migration in karnataka: trend and...
TRANSCRIPT
jj^^Chapte^
MIGRATION IN KARNATAKA: TREND AND PATTERNS
-An analysis o f census data
Migration is one of the three basic components of population growth of any
region (other two are fertility and mortality). It plays an important role in
improving economic and social conditions of people. Indian constitution gives
basic freedom to its citizens to move to any part of the country, right to reside and
earn livelihood of their choice. A number of factors play an important role in
decision to move, like economic, social, cultural and political factors. The effect of
these factors varies over time and place. Migration affects not only the size but
also the composition of the population of both origin and destination. Analysis of
migration pattern is important to understand the changes taking place in various
parts of the country. Migration has a special significance for the developing
countries. It goes a long way in influencing their social and economic planning.
Types of Migration:
Scholars from various disciplines have identified different types of
migration. Migration can be classified into different types on the basis of physical
distance, duration and the period of stay, cultural and political differences between
two places and individual, family and group and on the place where from the
migrant comes and where he settles.
Based on place of birth or place of last residence and place of enumeration,
migrants can be classified into four types such as, rural to rural, rural to urban,
urban to urban and urban to rural migration.
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Migration according to census of India can also be classified into four
different types on the basis of administrative boundaries of a district and state.
1. Intra-district migrants (short distance migration): If the person
enumerated at different place but bom within the district.
2. Inter-district migrants (medium distance migration): Persons bom
outside the district of enumeration but within the same state. In other
words, inter-district migration relates to those migrants who move from
one district to another district of the state.
3. Inter-state migrants (long distance migration): Persons enumerated in a
state but bom in the other states.
4. Intemational migrants: persons enumerated in India bom in other
countries.
It is attempted in this chapter, to analyse the trend and pattem of various
types of migration, such as Intra-district, Inter-district, Inter-state, mral-mral,
mral-urban, urban-urban and urban-mral migration in Kamataka and to analyse
the reasons behind the migration.
Volume and trend of migration in Karnataka: An over viewTable: 4.1 Distribution of population in percentage by migration status in Kamataka and
Years I 1971 I 1981 I 1991 I 2001KARNATAKA
Persons%
Male%
FemaleV .
Persons%
Male•/.
Female%
Persons•/.
Male%
Female•/.
Persons%
Male%
Female•/.
M ierants 31.26 23.22 39.66 31.49 22.36 40.96 29.55 20.01 39.50 30.62 20.65 40.95Non-miErants .
68.74 76.78 60.34 68.51 77.64 59.04 70.45 79.99 60.50 69.38 79.35 59.05
Population 1 millionsl
29.29 14.97 14.32 37.13 18.92 18.21 44.97 22.95 22.02 52.85 26.89 25.95
INDIAM ierants 30.42 18.93 42.79 30.60 17.82 44.28 27.41 14.53 41.20 29.86 16.99 43.66Non-mierants
69.58 81.07 57.21 69.40 82.18 55.72 72.59 85.37 58.80 70.14 83.01 56.34
PopulationImillionsI
548.2 284.1 264.1 665.3 343.9 321.3 838.5 435.2 403.3 1028.6 532.2 496.4
Source: Derived from migration tables of Kamataka and India from 971 to 2001 census.
The table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1 show the migration statistics which indicates that
people of both Kamataka and India are becoming less mobile in nature. In the
2001 census, 16.2 million persons out of total population of 52.8 million in
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Karnataka were enumerated at a place different from the place of birth and thus
termed as migrants. This constitutes 30.62 percent of the total population of the
state. In terms of absolute figures, number has increased from 9.1 million in 1971
to 11.7 million in 1981 to 13.3 million in 199land 16.2million in 2001. It may,
however be noted that the percentage of migrants to total population has
constantly declined from 31.26 percent in 1971 to 30.62 percent in 2001. In terms
of total volume of migration in India has increased from 166.8 million in 1971,
203.5 million in 1981, 229.8 million in 1991 and 307.1 million in 2001. The
percentage of migrants to total population of the country has also decreased from
30.42 percent in 1971 to 29.86 percent in 2001.
Fig: 4.1 Volume of Migration in Karnataka and India
1071 1981 1991 2001 Y « n 1971 10S1 1S91 2001
Kamataka India
The sex wise differences are more prominent in Indian migration data. In
2001, 20.65 percent male and 40.95 percent female population was enumerated
outside their place of birth in Karnataka. The prevailing marriage custom in India
of brides moving to place of groom after marriage terms most of female as
migrants. As seen above that both Karnataka and Indian migration percentage has
declined from 1971 to 2001.Where as the percentage of non-migrant population
has increased during the same period. The percentage of Karnataka migrants
however in all these three censuses has been slightly higher than in India as a
whole, the percentage of male migrants in Karnataka also is much higher than in
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India. However, it is striking to note that tlie percentage of female migrants is
lower in Karnataka compared to India as a whole.
Distance and direction of migration flows:
The internal migration data are presented in census reports at three levels
viz., Intra-district, Inter-district and Inter-state. Based on types of migration
streams, data is presented in table-4.2 for 1971 to 2001. It indicates that distance
plays an important role in migration process.
Table: 4.2 Percentage of migrants at different distance level to total migrants in Karnataka and India in 1971 to 2001.
Years 1971 1 1981 1991 { 2001
KARNATAKA
Migrationstream
PTM M ale % Female%
PTM Male%
Female%
PTM M ale%
Female%
PTM Male •/. Female%
Inlra-district 65.72 59.43 69.57 61.88 54.20 66.24 61.55 54.24 65.41 58.90 50.56 63.27
Inter-district 21.31 23.96 19.69 23.88 27.65 21.74 25.4! 29.16 23.42 27.80 31.59 25.81
Inter-state 12.64 16.16 10.49 13.95 17.68 11.83 12.44 15.66 10.74 13.02 17.35 10.76
International 0.23 0.34 0.19 0.29 0.47 0.20 0.31 0.49 0.21 0.27 0.50 0.15
INDIA
Intra-district 62.12 48.33 68.69 59.35 45.62 65.26 59.26 46.07 64.32 59.19 47.32 64.14
Inter-district 21.10 24.64 19.41 25.01 28.89 23.34 25.72 29.06 24.43 25.02 27.41 24.02
Inter-state 11.17 17.84 8.00 11.80 18.76 8.80 11.88 19.09 9.11 13.78 21.76 10.46
International 5.46 9.07 3.74 3.84 6.73 2.59 3.02 5.62 2.02 2.01 3.51 1.38
PTM-Percentage to total migrantsSource: Census of India, 1971 to 2001, Karnataka part II-D migration tables.
Fig: 4.2 Different migration streams in Karnataka and India
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In both Karnataka and India migrants mainly move over short distances,
they move within district. As distance increases proportion of migrants decreases.
Regarding the sex differences in different streams, data indicates female
dominance in short distance movement. Over decade, the sex ratio of migrants
both in Karnataka and India shows improvement indicating more females in
medium and long distance migration also.
Out of total migrants in Karnataka, intra-district migration dominates the
three-distance streams. (See Table: 4.2 and Fig.4.2) It has however been steadily
decreasing from 65.72 percent in 1971 to 58.90 percent in 2001, whereas at the
national level it declined from 62,12 percent to 59.19 percent. On the other hand,
inter-district migration has increased from 21.31 percent in 1971 to 27.80 percent
in 2001 in Karnataka and from 21.10 percent in 1971 to 25.02 percent in 2001 in
India. The percentage of inter-state migration is also increased from 1971 to 2001
both in Karnataka and India. International migration at national level has
decreased from 5.46 percent in 1971 to 2.01 percent in 2001 where as in
Karnataka it is increased from 0.23 percent to 0.27 percent. Inter-district, inter
state and international male migration is higher than that of female migration in all
the census years, where as intra-district male migration is lower than female
migration in both Karnataka and India. Inter-district and inter-state male and
female migration has increased from 1971 to 2001, but intra-district male and
female migration has decreased both in state and in the country. International male
and female migration has increased in Karnataka where as it has decreased in
India.
Place of last residence data:
Based on the place of last residence, among the three migration streams,
the proportion of intra-district migration has decreased where as inter-district
migration has increased from 1971 to 2001 for both in sexes. Volume of inter-state
and international migration was more in 2001 than in 1971. Among the four
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directions of migration streams, rural to rural migration stream forms the most
dominant stream in all the decades (see table: 4.3 and fig-4.3). In 2001, the rural to
rural stream of intra-district accounted for larger percentage than inter-district and
inter-state rural-rural migration, 62.08 percent compared to 36.75 and 28.37
percent respectively.
Table: 4.3 D istribu tion o f m igrants by different stream s o f m igration in K arnataka based
MIS&DOM
1971 1981 1991 2001
Persons%
Male%
Female%
Persons%
Male%
Female%
Persons%
Male%
Female%
Persons%
Male%
Female%
Total
R-R 62.62 52.00 69.12 57.72 45.35 64.71 56.85 43.79 63.74 51.02 32.40 60.76
R-U 15.21 19.60 12.53 19.05 25.48 15.41 17.54 23.71 14.29 17.05 23.16 13.86U-U 13.20 17.78 10.40 15.07 20.08 12.23 15.78 21.29 12.87 15.32 21.46 12.10U-R 8.04 9.22 7.31 7.96 8.75 7.52 8.31 9.07 7.90 5.26 5.62 5.08
Unclassified 0.93 1.40 0.64 0.20 0.34 0.13 1.52 2.14 1.20 11,35 17.36 8.20
Intra-districtR-R 73.57 64.91 78.10 68.87 57.50 74.32 70.04 58.82 74.99 62.08 41.45 70.88
R-U 13.45 18.30 10.91 17.16 24.64 13.57 14.89 21.64 11.90 12.12 16.89 10.09
U-U 5.73 8.21 4.43 7.07 10.02 5.66 7.00 10.09 5.64 7.20 11.38 5.41U-R 6.74 7.79 6.19 6.90 7.84 6.45 7.57 8.87 7.00 4.87 5.80 4.47
Unclassified 0.51 0.79 0.37 - - - 0.50 0.58 0.47 13.73 24.48 9.15
PTM 66.53 60.28 70J5 64.98 58.25 68.78 62.51 55J8 66.26 60.85 52.96 64.98
Inter-districtR-R 43.59 35.31 49.87 39.05 30.06 45.44 37.56 27.53 44.15 36.75 24.10 44,85
R-U 18.85 22.13 16.36 22.02 26.72 18.98 23.32 28.72 19.76 25.17 31.71 20,99
U-U 26.96 31.50 23.53 28.95 33.61 25.64 28.25 33.12 25.05 24.92 29.76 21,81
U-R 10.35 10.80 10.00 9.79 9.60 9.93 9.52 9.01 9.86 5.80 5.11 6.23
Unclassified 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.35 1.62 1.18 7.36 9.32 6.12
PTM 20.7 23.52 18.98 22.20 25.54 20J1 24.92 28.62 22.97 26.37 29.96 24.49
Inter-state
R-R 37.62 29.35 45.17 34.03 26.32 40.47 31.15 22.34 37.88 28.37 19.46 35.83
R-U 19.08 21.62 16.76 23.54 27.11 20.56 20.38 23.41 18.07 24.26 28.40 20.79
U-U 30.75 34.81 27.05 32.07 35.63 29.10 36.62 41.63 32.79 34.85 39.19 31.21
U-R 11.40 12.76 10.16 10.35 10.93 9.86 10.08 10.52 9.73 6.17 6.12 6.22
Unclassified 1.15 1.46 0.86 0.01 0,01 0.01 1.77 2.10 1.53 6.35 6,83 5.95
PTM 12.38 15.57 10.43 12.62 15.88 10.78 11.91 14.95 10.32 12.53 16.61 10.39
International
PTM 0.21 0.29 0.16 0.20 033 0.13 0 J6 0.59 0.23 0.25 0.46 0.14
M IS & DO M ; M igration PTM : Percentage to total Source: C ensus o f India,
stream and direction o f m ovem ent m igrants.1971 to 2001, K arnataka part II-D m igration tables.
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The similar pattern was observed for both the sexes. However, the strength
of rural to rural stream has become thin in 2001 compared to 1971 for both in
sexes. Migration from rural to rural areas is dominated by females, due to
exogamy system of marriage prevailing in Indian society.
Rural to urban migration is next to rural to rural migration in terms of
volurne. Rural to urban migration is mainly economic in nature and accompanies
the process of modernization and industrialization. The strength of rural to urban
migration stream was more in 2001 than in 1971 for both sexes and all types of
migration except intra-district migration. Proportion of male migrants increases
with increasing distance. Thus, this migration is male selective.
Fig; 4.3 Direction of migration in Karnataka
Migration from urban to urban and urban to rural indicates a social
mobility. Urban to urban migration has shown a rising trend (except inter-district
migration) from 1971 to 2001. The volume of urban to urban migration also
increases in its percentage as the distance increases i.e., from intra-district to inter-
district to inter-state. It is true for both the sexes.
Population moving from urban to rural areas is comparatively much smaller
than rural to urban areas. This is called inverse migration. The strength of urban to
rural migration from 1971 to 2001 has decreased marginally in case of inter
district and inter-state migration, where as it increased marginally in case of intra
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district migration from 1971 to 1991 then it decreased marginally in 2001. Volume
of urban to rural migration increases with the increasing distance. There can be
two reasons for such migration, one is marriage as major motive factor and second
is shifting of the entire family due to employment from towns to villages.
Reasons for migration
Reasons for migrations are many and varied. The 1981 census, for the first
time collected data pertaining to reasons for migration. The data on reasons for
migration, by migration stream and type of migration, are presented in table and
fig- 4.4 (a) and 4.4 (b) and 4.4 (c) for 1981, 1991 and 2001 census respectively. In
1981, the reasons for migration was categorized into five groups viz.,
employment, education, family moved, marriage and others. The scope of data
were further increased in 1991 census as data were separated into two more
classification of business and natural calamities. In 2001, family moved and
natural calamites reasons are modified by census and the new name is moved after
birth and moved with household. Reasons for migration data are based on the
concept of place of last residence and it useftil to understand the motivational
factors behind movement of people.
Among the people who have shifted their last residences in 1981, only 14
percent have migrated for employment, 3.57 percent migrated for obtaining
education, 21.99 percent migrated as their families have migrated, 39.57 percent
migrated due to marriage and 20.87 percent of migrants moved due to other socio
economic reasons. In 1991, these percentages were 10.87%, 3.05%, 18.14%,
43.89% and 21.99% respectively. Another two group’s viz., business (1.41%) and
natural calamities (0.65%) were added in 1991 census. In 2001, 11.37 % have
migrated for work/employment, 0.94 percent for business, 2.08 percent for
education, 42.31 percent for marriage purpose, 9.58 percent for moved after birth,
12.30 percent moved with household and 21.43 percent migrants moved due to
other reasons.
78
Table 4.4 (a); Percentage distribution of migrants by types of migration steam and
Types of
migration
Sex Employment Education Family
moved
Marriage Others Total
Percentage of
total Migrants
Total 14.00 3.57 21.99 39.57 20.87 100
Male 31.79 7.21 27.54 2.25 31.21 100
Female 3.93 1.51 18.84 60.69 15.03 100
Intra-district Male 24.45 7.60 28.32 2.86 36.77 100
Female 2.89 1.25 15.38 64.98 15.51 100
Rural-Rural Male 17.82 4.64 29.63 4.01 43.90 100
Female 2.05 0.71 11.62 70.90 14.72 100
Rural-Urban Male 35.31 16.10 23.00 1.20 24.39 100
Female 5.56 3.65 25.47 47.92 17.40 100
Urban-Urban Male 36.03 7.00 31.83 1.04 24.10 100
Female 5.90 2.75 34.86 39.46 17.03 100
Urban-Rural Male 24.21 3.32 30.97 1.92 39.58 100
Female 4.28 1.07 20.38 55.07 19.20 100
Inter-district Male 41.20 7.67 26.70 1.46 22.97 100
Female 6.11 2.09 25.29 52.83 13.68 100
Rural-Rural Male 31.72 4.12 28.60 2.95 32.61 100
Female 5.35 0.92 15.83 65.08 12.82 100
Rural-Urban Male 49.25 11.73 21.66 0.74 16.62 100
Female 6.48 3.35 30.83 45.66 13.68 100
Urban-Urban Male 44.62 8.28 28.82 0.67 17.61 100
Female 6.64 3.51 37.99 37.39 14.47 100
Urban-Rural Male 36.48 5.29 27.39 1.53 29.31 100
Female 7.48 1.39 25.21 50.31 15.61 100
Inter-State Male 43.72 4.94 26.06 I J l 23.97 100
Female 6.45 2.05 28.41 48.74 14.35 100
Rural-Rural Male 29.07 2.11 33.02 2.51 33.29 100
Female 5.18 0.82 19.50 61.09 13.41 100
Rural-Urban Male 54.18 5.72 21.71 0.86 17.53 100
Female 6.98 2.99 32.92 44.08 13.03 100
Urban-Urban Male 49.25 6.67 24.53 0.86 18.69 100
Female 6.50 3.25 37.53 38.22 14.50 100
Urban-Rural Male 35.07 4.11 25.10 1.02 34.70 100
Female 10.37 1.61 28.65 38.85 20.52 100
International Male 24.26 13.24 26.70 0.29 35.51 100
Female 9.65 3.34 49.15 10.31 27.55 100
Source: census of India, 1981, Karnataka, part II- D, Migration tables.
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Table 4.4 (b): Percentage distribution of all Karnataka migrants by types of migration
Types of
migration
Sex Employment Business Education Family
moved
Marriage Natural
calamites
Others Total
Percentage
of total
Migrants
Total 10.87 1.41 3.05 18.14 43.89 0.65 21.99 100
Male 26.20 3.41 6.47 24.79 2.83 1.24 35.06 100
Female 2.79 0J6 1.24 14.64 65.55 034 15.08 100
Intra-district Male 18.50 2.26 6.16 25.29 3.53 1.08 43.18 100
Female 1.87 0.25 1.00 11.29 69.89 0.26 15.44 100
Rural-Rural Male 12.16 136 4.17 24.18 4.71 1.40 52.02 100
Female 1.28 0.19 0.58 7.48 75.66 0.27 14.54 100
Rural-Urban Male 32.49 4.28 13.62 23.86 1.87 0.81 23.07 100
Female 3.90 0.44 3.45 23.29 54.18 0.32 14.42 100
Urban-Urban Male 28.18 3.60 5.30 31.32 1.45 0.34 29.81 100
Female 4.54 0.47 1.86 29.40 43.28 0.17 20.28 100
Urban-Rural Male 15.45 1.74 2.34 30.18 2.27 0.51 47.51 100
Female 2.63 0.29 0.78 17.29 57.11 0.21 21.69 100
Inter-district Male 35.43 3.78 6.98 24.67 2.08 IJO 25.75 100
Female 4J6 0.44 1.75 20.20 58.60 0.42 14.23 100
Rural-Rural Male 22.87 1.86 4.49 24.49 3.60 3.04 39.65 100
Female 2.88 0.28 0.78 10.64 71.81 0.57 13.04 100
Rural-Urban Male 45.37 4.74 10.11 21.33 1.56 0.89 16.00 100
Female 5.38 0.49 2.71 28.10 49.54 0.41 13.37 100
Urban-Urban Male 39.59 4.92 7.15 27,97 1.21 0.27 18.89 100
Female 5.77 0.63 2.89 31.45 44.20 0.18 14.88 100
Urban-Rural Male 29.69 2.67 4.54 26.62 2.50 1.30 32.68 100
Female 5.38 0.59 1.26 19.65 57.26 0.40 15.46 100
Inter-State Male 37.23 6.90 6.57 24.02 1.74 1.70 21.84 100
Female 4.72 0.80 1.55 23.68 55.13 0.63 13.48 100
Rural-Rural Male 24.20 3.10 2.41 27.72 3.42 4.31 34.84 100
Female 3.16 0.54 0.40 12.79 69.95 0.98 12,18 100
Rural-Urban Male 45.72 9.43 6.09 20.90 1.29 1.17 15.40 100
Female 5.73 1.00 1.99 29.59 48.71 0.46 12.52 100
Urban-Urban Male 40.85 8.21 9.44 23.84 1.08 0.48 16.10 100
Female 5.45 1.05 2.72 32.31 44.06 0.25 14.16 100
Urban-Rural Male 30.63 4.18 5.26 24.80 1.74 2.27 31,12 100
Female 6.28 0.61 1.12 25.60 48.43 0.93 17,03 100
International Male 23.98 3.98 7.28 12.97 2.12 0.94 48.73 100
Female 13J5 2.67 2.60 17.20 19.97 0.82 43J9 100
Source: census of India 1991, Karnataka, part II- D, Migration tables.
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Table 4.4 (c): Percentage distribution of all Karnataka migrants by types of migration
Types of
migration
Sex Work/
Employment
Business Education Marriage Moved
after
birth
Moved
with
household
Others Total
Percentage
of total
Migrants
Total 11 0.94 2.08 42J1 9.58 12.30 21.43 100
Male 28.13 2J1 4.40 237 16.06 14.47 32.26 100
Female 2.60 0.21 0.87 63.22 6.19 11.16 15.76 100
Intra-district Male 16.72 IJO 3.60 2.97 20.15 13.25 42.02 100
Female 1.45 0.14 0.56 67.03 6.27 7.87 16.67 100
Rural-Rui^ Male 15.63 0.85 4.21 5.76 32.12 14.72 26.70 100
Female 1.08 0.11 0.31 79.43 5.63 5.17 8.27 100
Rural-Urban Male 37.77 3.26 8.30 1.70 11.87 19.77 17.33 100
Female 3.62 0.28 2.47 55.54 6.20 21.04 10.85 100
Urban-Urban Male 24.79 2.59 2.15 0.94 14.79 21.75 32.98 100
Female 3.39 0.38 1.01 35.28 10.33 24.80 24.81 100
Urban-Rural Male 14.22 1.29 2.31 2.44 45.84 15.60 18.30 100
Female 2.24 0.21 0.58 54.81 20.93 11.68 9.54 100
Inter-district Male 39.15 2.50 4.82 1.82 13.03 15.87 22.79 100
Female 4.25 0.26 1.13 58.27 6M 15.70 14.05 100
Rural-Rural Male 28.95 1.22 4.07 4.13 22.68 15.25 23.70 100
Female 2.87 0.15 0.38 74.16 5.61 7.95 8.88 100
Rural-Urban Male 53.78 3.06 5.71 1.08 8.42 15.66 12.29 100
Female 7.04 0.35 1.78 49.98 6.29 24.11 10.46 100
Urban-Urban Male 43.71 3.61 5.70 1.02 11.60 19.67 14.70 100
Female 5.30 0.44 2.20 45.51 8.15 26.30 12.10 100
Urban-Rural Male 30.66 2.35 4.74 2.90 20.55 18.30 20.51 100
Female 4.01 0.32 1.21 60.91 8.52 15.03 10.00 100
Inter-State Male 44.82 5.23 5.50 1.50 8.88 15.83 18.23 100
Female 5.86 0.53 2.05 51.65 S36 20.69 13.86 100
Rural-Rural Male 41.21 1.97 1.79 3.06 16.24 18.68 17.04 100
Female 5.21 0.22 0.28 69.13 4.68 12.28 8.20 100
Rural-Urban Male 56.01 6.27 3.96 1.26 5.60 14.83 12.08 100
Female 8.06 0.69 2.28 46.81 4.86 26.56 10.74 100
Urban-Urban Male 45.76 7.01 9.02 1.05 7.43 16.57 13.17 100
Female 5.87 0.82 4.23 42.12 6.18 28.55 12.23 100
Urban-Rural Male 35.64 3.61 6.46 1.68 15.34 16.66 20.61 100
Female 5.70 0.56 1.83 50.15 8.86 20.66 12.24 100
International Male 20.91 1.72 28.24 0.42 2.03 13.55 33.12 100
Female 6.22 0.80 9.92 18.41 2.80 32.93 28.92 100
Source: census of ndia 2001, Karnataka, Migration tables.
81
Fig: 4.4 (a) Reasons for migration, 1981
s
Total Male% of Total Migrants
Female
Employment s Education QD Family moved s Marriage □ Others Fig: 4,4 (b) Reasons for migration, 1991
Total Male
% of total Migrants
Female
ca Employment H Marriage
B Business ■ Natural calamities
Q Education a Others
□ Family moved
Fig: 4.4 (c) Reasons for migration, 2001
B Employnnent n Mo\«d after birth
Total Male
%of Total Migrants
0 Business B Education■ Moved with households a Others
Female
□ Marriage
82
In 2001, male in migrants were about 34.36 percent while females were
65.64 percent of the total population bom at places other than the place of their
enumeration. There is wide sex variation in census of migration. Little less than
two third (63.22%) of females changed their last residences due to marriage.
Normally girls have to go to the place of their husband to reside after marriage in
this part of the country. Male migrants who moved due to marriage are only 2.37
percent of total male migrants. Another major cause of female movement has been
the shift of entire family. About 11.16 percent of the female migrants moved with
household. Contrary to this, lure of employment, business, education, and moved
after birth could mobilize only 2.60%, 0.21%, 0.87% and 6.19% of total female
migrants respectively.
. Employment and other reasons have been major cause of movement among
male migrants. Little less than one third or 28.13% and 32.26% of the total male
migrants moved in connection with employment and other reasons respectively.
Even the proportion of male migrants moving in search of business, education,
moved after birth and moved with household was 2.31%, 4.40%, 16.06%, and
14.47% of total male migrants respectively.
It may be observed that employment among males and marriages among
females were the main reasons for migration. The proportion of male migrants
related to employment reasons declined in 1991. This may be due to introduction
of separate business category in 1991. While the volume of female migration due
to marriage increased in 2001 compared to 1981. Female migration for educational
purposes has been comparatively low. Only 0.87 percent of female migrants
moved for getting education in 2001. About 4.40 percent of male migrants
recorded education as cause of migration. Their proportion decreased from 1981 to
2001. Proportion of migrants moved due to other reasons is declining fi-om intra
district to inter-state migration.
83
Distance, direction and causes of migration
The significance of reasons for migration changes with the distance also.
For instance, 24.45 percent of the intra-district male migrants moved due to
employment related reasons in 1981, which was about 18.50 percent in 1991 and
16.72 percent in 2001. Their proportion increases with the increasing distance.
Introduction of new business category in 1991 and 2001 also shows the proportion
of migration increased from intra-district to inter-state migration.
Contrary to above, proportion of migrants moving due to marriage declines
remarkably with the distance, because short distance marriages are very common
in our societies. About 67.03 percent of female migrants moved due to marriage
within the district of enumeration in 2001. The proportion of both male and female
migrants moving in search of higher education increases with the increasing
distance in 2001.
The table; 4.4 (a,b&c) also indicate that more than one third of the total
male migrants moved from rural to urban areas for employment related reasons in
all the decades and in all types of migration. Urban to urban and urban to rural
migration occupy second and third place respectively (except urban to rural
migration from Intra-district and Inter-state in 2001). Their proportion increases
with the increasing distance. For education related reasons, more male migrants
moved from rural to urban areas in case of both intra-district and inter-district
migration streams but in inter-state migration stream, more male migrants moved
from urban to urban areas. In contrast, more than one third of female migrants
moved due to marriage during 1981 to 2001 in all migration streams. Rural to
rural migration dominant in all migration streams. This proportion is higher in
2001 than in 1981. The volume of female migrants in rural to rural and rural to
urban streams decreases with the increasing distance, but urban to urban and urban
to rural female migration was more in inter-district migration stream. In case of
reasons such as family moved or moved with household, more number of female
84
migrants moved from urban to urban areas in all migration streams during 1981 to
2001.
Spatial pattern of in migration in Karnataka, 1971-2001
Table: 4.5 District wise in-migration in Karnataka
District Name
1971 1981 1991 2001
DMPTMS PIMTD DMPTMS PIMTD DMPTMS PIMTD DMPTMS PIMTD
Bangalore (U)
12.16 33.08 14.20 33.42
10.85 29.79 15.47 38.30
Bangalore (R) 2.21 17.54 3.14 26.97
Belagaum 8.63 32.61 8.64 33.74 9.22 34.20 9.76 37.47
Bellary 3.52 28.72 3.98 31.14 3.97 27.94 3.44 27.43
Eldar 2.38 26.47 2.27 26.60 2.52 26.63 1.73 18.66
Bijapur7.16 33.05 6.91 33.52 7.13 32.38
3.15 28.20
Bagalkot 3,41 33.45
Cliikamagalore 2.98 37.09 2.97 37.87 2.73 35.66 1.74 24.70
Chitradurga4.53 29.69 4.21 27.55 4.82 29.38
2,36 25.14
Davangere 3.01 27.16
Dakshinkannada6.60 31.18 5,95 29.12 5.97 29.45
4.72 40.23
Udupi 2.27 33.07
Dhanvad9.00 35.19 8.81 34.80 9.52 36.12
3.49 35.20
Gadag 2.24 37.22
Haveri 2.69 30.20
Gulbarga 5.14 27.04 5.16 28.87 4.75 24.42 4.02 20.80
Hassan 3.54 29.39 3.64 31.26 3.82 32.37 3.53 33.19
Kodagu 1.81 43.86 1.71 43.19 1.64 44.67 1.3 i 39.03
Kolar 4.44 26.80 4.29 26.19 4.32 25.90 3.87 24.70
Mandya 3.46 27.45 3.05 25.41 3.51 28.41 3.52 32.26
Mysore5.69 25.08 5.90 26.47 6.03 25.30
4.40 26.95
Chamarajnagar 1.28 21.42
Raichur
4.52 29.20 4.98 32.53 3.87 22.29
2.28 22.10
Koppal 1.69 22.85
Shimoga 5.62 39.55 5.11 35.89 4.86 33.86 3.15 31.04
Tumkur 5.23 29.44 4.70 27.68 5.18 29.88 4.93 30.88
Uttar kannada 3.59 38.76 3.52 38.28 3.08 33.55 3.39 40.57
Total 100.00 31.26 100.00 31.48 100.00 29.56 100.00 30.62
DMPTMS- Percentage o f district’s in migrant population to total migrant population o f state. PIMTD- Percentage o f in-migrants to total population o f each district Source: Census o f India, 1971 to 2001 Karnataka part II D, Migration tables.
Table 4.5 indicates the trend of district wise in-migration in Karnataka. The
highest percentage of in-migrant population is found in the district of Bangalore
where as Kodagu has lowest in all the decades 1971 to 2001 (except 2001,
85
Chamarajanagara occupied lowest percentage). The percentage of in-migrant
population to total population of the district, in Bangalore, Belagaum, Bijapur,
Chikmagalore, Dharwad, Kodagu, Shimoga, Uttar kannada districts is more than
the state’s average in the period (except Chikmagalore in 2001). In 1981- Raichur,
in 1991-Hassan and Tumkur, in 2001-Bagalkote, Udupi, Gadag, Hassan, Mandya,
Tumkur districts were added to above group and remaining districts have below
the state’s average. The percentage of total in-migrants to total population in the
state was 31.26, 31.48, 29.56 & 30.62 percent respectively in 1971, 1981, 1991 &
2001. Thus, percentage has slightly decreased in 2001 compared to 1971.
, The map (Fig. 4.5) displays district wise percentage of in-migrants to the
total population of each district. The percentage figures of in-migrants are grouped
into five ranges as shown in the map. The first range (very high in migrant region)
includes the Kodagu district in 1971, 1981 and 1991 decades, because of
plantation agriculture which is highly developed in this district created
employment opportunities and attract migrants from surrounding dry land districts.
In 2001 very high in-migrant region was not visible. The second range (high in
migrant region) is found in Uttarkannada, Chikamagalore, and Shimoga in 1971,
but in 1981 Shimoga district had lower percentage and in 1991 all the above three
district came under the third range. In 1991, only Dharwad district occupied the
second range because Hubli and Dharwad city was highly developed and more
scope was there for employment and education opportunities. In 2001, Bangalore
urban, Belagam, Gadag, Kodagu Uttarkannada and Dakshinkannada districts
occupied this range. The third range (medium in migrant region) is found in
Bijapur, Belgaum, Dharwad, Dakshinkannada and Bangalore district in 1971. In
1981 in Dakshinkarmada migrants got decreased and the district appeared in fourth
range and Hassan, Shimoga, Raichur and Bellary districts are also found in these
range. In 1991 malnad area and northwestern part of the state has occupied this
range. In 2001 Bagalkote, Udupi, Dharwad, Hassan, Mandya and Shimoga
districts were found in the third range.
86
Fig; 4.5 District wise in-migration in Karnataka
The fourth range (low in migrant region) is found in eastern part of
Karnataka in 1971. In 1981 and 1991 Dakshinkannada district is added to this
range. In 2001 Bangalore rural, Bellary, Bijapur, Davangere, Haveri, Mysore and
87
Tumkur districts occupied fourth range. The fifth range (very low in migra
region) is found in Mysore in the year 1971, Mandya in 1981 and Bangalore rural,
Gulbarga, Kolar, Mysore and Raichur in 1991. In 2001 Bidar, Chikmagalore,
Chitradurga, Gulbarga, Kolar, Chamarajanagar, Raichur and Koppal districts were
found in the category of very low share of migrants to total population.
Intra-district migration in Karnataka
District Name
1971 1981 1991 2001DMPTMS PIMTMD DMPTMS PIMTMD DMPTMS PEMTMD DMPTMS PEMTMS
Bangalore (U) 7.99 43.12 7.60 33.28 2.39 13.54 5.73 21.80
Bangalore (R) 1.89 52.62 2.89 54.21
Belagaum 9.40 71.49 9.78 70.42 10.51 70.20 11.76 70.98
Bella ry 3.22 59.95 3.42 53.33 3.71 57.54 3.44 59.03
Bidar 2.74 75.57 2.67 72.86 2.95 72.18 2.21 75.23
Bijapur 8.21 75.21 8.41 75.59 8.63 74.43 3.90 73.03
Bagalkot 3.45 59.57
Chikamagalore 2.15 47.37 2.26 47.26 2.35 52.99 1.54 52.08
Chitradurga 4.49 64.99 4.64 68.62 4.89 62.49 2.80 69.86
Davangere 2.86 56.13
Dakshinkannada 8.53 84.81 7.88 82.41 7.59 78.22 5.69 71.01
Udupi 2.85 73.90
Dhanvad 10.13 73.87 10.21 72.09 11.28 72.95 2.78 46.86
Gadag 1.98 52.07
Haven 3.22 70.71
Gulbarga 5.82 74.34 5.87 70.66 5.49 71.20 5.16 75.58
Hassan 3.53 65.42 3.85 65.77 4.23 68.16 4.39 73.15
Kodagu 1.30 47.21 1.19 43.13 1.40 52.40 1.32 58.76
Kolar 4.65 68.78 4.50 65.24 4.58 65.26 4.68 71.28
Mandya 3.29 62.43 2.90 58.94 3.61 63.21 4.25 71.11
Mysore 6.07 70.06 6.52 68.62 6.71 68.51 4.56 61.04
Chamarajnagar 1.65 75.92
Raichur 4.61 66.99 5.11 63.78 3.92 62.33 2.40 62.07
Koppal 1.58 54.99
Shimoga 4.29 50.08 4.35 52.97 4.60 58.19 2.86 53.51
Tumkur 5.93 74.34 5.41 71.54 5.97 70.92 6.01 71.75
Uttar kannada 3.64 66.49 3.43 60.44 3.30 66.08 4.04 70.12
Total 100.00 65.62 100.00 62.15 100.00 61.55 100.00 58.90
DMPTMS- Percentage o f district’s in-migrant population to total migrant population o f the state PIMTMD- Percentage o f in-migrants to total migrant population o f each district Source: Census o f India, 1971, 1981 and 1991 Karnataka part II D, Migration tables.
88
Table 4.6 shows the trend of intra-district migration in Karnataka. The
highest in migrant population is found in the district of Dharwad in 1971, 1981 &
1991, but Belagaum received highest in migrant population in 2001 whereas
Kodagu has lowest in these periods.
The percentage of intra-district in migrant population to total migrant
population of the district is high in Belagaum, Bidar, Bijapur, Dakshin Kannada,
Dharwad, Gulbarga, Kolar, Mysore, Raichur, Tumkur, Uttarkannada districts
compared to state’s average in 1971. In 1981 Chitradurga, Hassan, in 1991
Mandya, in 2001 Bellary, Bagalkote, Udupi, Haveri, and Chamarajnagara districts
were added to above group and remaining districts had below the state average.
The percentage of intra-district in migrant to total migrant population in state was
62.62, 62.15, 61.55 & 58.90 percent respectively in 1971, 1981, 1991& 2001. The
percentage has decreased from 1971 to 2001.
The map (fig. 4.6) shows the district wise percentage of intra-district
migrants to total migrants. The arrived figures have been grouped into five
suitable ranges and shaded are given accordingly. Map at a glance reveals that
Bidar, Bijapur, Dakshinkannada districts are having highest percentage of intra
district migrants appearing in the first range of 75.01 percent and above in 1971.
In 1981 Bijapur, Dakshinkannada, in 1991 only Dakshinkannada, in 2001 Bidar,
Gulbarga and Chamarajanagara districts have the highest percentage.
The intra-district migrants are very less, in Bangalore district with 45
percent and below percentage. In 1981 Kodagu also was added to this range, in
1991& 2001 only Bangalore urban district had less percentage. The other ranges
cover the remaining districts. 9 districts fall in second range from 65.01 to 75
percentage in 1971 «fe 1981, 10 districts in 1991, and 11 districts in 2001 fall in this
range. In 1971 and 1981, 3 districts were in third range of 55.01 to 65 percent, 5
districts in 1991 and 6 districts in 2001 were added to third range. 3 districts fall in
fourth range of 45.01 to 55 percent in 1971, 1981 & 1991, 6 districts in 2001.
89
Fig: 4.6 Intra-district in migration in Karnataka
90
Inter- district migration in Karnataka
Table 4.7 indicates the trend of inter-district in migration in Karnataka. The
highest inter-district in migrant population is found in the district of Bangalore
urban whereas Bidar has lowest during the period of 1971 to 2001. The percentage
of inter- district in migrant population to total migrant population is higher in
Bangalore, Chikamagalore, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya,
Shimoga, Uttarkannada districts compared to state average in these period.
Table: 4.7, Inter-district in-migration in Karnataka
District Name
1971 1981 1991 2001
DMPTMS PIMTMD DMPTMS PIMTMD DMPTMS PIMTMD DMPTMS PIMTMD
Bangalore (U) 16.24 28.62 20.68 34.28 19.96 46.76 23.35 41.95
Bangalore (R) 3.52 40.53 4.44 39.34
Belagaum 5.28 13.10 5.61 15.28 5.81 16.02 5.06 14.42
Bellary 2.83 17.20 3.47 20.51 3.36 21.50 2.52 20.36
Bidar 0.71 6.41 0.77 8.00 0.89 9.01 0.42 6.76
Bijapur 6.20 18.53 5.38 18.31 5.33 18.97 2.04 18.03
Bagalkot 4.46 36.28
Chikamagalore 5.73 41.10 5.22 41.40 4.33 40.30 2.58 41.23
Chitradurga 5.68 26.86 4.15 23.23 5.88 30.97 2.00 23.53
Davangere 4.35 40.26
Dakshinkannada 0.88 2.85 1.27 5.04 2.10 8.96 2.32 13.65
Udupi 1.61 19.71
Dharwad 9.41 22.39 9.16 24.50 8.86 23.64 6.00 47.81
Gadag 3.71 46.16
Haveri 2.74 28.31
Gulbarga 3.21 13.41 3.82 17.45 3.25 17.42 2.01 13.90
Hassan 4.71 28.50 4.52 29.19 4.29 28.53 3.13 24.67
Kodagu 2.17 26.70 2.07 28.40 1.84 28.51 1.29 27.11
Kolar 2.80 13.49 3.00 16.48 2.99 17.56 1.98 14.24
Mandya 5.33 32.99 4.55 35.07 4.42 31.94 3.30 26.05
Mysore 5.02 18.89 5.04 20.11 5.24 22.08 4.90 30.96
Chamarajnagar 0.77 16.84
Raichur 4.32 20.50 4.43 20.90 3.48 22.80 1.58 19.21
Koppal 2.28 37.56
Shimoga 11.04 42.05 8.42 38.82 6.78 35.40 4.63 40.83
Tumkur 4.26 17.45 3.97 19.86 4.43 21.72 3.65 20.55
Uttar kannada 4.18 24.93 4.48 29.94 3.24 26.75 2.87 23.52
Total 100.00 21.42 100.00 23.54 100.00 25.41 100.00 27.80
DMPTMS- Percentage o f district’s in-migrant population to total migrant population o f the state PIMTMD- Percentage o f in-migrants to total migrant population o f each district Source: Census of India, 1971, 1981 and 1991 K am at^a part IID , Migration tables.
91
Fig: 4.7, Inter-district in-migration in Karnataka
92
In 1981 Chitradurga and in 1991 Dharwad districts were below the state
average, in 2001 Bangalore urban and rural, Bagalkote, Chikamagalore,
Davangere, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Mysore, Koppal, and Shimoga districts have
more than state’s average and remaining districts have below the state average.
The percentage of inter-district in migrant to total in migrants in the state was
21.42, 23.54, 25.41 & 27.80 percent respectively in 1971, 1981, 1991 & 2001. The
percentage has thus increased from 1971 to 2001.
The map (fig. 4.7) represents the district wise percentage of inter-district
migrants to total migrants. The figures obtained have been grouped into five
suitable ranges given in the legend of the map. The first range of very high
migration has been occupied by Shimoga, Chikamagalore districts in 1971 &
1981. In 1991 Bangalore urban and rural, Chikamagalore districts occupied that
position and in 2001 Bagalkote, Davangere, Dharwad, Gadag, Koppal and
Shimoga districts were in the first range of more than 36.01 percent. The inter
district migrants are very less as seen on the map in Bidar and Dakshinkannada
districts with less than 12 percent in three decades from 1971 to 1991. In 2001
only Bidar district occupied fifth range. The other ranges cover the remaining
districts. The second range of high migration is found in Bangalore, Mandya, and
Hassan in 1971, during 1981 Kodagu, Uttarkannada districts were found in the
second range of 28.01 to 36 percent. In 1991, Mandya, Hassan, Kodagu,
Chitradurga and Shimoga districts, in 2001 only Mysore and Haveri districts
occupied second range. 5 districts in 1971 & 1981, 6 districts in 1991 and 7
districts in 2001 fall in third range of 20.01 to 28 percent. And 7 districts fall in
fourth range of 12.01 to 20 percent in 1971, 5 districts in 1981, 4 districts in 1991,
and 8 districts in 2001 fall in fourth range.
Inter-state migration in Karnataka
Table 4.8 shows the trend of inter-state in migration in Karnataka. The
highest numbers of immigrants from other states are found in the district of
93
Bangalore in the period from 1971 to 2001. In 1971 Mandya, in 1981 & ]
Hassan, in 2001 Haveri district have lowest. The higher percentage of inter-state in
migrant population is found in Bangalore, Belagaum, Bellary, Bidar, Kodagu,
Kolar districts.
District Name
1971 1981 1991 2001
DMPTMS PIMTMD DMPTMS PIMTMD DMPTMS PIMTMD DMPTMS PIMTMD
Bangalore (U) 26.44 27.49 32.26 31.84 33.66 38.61 42.49 35.77
Bangalore (R) 1.01 5.70 1.54 6.39
Belagaum 10.38 15.20 8.76 14.21 9.93 13.40 10.87 14.51
Bellary 6.34 22.78 7.41 26.07 6.59 20.64 5.42 20.55
Bidar 3.39 17.98 3.10 19.09 3.77 18.65 2.39 17.99
Bijapur 3.50 6.17 3.00 6,08 3.68 6.42 2.16 8.92
Bagalkot 1.08 4,11
Chikamagalore 2.65 11.23 2.33 10.99 1.40 6.36 0.87 6.52
Chitradurga 2.90 8.09 2.44 8.12 2.39 6.17 1.19 6.59
Oavangere 0.83 3.58
Dakshinkannada 6.32 12.11 5.20 12.26 5.76 12.01 5.33 14.72
Udupi 1.05 6.04
Dharwad 2.53 3.55 2.10 3.34 2.43 3.17 1.41 5.25
Gadag 0.29 1.72
Haveri 0.20 0.96
Gulbarga 4.84 11.92 4.36 11.85 4.00 10.49 3.24 10.49
Hassan 1.68 6.00 1.29 4.98 0.89 2.88 0.58 2.15
Kodagu 3.83 26.70 3.35 27.39 2.38 18.02 1.41 13.83
Kolar 6.20 17.67 5.57 18.22 5.69 16.40 4,30 14.45
Mandya 1.23 4.48 1.30 5.96 1.18 4.18 0.76 2.82
Mysore 4.77 10,59 4.26 10.11 4.14 8.54 2,28 6.74
Chamarajnagar 0.65 6.61
Raichur 4.13 11.57 5.24 14.75 4.17 13.40 3.08 17.61
Koppal 0,96 7.42
Shimoga 3.49 7.86 2.98 8.18 2.42 6.19 1.36 5.62
Tumkur 3.31 7.99 2.88 8.59 2,97 7.13 2.91 7.68
Uttar kannada 2.07 7.27 2.18 8.65 1.52 6,14 1.35 5.18
Total 100.00 12.64 100.00 14.02 100.00 12.44 100.00 13.03
DMPTMS- Percentage o f district’s in-migrant population to total migrant population o f the state PIMTMD- Percentage o f in-migrants to total migrant population o f each district Source: Census o f India, 1971, 1981 and 1991 K am at^a part II D, Migration tables.
In 1981 & 1991 Raichur district, in 2001 Dakshinkannada and Raichur
districts were added to above group and remaining districts have below the state’s
average. The percentage of inter-state in migrant to total in the state was 12.64,
94
14.02, 12.44 & 13.03 percent respectively in 1971, 1981, 1991 & 2001. This
percentage was more in 1981 compared to 1971 and 2001.
Fig; 4.8, Inter-state in-migration in Karnataka
95
The map (fig. 4.8) shows that the district wise percentage of inter-state
migrants to total migrants. The figures arrived have been grouped into 5 suitable
ranges as shown in the legend of the map. The first range of 24.01 percent and
above has been found in Bangalore and Kodagu districts in 1971 and 1981. In
1981, Bellary district also appeared in this range, but only Bangalore urban district
was found in the first range in 1991 and 2001. The inter-state migrants are very
less in Dharwad, Hassan, Mandya districts coming under 6 percent and below
range. Bangalore rural district falls in the above group in 1991. In 2001,
Bagalkote, Davangere, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Hassan, Mandya, Shimoga and
Uttarkannada districts came under fifth range. Only Bellary district occupied
second range from 18.01 to 24 percent in 1971 and 2001. In 1991, Bidar and
Kodagu districts are added to this range, but during 1981 Bidar and Kolar were
found in second range. The third range from 12.01 to 18 percent is found in
Belagam and Dakshinkannada in all the decades. Bidar and Kolar districts were
added to this range in 1971 but it was not visible in 1981. Raichur district was
found in this range from 1981 to 2001, Kolar was added in 1991 and Kodagu came
under this range in 2001. The other districts are distributed among the remaining
ranges like fourth range fi-om 6.01 to 12 percent in all the decades.
Migrants from outside the state form a very small proportion of 12.64
percent and 13.03 percent in 1971 and 2001 respectively. Table 4.9 gives the
distribution of inter-state immigrants from other states and emigrants from
Karnataka state during 1971 and 2001, It is observed that the large proportion of
immigrants (93.00 % in 1971 and 85.45 % in 2001) is from the neighbouring
states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Maharastra, and Kerala. The proportion of
migrants from other states is not significant except in the case of Rajasthan, which
accounts for only 2.03 percent and 3.78 percent in 1971 and 2001 respectively.
The volume of immigrants from Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Maharastra, Kerala
and Union territories has decreased whereas from other states it has increased
during 1971 and 2001 and it is true for both the sexes.
96
Table: 4.9 Number of inter-state immigrants from other states and Emigrants from
Karnataka state, 1971 and 2001.Y ean 1971 2001
States Im m igrants Emigrants Im m igrants Emigrants
Persons
%
Male
%
Female
•/.
Persons
%
Male
•/.
Female
%
Persons
%
Male
%
Female
%
Persons
%
Male
%
Female
%
An Pradesh 29.17 25.63 32.50 20.04 14.26 24.89 27.65 23.99 30.74 14.61 8.70 19.02
A r Pradesh 0.06 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
Assam 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.20 0.29 0.12 0.07 0.09 0.06
Bihar 0.25 0.38 0.13 0.26 0.31 0.22 1.42 2.29 0.68 0.46 0.17 0.67
Jharkhand 0.25 0.40 0.13 0.12 0.11 0,12
Goa 0.53 0.45 0.61 6.72 8.28 5.56
G ujarath 0.74 0.86 0.61 1.06 1.29 0.86 1.20 1.42 1.02 1.17 1.43 0.97
Haryana 0.15 0.26 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.55 0.59 0.52 0.17 0.18 0.15
H Pradesh 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.17 0.23 0.13 0.04 0.05 0.03
Jam m u & Kashmir
0.06 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.22 0.31 0.15 0.07 0.09 0.06
Kerala 15.61 20.65 10.87 2.30 2.20 2.39 13.46 15.08 12.10 2.82 2.61 2.97
M Pradesh 0.21 0.24 0.20 0.67 0.83 0.53 0.49 0.61 0.38 0.53 0.49 0.56
Chhatisgarh 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.13 0.14 0.13
M aharastra 19.02 13.08 24.62 59.23 64.15 55.10 18.38 12.55 23.30 64.10 69.68 59.95
M anipur N N N 0.01 0.01 N 0.07 0.08 0.06 N N N
Meghalaya N N N 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
Mizoram 0.01 0.01 0.01 N N N
Nagaland N N N 0.01 0.01 N 0.02 0.03 0.02 O.OI 0.02 0.01
Orissa 0.06 0.09 0.04 0.12 0.15 0.10 0.80 1.33 0.35 0.09 0.11 0.08
Punjab 0.39 0.56 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.35 0.44 0.27 0.20 0.25 0.17
Rajasthan’ 2.03 2.74 1.36 0.26 0.33 0.21 3.78 4.95 2.80 0.42 0.34 0.48
Sikkim N N - 0.01 0.01 N 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 N
Tamilnadu 29.81 32.46 27.29 11.03 10.21 11.71 25.96 28.79 23.57 6.07 4.94 6.91
T ripura N N N 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
U Pradesh 0.76 1.08 0.48 0.53 0.71 0.39 1.84 2.60 1.19 0.62 0.42 0.77
Uttaranchal 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.14 0.16 0.12
W Bengal 0.36 0.45 0.27 0.30 0.44 0.19 1.47 2.13 0.92 0.27 0.32 0.23
Union
territories
1.22 1.22 1.22 3.85 4.72 3.13 0.82 0.97 0.69 1.12 1.36 0.95
Total in &
out m igrant
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Note: N- NegligibleSource: Census of India, 1971 and 2001 Karnataka part II D, Migration tables.
97
Among the total immigrants, female exceed males in number from Andhra
Pradesh and Maharashtra. The migration of females is obviously due to marriage
and other socio-cultural factors. This also reflects the continued socio-cultural link
of the northern districts of this state with the neighbouring state of Andhra Pradesh
and Maharashtra. In the case of other states, male migrants exceed female.
About 92,60 percent of the emigrants are going to the neighbouring states
of Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Kerala in 1971 and 94.32 percent
in 2001 (included Goa state). The percentage of out-migrants from Karnataka state
to other states is not significant except in the case of union territories in 1971,
which accounts for only 3.85 percent. The size of out-migrants from Karnataka to
Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Orissa, West Bengal, Manipur and
Union territories has decreased whereas it has increased to Bihar, Gujarat,
Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Maharastra, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh. In case of the remaining states, it is constant during the period of 1971
and 2001.
Among the total emigrants, females exceed males in number from Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala, and Tamilnadu in 1971. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and
Uttar Pradesh states are added to this group in 2001 because these states are
bifurcated and new states are created during 2001. In case of the remaining states
male migrants exceed female.
Among the total migrants, out migrants exceed in-migrants in number from
Assam, Bihar, Gujarath, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal and Union territories. The remaining states
witnessed more in-migrants than out-migrants during the period of 1971. In 2001,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Goa, Chattisgargh, Uttaranchal and union territories
experience more out-migrants than in-migrants and the remaining states account
for more in-migrants than out-migrants.
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Conclusion:
The above analysis leads us to conclude as follows;
• About 30.62 percent of the total population of the state is considered as
migrants in 2001 census.
• The percentage of total migrants to total population in Karnataka from
1971 to 2001 has been slightly higher than in India as a whole,
percentage of male migrants also is much higher than in India, but
female migrants are fewer in Karnataka compared to India.
• The volume of migration has declined from 1971 to 2001 both in
Karnataka and India which is true for both sexes. It thus indicates that
Indian population is becoming less mobile in nature.
• In both Karnataka and India migrants mainly move over shot distances,
they move within district. As distance increases proportion of migrants
decreases.
• Proportion of short distance migrants have been steadily decreasing
where as long distance migration has slightly increased from 1971 to
2001. It is true for both male and female migrants.
• In 2001, the intra-district migration accounted for large percentage than
inter-district, inter-state and international migration, which is 58.90
percent compared to 27.80 percent, 13.02 percent and 0.27 percent
respectively. It thus indicates that distance plays an important role in
migration process.
• Rural to rural migration is a predominant stream, among the four
migration streams and also dominated by female, due to exogamy
system of marriage prevailing in Indian society.
• Rural to urban migration is next to rural to rural migration in terms of
volume. Rural to urban migration is mainly economic in nature and
accompanies the process of modernization and industrialization.
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Employment and movement because of the displacements of families
have been major cause of movement among male migrants; marriage
and displacement of families were the most important reasons for
female migration. Next important reasons behind the migration of both
sexes are quoted as other reasons in census.
The proportion of migrants moved due to employment related reasons,
increases with the increasing distance. Where as proportion of migrants
moving due to marriage decline remarkably with the distance.
The highest proportion of in-migrant population was found in the
district of Bangalore whereas Kodagu has the lowest in the period from
1971 to 2001.
The large proportions of immigrants are from the neighbouring state of
Andhra Pradesh and large numbers of emigrants from Karnataka go to
Maharastra.
More than 85 percent of in-migrants are from the neighbouring state of
Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Maharastra and Kerala while, 94 percent
of out-migrants from Karnataka going to the neighbouring state of
Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Kerala and Goa in 2001.
(̂ Cg / / 3
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