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Miki Okamura Ray Kato Rie Toyokawa

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Meltdown Tsunami Earthquake Magnitude 9 15-meter March 11 th, 2011 (14:46:23)

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Do you think it is useful to apply human security approach to Japans triple disaster? YES!!!

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1. Prevention 2. People-centered 3. Universal 4. Interdependence

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Human security is easier to ensure through early prevention than later intervention. 1. Alleviating the risk of unpredictable natural disasters (earthquakes and tsunami) 2. Minimizing the possibility of forming manmade disasters (nuclear energy) 3. Learning from the past mistakes and preparing for the future disasters Prevention

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alleviating the risk of unpredictable natural disasters Q. Was it really (unpredictable)? Avoiding to consider the worst case scenarios - earthquakes - tsunami Ignoring predictions Prevention

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Japan is one of the most earthquake prone country in the world. 20% of the worlds earthquake with magnitude greater than 6 is in Japan. Fukushima prefecture has the most earthquake in all of Japan. = Wrong location to construct cluster of multiple reactors Prevention

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Japan is the most tsunami prone country in the world Word origin of tsunami Seawall before the crisis = 5.7 m Signs and warnings ignored: - 2008 simulation by TEPCO - 2009 accusation by NISA Cost to build a higher sea wall Prevention

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PM Kan: We did not anticipate such a huge natural disaster could happen. Wise Predictions: - Jinzaburo Takagi (CNIC) predictions in 1996 - 14 lawsuits Oppositions Prevention

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minimizing the possibility of forming manmade disasters Q. Are we victims? Or did we cause it on our own? Wishful thinking: - pride in technology -safety of 100% myth - developed country Shifting blame between TEPCO vs. PM Kan Huge reliance on nuclear energy Prevention

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Contradictions to our pride in high technology - old reactors as old as 40 years 100% myth reassuring safety - no evacuation drill or disaster training Developed country - Difference between rich and poor - it would never happen to us = Accidents happen Prevention

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The battle between TEPCO vs. PM Kan Nuclear Village: blaming PM Kan that it was his order Media: shifting the attention to PM Kan Citizens: many wanted PM Kan to resign = While they were busy blaming one another and the situation further exacerbated Prevention

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Heavy reliance on nuclear energy Nuclear energy = safe, reliable, & cheap Before the crisis: 50 main reactors which provided 30% of the countrys electricity Demand in increasing the number of reactors After the crisis: 50 main reactors were offline for safety checks Wanting to restart again despite the concern of citizens = We can live without nuclear reactors alternate energy resources Prevention

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learning from the past mistakes and preparing for the future disasters Q. What should we do to prepare for future disasters as much as possible? Success from learning from the past mistakes - Kobe earthquake Big earthquake in the very near future Prevention

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Lessons learned from the past - Chernobyl nuclear crisis - Hanshin Awaji Earthquake Never making the same mistake again = prevention Every disaster is different - Fukushima Nuclear Crisis was a multi-location disaster Prevention

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The big earthquake that will occur in 30 years time = 70% chance Estimation of 23,000 deaths & 95.3 trillion yen in damage Predicting as much as possible, enough to mitigate the disaster before it occurs = Good prevention is a solution multiplier in the response phase, and bad prevention is a threat multiplier in response phase. Prevention

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Human security is people-centered It means to prioritize disaster-affected people Seems obvious but often neglected and hard to achieve Looking at two cases in Japans triple disaster TEPCO and the government Housing policy People-centered

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Pre-disaster period: Economic efficiency > Peoples safety To reduce countrys import of natural resources To become self-sufficient on energy Promoted the nuclear energy: 100% safety myth TEPCO and the government in difficult situation to discredit nuclear energy Taboo subject to discuss about preparations for worst case scenario People-centered

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Post-disaster period: Cost of prevention > Peoples safety Ignored the warnings and did not take a preventative step because building higher levees was costly for them Survival of Corporation > Peoples safety Refused to use seawater to cool the reactor because it will make it permanently unusable concealed the contaminated ground water worrying their financial standing in the stock market People-centered

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Being institution-oriented rather than being people- oriented ended up making TEPCO and the government to pay an enormous damage to clean up the mess Which costs more in the end? People-centered Cost of building higher levees Several $100 million Total economic loss of Fukushima accident $500 billion

Prevention People-centered Universal Prioritization of money over protection of security. Long term strategy > short term strategy Human security approach can help us realize what is truly important.

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Despite what we have learned through Japans Triple Disaster, do you think there is a limitation to human security?

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Thank you for listening!