuicu`t cae tmh tmhfry fj nbf`fobic` rcibsd.33

3.9.> Cocdnha cae tmh stcth fj hxihptbfa....3:

3.9.9 Crhaet cae tmh prfihss fj ehmudcabsctbfa..>3

3.5 Jrfd Jfuicu`t tf Crhaet cae nhyfae; fj `fofs, rbomts cae dborctbfa>>

BBB. FA DBO^CUBFA.>8

>.3 Dborctbfa Wf`bibhs...>:

>.> Hurfphca Xabfa fa dborctbfa.99

>.9 Ufwcres prhvhatbao b``hoc` dborctbfa.95

>.5 Ebdhasbfas fj bddborctbfa< Cac`ysbao tmh Orhhk icsh 98

>.5.3 Orhhih cs c mfst ifuatry9=

>.8 Ytruiturh cae ehvh`fpdhat fj bddborctbfa pf`biy ba Orhhih.57

>.: Ifashquhaihs fj bddborctbfa ba Orhhih58

>.:.3 Hifafdbi58

>.:.> Yfibc` & Iu`turc`52

>.? Yhiurbtbsbao tmh Orhhk thrrbtfrbc` spcih; J^FAUH], ehthatbfa ihatrhs cae

mudca rbomts vbf`ctbfas8>

BZ. EBYIXYBFA FJ JBAEBAOY..8:

3


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9.3 Dborctbfa Wf`biy jcb`urh..8:

9.> Hjjhitbvhahss fj tmh ehthatbfa ihatrhs.8?

Z. [email protected]

NBN@BFO^CWMR:9

>


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B. BAU^FEXIUBFA

Umh tmhdh fj tmbs tmhsbs bs sfvhrhboa pfwhr fj Hurfphca ifuatrbhs ba dctthrs fj

dborctbfa ifathatbfa cae shiurbty prhshrvctbfa ba tmhbr thrrbtfrbc` spcih. Yfvhrhboa

pfwhr fj tmh baebvbeuc` Hurfphca stcth bs put uaehr tmh dbirfsifph fj sfibc` tmhfrbhs

wmbim hxp`cba tmh efdbactbfa fj rctbfac` imfbih ny mbom`bomtbao tmh imcrcithrbstbis fj

mudca acturh wmbim hxp`cba hxiùsbfa cae c`bhactbfa fj bddborcats cs c rctbfac`

imfbih fj tmh mfstbao sfibhtbhs.

Nrbhj`y tmbs ebsshrtctbfa wb`` ifvhr tmh tmhfrhtbic` jrcdhwfrks fj tmh Jfuicuèbca

Urcebtbfa fj nbf`fobic` rcibsd; Cocdnha cae tmh rctbfac` imfbih fj `cw tf irhcth

mfdbab scirb, wmbim wb`` nh ushju` ba uaehrstcaebao tmh rf`h fj ifathdpfrcry

bddborcat ehthatbfa jcib`btbhs; `cst nut aft `hcst, Crhaets hxp`cactfry fj tmh prfihss

fj ehmudcabsctbfa wmbim wb`` hajfrih tmh `bah fj croudhatctbfa cocbast ehthatbfa

jcib`btbhs sphibjbic``y ehsboahe jfr bddborcats.

Umh cbd fj tmh prhshat tmhsbs cae khy croudhat bs tmct tmh cnb`bty fj tmh sfvhrhboa

actbfa (cae tmh HX ba hxthat cs c sfvhrhboa uabfa fj actbfa stcths) tf i`cbd cutmfrbty

cae tf rctbfac`bsh bts imfbihs fa tmh ncsbs fj shiurbtbsctbfa cae sh`j-prhshrvctbfa. Bt wb``

nh crouhe tmct bddborctbfa pf`bibhs crh dfrh strbit cae bamudca cs wh dfvh upwcres

ba tmh o`fnc` pfwhr rh`ctbfa mbhrcrimy.

Umh tmhsbs bs ebvbehe ba jbvh pcrts fut fj wmbim tmh jbrst cae prhshat ba tmh batrfeuitbfa

tf tmh sunlhit cae tmh `cst ifatcbas tmh ifaiùsbfas cae `hssfas hxtrcithe jrfd tmh

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prfihss fj icrrybao fut tmh stuey. Umh twf dcba imcpthrs wmhrh tmh dcba cac`ysbs wb``

nh tckbao p`cih crh ebvbehe tf ifvhr nrbhj`y tmh rhvbhw fj tmh `bthrcturh (Imcpthr twf)

cae tf bavhstbocth tmh tfpbi fvhr dborctbfa, b``hoc`/brrhou`cr/b``bibt bddborctbfa,

fjjhrbao ca basbomt tf tmh pf`bibhs bdp`hdhathe ny tmh Hurfphca Xabfa, c irbtbquh fj

tmhd cae c i`fsh up hxcdbactbfa fj tmh icsh fj Orhhih cae tmh bddborcat ehthatbfa

icdps ushe ny tmh ifuatry ba dhcas fj rhou`ctbao cae ehc`bao wbtm tmh prfn`hd fj

b``hoc` bddborctbfa (Imcpthr tmrhh). Umh jbac` imcpthr cbds tf fjjhr c ebsiussbfa fvhr

tmh jbaebaos fj tmh stuey cae jfius ba tmh jcb`urh fj dborctbfa pf`bibhs, tmh vbf`ctbfas

fj mudca rbomts fj bddborcats cae c`sf tf ebsiuss tmh juturh fj HX shiurbtbsctbfa.

Jurtmhrdfrh, tmh stuey wb`` nh icrrbhe fut ba ciifrecaih wbtm htmbic` ifaeuit

rhqubrhdhats. Htmbic` nfuaecrbhs crh ehsirbnhe tf nh tmh sh`j-rhou`ctfry oubeh`bahs

wmbim ofvhra ehibsbfa-dckbao. Htmbic` nhmcvbfur mh`ps prfthit baebvbeuc`s,

ifdduabtbhs, havbrfadhat cae fjjhrs pfthatbc` tf bairhcsh tmh sud fj offe ba tmh

wfr`e(Bsrch` & Mcy, >77:).

Cs tf tmh dhtmfef`foy bdp`hdhathe tf if``hit rhsfurihs ba tmh prfihss fj icrrybao fut

tmbs stuey tmh B imfsh tmct fj `bthrcturh rhvbhw cac`ysbs imffsbao tf if``hit cae ebsiuss

ectc hxbstbao c`rhcey ba `bthrcturh. C `bthrcturh rhvbhw bs c systhdctbi shcrim fj

pun`bsmhe wfrk tf jbae fut wmct bs c`rhcey kafwa cnfut tmh bathaehe rhshcrim

tfpbi (^fnbasfa & ^hhe, 322=777) crouhs tmct c `bthrcturh rhvbhw bs c

jfrdc` cae cpprfprbcth tff` fj cac`ysbs cs bt ifvhrs c vcst pfrtbfa fj tmh tmhfrhtbic`

jrcdhwfrk wbtmba wmbim tmh rhshcrim bs nhbao ifaeuithe, bt c``fws ehncths tf hdhroh

5


8/80

cae bt prfvbehs tmh rhcehr cae tmh wrbthr wbtm c`` tmh ahihsscry ehjbabtbfas ofvhrabao

tmh jbh`e wbtmba wmbim tmh rhshcrim jc``s.

Umh ectc if``hithe jfr tmbs stuey crh c prfeuit fj tmh hxbstbao `bthrcturh cae wmhrh

hxtrcithe jrfd tmh Xabvhrsbtys @bnrcry cae h`hitrfabi ectcncshs cae c`sf tmh @bnrcry

fj tmh Kcpfehstrhca Xabvhrsbty fj Ctmhas. Umh thrds ushe ba shcrim haobahs cae

ectcncshs tf if``hit cae rhtrbhvh `bthrcturh rh`hvcat tf dy stuey whrh cdfao ftmhrs

bddborcat, dborctbfa, rhjuohh, ehthatbfa, nfrehrs, shiurbtbsctbfa, rhcsfa,, pf`bibhs hti.

Uf nhoba wbtm tmh thrd dborctbfa bs ushe tf ehjbah tmh dfvhdhat fj baebvbeuc` phfp`h

fr c prfpfrtbfa fj pfpu`ctbfa fj c ifuatry fr c rhobfa tfwcres caftmhr ifuatry fr

rhobfa, rhocre`hss tmh icushs fj tmbs dfvhdhat. Uhrrbtfrbc` dfvhdhat ba pcrtbiu`cr

ebstbaoubsmhs dborctbfa tf bathrac` cae hxthrac` (Yimacpphr, 3223). Dborctbfa bs

ebvbehe ba twf icthofrbhs, hdborctbfa cae bddborctbfa, wmhrh tmh jbrst bs baebictbvh fj

ca futj`fw, wmb`st tmh shifae bs ushe tf ehsirbnh tmh baj`fw fj baebvbeuc`s cae fr

pfpu`ctbfas tf c mfst ifuatry fr rhobfa cae nftm thrds crh usuc``y behatbjbhe ba tmh

sibhatbjbi `bthrcturh wbtm tmh wfre dborctbfa (Hdkh-Wfu`fpfu`fu, >77?; 32=:). _btm

rhocre tf tmh ehstbactbfa dborctbfa bs ebsihrahe ba Hurfphca fr wbtmba Hurfphca

nfrehrs cae ba trcasifatbahatc` fr fvhrshcs (Dfusfurfu, 3223). Jbac``y ba rh`ctbfa tf

bts `hoc` stctus dborctbfa bs ebstbaoubsmhe ba `hoc` cae b``hoc` (wbtm fr wbtmfut tmh

pfsshssbfa fj rhqubrhe trcvh` efiudhats).

Ifathdpfrcrb`y, dborctbfa bs ifaihptuc`bshe cs c sht fj ebjjhrhat prfihsshs nhbao

trboohrhe ny tmh trcasbtbfa jrfd trcebtbfac` tf dfehra sfibhtc` ifathxts. Umh

8


9/80

ebjjhrhaihs cdfao iu`turc` shttbaos crh lustbjbhe fa tmh ncsbs fj tmh hxbsthaih fj

du`tbp`h stcohs `hcebao tf c `bahcr ifatbauctbfa, ifrrhspfaebao tf tmct fj nbf`fobic`

frocabsds, jrfd sbdp`h tf dfrh ifdp`hx fahs nhbao tmus prbfrbtbshe fa tmh jfuaes fj

tmh aftbfa fj prforhss (Umfdcs & \acabhikb, 32=5).

Umh jf``fwbao jbrst imcpthr wb`` ctthdpt tf ifvhr tmh ebsiussbfa crfuae tmhfrbhs

hxp`cbabao mfw bddborctbfa pf`bibhs crh p`caahe cae hajfrihe ny stcths cae mfw

ehthatbfa icdpsshrvh tmh ifddfa sfibc` orcthr offe

:


10/80

BB. ^HZBH_ FJ UMH @BUH^CUX^H

3.3 Umh frbobas fj rhcsfabao ba pf`btbic` pmb`fsfpmy; tmh @fofs

@fofs , acdh`y rhcsfa, ehthrdbahs tmh haes fj citbfa cae behatbjbhs tmh dhcas3

rhqubrhe tf rhc`bsh tmhsh haes. @fofs dckhs bts jbrst cpphcrcaih cs c thrd ba tmh

wrbtbaos fj prh-Yfirctbi pmb`fsfpmhrs wmfsh sicat hxihrpts crh qufthe ba tmh wfrks fj

`cthr wrbthrs cs ca ctthdpt tf dckh shash fj ifsdfofay, tmh irhctbfa fj tmh wfrè.

Mhaih, ebvbah rhcsfa Umhbfs `fofs, bs ushe tf hxp`cba cae rhsfacth wbtm hvhry

csphit fj mudca cae afa-mudca `bjh cae wcs ifaihbvhe ba frehr tf jhhe tmh iurbfsbty

fj tmh mudca rcih ba hxp`cbabao tmh icush jfr tmhbr hxbsthaih cae tmh purpfsh fj tmhbr

`bvhs. Ba mbs wfrk "#$%&'(#)* (Cnfut Acturh) Mhrci`btus fj Hpmhsus (898-5?8

NI) th``s phfp`h tmct bt bs wbsh tf corhh (fa tmbaos) aft nhicush fj `bsthabao tf dh, nut

(nhicush fj `bsthabao tf) tmh rhcsfa, tmct hvhrytmbao bs fah tmh ehhphr dhcabao fj

wmbim bs tmct rhcsfabao prfihsshs crh ifddfa jfr c`` hvha tmfuom tmh baebvbeuc`

phrsfa bs fjtha trcpphe ba tmh b`ùsbfa tmct cs c uabquh uabt mh pfsshsshs c `fobi fj mbs

fwa (Kcma, 32?2). Umus, ciifrebao tf Mhrci`btus, tmh rhcsfa bs c purh bathrac`

icpcibty bt bs wbsefd, bath``bohaih cae dfehrctbfa.

Ifdp`bcaih wbtm tmh ifddfa rhcsfa bs ca behc c`sf jfuae ba tmh Ytfbi pmb`fsfpmhrs

wrbtbaos, wmf ifasbehr `fofs tf nh hthrac`. Mfwhvhr, tmhy crouh tmct mudca nhbaos

crh baicpcn`h fj uaehrstcaebao rhcsfa nhjfrh tmhy mhcr bt jfr tmh jbrst tbdh cae tmct

Ba tmh Orhhk `caoucoh (caibhat cae ifathdpfrcry) `fofs dhcas sphhim cae jrfd tmh `cthr3

ehrbvhs tmh `fobic` uajfèbao fj tmh jfrdhr ba caibhat Orhhk pmb`fsfpmy.?


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wmha phfp`h crh hxpfshe tf rhcsfa tmhy stb`` crh tff bddcturh tf bdp`hdhat bt

(rhcsfabao) cs tmhy dbomt pfsshss tmh wfres nut wmha bt ifdhs tf citbfas tmhy

prcitbih ba ciifrecaih tf tmhbr baebvbeuc` acturh, tmhbr imcrcithr cae tmhbr hxphrbhatbc`

kafw`heoh (Dcafs, >77>).

Umhrhjfrh, c`tmfuom ebvbah rhcsfa bs bamhrhat ba c`` mudcabty cae rhvhrnhrcths ba hcim

baebvbeuc` phrsfa, aft hvhryfah bs icpcn`h fj ifaihptuc`bsbao tmh ahihssbty fj

bdp`hdhatbao rhcsfabao tf tmhbr citbfas. Yfircths crouhe tmct `fofserbvhs dcakbae ba

tmh shcrim fj tmhbr truh sh`j cae oubehs tmhd wmha jcibao tmhbr baahr

ehdfas (Ahimcdcs, >773; Ucy`fr, >777; Yerckcs, 322:).

Umh ifaihpt fj rhcsfa bs c`sf haifuathrhe ba tmh wfrks fj W`ctf, nut ba tmbs icsh bt

ehafths ca bathrac` `fobic` pfwhr wbtm wmbim c phrsfa bs haefwhe sf cs tf nh cn`h tf

dckh fptbdud ehibsbfas cae cvfbe suiiudnbao tf ehtrbdhatc` ehsbrhs cae cits (Icry,

3282). Dfrhfvhr, W`ctf ifasbehrs rhcsfa tf nh c oubeh tfwcres tmh trutm fj c`` tmbaos.

Ba ftmhr wfres, rhcsfabao dhcas tf dcrsmc` `fobic` croudhats wmbim cevficth ba

jcvfur fj fur hae (th`fs), hxp`cba fur citbfas, cae `bak tmhd wbtm fur bath``hituc`

icpcnb`btbhs (rctmhr tmca fur shashs).

Ahvhrtmh`hss, cpcrt jrfd usbao `fofs wbtm tmh dhcabao fj wfres ehjbabao phfp`hs

wb`` cae c`sf phrihptbfas fj tmh wfr`e crfuae tmhd, Crbstft`h c`sf rhtcbas W`ctfs

bathrprhtctbfa fj `fofs cs tmh juaecdhatc` irbthrbfa jfr cimbhvbao tmh prcitbih fj c

rhcsfacn`h cae dfehst `bjh (Krcut, >77>). Ba jhw wfres, tf pcrcpmrcsh W`ctf, wmha tmh

baebvbeuc` phrsfa rhcimhs tmh pfbat wmhrh mh ica ifaihptuc`bsh `fofs, mh ica tmha

=


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rhcim c pfbat fj hxih``hat nc`caih nftm bathrac` cae hxthrac` ba mbs `bjh, mh ica `bvh ba

tmh Of`eha dhca. Mhaih, tmh baebvbeuc` phrsfa ica rhcim fut tf mcppbahss cae

ju`jb`dhat cs mbs rhquhsts cae dbabdud ruebdhats crh smbjthe tmrfuom tmh `bomt tmct

rhcsfabao nrbaos ba `bjh cpprhmhaebao tmus shatbdhats fj ehprhssbfa cae bdpu`sbfa.

Umh cjfrhdhatbfahe jbaebaos fj caibhat Orhhk pmb`fsfpmy ifastbtuth c ifairhth ncsbs

jfr uaehrstcaebao mfw rhcsfa bs ifaahithe tf tmh dcbathacaih fj c vbcn`h orfwtm nftm

bathrac` cae hxthrac` cae tmh hxthat ba wmbim rhcsfa ica nhifdh c smbh`e fj prfthitbfa

fj tmh baebvbeuc` phrsfas nhst bathrhsts.

3.> Yfvhrhboa pfwhr cae tmh Hurfphca Ytcths

_mha usbao tmh tmhfry fj bathractbfac` rh`ctbfas tf hxp`cba tmh rh`ctbfas nhbao nub`t

nhtwhha stcths, tmh trcebtbfa fj sphiu`ctbfa cnfut tmh stcth cs bt hdhrohs ba W`ctfs

wfrk prhvcb`s. _bomt hxc`ts tmh cjfrhdhatbfahe trcebtbfa cs sphiu`ctbfa cnfut tmh

sfibhty fj stcths, fr tmh jcdb`y fj actbfas, fr tmh bathractbfac` ifdduabty (32::


13/80

Mhaih, tmhfrhtbi ifaihpts ofvhrabao bathractbfac` rh`ctbfas smfuè nh ifaihptuc`bshe

cs `bvbao frocabsds. Cs suim tmhy crh rhsmcphe, rhjfrdhe cae crh ba phrphtuc` dftbfa

cae ehvh`fpdhat cs wfrè pf`btbis crh imcaobao cae hvf`vbao. Cs Mhrci`btus stcths

_cr bs tmh jctmhr fj c`` cae kbao fj c``, wmf dcabjhsthe sfdh cs ofes cae sfdh cs

dha, wmf dceh sfdh s`cvhs cae sfdh jrhhdha (EK>>N89) suoohstbao tmct bt bs>

ahihsscry jfr coorhssbvh bdp`hdhatctbfa fj wb`` tf hxbst cdfao irhcturhs cae ba

acturh ba ohahrc` jfr prforhss cae ehvh`fpdhat tf fiiur ciifrebao`y, pf`btbic` nctt`hs

tckbao p`cih ba c`` jfur ifrahrs fj tmh o`fnh cdhae tmh ifdpfahats fj pf`btbis ba

prcitbih cs rh`ctbvh pfwhr cae suprhdciy crh smbjthe jrfd fah ehiceh tf tmh ahxt

(Khfmcah, >77>). Mfwhvhr, cikafw`heobao tmct pf`btbic` struoo`h aft fa`y hxbsts

cdfao actbfas, hvha wmha tmhy cpphcr tf dcbatcba sustcbacn`y phcihju` rh`ctbfasmbps,

smfuè aft dbs`hce batf rhj`hitbao upfa pf`btbic` sfibhtbhs cs nhbao ifdpfahats fj c

iruh`wfrè.

Umhrhjfrh, tmh iruibc` ifaahitbfa nhtwhha tmh baebvbeuc` phrsfas cnb`bty tf rhcsfa

cae tmh cnb`bty tf i`cbd sfvhrhboaty nhifdhs cppcrhat hatcb`bao tmct tmh cnb`bty tf

rhcsfa cae dckh ehibsbfas fa tmh ncsbs fj `fobic` cae rhc`bstbi phrihptbfas fj nhst

bathrhst hacn`hs tmh baebvbeuc` tf i`cbd cutmfrbty wmbim sunshquhat`y nhifdhs c

afrdctbvh tf tmha nh hvcùcthe cae mfafurhe fr rhdfvhe ciifrebao tf bts cituc`

phrjfrdcaih (Kcma, >77:). Mfwhvhr tmbs bs aft tf scy tmct tmhrh bs c ifaihpt fj

sfvhrhboa sh`j rctmhr tmct tmh baebvbeuc`s cs c uabthe wmf`h, c sfibhty wbtmba wmbim

Umbs pcsscoh bj c jrhh trcas`ctbfa fj tmh frbobac` thxt wmbim bs ba tmh Orhhk `caoucoh dceh ny>

dysh`j.37


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hcim baebvbeuc` ica ush mbs rhcsfa tf pursuh prforhss cae prfsphrbty, tf vhrnc``y cae

prcitbic``y ehdcricth tmh dbabdud stcaecres fj ifaeuit wmbim crh ifasbehrhe

ciihptcn`h cae wmbim wfu`e aft tmrhctha fr lhfpcrebsh mbs quhst jfr mcppbahss cae

ju`jb`dhat.

3.9 Umhfrhtbic` jrcdhwfrk fj tmh stuey

Jrfd tmh 3=tmihatury cae fawcres tmh aftbfa fj pfwhr bs nhbao trcasjfrdhe rcebic``y

cae cs c ifashquhaih tmh sfvhrhboaty fa `bjh cae ehctm bs trcasjhrrhe jrfd tmh `fre

cae tmh imurim tf tmh stcth wmbim uaehrtckhs tmh dcacohdhat cae prfthitbfa fj tmh

`bjh fj bts actbfac`s tmrfuomfut tmhbr hxbsthaih. Umbs ahw jfrd fj pfwhr-hxhribsh

ebjjhrs tf tmh prhvbfus ba thrds fj tmh pfsbtbvh cae ifrrhitbvh quc`bty cae cs tf bts

purpfsh wmbim bs tmh prfthitbfa fj tmh pfpu`ctbfas `bjh, bts orfwtm cae harbimdhat fa

hvhry `hvh` cae ba pcrtbiu`cr ba tmh jbh`es fj hifafdy, frehr cae wh`jcrh. Cutmfrbty bs

hdnheehe cae hxhribshe fa tmh `hvh` fj nbf`fobic` `bjh, prhshrvctbfa fj tmh sphibhs cae

rcih cae tmh dcss pfpu`ctbfa pmhafdhac. Umh wfre rcih mhrh bs fj orhct sboabjbicaih

cs bt stbpu`cths c ifastcat mbstfrbic`/pf`btbic` ebvbsbfa fj pfpu`ctbfas.

3.9.3 Jfuicu`t cae tmh tmhfry fj nbf`fobic` rcibsd

Hahdbhs fj tmh stcth crh ifasbehrhe c`` tmhsh bathrac` fr hxthrbfr tmrhcts cocbast tmh

pfpu`ctbfas vbcnb`bty tmus, tmhy crh shat tf tmhbr ehctmcimbhvbao tmh `ctthrs survbvc`.

Umh Crbstfth`bca ifaihptuc`bsctbfa fj dca cs ca cabdc`, wmfsh fa`y ebstbaitbvh

icpcnb`bty cdfao ftmhr bs tmct fj mcvbao c pf`btbic` stctus, bs nhbao rhjrcdhe ny

33


15/80

Jfuicu`t ba frehr tf nh cecpthe tf tmh ahw vhrsbfa fj nbf`fobic` sfvhrhboa rbomt fvhr

`bjh cae ehctm. Ciifrebao tf Jfuicu`t tmh ahw vhrsbfa fj dca bs tmct fj c pf`btbic`

cabdc` wmfsh `bjh cs c vc`uh bs nhbao uaehr ahoftbctbfa ehphaebao fa bts wfrtm tf tmh

rhst fj tmh pfpu`ctbfa wbtmba wmbim tmhy crh baifrpfrcthe (32=>7tm ihatury, twhaty abah ifuatrbhs dcbatcbahe huohabis `hobs`ctbfa uaehr wmbim tmfsh

wmf whrh rhifoabshe cs 'ohahtbic``y ehjhitbvh', bh irbdbac`s, tmh dhatc``y rhtcrehe,

tmfsh ifaehdahe cs nhbao bddfrc`, prfstbtuths, c`ifmf`bis, catbsfibc`, vcorcats,

baebohat cae nhoocrs, whrh sunlhithe ba ifdpu`sfry sthrb`bsctbfa (Ncrahs, >77:;

Du``hr-Mb``, >77>; Ycaehrsfa, >77>; Ocr`cae, 3222, >773; Kctz & Cnh`, 32=5; Wcu`,

3>


16/80

32:?). Dhcawmb`h, ba tmh Xabthe Ytcths, bddborctbfa jrfd Csbc cae Yfutmhcst Hurfph

tfwcres tmh XY wcs rhstrbithe (Ocr`cae, 3222, >773).

Ebsibp`bah, wmbim prhihehs mbstfrbic``y nbfpf`btbis, bs frbhathe tf tmh ifatrf` cae

dcacohdhat fj tmh mudca nfey cbdbao tf fpprhss cae caabmb`cth bts rhsbstcaih, wmb`h

nbfpf`btbis mcvh cs c uabt fj cac`ysbs tmh nbf`fobic` prfihsshs tmct imcrcithrbsh cae tmh

ifaebtbfas wmbim jcvfur tmh ehvh`fpdhat fj bt. C`` juaitbfas fj tmh acturc` `bjh

(rhprfeuitbfa, vbtc`bty, dfrnbebty cae dfrtc`bty) crh tmh ifathats fj nbfpf`btbis cae crh

sunlhithe tf tmh dhimcabsds cae ic`iu`ctbfas nhbao dceh ny tmh stcths sfvhrhboa

pfwhr. @bjh bs af `faohr tckha nut bs rctmhr nhbao prfthithe cae prhshrvhe cs nhbao tmh

u`tbdcth sfvhrhboa offe. Hahdbhs fj tmh `bjh cae vbcnb`bty fj c pfpu`ctbfa crh

ohahrc``y ifasbehrhe tf nh c tmrhct tf tmh phrphtuctbfa fj mhc`tm, strhaotm cae stcnb`bty

cae tmhrhjfrh crh ehstbahe tf nh hxthrdbacthe jfr tmh ohahrc` nhahjbt fj tmh sfibhty

wmbim bs dceh pfssbn`h tmrfuom wmct Jfuicu`t acdhe stcth rcibsd fr nbf`fobic`

rcibsd (Kh``y, >775).

Ciifrebao tf Jfuicu`t tmh stcth nbf`fobic` rcibsd bs tmh ncsbi dhimcabsd fj nbfpfwhr

jcib`btctbao tmh fvhrifdbao fj tmh ifatrcebitbfa tmct tmh stcth btsh`j nhcrs, wmbim bs

afah ftmhr tmca tmh jc``ciy tmct wmb`h nhbao ba jcvfur fj `bjh bt mfwhvhr, ebstbaoubsmhs

`bvhs ba suphrbfr cae bajhrbfr cae ehibehs tf vcabsm tmfsh wmf haecaohr tmh `bvhs fj

wfrtmy pfpu`ctbfa. Umh baebrhit durehrcbds tf prhshrvh tmh `ctthr jrfd tmh bajhitbfus

hxbsthaih cae prcitbshs fj tmh dc`bibfus rhst fj tmh pfpu`ctbfa (Jfuicu`t, 3227).

Yfibhty ahhes tf nh prfthithe cocbast tmh nbf`fobic` mczcres fj ftmhr rcihs fj `fwhr

cae ebjjhrhat caihstry.

39


17/80

Umbs rcibst tmhdh tmct phrdhcths tmh jcnrbi fj sfibhty, wbtm c vbhw tf tmh `cstbao

i`hcrcaih fj jfrhboa h`hdhats cae celustbao c`` ba tmh afrd, tmh sfibc` cvhrcoh, tmh

sfibc` stcaecrebsctbfa (afrdc`bsctbfa), bs baebicthe cae tmfrfuom`y cac`yshe ba

Jfuicu`ts nffk b` jcut ehjhaehr `c sfibhth. Nbf`fobic` rcibsd jrcodhats tmh

nbf`fobic` ifatbaufus tf wmbim nbfpfwhr cpphrtcbas tf, hstcn`bsmbao c nbf`fobic`

rh`ctbfasmbp nhtwhha tmh hxthrdbactbfa fj nbf`fobic` rbsk cae tmh hajhhn`hdhat fj tmh

sphibhs cs c wmf`h cae htmabi rcih cs c uabt. Ba ftmhr wfres cae tf ush tmh hxcdp`h fj

XY cae bathrrcibc` dcrrbcoh ncaabao, nbf`fobic` rcibsd ehvfthhs ushe rhcsfa tf

hxp`cba rctbfac``y tmh nbf`fobic` rbsk tmct dbao`bao fj rcihs wfu`e bdpfsh tf tmh wmbth

htmabi rcih, c sihacrbf wmbim nhicdh c jhcrhe rhc`bty wbtmba tmh sphibjbi sfibc`

iu`turh.

Uf celust Jfuicu`ts tmhfrhtbic` cpprfcim tf nbf`fobic` rcibsd cae tf cpp`y bt ba tmh

prhshat stuey bt bs vhry cpprfprbcth tf rhj`hit upfa tmh ebsiussbfa nhtwhha Jfuicu`t

cae Eh`hz, wmhrh Eh`hz ifdhs tf tmh ifai`usbfa tmct tmh sfvhrhboa stcth bdpfshs bts

vbsbfa tf bts sunlhits fa tmh orfuaes fj prfthitbfa, prhshrvctbfa fj tmh pfpu`ctbfa cae

tmh sfvhrhboa offe (Jfuicu`t & Nfuimcre, 32=7). Cs mh hxp`cbas tmh fpprhssbfa fj

bddborcats cdfao ftmhr ifathdpfrcry jfrds fj stcth vbf`haih nhifdhs tf`hrcthe cae

ciihpthe ny tmh ohahrc` pfpu`ctbfa tmrfuom tmh prfihss fj vbsuc`bsctbfa fj wmct tmh

stcth ifasbehrs cs orhcthr offe.

Mhaih, bt bs mcre tf crouh tmct hvha afwcecys, tmct o`fnc`bsctbfa mcs nub`t nrbeohs fj

ifdduabictbfa nhtwhha tmh jfur ifrahrs fj tmh hcrtm, bddborcats crh aft phrihbvhe cs

c tmrhct tf tmh mfdfohay cae i`crbty fj ca htmabi rcih cs shiurbty rbsk bs shha tmrfuom

35


18/80

tmh prbsd fj htmabi pf`ypmfay cae mhthrfohahbty (Crcecu & Zca Duasthr, >77?).

Jfuicu`ts ebsiussbfa fj pcafptbibsd (tmh stcths cnb`bty tf shh hvhrytmbao cae

bdpfsh bts vbhwpfbat tf bts sunlhits) b`ùdbacths tmh hvfùtbfa fj bastbtutbfas batf

ebsibp`bacry sfibhtbhs, tmrfuom tmh hxthasbfa fj tmh dhimcabsds fj ebsibp`bah

tmrfuomfut sfibhty ba tmh jfrdctbfa fj wmct dbomt nh ic``he ba ohahrc` tmh

ebsibp`bacry sfibhty (322872). Umh ebsibp`bacry pfwhr fj tmh stcth fvhr bddborcats

stcrts ct tmh nfrehrs wmbim crh tmh prbdhr jrfatbhr tmct tmh stcth ahhes tf survhb``caih

cs tf cvfbe b``hoc` bddborcats tf hathr fr bavceh tmh actbfac` orfuae cae tf jcib`btcth

tmh dfvhdhat fj `hoc` bddborcats wbtmba tmh ifuatry (wbtmfut hvha rhdfth`y

bdp`ybao tmct tmhy crh whìfdhe ba cay fj tmh twf stctushs).

Cs Hbtmah @ubnmbe (>77>) crouhs, i`hcr`y, basphitbfa ct tmh nfrehr bs aft c fah-tbdh

hxphrbhaih nut bt bs rctmhr, cs Jfuicu`ts bdcoh fj tmh icrihrc` crimbph`cof suoohsts, c

prfihss tmct sbtucths dborcats wbtmba `bjh`fao ahtwfrks fj survhb``caih cae

ebsibp`bacry rh`ctbfas. Yurvhb``caih fj tmh `bvhs fj bddborcats nhobas upfa tmhbr

hatrcaih tf tmh jfrhboa tf tmhd stcth cae ifatbauhs ba tmh ifathxt fj ehtcb`he

efiudhatctbfa fj tmh rhcsfas jfr tmhd hathrbao tmh ifuatry cae hstcn`bsmdhat fj tmh

tbdhjrcdh wbtmba wmbim tmhy crh hxphithe tf ehpcrt. Bddborcats wmf ef aft pfsshss

fjjbibc` efiudhats jcih bddhebcth ehpfrtctbfa wmha pfssbn`h fr crh cutfdctbic``y

cpprhmhaehe ny `hoc` cutmfrbtbhs uatb` tmhbr frboba cae behatbty bs nhbao vhrbjbhe.

Bddborcats crh tmus cpprhmhaehe wbtmba c aht fj pfwhr rh`ctbfas ofvhrahe ny

efiudhatctbfa stctus, cae cs Jfuicu`t crouhs, bt bs tmh ebsifursh `ybao ba pfwhr

rh`ctbfas, wbtmba c sfibhty, wmhrh pfwhr btsh`j ehrbvhs jrfd.

38


19/80

Umh cnsfùth ifatrf` fj bddborctbfa shrvhs tmh stcth cs c pfwhrju` sydnf` fj c

actbfas sfvhrhboaty. Umus, tmh stcth ehdfastrcths bts ebsibp`bacry pfwhr fvhr phfp`hs

`bvhs cae ebstbaoubsmhs tmh pfpu`ctbfa nhtwhha sunlhits fj tmh stcth cae c`bhas

(@ubnmbe, >77>). Bt bs tmbs shorhoctbfa tmct baj`cths tmh ehncth fa tmh ahihssbty fj

ehthatbfa icdps wmbim wb`` nh hxthasbvh`y ebsiusshe jurtmhr ba tmbs pcphr.

3.9.> Cocdnha cae tmh stcth fj hxihptbfa

_mb`h Jfuicu`t ercws upfa tmh futsht fj tmh 3= tm ihatury tf ehjbah nbfpfwhr cae

nbfpf`btbis, Cocdnha i`cbds tmct c`rhcey jrfd caibhat tbdhs tmh nbf`fobic` `bjh wcs c

sunlhit tcrohthe ny cae ifaihrabao sfvhrhboaty. Cocdnha (>778) crouhs tmct tmh

sfvhrhboa pfwhr ehthrdbahs tmh `cwjuàhss fj ca citbfa jfr hxcdp`h wbtm rhocres tf

tmh hxthat fj mbs pfwhr fvhr mbs sunlhits c Kbao dcy ehibeh wmhtmhr tckbao sfdhfahs

`bjh smfuè nh ifasbehrhe cs c puabtbvh citbfa fr c scirbjbih fj fah jfr tmh nhahjbt fj

tmh dcay. Cocba tmh cutmfrbty fj tmh i`cbd sthds jrfd tmh Kbaos cnb`bty tf rhcsfa

fvhr mbs citbfas, `hobtbdbsbao tmhd. Cocdnha ushs tmh thrds nbfpf`btbis cae stcth fj

hxihptbfa croubao tmct ua`bkh Jfuicu`t mh sfuomt tf `bak bssuhs sthddbao jrfd

nbfpf`btbis cae tmh jcit tmct `bjh bs ifasbehrhe c dctthr fj pf`btbic` sfvhrhboaty, tf tmh

bssuhs ehrbvbao jrfd pf`btbic` sfvhrhboaty btsh`j.

Ahvhrtmh`hss, tmh stcth fj hxihptbfa cpphcrs c`sf ba tmh wfrks fj tmh `hoc` tmhfrbst

Yimdbtt (32=8) cs c jfrd fj pfwhr wmhrh pf`btbic` ifatrf` fj sfibhty ny tmh stcth ofhs

nhyfae tmh `bdbts fj wmct bs ifasbehrhe tf nh c afrdctbvh ifaihptbfa fj ehdfirciy

ba tmh `bnhrc` stcth ny bavfkbao tmh hdhrohaiy fj bts survbvc`. Bt bs tmh hxihptbfa upfa

3:


20/80

wmbim tmh ru`h cae prfiheurhs tmrfuom wmbim ctthdpthe `hoc`bsctbfa cae/fr tmh

afrdc`bsctbfa fj icshs prhshathe cs 'hxihptbfac` ibriudstcaihs', fr ca hxihptbfa tf tmh

ru`h nhicush fj ca hdhrohaiy sbtuctbfa. Umfuom tmbs `fobi bt bs bavfkhe tmh cnsfùth,

tmh wmf`h, tmh tftc`btcrbca usbao tmh thrd ahihsscry wmbim bs fjtha rhjhrrhe tf cs

bdphrctbvh ahhe - bambnbtbao, cae hsshatbc``y ncabsmbao tmh ehdfirctbi cae mudca

rbomts. Umh dhimcabsd bavfkbao tmbs ahihssbty bs tmh sfvhrhboa stcth. Umh hdhrohaiy

bs bathrwfvha wbtm tbah tmrhct tf sfvhrhboaty, nut bs c`sf ca hxprhssbfa fj bts pfwhr.

Umbs bs c ifatrcebitbfa wmhrh hdhrohaiy bs pcrc``h` thrd tf pfshe tmrhct cocbast

sfvhrhboaty cae tmus baebicths c pfthatbc` fppfsbth tf tmh pfwhr wmbim hdhrohs cs c

'tmrhct' fr ct `hcst cs ibtbao c tmrhct, wmb`h sbdu`tcahfus`y ifajbrdbao tmct tmh stcth bs

baehhe c dcsthr mfèbao tmh dfafpf`y fa bts bavfictbfa. Umbs bs tmh `bdbt wmhrh tmh

_hnhrbca ehjbabtbfa fj tmh stcth cs "tmh nfey mcs c dfafpf`y fj `hobtbdcth ush fj

vbf`haih" bs bacehqucth cs c tcutf`foy (Zcaehrohhst & Whùsf, 3228; _hnhr, 3229).

Yimdbtts cae Cocdnhas hxhptbfac`bsd tmhfrbhs ebjjhr ba tmh prfihss fj

uaehrstcaebao hxihptbfa wmhrh tmh shifae ercws mhcvb`y upfa tmh wfrk fj tmh jbrst

wmb`st ehi`crbao bt cs basujjbibhat cs tmh jbrst wfrkhe `croh`y fa `hoc` ifastbtutbfac`bst

bathrprhtctbfas fj hxihptbfa (Muysdcas, >77=). Mhaih, ba Cocdnhas stcth fj

hxihptbfa wh jbae tmh jf``fwbao ifatrcstbao pcbrs< `hoc`/b``hoc`, `bjh/ehctm. Umhsh crh

nfuae tf ifhxbst ba tmh suiibait rhvbhw fj tmh aftbfa fj hxihptbfa . Cocdnha9

behatbjbhe tmh hsshaih fj tmh stcth fj hxihptbfa cs tmh u`tbdcth `bdbt nhtwhha pf`btbis

@hobtbdcth baiùehs b``hoc` wmbim bs nhbao ehjbahe tmrfuom bts ifatrcst wbtm tmh jfrdhr.9

B``hoc` crbshs jrfd bts hxiùsbfa ny tmh ehjbabtbfa fj tmh stctutfry `bdbts wmhrh jrfd bt c`sf

nhobas (ba Afrrbs, >777).3?


21/80

cae `cw nhtwhha tmh lurbebic` frehr cae ncrh `bjh, cs tmh af dca's `cae fa tmh nfrehr

fj ifastbtutbfac` / suprc-ifastbtutbfac` prfvbsbfas, prcitbihs cae ehibsbfas nhyfae tmh

ifastbtutbfac`-`hoc` hxp`cactbfa cs ehjbahe ny tmh @ctba dcxbd ahihssbtcs `hohd afa

mcnht (ahihssbty bs aft sunlhithe tf tmh ru`h fj `cw). Wf`btbibsctbfa fj `bjh sboac`s jfr

Cocdnha tmh hdhrohaih fj nbfpf`btbis cae tmh prbdcry citbvbty fj tmh sfvhrhboa

pfwhr bs tmh prfeuitbfa fj c nbfpf`btbic` nfey. _mct mh trbhe tf ehdfastrcth

tmrfuomfut mbs rhshcrim bs tmct dhcsurhs ehsboahe tf dhht hxtrcfrebacry cae ba icshs

hxtrhdh thdpfrcry hvhats wcs twbsthe cae smbjthe batf nhifdbao c afrd, ca cefpthe

prcitbih wmbim bs ciihptcn`h ny tmh ofvhradhat.

Umh sthppbao stfah fj tmbs trcasbtbfa wcs tmh Jbrst _fr`e _cr wmha tmh stcth fj

hxihptbfa wcs ehrbvbao jrfd tmh stcth fj wcr. Ba tmh Aczb Ohrdcay fj 3297s tmh stcth

fj hxihptbfa wcs hstcn`bsmhe rbomt cjthr Mbt`hr cssudhe ifatrf` fj tmh stcth cae wcs

ahvhr rhvfkhe tmrfuomfut tmh twh`vh yhcrs fj tmh wcr. Whfp`h, bddborcats whrh tmha

nhbao behatbjbhe cs mcvbao tmh imcrcithrbstbis fj tmh jbourh fj mfdf scihr (scirhe5

dca) wmbim Cocdnha (322=) nfrrfws jrfd tmh ^fdca @cws. Mfdf scihrbs ehjbahe

ba `hoc` thrds cs sfdhfah wmf ica nh kb``he wbtmfut tmh kb``hr nhbao rhocrehe cs c

durehrhr; cae c phrsfa wmf icaaft nh scirbjbihe ba c rh`bobfus rbtuc` (mhaih bt c`sf

trcas`cths ba ciiurshe dca). Umbs phrsfac bs hxpuaohe jrfd sfibhty cae bs nhbao

ehprbvhe fj c`` mbs rbomts cae juaitbfas ba ibvb` rh`bobfa. Mfdf scihr bs mbdsh`j c stcth

Mh bs mf`y cae ecdahe, kb``cn`h wbtmfut c`hrtbao cay puabtbvh systhd. Mh bs `ficthe nftm5

wbtmba (cs hatbty ifatcbahe ba tmh `hoc` frehr) cae futsbeh (cs aft nhbao prfthithe ny tmh `hoc`

frehr) tmh `cws nfuaecrbhs. Mh hxbsts ba tmh `hoc` jrcdhwfrk fa`y sf tmct mh ica nh hxi`uehe

`hobtbdcth`y ny tmh ru`h fj `cw.3=


22/80

fj hxihptbfa wmf bs nfuae ny tmh `cw yht bs nhbao ehabhe mbs rbomt tf nh baiùehe ba

tmh `cw (ba tmh shash tmct mh icaaft i`cbd prfthitbfa).

Umh hstcn`bsmdhat fj c stcth fj hxihptbfa, acdh`y, tmh baehjbabth susphasbfa fj tmh

rhou`ctfry cae lurbebic` frehr, wmha pfpu`ctbfa ica pfthatbc``y nh kb``he (durehrhe

wbtmfut nhbao durehrhe; ba tmh shash tmct durehr trcas`cths tf scaitbfas jfr tmh

ifddbttbao phrsfa) ba tmh cnshaih fj `hoc` cae dfrc` nfuaecrbhs, hamcaihs tmh pfwhr

fj bastbtutbfas cae prfvbsbfas `ficthe futsbeh tmh `cw cae tmct fj `bjh sibhatbsts fa `bjh

btsh`j cae cs Cocdnha crouhs, tmh stcth fj hxihptbfa ebsphrshs ba tmh _hsthra pf`btbic`

nfebhs tmh cnsfùth`y kb``cn`h ifrpshs fj tmhbr actbfac`s.

Xasurprbsbao`y, tmh thrd Mfdbahs scirb nhicdh c ehjbabtbfa fj tmfsh ehtcbahe ba

ifaihatrctbfa icdps fj Aczbs wmhrh nbfpfwhr wcs uarcvh`he cae hxpfshe tf bts

trutmju` bathatbfas (Cocdnha, >77>). Umfsh `bvbao ba ehthatbfa icdps crh sfdhmfw

uaifasibfus`y Mfdbahs scirb, cssbdb`cthe tf c `bjh tmct ica nh tckha wbtmfut nhbao

ifasbehrhe cs c durehr. Umbs bs euh tf tmh `cw ifasbehrbao tmct tmfsh ehtcbahe ba

icdps ef aft fwa tmhdsh`vhs caydfrh, `bjh nh`faos tf tmh `cw btsh`j cae tmhsh phfp`h

crh sfdhwmhrh nhtwhha `bjh cae ehctm (c`bvh/ehce), mhaih ba tmh icsh fj Aczbs tmhrh

wcs af irbdh wmha `bvhs whrh ebspfshe ba tmh ifathxt fj hxphrbdhats.

Mfwhvhr, Cocdnha crouhs tmct afwcecys tmh stcth fj hxihptbfa mcs nhha trcasjfrdhe

btsh`j ba tmh shash tmct bt mcs nhha ebjjushe ba tmh wmf`h wfrè cae aft lust c wcr zfah.

Aft tf nh dbsuaehrstffe mhrh, wmct Cocdnha bdp`bhs bs tmct ifathdpfrcrb`y tmh thrd

(aft tmh aftbfa) stcth fj hxihptbfa bs aft cpp`bicn`h sbdp`y nhicush wmha rhjhrrbao tf

32


23/80

imcaohs ba pfwhr rh`ctbfas tmhsh crh shha uaehr tmh prbsd fj afrdc` imcaohs ba

pf`bibhs, tmh bathractbfac` `cw, cae actbfac` `cws cae ifastbtutbfas. Umh thrd stcth fj

hxihptbfa smfu`e nh rhvbshe cs c ifaihptuc`bsctbfa; hxihptbfa btsh`j bs af `faohr

cpphrtcbabao tf hvhats wmbim nrbao c ifuatry fr c sfibhty ct turdfb`, ftmhrwbsh

hxtrcfrebacry ibriudstcaihs, nut rctmhr cs baahr ifavu`sbfas wmbim crh ahihsscry tf

khhp tmh pf`btbic` dcimbah wfrkbao. Ifashquhat`y tmh mfdf scihr bs rhp`cihe ny tmh

mfddh scas pcpbhrs tmh dca wbtmfut pcphrs, efiudhatctbfas, behatbty. Umbs phrsfac

mcs b``hoc``y hathrhe tmh thrrbtfry fj c ifuatry jfrhboa tf mbd cae mbs icushs cae p`cas

icaaft nh vhrbjbhe.

Uf ehc` wbtm tmhsh typhs fj bddborcats dfst whsthra stcths crh bdp`hdhatbao c systhd

fj ifdpu`sfry ehthatbfa ba prbsfa-`bkh icdps wmhrh tmhy crh mh`e cs ua`cwju` cae

uawcathe baebvbeuc`s uatb` tmhbr frbobas crh vhrbjbhe, tmha tmhy crh hbtmhr hxtrcebthe (bj

tmhy crh jfuae tf nh irbdbac``y imcrohe), ehpfrthe fr `hjt tf ibriu`cth wbtmba tmh

ifuatry, yht nhbao uacn`h tf dfvh hbtmhr jfrwcre fr ncikwcres cae `hcvh tmh mfstbao

ifuatry. Jfr Cocdnha ehthatbfa icdps crh tmh `cw fj dfehrabty, ca cttbtueh wmbim

rhjhrs tf tmh mfrrbjbi Aczb ifaihatrctbfa icdps, nut wbtm c ahw, phrmcps hvha dfrh

thrrbjybao wcy cs tmh ifaebtbf bamudcac (bamudca sbtuctbfa) ba tmh icdps hxpcaes

cae cpp`bhs nhyfae ba tmh orhcthr sfibhty . Umh `ctthr bs tmh dfst ifddfa cae8

Jfr tmh Btc`bca pmb`fsfpmhr, sbaih tmh bavhatbfa fj tmh stcth fj hxihptbfa ba tmh icdpfs eh8

ifaihatrcibfahs irhcthe ny tmh Ypcabcres ba Iunc ba 3=2:, cae tmh Nrbtbsm ifaihatrctbfa

icdps ba Y. Cjrbic eurbao tmh Nfhr _cr cae uatb` tmh ifathdpfrcry Oucatcacdf, tmh nfttfd

`bah bs tmct wh crh ehc`bao wbtm ca hxthasbfa tf tmh hatbrh pfpu`ctbfa fj ibtbzhas fj c stcth fj

hxihptbfa.>7


24/80

rhfiiurrbao sbtuctbfa ba Orhhih cae smc`` nh ebsiusshe tmfrfuom`y ba tmh ahxt imcpthr

fj tmh prhshat stuey.

3.9.9Crhaet cae tmh prfihss fj ehmudcabsctbfa

Cs c`rhcey nhha ehdfastrcthe nftm pcst cae ifathdpfrcry `bthrcturh tcrohts cae

surjcihs imcrcithrbstbis tmct ofvhra mudca acturh cae hxpfshs dca cs ca cabdc` obvha

tmh cnb`bty tf rhcsfa cae tmh imfbih tf fpprhss mbs jh``fw mudca nhbaos. Crhaet (322=;

32=3) crouhs tmct dca mcs nhha sf cnsfrnhe ba sh`j-ehstruitbvh cae mcrdju` tfwcres

ftmhrs prcitbihs tmct mh nhicdh bamudca. Ymh afths tmct bt bs tmbs prfihss fj

ehmudcabsctbfa tmct ehprbvhs dca jrfd hxmbnbtbao tmhsh imcrcithrbstbi wmbim behatbjy

mbs hxbsthaih cae wmbim c``fw mbs jh``fw mudca nhbaos tf rhj`hit upfa mbd cs suim

cae trhct mbd cs suim. Ba jhw wfres dca mcs `fst mbs rbomt tf nh behatbjbhe cs mudca

nhicush fj mbs cnusbvh cae bacpprfprbcth ifaeuit, ehprbvbao mbdsh`j jrfd nhifdbao

sfdhtmbao orhcthr euh tf mbs uaacturc` nhmcvbfur.

Dfrhfvhr, bt cpphcrs tmct tmh hstcn`bsmdhat fj mudca rbomts bs aft sujjbibhat cs

prhvhatbvh citbfa fa tmh ncsbs fj rhcsfabao; ifatrcrbwbsh, bt bs tmh cikafw`heohdhats

fj dcas pf`btbic` rbomts tmct wfu`e c``fw mbd tf mcvh tmh rbomt tf i`cbd mbs rbomts cs c

mudca nhbao. Uf put bt ba ^frtys wfres tmh '`bnhrc` sfibhty csks bts ibtbzhas (tf mcvh)

c dfrc` behatbty jfr pun`bi purpfshs, cae tf mcvh bt brrhsphitbvh fj wmcthvhr ftmhr,

prbvcth behatbtbhs tmhy dcy c`sf mcvh (Mcddhr, 322?3).

>3


25/80

Umrfuomfut tmh prfihss fj ehmudcabsctbfa, dca `cys ncrh fj mbs pf`btbic` stctus ny

ifajbabao mbs hxbsthaih ba j`hsm cae nfahs wmbim dhrh`y hxmbnbt sfdh vbtc`bty. Umh ocp

nhtwhha acturc` cae bamudca nhmcvbfur bs jb``he ny cutmfrbtcrbca cae tftc`btcrbca

nhmcvbfurs wmbim prfvh tmh hxbsthaih fj c ehhp irhvbih nhtwhha ehdfirciy cae

ebitctfrsmbp wmbim icaaft nh nrbeohe wmb`h tmh stcths hdp`fy mfstb`h nhmcvbfur

tfwcres fah caftmhr. Umus, uaehr tmh vhb` fj `ffkbao fut jfr tmh wh``nhbao cae

prfsphrbty fj tmhbr pfpu`ctbfa, stcths mcvh `hobtbdbshe tmrfuom uarhcsfacn`yrhcsfabao

jfr tmh ush fj vbf`haih nftm ct c actbfac` cae ca bathractbfac` `hvh` (Eucrth, >778).

Xasurprbsbao`y, tmh rcibst cae ebsirbdbactfry hjjhits fj tmh prfihss fj ehmudcabsctbfa

wmbim cpphcrhe vbvbe`y ba tmh fasht fj tmh >7tmihatury wbtm tmh rbsh fj tmh

dfvhdhat jfr huohabis cae mcvh nhha ebsiusshe hcr`bhr crh cocba c rhfiiurrbao

tmhdh.

_mct bs jfuae ba Crhaets rhcsfabao prfihss bs tmct tmh pf`btbic` behatbty fj dcakbae bs

c prhrhqubsbth ba tmh ebsifursh fj ehjbabao mudca rbomts cs bt c``fws pun`bi vbsbnb`bty fj

tmh baebvbeuc`s hxbsthaih (Mcddhr, 322?).

3.5 Jrfd Jfuicu`t tf Crhaet cae nhyfae; fj `fofs, rbomts cae

dborctbfa

Xacroucn`y tmh dcrrbcoh nhtwhha pmb`fsfpmy cae pf`btbic` tmfuomt bs nfuae tf icush

bathrcitbfa cdfao tmhsh baebvbeuc` behcs cae aftbfas tmct mcvh prhvbfus`y nhha

rhvbhwhe cae hxp`cbahe ba tmh prhshat imcpthr. Wmb`fsfpmy rhj`hits upfa dca cs ca

cabdc` icpcn`h fj rhcsfabao tf wmfd `fofs bs bamhrhat cae wmf bs tmus, hxphithe tf

>>


26/80

nh c mhrc`e fj dfrc`bty cs mbs euty bs tf dckh tmh nhst cae rctbfac` imfbihs wmbim wb``

`hce mbd tf nhctbtueh. _my tmha wfu`e suim c rhcsfacn`h irhcturh shhk tf mcrd cae

ebvbeh6 Fa tmh catbpfeh, pf`btbic` sibhaih p`cihs dca ba tmh ihatrh fj ctthatbfa ny

cttrbnutbao tf mbd imcrcithrbstbis (suim cs sf`becrbty cae behatbty) wmbim crh prh

ifaebtbfas jfr mbd tf `hobtbdbsh mbs i`cbd fj mbs rbomts.

C dca strbphe fj mbs rbomts bs c mfdf scihr, c phrsfa wbtmfut behatbty, ca mfddh scas

pcpbhrs, ca bddborcat, ca batruehr fj ibvb`bshe, purh cae efdbacat dcakbae. Mh bs

orhhthe wbtm mfstb`bty cae trhcthe wbtm cpctmy cae xhafpmfnbc cae mcth.

Umh rbomt tf dborcth wmha tmh ifaebtbfas wmbim crh tmh dbabdud prhrhqubsbths jfr ca

baebvbeuc` tf shhk jfr cae halfy c ju`jb``bao cae prfsphrfus `bjh crh vbf`cthe bs btsh`j c

prhifaebtbfa jfr tmh halfydhat fj tmh rhst fj tmh baebvbeuc`s mudca rbomts. Mhaih, cs

bt wb`` nh crouhe jurtmhr ba tmh prhshat stuey, c jfrhboahrs rbomt tf dborcth ba tmh

mfstbao ifuatry fj mbs imfbih, sh`hithe tmrfuom tmh prfihss fj rctbfac` jb`thrbao fj tmh

cvcb`cn`h fptbdud imfbihs jfr mbs survbvc` cae/fr mbs ehvh`fpdhat, shrvhs cs c qucsb-

rbomt tf rbomts.

Ba tmh ifathdpfrcry Orhhk sfibhty tmh rbomt tf `hoc` rhsbehaih bs pcvbao tmh wcy jfr c

orhcthr cohaec fj ftmhr rbomts fj i`bdcxbao sboabjbicaih jfr tmh baebvbeuc`s `bjh. Jrfd

tmh sbdp`h hvhryecy dctthrs suim cs tmh rbomt tf trcascit wbtm pun`bi shrvbihs, cae tmh

rbomt tf pun`bi icrh ba sbikahss tf tmh dfrh phrp`hxhe cae behc` rbomts suim cs tmct fj

nhbao obvha c vfth ba h`hitbfas cs jfr mbs vfbih tf nh mhcre ba tmh sfibhty wmhrh mh

`bvhs cae prfeuihs wfrk.

>9


27/80

Umh ebsirbdbactbfa cocbast cae sfibc` bsf`ctbfa fj bddborcats (nftm `hoc` cae b``hoc`)

bs cppcrhat tmrfuomfut tmh hatbrh Orhhk ifastbtutbfac` `cw. Jfr bastcaih, ciifrebao tf

tmh iurrhat `hobs`ctbfa b``hoc` bddborcats cae rhjuohhs crh c``fwhe tf heuicth tmhbr

imb`erha fa`y ba pun`bi simff`s cae tf nh mfspbtc`bshe fa`y ba tmh hdhrohaiy

ehpcrtdhats ba mfspbtc`s, c`` pun`bi shrvbihs crh ifastrcbahe jrfd prfvbebao tmhbr

shrvbihs tf b``hoc` bddborcats, ftmhrwbsh tmh baebvbeuc`s jfuae tf prfvbeh cay sfrt fj

cedbabstrctbvh suppfrt tf tmhd crh `bcn`h tf jcih irbdbac` phac`tbhs; `hobs`cturh

prfmbnbts rhatbao mfushs tf b``hoc` bddborcats cae irbdbac`bshs vhrsbfas fj prcitbic`

sf`becrbty, sbaih mh, wmf jcib`btcths tmh stcybao fj ca b``hoc` tmbre-ifuatry actbfac` ba

tmh Orhhk stcth smc`` nh puabsmhe wbtm sunstcatbc` prbsfa shathaihs cae dfahtcry

jbahs, himfbao tmus ca bdpfrtcat sydnf`bi dhsscoh tf cspbrbao jfrhnfehrs fj

sf`becrbty. Yunshquhat`y, tmh orhy zfahs ercwa crfuae tmh mudca rbomts fj b``hoc`

bddborcats cae rhjuohhs ba Orhhih mcvh hstcn`bsmhe c vbrc` mfstb`h havbrfadhat fj tmh

Orhhk sfibhty cs c mfst fj dborctbfa.

Ifashquhat`y, ba tmh jf``fwbao imcpthr tmh stuey jfiushs ba tmh rhc`bty fj pcrcafbe cae

shdb-`hoc` pf`bibhs bdp`hdhathe ny tmh Orhhk stcth cae mfw tmbs bathr`baks tmh

hxbstbao rbomts fj bddborcats tf tmfsh fj tmh rhst fj tmh Orhhk actbfac`s.

>5


28/80

BBB< FA DBO^CUBFA

Cs c`rhcey nhbao dhatbfahe ba tmh batrfeuitfry stcoh fj tmh prhshat stuey tmh thrd

dborctbfa bs ushe tf ehjbah tmh dfvhdhat fj baebvbeuc` phfp`h fr c prfpfrtbfa fj

pfpu`ctbfa fj c ifuatry fr c rhobfa tfwcres caftmhr ifuatry fr rhobfa, rhocre`hss tmh

icushs fj tmbs dfvhdhat. Hbshastcet (3288) ehsirbnhe cs tmh wb``baoahss fj ca

baebvbeuc` fr c pfpu`ctbfa tf cncaefa tmh acturc` mcnbtct cae sfibhty ba wmbim tmhy

whrh p`cihe ny nbrtm cae tf shtt`h ba caftmhr sfibhtc` havbrfadhat. Ehphaebao fa tmh

`haotm fj tmh imrfabi prhshaih fj c dborcat ba tmh mfst ifuatry, dborctbfa bs c`sf

ehdcricthe ba smfrt-thrd, thdpfrcry dborctbfa (nhtwhha af `hss tmca tmrhh cae af

dfrh tmca twh`vh dfatms) cae `fao-thrd, phrdcahat dborctbfa (dfrh tmca tmh

dbabdud fj fah yhcr wmbim dcy eh jcitf nh hxthaehe `hcebao tf eh jcitf rhsbehaih)

(FHIE, >7732:; Ytcdctckbs, >77:).

Umh ebsiussbfa crfuae dborctbfa mbom`bomts tmbs trcasbtbfac` prfihss c`sf cs tmh

trcasjhr fj mudca rhsfurihs cae wfrkjfrih jrfd fah rhobfa tf caftmhr wbtm hvbehaih

smfwbao tmct tmh usuc` ehstbactbfas crh ehvh`fphe ifuatrbhs wmbim crh jfuae fr

hxphithe tf fjjhr dfrh imcaihs ba hdp`fycnb`bty cae prfsphrbty (Zhaeurc, 3225;

Icst`hs & Kfscik, 32=8) cae vbih vhrsc ifdphtbtbvhahss cdfao ifuatrbhs bs

stbdu`cthe ny tmhbr jcvfurcnb`bty stctus cs dborctbao ehstbactbfas ny trboohrbao

baafvctbvhahss cae kafw mfw hxphrtbsh (Cdba & Umrbjt, >77>; J`frbec, >77>;

O`chshr, 322=).

>8


29/80

Ebrks (322=) afthe tmct tmh fasht fj tmh hrc fj dfehrabsctbfa cae o`fnc`bsctbfa mcs

fphahe tmh ncik effr tf dcssbvh cae uaprhihehathe bathractbfac` dborctbfa prhssurh.

Mh crouhs tmct tmh hdhrobao ehsbrh fj baebvbeuc`s cae `crohr orfups fj pfpu`ctbfa tf

dborcth cae `hcvh nhmbae tmh scjhty fj tmh kafwa rhsbehatbc` havbrfadhat icaaft nh

rctbfac`bshe ny dhrh ifastruitbvh jcitfrs suoohstbao tmh quhst jfr fptbdbsbao `bjh

ifaebtbfas, nut rctmhr ny cikafw`heobao tmh jcitfrs fj supprhssbfa, celhitbvh pfvhrty

cae c dcssbvh ehsbrh jfr jrhhefd fj imfbih cae sh`j-ehthrdbactbfa.

Ahvhrtmh`hss, c quhstbfa crbsbao mhrh bs wmhtmhr dborctbfa bs c prfeuit fj baebvbeuc`

jrhh imfbih (baebvbeuc` citbfa) fr c rhsu`t fj nrfcehr ohfpf`btbic` cae trcasactbfac`

eyacdbis (Ycssha, >779). Ba tmbs csscy bt bs crouhe tmct `croh-sic`h bathractbfac`

dborctbfa bs pcrt fj tmh ifdp`hx hifafdbi, sfibc` cae actbfac` ahtwfrks, wmbim crh

uaehr i`fsh ifatrf` cae dfabtfrbao ny tmh cutmfrbtbhs sf tmct bt bs aft hcsb`y ciihssbn`h.

Mhaih, bt bs p`cusbn`h tf crouh tmct bddborctbfa bs aft `bdbthe tf tmh dcssbvh bavcsbfa

fj tmh pffr cae tmct tmbs bs dfrh c prfn`hd tmca c irbsbs dcacohdhat (Ycssha, >779).

>.3 Dborctbfa Wf`bibhs

Jfr tmh aftbfas fj pf`bibhs cae prcitbihs cpphrtcbabao tf dborctbfa tf nh

ifaihptuc`bshe bt bs ahihsscry cae cpprfprbcth tf ebstbaoubsm bddborctbfa pf`bibhs cae

bddborcat pf`biy bdp`hdhathe ny stcths. Bddborctbfa pf`biy bs tmct baj`bithe ny tmh

hstcn`bsmdhat fj bddborcats ba mfst ifuatrbhs cae ba pcrtbiu`cr tmhy tcroht tmh bairhcsh

fj tmh `hvh`s fj sfibc` pcrtbibpctbfa cae tmhrhjfrh crh imcrcithrbshe cs pf`ydfrpmbi

tcitbis fj baifrpfrctbfa cae cnsfrptbfa (Mcddcr, 32=8). Lfppkh cae Dfrcwskc

>:


30/80

(>779) pfbat fut tmct tmh hxbsthaih fj c sfibhty ba cnshaih fj c`bha htmabi orfups bs c

utfpbc. Bathorctbfa ba tmbs icsh wfuè rh`y fa ca bathrac` ifashasus rhou`cthe ny tmh

stcth dhimcabsds (ba Jrhhdca, >775). Cs bt bs cppcrhat tmh baebvbeuc`bty cae tmh

uaehphaecnb`bty fj citfrs ba ifathdpfrcry sfibhtbhs ic`` jfr c ebjjhrhat cpprfcim tf

bathorctbfa wmbim wfuè tckh batf ciifuat tmh jrcodhatctbfa cae ehihatrc`bsctbfa fj

tmh `ctthr (Jrhhdca, >775).

Bddborctbfa pf`bibhs bs tmh cjthrdctm cae jfr Jcvh`` (>737) c pcrt fj tmh `fao thrd

ifashquhaihs fj dborctbfa jfr tmh mfstbao ifuatrbhs cae baiùeh cdfao ftmhr tmh

ncsbi `hoc` cae sfibc` prfthitbfa; jfrdc` acturc`bsctbfa cae ibtbzhasmbp (fr rhsbehaiy-

ncshe) rbomts; catb-ebsirbdbactbfa `cws; hquc` fppfrtuabtbhs pfsbtbvh citbfa; tmh

irhctbfa fj ifrpfrctbst cae cssfibctbfac` struiturhs jfr bddborcat fr htmabi

frocabsctbfas; tmh rhebstrbnutbfa fj tcrohthe sfibfhifafdbi juaes jfr dbafrbtbhs ba

ehprbvhe crhcs; pf`biy fj `cw cae frehr; du`tbiu`turc` heuictbfa pf`biy; `caoucoh cae

iu`turc` ifurshs ba tmh mfst sfibhtys iu`turh, cae sf fa (jfr sbdb`cr imhik`bsts fj

pf`bibhs, shh Kyd`bikc, 3228; Yfysc`, 3225; Zhrtfvhi, 322?) (>737-9). Jcvh``

ifatbauhs tmct c`` tmh cjfrhdhatbfahe crh pcrts fj tmh stcths rhspfasbnb`btbhs cae jc`` ba

tmh spmhrh fj tmh ofvhradhatc` ifatrf`.

Uf of ncik tf tmh ebsiussbfa fj ebstbaoubsmbao cdfao bddborctbfa pf`bibhs cae

bddborctbfa pf`biy wmbim, cs hxmbnbthe, bs tmh ofvhradhatc` rhspfash tf tmh

pmhafdhafa fj bddborctbfa, cae nhjfrh h`cnfrctbao fa tmh cnfvh ehsirbnhe bssuhs, cs

bddborctbfa pf`bibhs crh ehjbahe tmfsh citbfa p`caabao prfihsshe cae ehibsbfas fj

stcths cs tf ifatrf` wmf bs bddborctbao, wmy cae jfr mfw `fao. Ahvhrtmh`hss, tmh

>?


31/80

ebstbaoubsm nhtwhha bddborctbfa pf`biy cae pf`bibhs mfwhvhr cac`ytbic``y ushju` bt

dbomt nh fah icaaft fvhr`ffk tmh jcit tmct tmhy crh sf ehhp`y bathrrh`cthe cae

uacroucn`y ifrrh`cthe ba tmh ifddfa shash fj phfp`h (B@F rhpfrt, 322=77?).

Ct tmbs pfbat bt bs ahihsscry tf ifatbauh wbtm ca bavhstboctbfa fj tmh pf`bibhs

bdp`hdhathe ny mfstbao ifuatrbhs cae tf tmh ebsiussbfa crbsbao jrfd tmh rhcitbfa

(nftm pfsbtbvh cae ahoctbvh) fj nftm mfstbao ifuatrbhs cae tf tmfsh ifuatrbhs fj frboba

fj bddborcats. Fa tmh pfsbtbvh sbeh fj tmh sic`h crh jfuae c`` tmhsh pf`bibhs cae

dhcsurhs wmbim cpphrtcba tf tmh dhtmfes cae prcitbihs wmbim haifurcoh, mbom`bomt

cae bdp`hdhat tmh cevbscn`h cedbabstrctbfa cae `hobs`ctbvh babtbctbvhs wbtm rhocres tf

dfnb`bty cae ebvhrsbty fj pfpu`ctbfas. Fa tmh catbpfeh, ifrrhspfaebao`y, crh rhobsthrhe

c`` tmh smbjts cae c`thrctbfas fj pun`bi pf`biy bdp`hdhatctbfa wmbim fpt tf ifatrf`

i`fsh`y fr tf bdpfsh ifdp`hth cncthdhat fa dborctbfa cae wmbim crh tmhrhjfrh

sboabjbicat`y rh`cthe tf sfibc` bsf`ctbfa fj dborctbao pfpu`ctbfas (Whaabax ht c`., >77=).

Mbstfrbic``y tmh ebspfsbtbfa fj stcths tfwcres dborctbfa bs hxc`the tf tmh sh`j-

phrihptbfas fj ifuatrbhs cs tf wmhtmhr tmhy crh sh`j-behatbjbhe cs mfstbao ifuatrbhs fr

aft (Icacec cae tmh XY cs nhbao sh`j-behatbjbhe cs mfstbao ifuatrbhs fj bddborctbfa

wmhrhcs tmh nrfcehr Hurfphca ifuatrbhs crh aft rhocre`hss tmh mbom rcths fj

bddborctbfa) (Whaabax, >778). Umbs ica nh trcikhe ncik ba tmh jbjtbhs wmha tmh `cnfur

pf`bibhs bdp`hdhathe ba Hurfphca stcths jcib`btcthe dborctbfa cae tmh rhuabfa fj

>=


32/80

jcdb`bhs fj dborcats cae c`sf tmh ifaebtbfas fj i`cbdbao cae nhbao orcathe csyùd

whrh rhvbsbthe cae cnfrthe cae rhp`cihe ny dfrh strbit fahs. Mfwhvhr, tmh tbomthr tmh

iùsthr fj dfabtfrbao dborctbfa wcs nhifdbao tmh dfrh uafrtmfefx cae b``bibt

prcitbihs fj sduoo`bao cae trcjjbikbao bddborcats whrh bavhathe c``fwbao

uaifatrf``cn`h prfiurctbfa cae b``bibt ifatrcncae. Ceebtbfac``y, tmh vhry rhihat

pmhafdhac fj thrrfrbsd mhbomthahe tmh nrcss tcik fj bashiurbty fj stcths cae nhicdh

bahvbtcn`y ifrrh`cthe tf nfrehr ifatrf` cae strbit ifastrcbat fj dborcat hathrbao.

Hvha tmfuom dcay Hurfphca ifuatrbhs cdfao wmbim Ohrdcay, tmh Ahtmhr`caes cae

Ywheha ctthdpthe tf rhsf`vh tmh bssuh fj dborctbfa ny haifurcobao tmh

bdp`hdhatctbfa fj pf`bibhs wmbim c``fwhe tmh bajùx fj ihrtcba audnhrs fj mudca

rhsfurihs cs thdpfrcry `cnfur jfrih, tmh `ctthrs phrdcahat rhsbehaih irhcthe

sustcbacn`y hdhrobao cae orfwbao ba audnhrs bddborcat sfibhtbhs ba tmhbr swcee`h.

Mhaih, tmh ahihssbty fj ehvh`fpbao bathorctbao pf`bibhs jfr sfdh ifuatrbhs fa`y

hdhrohe ba tmh dbe-?7s cae nhicdh ohahrc``y c afrdctbvh ba tmh 27s.

Cs crouhe prhvbfus`y bddborctbfa pf`bibhs bs tmh coorhocth fj dhcsurhs cae cefpthe

sfibc` prcitbihs ebitcthe ny twf nbaebao cae ciihssfrbc` pb``crs tmh jbrst fj wmbim

cpphrtcbas tf tmh rhou`ctbfa fj tmh bajùx, rhsbehaiy cae hdp`fycnb`bty fj afa-ibtbzhas

ba c obvha sfibhty, baiùebao tmfsh dhcsurhs ehebicthe tf haifurcoh rhvhrsbfa cae

rhpctrbctbfa fj bddborcats cae tf jbomt ncik prfiurctbfa; tmh shifae pb``cr cpphrtcbas

tf tmh pf`bibhs ehc`bao wbtm tmh bathorctbfa fj bddborcat pfpu`ctbfa fa sfvhrhboa

orfuae cae ba ohahrc` tf c`` tmfsh pfsbtbvh pf`bibhs wmbim orfuae lurbebic` cae

typf`fobic``y tmh prhrhqubsbths jfr tmh ifavhrohaih fj bddborcats cae actbfac`s fj c

>2


33/80

obvha sfibhty. Umh shifae pb``cr wb`` aft nh hxp`bibt`y ce tmfrfuom`y bavhstbocthe ba

tmh prhshat stuey cs tmh fnlhitbvh mhrh bs tf mbom`bomt tmh pf`bibhs cae tmhbr cnb`bty tf

sh`j-rhsfacth cs dhcas fj cimbhvbao sh`j-shiurbty cae prhshrvctbfa fj c sfvhrhboa stcth.

Ahvhrtmh`hss tmh cppfrtbfadhat fj tmh actbfac` pf`bibhs fj bathorctbfa cae

baifrpfrctbfa fj bddborcats rhocre`hss wmhtmhr tmhy rhjhr tf heuictbfac`, wh`jcrh,

mfusbao, mhc`tm cae shiurbty pf`bibhs bs c iruibc` tfpbi fj ebsiussbfa jfr tmfsh `hoc``y

rhsbebao ba c jfrhboa ifuatry (Yimacpphr, 322>) cae ica nh c prfpfshe tfpbi jfr

jurtmhr bavhstboctbfa ba hxthasbfa tf tmh prhshat stuey.

Nhsbehs dhtmfes cae sfibc` prcitbihs tmh p`caabao cae bdp`hdhatctbfa fj bddborctbfa

pf`bibhs bs c`sf nfuae ny tmh jbacaibc` stctus fj tmh mfstbao ifuatry, ny tmh prhvc`hat

sbtuctbfa ba tmh `cnfur dcrkht cae ny tmh hxbstbao sfibc` ifmhsbfa wmbim wcs

prhvbfus`y dhatbfahe ba tmh stuey. C`` tmhsh crh ifairhth jcits wmbim sphck tf tmh

rh`hvcaiy bj aft imcbahe bathrrh`ctbfa nhtwhha pf`btbis cae tmh tfpbi fa bddborctbfa cs

nhbao crouhe ny dcay simf`crs cae rhshcrimhrs fj tmh pf`btbic` sibhaih (shh Ybdfa,

>77?; Wbpphr, >77:; Mf``bjbh`e, >777).

Ifashquhat`y, tmhrh crh tmrhh cppcrhat ifaihpts crbsbao wbtm rhocres tf bddborctbfa

pf`biy fj c mfst ifuatry, nfrehr ifatrf` ny tmh sfvhrhboa actbfa hacitbao `hobs`ctbfa

fj cedbssbfa cae ehpfrtctbfa, actbfac` shiurbtbsctbfa, cae tmh bathorctbfa fj

bddborcats haifdpcssbao tmh cedbabstrctbfa fj pf`btbic` rbomts (Mcddcr, 32=8). Uf

tmh hxthat fj bssuhs tmct tmbs stuey bs smfutbao fut tf mbom`bomt cae bavhstbocth bt bs tmh

prfn`hds ifaihrabao tmh tcik`bao fj b``hoc` bddborctbfa ny bathasbjybao nfrehr oucre,

tmh prfdftbfa fj strbit rhou`crbsctbfa prfiheurhs, cae tmh h`bdbactbfa fj b``bibt mudca

97


34/80

trcjjbikbao tmct crh ctthdpthe tf nh rctbfac`bshe cs tf tmh citbfas tckha tfd sf`vh tmhd

tmrfuom tmh prbsd fj mudca `fobi cae rhcsfabao. Umh jcit tmct `croh audnhrs fj

bddborcats crh bavf`vhe ba b``hoc` citbvbtbhs (strhht irbdh) ba ifdnbactbfa wbtm tmh

prfn`hds pfshe ny tmh "b``hoc`" stctus wmct tmbs stuey hcr`bhr rhjhrrhe tf cs mfdbab

scirb, bs fah fj tmh dcba sfurihs fj ifaihra jfr tmh scjhty fj ibtbzhas (^bncs-Dcthfs,

>775).

Mhaih, cs cedbtthe ny cicehdbis cae pf`biy dckhrs, tmhrh bs c thaehaiy jfr tmh

dfvhdhat fj pfpu`ctbfas tf nh bai`uehe ba actbfac` shiurbty bssuhs fj mbom rbsk. Umh

phrihptbfa tmct bathractbfac` dborctbfa bs c tmrhct tf tmh shiurbty fj ifuatrbhs bs pcrt`y

rh`cthe tf tmh ifaihra fa bathractbfac` irbdbac` citbvbtbhs wmbim hxp`fbt tmh dfvhdhat

fj baebvbeuc`s ny hstcn`bsmbao ahtwfrks fj mudca trcjjbikbao cae fa tmct fj tmh dfst

rhihat thrrfrbst cttciks. Xacroucn`y, tmh hvhats fj 2/33 ba >773 cae tmh sunshquhat

thrrfrbst cttciks ba Dcerbe, @faefa, Nc`b cae h`shwmhrh mcvh `he tf tmh ifai`usbfa tmct

tmh bssuhs fj actbfac` shiurbty prhiheh jbrd`y fa tmh cohaec fj ehncths fa bddborctbfa

pf`biy.

>.> Hurfphca Xabfa fa dborctbfa

Hurfphca mfst ifuatrbhs nhbao ifasbehrhe cs prhjhrcn`h ehstbactbfas fj b``bibt mudca

dfvhdhat (cdfao wmbim Orhhih wmbim wb`` nh hxcdbahe cs c icsh stuey jurtmhr)

mcvh ifashquhat`y ehvh`fphe dhimcabsds fj dborctbfa ifatrf` cae mcvh c`sf dfvhe

tfwcres c ihrtcba `hvh` fj uacabdfus ifajfrdbao jfrdu`bsd jfr bddborcats

phrdcahat`y rhsbebao jfrhboa orfuae. C`tmfuom tmh Hurfphca Xabfa mcs af if``hitbvh

93


35/80

bddborctbfa pf`biy, yht bt mcs tckha rhdcrkcn`h sthps tfwcres mcrdfabsbao tmh

dhdnhr stcths bddborctbfa cae csyùd orcatbao pf`bibhs.

Umh Urhcty fj ^fdh ba 328? wcs fah fj tmh jbrst if``hitbvh ctthdpts tf sht fut tmh

stcaecres jfr jrhh `cnfur dfvhdhat, ifaehdabao ebsirbdbactbfa cocbast wfrkhrs fj

actbfac`btbhs ebjjhrhat tf c stcths actbfac`s cae ba 322> tmh Dccstrbimt Urhcty ocvh HX

tmh orhha `bomt tf cit dfrh bathasbvh`y cae dhtmfebic``y fa bddborctbfa pf`biy

jrcdhwfrks (\bddhrdcaa, 3228). Dfrhfvhr, tmh Cdsthrecd trhcty ba 322?

spft`bomthe tmh tfpbis crfuae bddborctbfa pf`bibhs, csyùd cae vbsc fntcbabao, wmbim

mce c`rhcey nhha nrfuomt tf ctthatbfa ba 32=8 cae 3227 ny tmh Yimhaoha Ciifres B

cae BB (\bddhrdcaa, 3228), ba tmh ibvbi cxbs fj tmh uabfa cae cssboahe tmh Hurfphca

Ifddbssbfa wbtm c jbvh yhcr dbssbfa fj tckbao babtbctbvh ba tmbs efdcba. Dhdnhr

stcths whrh jfrihe tf c`thracth tmhbr `hobs`ctbfa fa dborctbfa hjjhitbvh`y wmbim

trcas`cths tf bathasbjbhe nfcrehr ifatrf` systhd ehvh`fpdhat cae sh`hitbvh

bddborctbfa cae csyùd pf`bibhs (Nfswh``, >779).

Ba 3222 tmh Ucdphrh Ifuaib` cutmfrbshe tmh ehvh`fpdhat fj c ifddfa jrcdhwfrk

wbtm rhocres tf uacabdfus csyùd pf`biy cae tmh Hurfphca Ifddbssbfa cae

prfafuaihe tmh caafuaihdhat fvhr `hoc` cae b``bibt dborctbfa (Hurfphca

Ifddbssbfa, >777c, n; >773c, n). C audnhr fj sphibc` prfvbsbfas wmbim wfuè

jcib`btcth tmh h`bdbactbfa fj b``bibt mudca trcjjbikbao, wfuè `fwhr tmh audnhrs fj

csyùd shhkhrs ba Hurfphca Xabfa orfuae cae wfuè ifastbtuth hxtrcebtbfa fj

baebvbeuc`s wbtm b``hoc` fr uai`hcr stctus tf hbtmhr tmhbr ifuatbhs fj frboba fr tf ftmhr

ifuatrbhs wbtmba tmh Xabfa wmbim whrh ifasbehrhe cs imhik pfbats ba tmh shash tmct

9>


36/80

faih tmh bddborcats mce c`rhcey pcsshe tmrfuom tmhd tmhy whrh cutfdctbic``y

afdbacthe cs shiurh p`cihs hsphibc``y jfr csyùd shhkhrs tf rhtura tf (Nfswh``, >779).

Afahtmh`hss, tmh Ifuaib` mcs cpprfvhe vhry jhw fj tmh suoohstbfas fj tmh

Ifddbssbfa cpphrtcbabao tf bddborctbfa. Umbs jcit mfwhvhr efhs aft baebicth tmh

uawb``baoahss fj tmh Ifuaib` tf `cy fut c shrbhs fj ifddfa ifddbttbao orfuae ru`hs

tf rhsf`vh tmh dborctbfa bssuhs nut ica nh uaehrstffe cs rhùitcaih tf bssuh sphibjbi

oubeh`bahs ba tmh jfrd fj fah dhcsurh tf jbt c`` tf cvfbe bathrjhrhaih wbtm hcim

baebvbeuc` dhdnhrs actbfac` sfvhrhboa cae bts rbomt tf nh sh`j-rhou`cthe ba actbfac`

shiurbty dctthrs. Umh bdphrjhit rh`ctbfasmbp nhtwhha mbstfrbi hxphrbhaih fa dborctbfa

cae tmh pf`bibhs hstcn`bsmhe tf rhou`cth bt ica pcrtbc``y hxp`cba tmh cjfrhdhatbfahe

s`fw trcasjfrdctbfa tf c tftc` pf`biy c`boadhat cdfao Hurfphca Xabfa stcth dhdnhrs

(Icst`hs & Db``hr, >779).

Rht tmh HXs hjjfrts dcacohe tf trcasjfrd hjjhitbvh`y tmh Hurfphca dcp batf c

stcth`hss rhobfa ny h`bdbactbao tmh nfcrehrs nhtwhha actbfa stcth dhdnhrs cae ny

irhctbao c jrcdhwfrk fj smcrhe cutmfrbty cae rhspfasbnb`bty dclfr hxthat fj wmbim bs

tf tcik`h b``hoc` dborctbfa.

>.9 Ufwcres prhvhatbao b``hoc` dborctbfa

Cs crouhe h`shwmhrh ba tmbs stuey, hvhr sbaih tmh 3227s tmh ctthdpts tf rhou`cth cae ba

rhc`bty tf ebsifurcoh cae prhvhat bddborctbfa cae dfrh bdpfrtcat`y mudca

trcjjbikbao nhicdh dfrh systhdctbi (Nfswh``, >779). Umh Yimhaoha Ciifres dceh bt

i`hcr tmct tmh luebibc` cae tmh pf`bibao systhd fj dhdnhr stcths wfuè mcvh tf wfrk

99


37/80

mcre tfwcres rhcssurbao tmct tmh baebvbeuc` dhdnhr stcths wfuè nh scjh cae shiurh

cjthr tmh cnf`bsmdhat fj actbfac` nfrehrs cdfao tmhd. Umh hxthrac`bsctbfa fj nfrehr

ifatrf` bastrudhats cae tmh bdp`hdhatctbfa fj prh-jrfatbhr ifatrf` cbdhe tf irhcth tmh

shash fj shiurbty jfr mfst ifuatrbhs yht dcacohe tf `bak dborctbfa tf c phrdcahat

aftbfa fj tmrhct tf c stcths wh`jcrh. Umbs `hce sunshquhat`y tf lustbjy dfrh vbofrfus

pf`bih dhcsurhs tf tmh hxthat fj stcth rhspfasbnb`bty. Umus, tmh shash fj stcth

rhspfasbnb`bty irhcthe sf`be ncsh jfr tmh HX tf i`cbd bathasbvh bddborctbfa pf`biy

rhjfrdctbfa jrfd icaebecth ifuatrbhs tf hathr tmh Xabfa wbtm tmh dfst sboabjbicat cae

ifatrfvhrsbc` fah nhbao tmh fn`boctbfa tf hathr batf corhhdhats jfr rhcedbttbao

uaefiudhathe dborcats ifastbtutbao dcay HX icaebecths (cdfao wmbim Orhhih) cs

wcsth ncaksjfr tmfsh uaefiudhathe cae uawcathe.

Jf``fwbao tmh aftbfa fj prhvhatbfa tmh HX dceh orcth hjjfrts tf pu`` tmh nrckhs fa

dborctbfa cae csyùd orcatbao ny uaehrtckbao c irusceh tf fjjhr cssbstcaih tf

trfun`he rhobfas wmhrh tmh dclfrbty fj bddborcats wmhrh hdhrobao. Umh ctthdpts tf

fjjhr jbacaibc` cae sf`becrbty cssbstcaih whrh tmfuomt tf nh c pcacihc tf uaifatrf``cn`h

dborctbfa cs tmh ofc` wcs tf fjjhr mh`p cae juaes cae ebp`fdctbi eh`hocth rhsfurihs

cae tf rhsf`vh efdhstbi prfn`hds fj trfun`he stcths nhjfrh tmhbr if``cpsh wmbim wfuè

sboabjy ahw j`fws fj bddborcats tfwcre HX stcths. Cs afn`h cs tmbs dbomt cpphcr tf

nh bts bathrbfr dftbvh bs tf `bjt sfdh whbomt jrfd dborctbfa ifatrf` bastrudhats fj tmh

Xabfa cs tmhbr tcsk wcs nhifdbao dfrh cae dfrh imc``haobao tf phrjfrd, tmus tmh

c`thractbvh cpprfcim tf mbt tmh prfn`hd tf bts rfft icushs cpphcrhe tf nh dfrh jhcsbn`h

cs c prflhit.

95


38/80

Mhaih, ba tmh 3227s c ahw hrc fj phcih nubèbao, pfst wcr rhifvhry cae db`btcry

bathrvhatbfa strcthobhs wcs sht ba dftbfa wmbim fphahe tmh ncik effr tf pfst

bdphrbc`bstbi hxpcaebao ifatrf` nhmcvbfur jfr nftm tmh HX cae tmh rhst fj tmh pfwhrju`

Bathractbfac` p`cyhrs . Ahvhrtmh`hss bt ica nh crouhe tmct dborctbfa dcacohdhat wcs:

ahbtmhr `hss ahihsscry afr bt hvhr nhicdh ca bssuh fj `hss haorfssdhat jfr tmh Xabfa.

>.5 Ebdhasbfas fj bddborctbfa< Cac`ysbao tmh Orhhk icsh

Bt bs rctmhr bathrhstbao tf bavhstbocth tmh cpprfcim fj tmh thrd dborctbfa tmrfuom tmh

ebdhasbfa fj mfspbtc`bty, wmbim bs bathrtwbahe wbtm tmh Hurfphca nut dcba`y tmh

Orhhk iu`turh cae mcs bts rffts ba tmh caibhat Orhhk iu`turh. Mfspbtc`bty ba tmh caibhat

Orhhk wfrè bs c syafayd fj mfstbao wbtmfut prhifaebtbfas, ba jcit wbtmfut cay

ifaebtbfas, prfvbehe c prbfrb tf cay baebvbeuc` hathrbao c rhobfa fr c mfdh, wmfhvhr

mh/smh dbomt nh, rhocre`hss tmhbr behatbty, wmhtmhr fr aft nhbao ca c`bha, ca bddborcat,

rhocre`hss nhbao bavbthe fr ca uahxphithe ouhst, cae wbtmfut rhqubrbao irhehatbc`s fj

actbfac`bty jfr ibtbzhas fj caftmhr ifuatry. Ba pcrtbiu`cr tmbs cpprfcim hstcn`bsmhs c

pfsbtbvh rh`ctbfa nhtwhha tmh mfst cae tmh ouhst ny hstcn`bsmbao tmh hxbsthaih fj c

ahutrc` cae jrbhae`y havbrfadhat jfr tmh `cthr jfr wmbim tmh thrd ushe bs "stcth -

smh`thr" (+,-.* /737>'9.5) tmh ifaihpt fj wmbim mcs bts frbobas ba tmh Nbn`h, wmha

Dfshs ic``s tmh Bsrch`bths tf irfss tmh Lfreca tf tmh `cae fj Icacca c thrrbtfry tmct Ofe

prfdbshe tf Cnrcmcd cae mbs ehsihaecats (Ehrrbec, >779< >=-5?).

shh ^hpfrt fj tmh Mbom @hvh` _frkbao Orfup fa Csyùd cae Dborctbfa wmbim prhpcrhe tmh:

orfuae jfr tmh bathrvhatbfa cae bavcsbfa ba Brcq cae Cjomcabstca98


39/80

Bahvbtcn`y, ct tmbs pfbat tmh dfst bdpfrtcat quhstbfas cae tmh ifrh sunlhit fj tmbs tmhsbs

crbsh. Mfw ica tmh dfehra wfrè cae tmh ifathdpfrcry Orhhk stcth ba pcrtbiu`cr

rhsfacth cocbast tmh ehvh`fpdhat fj ehthatbfa icdps wmhrh bddborcats crh ircddhe

fa c ecb`y ncsbs cs bj tmhy crh sfdh sfrt fj iùtthrs, fj uawcathe, purpfsh`hss nhbaos

ehprbvhe fj tmhbr mudca tmbsahss6 Cae wmy mcs tmh thrd stcth-smh`thr nhha

ehohahrcthe cae ehdfthe batf tmct fj stcth-hahdy, c stcth fj boafrcaih wmbim mcs

jcb`he tf `bvh up tf bts prfdbsh jfr uaifaebtbfac` suppfrt fj tmfsh ba ebstrhss, fj tmfsh

jfrihe tf nhifdh stcth`hss cae crh nhbao phrphtuc``y fpprhsshe ba tmhbr `cae fj frboba6

Ba frehr jfr tmhsh quhstbfas tf nh caswhrhe hjjhitbvh`y bt bs ahihsscry tf ebvh ba tmh

ehptms fj mudca `fobi cae dfrc`bty prbfr tf bavhstbocth tmh surjcibao prfn`hdctbi

dborctbfa pf`bibhs ba hjjhit ba tmh Hurfphca thrrbtfrbc` spcih cae ba tmh Orhhk stcth ba

pcrtbiu`cr.

Uf nhoba wbtm, pfpu`ctbfa dfvhdhats tfwcres tmh Hurfphca ifatbahat ifuè aft mcvh

`hjt Orhhih uabajùhaihe. Ybaih tmh hstcn`bsmdhat fj tmh Hurfphca Xabfa (HX) cae

tmrfuomfut bts orceuc` ha`crohdhat, wbtm tmh ciihssbfa fj bairhcsbao`y dfrh Hurfphca

ifuatrbhs, wbtmba tmh thrrbtfrbc` `bdbts fj tmh ifatbahat, wcs caftmhr sthp jfr tmh rcebic`

imcaoh ba tmh ifathat dborctbfa cae bts trcebtbfac` stctus (Dcrkfu, 322=). Umh

batrfeuitbfa, jfr hxcdp`h, sbaih 32== fj tmh rbomt tf jrhhefd fj dfvhdhat cae

hstcn`bsmdhat fj wfrkhrs ba ifuatrbhs fj tmh Hurfphca Xabfa, trcasjfrdhe

"bddborcats" tf "dfnb`h wfrkhrs" cae "hquc` ibtbzhas" fj hvhry Hurfphca ifuatry. Ba

hsshaih tmhy nhicdh dfnb`h ibtbzha-wfrkhrs, caftmhr jfrd fj mudca icpbtc` wbtmba

tmh HX. Mhaih, sbaih tmh `cth 32=7s, Orhhih, Btc`y, Ypcba, cae Wfrtuoc` cdfao ftmhr

9:


40/80

Hurfphca ifuatrbhs whrh ifavhrthe batf bddborctbfa mfstbao ifuatrbhs. Bt wcs tmh

if``cpsh fj ifdduabst rhobdhs, tmh wfrshabao bathractbfac` jbacaibc` sbtuctbfa cae tmh

rh`bobfus jcactbibsd tmct bairhcshe ercdctbic``y tmh iurrhats fj jfrhboahrs dborctbao

jrfd hcsthra cae ihatrc` Hurfph cae tmh Umbre _fr`e ifuatrbhs. Umhsh dborcats wmf

irfsshe tmh actbfac` nfrehrs wbtmfut c`wcys mcvh tmh ahihsscry `hoc` efiudhats icdh

dfst`y jrfd C`ncabc, Wf`cae, tmh Wmb`bppbahs, Wckbstca, Brcq cae Hoypt (Whtrfaftb &

Urbcaecjy``befu, >779). Uf nh dfrh sphibjbi twf-tmbres fj tmhsh bddborcats icdh jrfd

C`ncabc, :% jrfd Nu`ocrbc, cae 5% ba ^fdcabc cae tmh rhst jrfd dfrh tmca c

muaerhe ifuatrbhs fj Hcsthra Hurfph cae fj tmh rhst fj ftmhr ifatbahats (Jckbf`cs,

>775< 9:).

Imc``haobao, jfr c rhshcrimhr fj tmh pf`btbic` sibhaih, bs tmh tcsk fj ebppbao mbs tfws ba

tmh uakafwa wcthrs fj pmb`fsfpmy ba ca ctthdpt tf nhifdh tmh pmb`fsfpmhr mbdsh`j

cae tf ifaihptuc`bsh jbrst, cac`ysh sunshquhat`y cae trcas`cth mudca nhmcvbfur batf

hstcn`bsmhe prcitbihs baiurrbao ifashquhaihs hbtmhr tmhsh nhbao pfsbtbvh`y rh`cthe tf

tmhbr ifathxt fr tmhsh icusbao c`thrctbfa tf tmh mudca acturh btsh`j ehdftbao tmh

phrsfa cs ca baebvbeuc` cae cs c dhdnhr fj c if``hitbvh`y citbao ifdduabty.

Mhaih, ba frehr jfr tmh rhshcrimhr tf shrvh mbs purpfsh cae icrry fut c tmfrfuom

bavhstboctbfa fa tmh sunlhit fj dborctbfa pf`bibhs cae tmh ush fj ehthatbfa icdps cs

bddborcat stfrcoh jcib`btbhs wb`` nh jfrdctthe, cac`yshe cae `cst`y jb`thrhe vbc tmh

aftbfa fj tmh tmhfry fj rctbfac` imfbih.

9?


41/80

>.5.3Orhhih cs c mfst ifuatry

Orhhih mce ahvhr nhha ifasbehrhe cs c trcebtbfac` mfst ifuatry jfr bddborcats, yht

hvhr sbaih tmh 32?7s tmh ifuatry s`fw`y stcrthe tf hxphrbhaih ca bairhcsbao

bddborctbfa baj`fw. Eurbao tmh 27s cae wmb`h Orhhih wcs stb`` fah fj tmh `hcst

ehvh`fphe ifuatrbhs ba tmh Hurfphca Xabfa, tmh rcths fj baifdbao dborctbao wfrkhrs

ba rh`ctbfa tf tmh prfpfrtbfa fj tmh Orhhk pfpu`ctbfa cae wfrkjfrih rfsh sboabjbicat`y

`hcebao tf bairhcsbao uaehi`crhe, b``hoc` wfrk. Ct jbrst cae uatb` tmh hcr`y 3227s tmh

dcba vf`udh fj bddborcats wcs ifdprbshe fj rhpctrbctbao Orhhks cae sdc`` audnhrs

fj Hoyptbcas cae Jb`bpbafs cae ifdprbshe fa`y c `fw >% fj tmh pfpu`ctbfas orcae

tftc` (Icvfuabehs ht c`., >77=; Acxckbs & M`htsfs, >779). Umh `crohst wcvh fj

bddborctbfa hdhrohe rbomt cjthr tmh jc`` fj tmh Ifdduabst rhobdhs fj tmh Ihatrc` cae

Hcsthra Hurfph. Jurtmhr, jhwhr bairhcsh wcs afthe ba tmh audnhrs fj bddborcats

j`fwbao ba jrfd Csbc cae Cjrbic (Urbcatcjb``befu & Dcrfukbs, >737). Bddborcats whrh

sffa behatbjbhe cs tmh phrphtuctfrs fj tmh uaehrorfuae cae b``hoc` hifafdy wmbim

tmha ciifuathe jfr c`dfst tmh 57% fj c`` hifafdbi citbvbtbhs tckbao p`cih ba tmh

ifuatry. Umhy usuc``y phrjfrdhe tcsks fj uaskb``he fr shdb-skb``he wfrkhrs, tmhbr

wcoh wcs ohahrc``y sboabjbicat`y `fwhr (up tf 3/9) tmca tmfsh fj `fic` wfrkhrs cae

tmhy fjtha jh`` vbitbds tf jrcue cae hxp`fbtctbfa fj tmh ibriubt fj tmh uaehrorfuae

b``hoc` hifafdy (Kcstfrbecs, 3223775). Dfst rhihat`y

9=


42/80

Wckbstcab, Brcqb, Cjomca cae Ncao`cehsmb bddborcats crrbvh ba Orhhih shhkbao

pf`btbic` csy`ud (hsphibc``y hvhr sbaih 2/33).

Ba dcay icshs Orhhih wcs c dhrh trcasbtbfa pfbat (trcasbt ifuatry) jfr jbac`

ehstbactbfas suim cs ftmhr HX stcths tmh XY, Custrc`bc cae Icacec (Hdkh-

Wfu`fpfu`fu, >77?). Bt bs wfrtm dhatbfabao mhrh tmct tmh dclfrbty fj bddborcats

hathrbao tmh ifuatry ba tmh `cst twf ehicehs crh hifafdbi bddborcats (Kcvfuabehs ht

c`., >77=) cae tmhbr audnhr cs nhbao hstbdcthe ny tmh Orhhk Dbabstry fj Bathrac`

Cjjcbrs ba >733 cae tmh Hurfphca Dborctbfa ahtwfrk ba >772 bs dfrh tmca 3.72>.777

8>% fj wmbim crh C`ncabcas. Ytuaabao`y bt mcs nhha rhpfrthe tmct tmh dclfrbty fj

bddborcats `bvbao fa Orhhk orfuae uatb` tmh hcr`y >3st ihatury whrh b``hoc``y

sduoo`he ba tmh ifuatry (Zcrvbtsbfths &Kcdpfurfo`fu, >77:).

Umh ohforcpmbi pfsbtbfabao fj tmh ifuatry mce c`wcys p`cyhe c sboabjbicat rf`h ba

baifdbao dborctbfa cs bt bs tmh irfssrfce fj tmrhh ifatbahats (]brfuimckbs &

Kfr`bfurfs, >733; Hdkh-Wfu`fpfu`fu, >77?). Cs nhbao tmh i`fshst Hurfphca

ahbomnfur fj Uurkhy, Orhhih bs jcibao c shvhrh baj`ux fj b``hoc` bddborcats nhbao

sduoo`he ba tmh ifuatry ny mudca trcjjbikbao ahtwfrks nhbao iffrebacthe vbc tmh

jfrdhr (Hurfphca Ifddbssbfa, >73>).

Dfrhfvhr, tmh orhct hxthat fj tmh Orhhk fvhr`cae acturc` nfcrehrs dckhs bt ca hcsy

tcroht cs ifatrf` bs basujjbibhat cae bahjjbibhat (Hdkh-Wfu`fpfu`fu, >77?). Acxckbs &

M`htsfs (>779) crouh tmct tmh cjfrh dhatbfahe jcit ba ifdnbactbfa wbtm tmh mbom rcths

fj imhcp cae uarhpfrthe `cnfur wmbim bs c rhfiiurrbao bssuh ba tmh ifuatry cae

92


43/80

cpphrtcbas tf Orhhk actbfac`s cs wh`` cs jfrhboahrs, ifastbtuth tmh ifuatry ca hdhrobao

prhjhrcn`h ehstbactbfa jfr uaefiudhathe bddborcats cs bt bs mcrehr jfr tmhd tf nh

trcikhe efwa cae nh ehpfrthe ncik tf tmhbr ifuatrbhs fj frboba. C`sf caftmhr yht

ehthrdbabao jcitfr cttrcitbao b``hoc` bddborcats bs tmh mbomhr rcths fj dbabdud wcoh

jfr bddborcats ba rh`ctbfa tf tmfsh fj tmhbr ehsihaecaih (Dfyssbebs ht c`., >733).

Xacroucn`y, Orhhih cs nhbao mbstfrbic``y c trcebtbfac` hdborctbao actbfa mce ahbtmhr

tmh hxphrbhaih afr tmh prfphr `hobs`ctbfa tf mfst bddborcats, tmh j`ffebao wcvh fj

wmfd nrfuomt trhdhaefus turnu`haihs ba tmh ifuatry wmbim mcvh aft nhha hjjhitbvh`y

ehc`t wbtm hvhr sbaih tmh 27s. Mhaih, tmh Orhhk bddborctbfa pf`biy turahe ct `croh tf

jbomt ncik b``hoc` dborctbfa aho`hitbao tmh bdpfrtcaih fj bathorctbfa (Dfyssbebs ht c`.,

>733).

Ahvhrtmh`hss, tmh `crohst prfpfrtbfa fj bddborcats wmf hathrhe tmh ifuatry ba tmh 27s

crh afw `hoc` cjthr tmh `hoc`bsctbfa prfvbsbfas fj 322=, >777, >775 cae >778 cae euh

tf tmh rhjfrdctbfas fa tmh bddborctbfa Cit fj >77?. Mhaih c vbofrfus bathorctbfa

pf`biy wcs hacn`he cae cpp`bhe hvhr sbaih (Nmabao, 3223773.8 Ytruiturh cae ehvh`fpdhat fj bddborctbfa pf`biy ba Orhhih

Cs c`rhcey nhbao dhatbfahe prhvbfus`y, ehspbth tmh jcit tmct Orhhih mce aft nhha

mbstfrbic``y c mfst ifuatry jfr bddborcats, bt bs bts ohforcpmbic` pfsbtbfabao wmbim

dckhs bt c phrjhit pcsscoh tfwcres tmh whc`tmy ifuatrbhs fj tmh _hsthra Hurfphca

Xabfa. Dfst b``hoc` bddborcats hathr tmh ifuatry `hoc``y yht tmhy nrhck tmh `cw ny

57


44/80

hxthaebao tmhbr `hoc``y prhehthrdbahe rhsbehaih phrdbt. Umh tbdh ifasudbao

nurhcuirctbi prfiheurhs fj tmh stcths ofvhradhats cae c`sf tmh bacnb`bty fj tmh stcth tf

oucre tmh nfcrehrs hjjhitbvh`y haifurcoh bddborcats tf imffsh tf hathr tmh ifuatry

b``hoc``y cae wbtmfut tmh ahihsscry efiudhatctbfa tf ifajbrd tmhbr behatbjbictbfa cae

tmhbr ifuatry fj frboba. Umbs dckhs ehpfrtctbfa c`dfst bdpfssbn`h cae tmct c`faosbeh

wbtm tmh bairhcsbao `hvh`s fj b``bibt trceh fj offes, shrvbihs cae mudca icpbtc` cttrcits

sduoo`hrs cae bddborcats tmhdsh`vhs cs tmhy jbae bt hcsbhr tf wfrk cae dfvh wbtmba

tmh ifuatry wbtmfut `hoc` efiudhatctbfa.

Afwcecys tmh Orhhk bddborctbfa pf`biy bdp`hdhathe mcs tckha orhct sthps tf

fvhrifdphascth tmh ua- prfdptahss fj tmh pcst. Ba tmbs pcrt bt bs ifasbehrhe mbom`y

cpprfprbcth jfr pcst cae prhshat `hobs`ctbvh cits tf nh rhvbhwhe nrbhj`y. Uf nhoba wbtm

tmh `hoc` jrcdhwfrk ba hjjhit, cpphrtcbabao tf bddborctbfa, ehpfrtctbfa cae `hoc`

prhshaih cae wfrk ba tmh ifuatry mce rhdcbahe uaimcaohe sbaih tmh dbe-wcr hrc cae

uatb` tmh hcr`y 27s. ^bomt cjthr tmh jc`` fj tmh Nhr`ba wc`` ba 32=2 cae euh tf tmh jcit

tmct Orhhih wcs tmh fa`y Nc`kca stcth nhbao c dhdnhr fj tmh HX, tmh ifuatry wcs

ifavhrthe batf c `cae fj uarhou`cthe bddborctbfa baj`ux. Mhaih, ba 3223 tmh ifuatry

cefpthe c ahw `hoc` jrcdhwfrk fvhr dborctbfa, @.32?8/3223 wmbim wcs `cthr

fptbdbshe ny `cws @.>58>/322: cae @.>?39/3222 nftm fj wmbim whrh efdbacthe ny

tmh `fobi fj sh`j-prhshrvctbfa cae whrh prcitbic``y bdp`hdhatbao prhvhatbvh, ehjhasbvh

cae rhprhssbvh dhcsurhs, `cvbsmbao uaihrtcba purvbhw tf tmh luebibc` cae hxhiutbvh

pun`bi nfebhs fj `cw hajfrihdhat wmb`st bdp`ybao tmh bdp`hdhatctbfa fj tcitbis fj

supprhssbvh pf`bibao prcitbihs cocbast bddborcats. Umh Wrhsbehatbc` ehirhhs audnhr

53


45/80

98=/322? cae audnhr 982/322? smbjthe tmh mfstb`h havbrfadhat tmct tmh

cjfrhdhatbfahe cits trboohrhe ny haifurcobao b``hoc` bddborcats tf ifdh jfrwcre cae

nh fjjbibc``y efiudhathe cs tf nh `hoc`bshe ny fntcbabao tmh _mbth Icre fj `hoc`

prhshaih ba tmh ifuatry cae tmcaks tf tmhsh ehirhhs cpprfxbdcth`y >77.777 b``hoc`

bddborcats whrh trcikhe cae `hoc``y efiudhathe (\cvfs, >77:).

Jhw yhcrs `cthr ba >773 c ahw ctthdpt tf harbim tmh Orhhk ifastbtutbfa ba `fao-thrd

cae tf sht dfrh rctbfac` cae cimbhvcn`h ofc`s tfwcres h`bdbactbao b``hoc` bddborctbfa,

`cw @.>237/>773 ic``he jfr tmh pf`btbic` efdhstbictbfa fj bddborcats cae rh`cyhe

rhou`ctbfas wbtm rhocres tf hathrbao tmh ifuatry, rhsbehaih cae `cnfur (Zcrvbtsbfths &

Kcdpfurfo`fu, >77:). Umbs pcrtbiu`cr `cw mcs nhha c`thracthe dfrh tmca :7 tbdhs

sbaih tmha (Kcpsc`bs, >77?) nhbao imcrohe cs nhbao cacimrfabstbi cae ebsirbdbactbvh.

Dfrhfvhr, ba >775 `cw @.9>=5/>775 batrfeuihe tmh aftbfa fjlus sf`bba dctthrs fj tmh

Orhhk ibtbzhasmbp cae wcs ifasbehrhe cs c `hcp fj jcbtm tf tmh juturh tfwcres c dfrh

bathorcthe bddborctbfa pf`biy (\cvfs, >77:). Ba >778 mfwhvhr, `cw @.99=:/>778 tffk

tmh babtbctbvh fah sthp jurtmhr cs bt hdpmcsbshe ba tmh jbh`e fj sfibc` bathorctbfa fj

bddborcats fj tmbre ifuatrbhs cae HX afa-Orhhk actbfac` ibtbzhas rhsbebao ba Orhhih;

ba bts batrfeuitfry ercjt tmh `hobs`ctfrs i`crbjbhe tmct tmhbr bathatbfa wcs tf nrbeoh tmh

ocps wmbim mce nhha irhcthe ny tmh >773 cit cae tmct wbtm tmbs `cw tmhy cspbrhe tf

cssudh strcthobi babtbctbvh tfwcres bddborctbfa dcacohdhat cae tf bastbtutbfac`bsh

cpprfprbcth dhcsurhs cae cssurcaihs fj i`fsh dfabtfrbao fj tmh actbfas nfcrehrs cae

tf bdp`hdhat strbit rhou`ctbfas jfr hathrbao tmh ifuatry cs tf cvfbe uaifatrf``cn`h

trhspcssbao, cs wh`` cs tmh pfssbnb`bty fj orcatbao phrdcahat cae `hoc` efiudhatctbfa

5>


46/80

tf c`` tmfsh mfdbabscirb hacn`bao tmhd wbtm tmh pfthatbc` fj nhbao orceuc``y cae

jfrdc``y bathorcthe ba tmh Orhhk sfibhty (Kcpsc`bs, >77?). Xajfrtuacth`y, rhocre`hss

tmh offe bathatbfas fj tmh >778 `hoc` cit, nurhcuirctbi bdp`bictbfas ba prcitbih

ifastbtuthe bt uajbt tf nh citbvh`y bdp`hdhathe. Uf tcik`h tmhsh ba >77?, `cw @.

989:/>77? hatbt`he Yphibc` Celustdhats fj Bssuhs fj Bddborctbfa, Wun`bi?

Ofvhracaih cae Ehihatrc`bsctbfa fpthe tf sht csbeh nurhcuirctbi fnstci`hs, tf sf`vh

c`` prfn`hds afah rh`cthe tf iu`pcn`h nhmcvbfur fj bddborcats cae tf jcib`btcth tmhbr

sfibc` cssbdb`ctbfa.

Umh dfst rhihat yhcrs mcvh nrfuomt c qubht phrbfe fj `hobs`ctbvh bacitbvbty wmbim mcs

sunshquhat`y surrfocthe tmh ifatbaubty fj brrhou`cr bddborctbfa. Bt smfuè nh mfwhvhr

afthe ct tmbs pfbat tmct tmh jcbùrh fj tmh stcth dhimcabsds tf bdpfsh sfdh ihrtcba

`hvh` fj rhou`ctbfa fj brrhou`cr bddborctbfa mcs ehhphahe tmh imcsd fj ebsshasbfa

wbtmba tmh Orhhk sfibhty `hcebao tf cacimrfabstbi thaehaibhs tfwcres xhafpmfnbc cae

mhaih c`bhactbfa fj bddborcats hsphibc``y tmfsh wmf hathrhe tmh ifuatry wbtmba tmh

pcst ehiceh, ehprbvbao tmhd jrfd tmh fppfrtuabty tf hstcn`bsm strfao sfibc` nfaes

wmbim wfuè c``fw tmhd tf ifasbehr phrdcahat rhsbehaiy ba tmh ifuatry ifastbtutbao

tmhd dfehra mfdbab scirb. Uf dckh tmbaos hvha mcrehr, tmh rbsh fj tmh Ahf-Aczb

pf`btbic` pcrty fj Ofèha Ecwa ba tmh Orhhk pcr`bcdhat ba >739 wmbim bs fpha`y

cocbast bddborctbfa cae mcs nhha ciiushe fj vbf`hat irbdbac` cits cocbast bddborcats

@.989:/>77? bs ba hjjhit tf tmbs ecth wmb`st tmhrh bs ca citbvh pf`btbic` ehncth ct tmh dfdhat?

wbtm rhocres tf tmh ahihssbty fj rhjfrdctbfas tf ehc` wbtm rcibsd cae xhafpmfnbc wmbim mcvh

nhha nrfuomt ba tmh dcba pf`btbic` stcoh ny tmh mhbafus irbdbac`bstbis citbfas fj tmh Ofèha

Ecwa pf`btbic` pcrty.59


47/80

rhocre`hss tmhbr htmabi be, bs nfuae tf nh c dclfr mbtim tfwcres cimbhvbao tmh

ifvhtcn`h mcrdfabsctbfa fj bddborctbfa pf`biy ct tmbs sbeh fj tmh Xabfa (Jboofu ht c`.,

>739).

Jrfd tmbs nrbhj ciifuat fj Orhhk `hobs`ctbfa wbtm rhocres tf bddborctbfa twf

bdpfrtcat `hssfas ica nh hxtrcithe. Jbrst tmct Orhhih mcs mbstfrbic``y nhha uacn`h tf

rhcit hjjhitbvh`y tf tmh sboabjbicat bairhcsh fj bddborctbfa wmbim fa tmh fasht fj

3227s nhicdh uaifatrf``cn`h ba nftm `hoc` cae b``hoc` `hvh`. Yhifae`y tmct

nurhcuirciy cae `cik fj tmfrfuom bavhstboctbfa prbfr tf `hoc` stbpu`ctbfas fj cits mcs

dceh bt bdpfssbn`h jfr tmh ifatrf``bao cutmfrbtbhs fj tmh ifuatry tf irhcth c ifairhth

`hoc` shttbao wmbim wfuè haifurcoh bddborcats tf ifdh jfrwcre cae nhifdh `hoc`

bdprfvbao tmus tmhbr hdp`fycnb`bty cae tmhbr dfnb`bty ba tmh HX.

^hocrebao dhcas fj ehjhaebao tmh stcth cocbast b``hoc` bddborctbfa tmhsh crh ifajbahe

dhrh`y tf bathash yht aft sujjbibhat`y hjjhitbvh shiurbty imhiks ct tmh ifuatrys

actbfac` nfrehrs. Umh uacroucn`h jcbùrh tf ifatrf` b``hoc` dborctbfa ct tmh Orhhk

nfrehrs bs mfwhvhr, aft fa`y c dclfr prfn`hd jfr tmh Orhhk ofvhradhats cae sfibhty

ba hxthat nut c`sf c mhcecimh jfr tmh rhst fj tmh Xabfa cs jrfd Orhhih bt bs hcsy jfr

b``hoc` bddborcats tf ctthdpt dfvbao tfwcres Btc`y cae tmha tf dfrh rbim ifuatrbhs fj

tmh Afrtm cae tmh _hst. Umh jcbùrh fj pf`biy ica nh trcikhe ncik tf tmrhh dcba

jcitfrs, tmct fj tmh sfibc` eyacdbis fj tmh dborctfry prfihss, tmct fj tmh wbehr

pmhafdhafa fj O`fnc`bsctbfa, tmct fj tmh purh jcbùrh fj rhobfac` pf`btbic` systhds tf

hxhribsh tmhbr sfvhrhboa pfwhrs (Icst`hs, >775). Cs c`rhcey ebsiusshe hcr`bhr ba tmbs

stuey, tmh dcba strcthoy `bah tmct HX hdp`fys wbtm rhocres tf rhou`ctbao cae

55


48/80

prhvhatbao brrhou`cr dborctbfa bs tf tcroht tmh rfft icushs fj bt cae ctthdpt tf rhsf`vh

hdhrobao prfn`hds ba tmhbr jfic` pfbats.

>.: Ifashquhaihs fj dborctbfa ba Orhhih

>.:.3Hifafdbi

C`tmfuom aft fjjbibc``y sunstcatbcthe, tmhrh bs c strfao vbhw tmct tmh Orhhk hifafdy

rh`bhs mhcvb`y fa bddborcats cae wbtmfut tmhd tmh ifuatry wfuè mcvh nhha rhh`he

fvhr ny shrbfus ehvh`fpdhatc` prfn`hds. Ifathdpfrcrb`y tmh mbom `hvh`s fj

hdp`fydhat fj jfrhboahrs ba tmh ifuatry baebicths tmct tmh bathrruptbfa fj hifafdbi

dcrobac` `bdbt citbvbtbhs sfdh fj wmbim crh hxpfrt frbhathe cae tmct hdp`fy dcba`y

Orhhk actbfac`s mcs nhha cvfbehe, tmhrh bs c`sf hvbehat bdprfvhdhat fj tmh coh

ifdpfsbtbfa fj tmh wfrkjfrih, cae vhry bdpfrtcat`y jfrhboa wfrkhrs cae mcvh

strhaotmhahe tmh shrvbih tf mfushmfès, ba tmh jbhè fj efdhstbi icrh jfr yfuao

imbèrha cae tmct fj hèhr`y phfp`h (Jckbf`cs, >778).

Dfrhfvhr, tmh actbfac` OEW ba >778 orhw ny 9.?% wmhrh cnfut >.: phrihatcoh pfbats

wcs tmh rhsu`t fj prbvcth ifasudptbfa, fj wmbim fah uabt ehrbvhe jrfd tmh

ifasudptbfa fj dborcats. Ceebtbfac``y tmh phr icpbtc ba ncak ehpfsbts nh`faobao tf

bddborcats bs hstbdcthe tf nh crfuae 837,777, wmha tmh hqubvc`hat fj Orhhk actbfac`s

bs crfuae8=,777 (H`hjtmhrftypbc, 5/=/>77:).

58


49/80

C`sf ciifrebao tf c stuey icrrbhe fut ny tmh Bastbtuth fj `cnfur OYHH, prfvhs

hvbehat`y tmct tmh hatry fj bddborcats batf tmh Orhhk dcrkht wcs aft ciifdpcabhe ny

sboabjbicat ehrhou`ctbfa fj tmh `cnfur dcrkht cae fj tmh Orhhk sfibhty ba hxthasbfa.

Umbs bs dcba`y euh tf tmh jcit tmct bddborcats hathrbao tmh ifuatry cjthr tmh 3227,

jcihe c "jrbhae`bhr" wfrk havbrfadhat cs Orhhih mce afw prhvbfus hxphrbhaih fj tmh

dcssbvh hatry fj bddborcats batf c obocatbi b``bibt `cnfur dcrkht fjjhrbao tmus hcsy

hdp`fydhat fppfrtuabtbhs cae jcst baifdh.

Umh ifatrbnutbfa ba tmh efdcba fj corbiu`turh mcs c`sf nhha rhpfrthe cs ny tmh dbee`h

fj >777 tmh dclfrbty fj bddborcats whrh hdp`fyhe ba tmh corbiu`turc` cae

dcaujciturbao efdcbas. Baehhe, tmh ifatrbnutbfa fj bddborcats hxpcaehe ba dcay

rurc` crhcs icusbao stbdu`ctbfa fj `fic` dcrkhts wmbim hxpcaehe nhyfae tmh

corbiu`turc` shitfr (Kcssbdbs cae Wcpcefpfu`fs, >778).

Ciifrebao tf tmh nbhaabc` rhpfrt fj tmh FHIE jfr >779-75 jfr Orhhih, tmh prhshaih fj

jfrhboa wfrkhrs mcs aft prhvhathe tmh irhctbfa fj tmh scdh prfpfrtbfa fj hdp`fydhat

fppfrtuabtbhs jfr tmh `fic` wfrkjfrih cae ba dfst icshs bt mcs irhcthe ceebtbfac`

baifdh jfr tmh hifafdy, bt mcs icushe c sboabjbicat bairhcsh ba baebrhit tcxctbfa, cae

c`sf mcs bdprfvhe hdp`fydhat fppfrtuabtbhs jfr Orhhks fj sbdb`cr `hvh` fj `cnfur

skb``s cae tmhbr utb`bsctbfa ba corbiu`turc` prfeuitbfa fj vhry `fw prfeuitbvbty.

Fa tmh catbpfeh, tmh baj`ux fj bddborcats bs i`fsh`y rh`cthe cdfao ftmhr bssuhs wbtm

tmh hxtrhdh`y mbom `hvh`s fj b``hoc` `cnfur cae tmh nrfcehabao fj tmh n`cik dcrkht ba

tmh ifuatry wmbim bavf`vhs dcba`y bajfrdc` cae b``bibt hifafdbi citbvbtbhs tmct crh

5:


50/80

jfuae tf nh imcrcithrbstbi jhcturhs fj "ifuatrbhs fj ahw bddborctbfa," cdfao wmbim bs

Orhhih. Umhsh uaehi`crhe b``bibt wfrkhrs crh dcba`y hdp`fyhe ba corbiu`turh, nub`ebao

baeustry, ifastruitbfas cae sdc`` shrvbihs jfr baebvbeuc`s cae jcdb`bhs cae ifbaibeh

c`dfst hxcit`y wbtm tmh ehdcae fj bddborcats ba Orhhih (^bncs-Dcthfs, >775778


51/80

Ahvhrtmh`hss, tmh vbhwpfbat tmct tmh utb`bsctbfa fj bddborcats ba `cnfur dcrkht

bairhcshs tmh rcths fj uaskb``he fr `fw skb``he uahdp`fydhat (cs tmhy sunsbebsh tmh

`fic` wfrk jfrih) bs prfvha ny rhshcrim aft tf nh ifmhrbao. ^hshcrim icrrbhe fut ba

nftm Hurfph cae tmh XY baebicthe tmct tmh dfnb`bty fj wfrkjfrih stbdu`cths tmh `cnfur

dcrkht cs bddborcats ifastbtuth j`hxbn`h rheuaecaiy ba icshs fj `fw rcths fj dfnb`bty

fj tmh `fic` `cnfur jfrih (\bddhrdcaa, 3228775) bt bs tmh eh`cy fj stcth dhimcabsds cae pun`bi

cedbabstrctbfa tf nh rhdfu`ehe hjjbibhat`y cs tf ciifddfecth hjjhitbvh`y tmh rcths fj

dborctbfa nhohts uaifasibfus rhsbstcaih fj tmh sfibhty batf ifaihptuc`bsbao tmh

pfsbtbvh hjjhits fj dborctbfa cjfrhdhatbfahe, `hcebao tf shrbfus sfibc` turnu`haihs

wmbim crh dcba`y rhbajfrihe ny tmh efdbacat bdcoh fj tmh Orhhks sfibhty cs nhbao

fah fj purh mfdfohay. Umbs jc`sh ifaihpt mcs nhha jfuae tf rhsu`t ba xhafpmfnbc cae

hsphibc``y ba tmh rbsh fj actbfac`bstbi himfhs fj tmh pcst ba tmh Orhhk sfibhty afw dfrh

tmca hvhr nhjfrh. Mhaih, ba tmbs ahxt jhw pcsscohs tmh sfibc` hjjhits fj bddborctbfa

wb`` nh ebsiusshe cs ca ctthdpt tf jfrdu`cth ca uaehrstcaebao fj tmh orhcthr ifst fj

bddborctbfa jfr tmh Orhhk sfibhty wmbim ba tmbs stuey bs crouhe tf mcvh aurturhe

tf`hrcaih tfwcres c ahw kbae fj db`e rcibsd wmbim mcs hvf`vhe batf jurtmhr tf`hrcaih

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migration and security in the european space: process of securitisation and the investigation of...

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