migration environment rural livelihoods ghana

8/6/2019 Migration Environment Rural Livelihoods Ghana

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Overview of presentation

Introduction to the research

Sustainable rural livelihood approach Methodology

Show the flow (census data)

Earlier research findings


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Original research question

What are the economic and environmental

consequences of rural-to-rural migration inthe areas of origin and destination?

Area level;

Not people-centred


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Proposed research question

What are the consequences of rural-to-rural

migration for rural peoples livelihoods in theareas of origin and destination?

Alternative:

What are the consequences of rural-to-rural

migration for the SUSTAINABILITY ofrural peoples livelihoods in the areas oforigin and destination?


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Location in the migration

typology matrix

Internal migration

Rural-rural migration Emphasis on consequences of migration

Analysis at two ends: area(s) of origin and area(s)of destination

Integrative: micro-level agency; meso-levelnetworks and macro-level structures

Interdisciplinary: human geography, anthropology,economy and perhaps some physical geography


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Sustainable Rural Livelihoods

Framework

Scoones (1998); Ellis (1998 and 2000); Carney

(1998); de Haan (1999) Migration as one of three main livelihood activities

that are inter-related

Activity portfolio depends on asset base, access

relations and (structural, but changing) context Activity portfolio affects livelihood security and

environmental sustainability


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Sustainable Rural Livelihoods

Framework(Adapted from Carney 1998: 5)

atural

SocialPhysical

Financial

uman

TransformingStructures &

Processes

* overnment

* Private sector

* Laws

* Policies* Incentives

* Institutions

Livelihood

Strategies

* R-based

* on- R-

based

* igration

Capital Assets

Vulnerability

Context

* Trends

* Shocks

* Culture


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Questions in area of origin

How does migration affect the asset base of

those who stay behind? Natural capital: land, trees, water

Human capital: education, skills, labour

Physical capital: housing, infrastructure, livestock,

tools Financial capital: cash, savings, credit

Social capital: networks, relations, institutions


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(cont.)

How does migration affect the livelihood

activities of those who stay behind? Crop cultivation, livestock production and

other natural resource based activities

Local non-farm activities


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(cont.)

How does migration affect the institutions, relations,division of labour, rules of the game, etc. that

determine access to resources?

Gerontocracy

Gender

Land tenure Income inequality

Organisations, etc.


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Expected problems in area of

origin

How to isolate the influence of migration from

other agents of change

How to isolate rural-rural migration to BAR from

other destinations (not necessary?)

Different types of migration have different impacts

(permanent out-migration, seasonal migration,return migration)

Long-term and short-term effects


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Questions in destination area

The basic questions are the same as in the

area of origin, but the livelihood context isdifferent and migration plays an opposite

role. Hence: different questionnaire

Whose livelihoods: migrants or hosts?

Are livelihoods in destination area more

secure than in the area of origin?


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Questions in the

transregional space

How do multi-spatial livelihoods function to

reduce risk and increase livelihood security? What is the autonomy of individuals in

dispersed family networks?


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Expected problems in the

transregional space

Questionnaire survey findings will probably

provide some answers, but more in-depthanalysis of a few multi-spatial families will

be necessary.

Case-specific

Not statistically representative


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What is relatively new?

Link between migration and environmental

consequences in area of origin In migration and development debate: Link

between migration, other rural livelihood

options (local farm and non-farm activities)

and a more diverse set of assets

Dispersed livelihood system analysis


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Methodology (cont.)

Other methods and techniques

Focus group discussion in destination area(community level analysis and input for

questionnaire)

Census data analysis Literature review for macro level analysis


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Methodology (cont.)

Optional ideas

Short questionnaire for local, autochthonouspopulation in destination area

Field measurements

GIS application to analyse satellite images ofvegetation change

Seasonal migrant diaries


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Policy contributions?

Recommendations to government agencies and NGOs

to help the people reduce the negative consequences

of migration and further develop the positive ones

in areas of:

Services

Investment opportunities Environmental management

Land tenure


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The flow: Ghana Census 2000

About 31% of people born in the UWR have

migrated to another region in Ghana About 12.5 % of people born in the UWR

have migrated to the Brong Ahafo Region

For both, about 45% are women About 5% of the inhabitants of the Brong-

Ahafo Region were born in the UWR


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Ghana Census 2000 (cont.)

More than 50% of the Dagaba people are no

longer living in the UWR (including secondgeneration)

About 18% are living in the BAR where they

form About 7% of the population

Dagaba people have mostly settled in the

Central-Northern part of the region


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Ghana Census 2000 (cont.)

Seasonal migration:

8% of UWR-ers counted elsewhere in thecountry

Return migration:

1.3% of those counted in the UWR wereusual residents of other regions five years

ago


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M.A. Research

Livelihood adaptation to climate change

among rural households in Northwest Ghana

Important role of migration

www.home.zonnet.nl/keesvandergeest


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Findings on migration

Context:

Agro-ecological conditions Population density

Macro-level: structuralist explanations

Individual / House

hold / Lineage level:

Some survey findings

Livelihood histories and in-depth analysis


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Agro-ecological conditions

Uni-modal rainfall pattern in N-Ghana, bi-

modal in S-Ghana High variability of rainfall in N-Ghana

Decreasing amounts of rainfall in N-Ghana

Low soil fertility in N-Ghana


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Annual rainfall and inter-annualvaria ility in awra (1926-1979) andNandom (80-99)

0

200

400

600

800

10001200

1400

1600

1800

1926

1930

1934

1938

1942

1946

1950

1954

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

A

nnualRainfall(m

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

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Variability(%)

Annual Rainfall 10 year moving variability 10 year moving average


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Population density

Upper West Region: 34 inh/km2

Lawra District: 90 inh/km2

Brong-Ahafo Region: 46 inh/km2


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Macro-level: structural-

historical explanations

Around 1900: Colonial rule in area of origin

Forced migration Cocoa boom

Northern Ghana as a labour reservoir forsouthern export economy

No investments: perpetuation of migration

Increased cash needs


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Survey findings (60 hh)

Seasonal Labour Migration

Dispersed Family Networks Remittances

Return migration


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Seasonal labour migration

38 seasonal migrants in 29 out of 60 households

Young male dominance

Mainly agricultural work (maize and yam)

Average net savings: 85 US$

Represented 8% of total household income, but

more in poor and middle income households Important: money from outside local economy

Decreased pressure on food supply

No data on how exactly the money was spent


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Dispersed family networks

Everybody has close relatives down south

In rural areas as well as in urban centres Female as well as male

Educated, white collar workers as well as

unskilled labourers Family members move between places


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Remittances

41 households received monetary remittances

Average amount: 28 US$, which was a bit less thanrevenue from livestock sales and about 4% of

household income

Mostly from rural-urban migrants

No data on how money was exactly spent, but muchon education

17 households received at least 100 kg of maize


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Return migration

Only in raw data

Relate to other livelihood characteristics


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DEBATE

migration environment rural livelihoods ghana

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