migration push factor drive away people pull factor attract people migration chains
TRANSCRIPT
MigrationPush factor
Drive away people
Pull factorAttract people
Migration chains
Migration of Peoples
Prehistoric
Europe to the Americas
African diaspora
Europe to Asia & Oceania
Europe to Africa
Indian
Overseas Chinese
Prehistoric Migrations
European Migrants in 19th Century
African Diaspora
African-American migrations 1940-1950 (left) and 1980-1990
(below).
African-American
Migration Today
2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth
CharacteristicsMany poor, uneducated, unskilled
Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity
Many also highly educated and skilled
Refugees1951 Geneva convention
Asylum
Darfur Refugees, Sudan, 2004
World Refugee Population, 2002Source: U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
International Migration
Increased apprehension in receiving countries “Compassion fatigue”
Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises
EmigrationImportance of remittances
• Mexico = 3rd largest source of foreign exchange
International Migration
Europe as a destination16 million immigrants7-10 percent of host country populationProblems = religion, educationContributions = entrepreneurs
Migration of Asians4-5 million work abroadRemittances importantLoss to home communities
Migration to the US and CanadaUS
Largest migration flow in world is to US10% US population foreign bornImmigration quotas restrict immigrationImplications
• Hispanics as proportion of US population
Canada18.4 percent population foreign born94 percent live in metro areas
Hispanic
Asian
Sou
rce
of U
S I
mm
igra
nts
Sou
rce
of U
S I
mm
igra
nts
Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
0 40000 80000 120000 160000
Mexico
China
India
Philippines
Dominican Republic
Vietnam
Cuba
Jamaica
El Salvador
Korea
Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
2700
335
165
120
105
95
90
70
70
70
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Mexico
El Salvador
Guatemala
Canada
Haiti
Philippines
Honduras
Poland
Nicaragua
Bahamas
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %)
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent
Male Female FemaleMale
Foreign Born Native
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
Percent
Age
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University
New Controversies
Additional costs for public services?
Importing poverty?
Local costs of immigrationCalifornia
“Melting pot” or “cultural mosaic”?
Interregional MigrationsU.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be
impossible. Loss of Industrial Jobs in east complements increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).
Intraregional Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.
Developed Countries: suburbanizationautomobiles and roads‘American Dream’better servicescounterurbanizationidyllic settingscost of land for retirementslow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in
search of work and income.
Urbanization migration from rural areas lack of jobs in countryside lack of services in cities Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list
Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico
Rank City Population1 Tokyo, Japan 28 million2 New York City, United States 20.1 million3 Mexico City, Mexico 18.1 million4 Mumbai, India (Bombay) 18 million5 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17.7 million6 Los Angeles, United States 15.8 million7 Shanghai, China 14.2 million8 Lagos, Nigeria 13.5 million9 Kolkata, India (Calcutta) 12.9 million
10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.5 million