military parade 5

Now that the state has actively formulated and promoted anew set of concepts on safeguarding Russia's security, it is par-ticularly vital to note developments in military theory and prac-tice, which affect the most important strategic interests of ourcountry.

Naturally, one such tendency involves a steady rise in theimportance of military space systems for the preservation ofstability and alignment of forces in the world, as has becomeclear in recent years. As the performance characteristics of mil-itary space systems improve, their contribution to the effectiveoperations of the army and navy becomes more and more sig-nificant and in many cases decisive.

Space systems, which give a warning on a missile attack,keep watch on ground, sea and space targets and territories,provide communication, combat control, navigation, hydrome-teorological, topogeodetical and cartographic support, havealready become an organic part of the army and navy and raise,according to expert estimates, their efficiency by 1.5-2 times.Without space systems it is impossible to realize the new quali-tative potential of the Armed Forces, such as mobility, flexibili-ty, reliance of high-accuracy weapons, small size and economy.

Vital importance is now attached to preventing a surpriseattack. Space systems offer the most effective means for con-tinuously monitoring military preparations on a global scale,detecting an impending threat and quickly transmitting warningand troop control signals.

At the beginning of a new stage in strategic arms reduction,space systems provide a fundamental contribution to solving theproblem of control over the observance of international treatiesand agreements.

Consequently, priority development of military space sys-tems represents a vital and decisive factor for implementing thebasic principles of Russia's new military doctrine.

Characteristically, the Russian Space Forces today are notonly constantly ready for combat use: from day to day and hourto hour they prepare launches of launch vehicles, carryingspacecraft of military, economic, and scientific applications,and control orbital groupings.

Russian Space Forces were set up in August 1992 from thespace units and formations of the Russian Ministry of Defensefor purely defensive aims which boil down to the discharge ofthree main functions: warning about a threat of attack; support-ing operations of the army and navy; deterring aggression inand from space.

Over the past two years we have completed the formation ofthe Space Forces as a centrally subordinated service, formulat-ed its objectives, planned and launched measures to maintainand develop the space infrastructure. May Space Forces pre-serve and multiply Russia's achievements in the field of militaryspace technology and make a substantial contribution to safe-guarding the security of our country and strategic stability in theworld. (

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R U S S I A N S P A C E F O R C E S

1 9 9 4 S E P T E M B E R C O C T O B E RM I L I T A R Y P A R A D E

AE001

OLEG LOBOVSecretary

Security Council of the Russian Federation

DEAR READERS:

he reforms in thecountry and theArmed Forces havesignificantly exacer-bated the need toreview theapproach adoptedto Armed Forcesbuilding and, inparticular, establishwithin their struc-ture some militaryformations respon-

sible for the development and uti-lization of space forces manpow-er and resources. A logical resultinvolved the establishment of theSpace Forces as a centrally sub-ordinated arm of the ArmedForces. The Space Forces wereset up in August 1992 on the

basis of the manpower andresources of the Ministry ofDefense of the RussianFederation. Their establishmentreflects the objective process ofthe growing influence of theemployment of space weapons onthe preparation and conduct ofarmed struggle.

The Space Forces play a keyrole in Russia's space activities.They deploy and maintain in reg-ulation make-up and serviceablecondition orbital groupings ofspace systems, which provide astrategic warning on the prepara-tion and unleashing of aggressionin different spheres of militaryconfrontation, monitoring ofcompliance with the appropriatetreaties and agreements and the

creation of the requisite condi-tions to achieve a new qualitativelevel of operational support forthe troops. These tasks cannot besolved without the Space Forces,entrusted with the entire potentialof launching systems and a con-siderably part of space vehiclecontrol facilities. The spaceforces also carry out a set ofmeasures to ensure that Russiapursues an independent spacepolicy. As the Space Forces areequipped with up-to-date, highlyefficient space weapons, incorpo-rating all the achievements ofmodern science and technology,ground space infrastructure cre-ated on Russian territory, andmore than thirty years' spaceexperience, they can both solve

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S P A C E F O R C E SO F T H E M I N I S T R Y O F D E F E N S EO F T H E R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N

$ V l a d i m i r I v a n o v $

C o l o n e l G e n e r a l , C o m m a n d e r o f t h e S p a c e F o r c e s o f t h e R u s s i a nF e d e r a t i o n , D o c t o r o f M i l i t a r y S c i e n c e s

T1



AE002

The Space Forces play a key role inRussia's space activities. They deploy andmaintain in regulation make-up and ser-viceable condition orbital groupings ofspace systems, which provide a strategicwarning on the preparation and unleashingof aggression in different spheres of mili-tary confrontation, monitoring of compli-ance with the appropriate treaties andagreements and the creation of the requi-site conditions to achieve a new qualita-tive level of operational support for thetroops.

Vladimir Ivanov

military tasks and play a directrole in ensuring the implementa-tion of the research and econom-ic plans of the Russian Federationand international space coopera-tion programs.

At present the Space Forcesare equipped with modern spacesystems, observation, early bal-listic missile launch warning,command and communications,navigational, topogeodesy, mete-orology complexes and space-craft launch and control systems.They constitute the main cus-tomer for military and dual pur-

pose space systems as well asthe leading executor of allRussian space programs andinternational programs, carriedout in Russia.

The Space Forces incorporatethree cosmodromes, Plesetsk,Baikonur (in Kazakhstan) andSvobodny (under construction),A.F. Mozhaisky Military SpaceEngineering Academy (Order ofthe Red Banner), the main testand control center, the CentralResearch Institute, and logisticunits.

A significant number of indus-

trial and scientific organizationswork under orders from theSpace Forces, including suchfamous firms as the S.P. Korolev'Energia' Research andProduction Association (NPO),Central Engineering ResearchInstitute, M.V. Khrunichev SpaceResearch-and-Industrial Center,NPO Applied Mechanics, ElasResearch and ProductionCorporation, AerospaceCorporation 'Polyot', RussianInstitute of Radio Navigation andTime, Russian Space Instrument-Making Research Institute,Central Specialized DesignBureau, S.A. Lavochkin NPO,joint stock company MNIIRS,M.V. Frunze Design Bureau'Arsenal,' 'Yuzhnoye' DesignBureau, GosTsNIRTI (CentralState Rocketry ResearchInstitute), Thermal ProcessesResearch Institute, NPO'Khartron,' General EngineeringDesign' Bureau, KhimavtomatikaDesign Bureau, NPO MeasuringEquipment and NPO Machine-building.

The Space Forces constitutethe only formation in the CIS con-cerned with the placement oforders to manufacture space-craft, launch vehicles, boosters,spacecraft control-and-monitor-ing facilities and various equip-ment to prepare and launchspacecraft at defense sectorenterprises and accomplishes thetasks of preparing, launching andcontrolling spacecraft of all kindsof application orbited from cos-modromes located in Russia andthe Republic of Kazakhstan.

Plesetsk CosmodromeThis erstwhile secret facility

of the Space Forces dates backto 1957. Within a short time,launching complexes and manyinfrastructural facilities were builtfor the first three combat units.The cosmodrome is used to

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В О Е Н Н Ы Й П А Р А Д


AE002

1.

The central command

post of Russian

Space Forces

2.

The Soyuz launch

vehicle at the Gagarin

launch complex of

cosmodrome

Baikonur

launch light and medium launchvehicles. Since 1967 spacecraftlaunches have been conductedunder international cooperationprograms.

During the existence of thecosmodrome, about 1,500spacecraft, or 60% of their total,have been prepared and placedin orbit, including satellites ofmilitary, scientific and economicapplication.

Baikonur CosmodromeBuilders hammered in the

first peg on the Kazakh steppenear Tyura-Tam in 1954. Thismarked the beginning ofBaikonur Cosmodrome. The firstlaunches of rockets were held in1957.

Today Baikonur is a scientificand technological complex,boasting the most recent equip-ment. Its center is located in bar-ren terrain on a bank of the Syr-Darya. About 40 launch vehiclesare launched annually.

The cosmodrome has ninelaunching complexes with 14launchers, 34 engineering com-

plexes and three filling stationsfor the preparation and launch oflaunch vehicles, as well asworld's largest oxygen and nitro-gen plant.

Svobodny CosmodromeThe main facilities of the cos-

modrome will be located inSvobodny district, Amur Region,Khabarovsk Territory, lat. 51° 40'and 50° N; long. 128°-128° 30' E.

The geographic location ofthe new Russian cosmodrome,optimally approximated to theequator, is economically expedi-ent, when injecting a payload intoworking orbit. The presence of adeveloped infrastructure enablesRussia to create a new cosmod-rome within a short time at mini-mum cost.

At the first stage of the cos-modrome's construction, some ofthe existing silo launchers, trans-ferred to the Space Forces afterthe disbandment under SALT-2

Treaty of a missile division sta-tioned in this region and thestructures of the maintenancearea and control and communica-tions system will be used tolaunch light launch vehicles witha minimum amount of modifica-tions.

A ground complex for theAngara, a 21st century launchvehicle, using ecologically cleanfuel, will be built at the secondphase.

During a visit toBlagoveshchensk, PresidentBoris Yeltsin backed the idea ofcreating a new space harbor inAmur Region.

At present the Space Forcesutilize an extensive fleet of light,medium and heavy class rockets,capable of orbiting payloads ofmilitary, scientific and economicapplication.Automated Ground Control

ComplexControl of both military and

civilian spacecraft in all stages offlight, and guaranteed receptionfrom the spacecraft and distribu-tion to users of scientific, meteo-rological, communications, topo-geodetic and other types of infor-mation - these are the responsi-bilities of the automated groundcontrol complex (AGCC) of theRussian Space Forces. The AGCCis an aggregate of technicalmeans and facilities of control

centers and posts, instrumenta-tion control complexes, and infor-mation and software systems,designed to shape ground space-craft control complexes and auto-mate the processes behind theirfunctioning.

AGCC incorporates fixed andmobile facilities for the exchangeof program control, telemetricand navigational information withspacecraft, communication andautomatic data collection and

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AE002

3.

The antenna system

of the command-

measuring post at

cosmodrome

Baikonur

4.

The Soyuz launch

vehicle in the assem-

bly-test complex at

cosmodrome in

Plesetsk

handling means placed at themain command station, in theflight control centers of space-craft of varying application and atinstrumentation control centers,linked by communication lines.

Until 2000, a dual-purposenavigational and geodetic space

complex, Glonass, will be used toaccomplish the tasks of naviga-tional support for users and carryout geodetic measurements.Simultaneously a navigationalsystem called Cicada, based onlow-altitude Nadezhda satellites,will be operated. To organizereal-time television reports fromany point on the globe, two-wayexchanges of video informationand television linkups, andensure prompt telephone links inan emergency or during natural

disasters in virtually inaccessibleregions, including places outsideRussia, a Luch communicationssatellite is planned. A specialcommunications satellite will beused to provide telephone linksand high-speed data transferunder the Sokol satellite commu-

nications system. It is alsoassumed that channels of Radugaand Molniya-3 satellite communi-cation retransmitters will beemployed in Stage One networksof international communication aspart of operations by the StateCommercial Corporation'Marathon.' Space meteorologyand environmental monitoringprovides for the creation of a two-tier weather-observation systemcalled Planeta, involving Meteor-3 satellites and the geostationary

weather satellite Electro.The Space Forces have accu-

mulated a valuable back-log,incorporating the best achieve-ments in the country's scienceand technology.

Key space technologies arebeing developed to design andmanufacture such wide-rangingitems as electric power plants;engines and power plants; datacollection, processing and stor-age facilities, including highlyefficient computer hardware;optical equipment encompassingvisible, infrared and ultravioletbands; a variety of electromag-netic sensors; an element basefor decimetric, millimetric- waveand optical band communicationmeans and systems; scannersand antenna-feeder devices;laser and accelerator equipment;

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AE002

5.

The Cyclone launch

vehicle at the

launch complex of

cosmodrome

Plesetsk

CYCLONE CYCLONE-M COSMOS SOCMOS-M ROKOT NEVA SOYUZ MOLNIYA ZENITH SOYUZ-2K PROTON PROTON-M ANGARA

3.6 2.9 1.5 1.8 1.85 5.0 7.1 1.9* 13.2 6.8 20.6 22.0 24.0

13.7

2.4 3.0 3.5-5.0

Plesetsk Baikonur Plesetsk Plesetsk Svobodny Plesetsk Baikonur Plesetsk Plesetsk Plesetsk Baikonur Baikonur Plesetsk

Baikonur Svobodny

1998 1996 after 2000 1998 in operation 1998 2000-2001

AUTOMATED GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX

ICCKrasnoye Selo

PlesetskCosmodrome

ICC ShchelkovoICC Vorkuta

Baikonur Cosmodrome

ICC Kolpashevo

ICC Yakutsk

ICC Yelizovo

ICC Solnechny

Khorol

Galenki ICC

SvobodnyCosmodromeICC Yeniseisk

ICC Barnaul ICC Ulan-Ude

ICC (Instrumentation Control Center)

ICC ShchelkovoGolitsyno-2 FlightControl Center

ICC MaloyaroslavetsMoscow Central Command

Post

i n o p e r a t i o n i n o p e r a t i o n

Hcrl=200PLDmass(t) GSOCOSMODROME

Start of operation

*Highly elliptical orbitGSO - geostationary orbit

building materials, substances,special coatings and adhesives.

Most of the new technologiesdeveloped and mastered in theproduction of space equipmentbear a sufficiently general char-acter: less than 10% of themhave a clearly expressed specialsignificance.

The contemporary potential ofthe space industry (technological,production and experimentalfacilities) and domestic spacetechnologies can be extensivelyused to design and manufacturearms and military equipment, inscience, the national economyand international cooperation.

The Space Forces' equipmentis uniquely global and providesrapid response. It is used to solvethe most diverse tasks morecheaply than non-space means ofsimilar application.

The employment of the spacesystems and complexes of theSpace Forces of Russia, coupledwith the improved efficiency ofthe national Armed Forces, servesas a powerful factor behind thestabilization of the internationalsituation and deterrence andcontributes to the reinforcementof confidence building measures,broader understanding betweencountries and greater internation-al cooperation.

The activity of the SpaceForces of the Ministry of Defenseof the Russian Federation in thecreation and use of space equip-ment guarantees access forRussia to outer space and facili-tates its continuing status as aworld space power. (

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AE002

PLESETSK COSMODROME

BAIKONUR COSMODROME

SVOBODNY COSMODROME

natoly Fedorovich,what role does theMain Center forSpace MeansTesting and Use(MCSMTU) inPlesetsk play in thestructure ofRussia's SpaceForces today?Naturally, thequestion is dictatedby problems con-

nected with the Baikonur cosmod-rome.

- A historical survey will revealthat during the most recent two

decades the cosmodrome inPlesetsk played and still plays avery special role in space explo-ration, yielding considerable posi-tive results. The total number ofspace vehicles (SV) launched fromBaikonur and Plesetsk is dividedbetween the two at 1/3 to 2/3 cor-respondingly. Plesetsk accountedfor at least two thirds of thelaunches of all space vehicles formilitary purposes.

It is well known that Russiaand Kazakhstan have signed anagreement on use of the Baikonurcosmodrome at summit level.However, in order to avoid someunforeseen difficulties, related tothe launches of SVs, particularlymilitary-purpose SVs from the ter-

ritory of another state, today themain emphasis is laid on thetransfer of a number of spaceprograms, military ones in partic-ular, to the cosmodrome inPlesetsk, which has the requisitefacilities, as a competent recon-naissance committee has estab-lished. Such a move shall requiremoney. Once it had been allocat-ed, the programs transferred fromBaikonur to Plesetsk can beimplemented within the next two-four years. This provides a keyrole for the MCSMTU in theRussian Federation's SpaceForces tasks. The role of our cos-modrome will also grow, due to SVlaunches in the interests of inter-national cooperation, the econo-my and Russian science.

- Our second question followson from the first one. It deals withthe direct future prospects of thecenter. Your headquarters is dec-orated with a slogan: the textreads: "1994 is the year for theSpace Forces to build up and pre-pare Russia's guaranteed accessto outer space". Will you explainthe message of the slogan?

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O N T H E F R O N T L I N E$ I n t e r v i e w w i t h M a j o r - G e n e r a l A n a t o l y O v c h i n n i k o v , H e a d o f

t h e M a i n C e n t e r f o r S p a c e M e a n s T e s t i n g a n d U s e ( P l e s e t s k ) $

T a k e n b y G e o r g e L y s s e n k o

A1



AE003

A historical survey will reveal that during the mostrecent two decades the cosmodrome in Plesetskplayed and still plays a very special role in spaceexploration, yielding considerable positive results.The total number of space vehicles (SV) launchedfrom Baikonur and Plesetsk is divided between thetwo at 1/3 to 2/3 correspondingly.

AnatolyOvchinnikov

- I have already said that thereconnaissance committee con-siders it expedient to transfer anumber of space programs fromBaikonur to Plesetsk. This stephas been coordinated with chiefdesigners in the defense industryspace sector. The government'sdecision should come next. If it ismade this year, we are ready tostart the first stage in the imple-mentation of programs originallydesigned for Baikonur in 1995.We are convinced that such adecision will be taken. Russianeeds a cosmodrome it can useirrespective of other states' will.Even now the Space ForcesCommand and the cosmodromepersonnel are already working onpreparing the future.

- Please characterize thePlesetsk cosmodrome infrastruc-ture.

- The Plesetsk cosmodromeboasts a rather intricate infra-

structure which enables us to fulfilscientific, economic and militaryprograms by launching spacevehicles into low polar and near-polar orbits. For this purpose, weuse high-latitude launch complex-es, which generally predeterminethe choice of the cosmodrome'scurrent location.

The Plesetsk cosmodrome hasnine launch complexes for fourtypes of launch vehicles ("Soyuz","Molniya", "Tsiklon", "Cosmos")as well as seven technical com-plexes, including installation andtesting blocks, transportation anderection units and other launchvehicle, space preparation andlaunch support means.

Underground rocket propel-lant component depots and tech-nical and technological prepara-tion systems are located in thevicinity of the launch complexes.In addition there is the town ofMyrny, where officers and theirfamilies live. All of the aforemen-tioned make up the Plesetsk cos-

modrome. I would like to add thatmost staff are graduates of theA.F. Mozhaisky Military Academy.During the past two years none ofthem has applied for retirement.This fact says a lot: the level ofissues solved, prospects, socialsector.

- A great deal has been writtenabout the new Svobodny cosmod-rome in the Far East. How will thePlesetsk and Svobodny cosmod-romes divide up the spheres ofactivity?

- Geographically Svobodny ison the same parallel withBaikonur. It ensures the leastenergy-consuming launch ofheavy class rockets - of "Proton"type - into geostationary orbit.Meanwhile we will deal with thesmaller and medium class rockets.

- What can you say about theinternational programs yourCenter is involved in?

- During the past few years wecarried out tests of SVs in cooper-ation with Bulgaria, the former

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AE003

1.

A "Cosmos" launch

vehicle in the

assembly-test com-

plex of cosmodrome

Plesetsk

2,3.

Assembly work on

the "Soyuz" launch

vehicle

4.

"Foton-9" satellite,

which was chosen

for the accomplish-

ment of "Gezon"

Russian-French

experiment

Czechoslovakia, Italy, Germany,Poland. Judging by specialistsfrom these countries, the work ofour officers and representativesof manufacturing plants deservesthe highest praise. They hold justas high an opinion of our machin-

ery and the Plesetsk cosmodromeas a whole.

Productive cooperation pro-vides new impetus to the devel-opment of the space industry,science, technology and theeconomy. It is also economicallyprofitable for us, as it takes thesting out of many problems,including social ones. TheRussian-French experiment"Gezon" serves a good exampleof the mutually advantageouscooperation, our Center main-tains with foreign partners. In1991 the French Space Agency(KNES), Glavkosmos and "Splav"(Alloy) technological centersigned an agreement to carry outthe "Gezon" space experiment ina bid to produce high-qualitysemi-conductor crystals, whichcould subsequently serve on the

Earth as a basis for high-preci-sion electronic equipment. TheRussian "Foton-9" satellite,launched from the Plesetsk cos-modrome, was used for thisexperiment.

On the French side the exper-iment was prepared by specialistsfrom the Toulouse KNES centerand Grenoble Center of NuclearResearch Agency.

On completion of the experi-ment, the crystals from space willbe equally divided betweenRussian and French scientistsand independently tested at labo-ratories in Moscow and Grenoble.

"Gezon" experiments havenever been carried out in outerspace: consequently, scientistsfrom many countries look forwardto its results with interest.

- Are any space programsbeen conducted jointly via theCIS?

- Not for the time being. Butthey are sure to emerge in future.

- To end our interview, whatwould you like to say to our read-ers?

- "Military Parade" is pub-lished by the military industrialcomplex. This has given me thefollowing idea. Russia can be agreat power, only if it has well-trained Armed Forces providedwith modern equipment and awell-developed defense industry.Whatever difficulties Russia facesat present, we look forward to thefuture with optimism, because weare convinced Russia will fullyrestore its potential. We have allthe grounds for believing this tobe true. (

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AE003

5.

Servicewomen at

cosmodrome

Plesetsk

6.

Works at the assembly-

test complex

7.

Construction of a new

launch complex at cos-

modrome Plesetsk

he A.F. MozhaiskyMilitary SpaceE n g i n e e r i n gAcademy in St.Petersburg is aunique polytechnicmilitary educationalinstitution of theRussian armedforces and a largescientific researchcenter. Its re-estab-lishment andgrowth is associatedwith such outstand-

ing names in Russian science andthe Russian armed forces as M.V.Lomonosov, D.I. Mendeleyev,N.E. Zhukovsky and Field MarshalM.I. Kutuzov. The academy hasconsiderable experience in thetraining of highly qualified engi-neer officers for the Air Force andthe Strategic Missile Forces.Today the academy aims to trainengineer officers for the RussianDefense Ministry's space unitsand conduct scientific researchwork in military space areas.

Its students and cadets majorin 28 specialities in the commandfaculty, and in engineering spe-

cialization faculties: launch vehi-cle and spacecraft design, con-trol systems and computer tech-nology, radio electronics, engi-neering and technical, data col-lection and processing, and auto-matic control and communica-tions systems.

Research and teaching staffare subjected to pre-doctoral andgraduate student training. Sixdissertation councils have beenset up in the academy to awardscientific degrees (four doctoraland two master-of-science).

The academy's scientistsconduct research on a wide rangeof problems, associated with thebuild-up of knowledge aboutspace, perfection of space equip-ment and space exploration. Theworks of the academy'sresearchers have found wideapplications in the armed forcesand industry, and are publishedabroad.

Today more than 30 scientificschools have formed in the acad-emy, which focuses on the basicproblems of space research.Members of the academy's facul-ty annually file over 200 patentapplications for discoveries: aconsiderable share of them arethen implemented. Over the lastthirty years 150 doctors and morethan 900 masters of science havebeen trained for space engineer-ing research. The title of MeritedSpace and Technology Worker ofRussia has been conferred on 35academy scientists. The acade-my's developments have won

more than 300 contest medals.Owing to the level of the researchand laboratory facilities of theacademy, their tooling with themost up-to-date equipment andthe potential implementation oflarge-scale profound scientificinvestigations, the academy pro-poses cooperation on joint scien-tific studies on space conversionsubjects to interested nationaland foreign military educationalinstitutions and scientific organi-zations.

The joint training of scientificpersonnel in space engineering atthe A.F. Mozhaisky Military SpaceEngineering Academy and similareducational institutions of inter-ested countries, on the basis ofparity exchanges of trainees ordelegations of research workers,involving study or practical train-ing, could play a special role. Theacademy has the facilities toorganize classes with trainees ona modern research-and-teachinglevel, using the most effectivemethods of instruction and scien-tific activity. A regular exchangeof scientific information is possi-ble on different issues of the con-version of space engineering. (

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N A T I O N A LA S S E T

$ L e o n i d K i z i m $

L i e u t e n a n t - G e n e r a l , C h i e f o f t h e A . F .M o z h a i s k y M i l i t a r y S p a c e E n g i n e e r i n g

A c a d e m y , P i l o t C o s m o n a u t

T

1



AE004

Leonid Kizim

CONTACT US :13 Zhdanovskaya St.

St. Petersburg, Russia, 197082Phone: (812) 235-8874

(812) 235-8723

o achieve more effi-cient application andconversion use ofspace systems, andtechnologies, orga-nize interaction withcustomers, providethem with informa-tion and sciencemethodology ser-vices and promoteinternational cooper-ation, a Coordination

Scientific-Information Center hasbeen set up in the Space Forcesby Presidential Order.

The Center aims to organizeand accomplish work on the effi-cient application of the Glonassspace navigation system in theinterests of the fighting services

of the Russian armed forces anddomestic and foreign civilianusers.

Glonass, a second generationspace navigation system,ensures:

- globality, that is, the possi-bility to make all-weather naviga-tional fixes at any point of theglobe or near-Earth space at anytime of day;

- promptness, or the perfor-mance of navigational fixes withina minimum time, the error of theusers' time scale to the statescale of standard time amountingto no more than one microsec-ond;

- the precision of navigationalfixes with an error of no morethan 50-100 meters, and velocitycomponents of no less than 15cm/s, maximum errors in a differ-ential mode of operation, notexceeding several meters, and

- the independence of naviga-tional fixes made for differentusers. The first spacecraft inthe Glonass series was launchedinto orbit on October 12, 1982.

The network of navigationalspacecraft continued to be builtup at a rate of 1-2 launches peryear. In 1993 the system, com-prising 12 satellites, was accept-ed for operation. It ensuresalmost continuous global two-dimensional fixes and discreteglobal three-dimensional fixes.

The orbital group of the sys-tem, to be fully deployed by1995, will consist of 24 satellitesin circular orbits with an inclina-tion of 64.8 degrees, an altitudeof 19,100 km and period of revo-lution of 11 hours 15 minutes.The satellites will be positioned inthree orbital planes, eight satel-lites in each plane, spaced apartin longitude by 120 degrees. Thisorbital arrangement will help cre-ate a continuous radio navigation-al field over the Earth's surfaceup to 2,000 km high. The user willbe able to receive at any momentradio navigational signals from atleast four satellites forming aconfiguration close to optimal inrelation to the user.

In its characteristics Glonassis as good as its American coun-terpart, GPS. However, the con-structional features of the systemGlonass, stemming from a higherinclination of the orbits of naviga-tional spacecraft, compared withGPS (GPS orbits' inclinationbeing about 55 degrees), permithigh-precision navigational fixesin higher latitudes than the

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G L O N A S S ,S P A C E N A V I G A T I O N S Y S T E M

$ M i k h a i l L e b e d e v $

C o l o n e l , C h i e f o f t h e S p a c e F o r c e sC o o r d i n a t i o n S c i e n t i f i c - I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r

T1



AE005

The Russian space system Glonass was commissioned bythe Ministry of Defense at the beginning of the 1970sand set up by a large partnership of organizations. Thenucleus comprised the Scientific and IndustrialAssociation of Applied Mechanics, the Russian Researchinstitute of Space Instrument-Making and the RussianInstitute of Navigation and Time.

Mikhail Lebedev

American system.In addition the Glonass system does

not incorporate a regime, where naviga-tional information used by civilian cus-tomers is desensitized (the so-calledselective access regime, used with theGPS version). The precision of fixesunder the Glonass system, is about 1.5-2times higher.

The similarity between the Glonassand GPS systems in orbital grouping bal-listic design and navigational radio sig-nals makes it possible to develop naviga-tion aids for a user operating on signalsof both systems. Such work is being car-ried out by many domestic and for-eign enterprises, with experiencein the development of navigationaids for Glonass and GPS.

The joint use of the radio nav-igational fields of the Russian andAmerican systems opens up tothe civilian community traditionaland fundamentally new spheresof their application. It provides aunique means of determiningcoordinates, time and velocity interms of precision, reliability andcontinuity.

These great advantages canbe obtained from using these twosatellite systems for the purposesof aircraft navigation. TheInternational Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) has approved a long-term air traffic system, based on commu-nication, navigation and observationsatellite systems. A decision, moreover,was made to use Glonass and GPS aselements of a global navigation satellitesystem (GNSS), and recommendationswere elaborated on joint utilization ofthese systems in a bid to enhance theprecision, reliability and integrity of navi-gational servicing. Global navigationsatellite systems may in time become theonly means of en route aircraft navigationin airfield zones, and also, with an appro-priate functional addition, in the perfor-

mance of a precision landing approachand the landing itself.

Proposals are currently being workedout to create differential Glonass networkbased on the Space Forces infrastruc-ture, the future nucleus of a three-leveldifferential subsystem, which also incor-porates departmental and local differen-tial networks. The CoordinationScientific-Information Center is ready toassist all interested organizations in thedevelopment of new space technologiesand equipment and is also counting onproductive cooperation in the interests ofpeaceful space exploration. (

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AE005

SPACE NAVIGATION SYSTEM GLONASS

SPECIFICATIONS OF GLOBAL SPACE NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM GLONASS

Accuracy of navigational position fixes, mAccuracy of determination of user's velocity vector components, m/sAccuracy of tying ephemeris to world Greenwich time, msTime needed to carry out:-first navigational fix, min-subsequent navigational fixes, s

Quantity of users

no less than 100no less than 0.155

from 1 to 3from 1 to 10(depending onnavigational equipment,employed by user)unlimited

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GLONASS SPACECRAFT

Mass, kgDiameter, mLength with a deployed magnetometer rod, mWidth with deployed solar batteries, mFrequency range of transmitter signals, megacycles per secondReceived signal power, Db·WData transmission speed, bit/sLaunch vehicle used for injection into orbit

Launching cosmodrome

about 1,3002,3507,8407,2301,602.6 to 1,615.5-(156 to 161)50 Proton with D booster stageBaikonur

GPS NAVSTAR GPS NAVSTARGPS NAVSTAR

NAVIGATIONALSIGNALS

SYSTEM CON-TROL CENTER

GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX

COORDINATION SCIENTIFIC-INFORMATION CENTER

Additional technologicalinformation

Scientific-methodologicalinformation

Scientific-methodologicalinformation

USERS

COMMAND, PROGRAMAND NAVIGATIONAL

INFORMATION

he conversion ofmilitary technolo-gies constitutesone of the salientfeatures of thepast few years,stemming from asharp relaxation ofthe Cold War andimplementation ofa number of inter-state arms reduc-tion and elimina-

tion programs.I would like to stress here in

particular the importance of suchan industry as the special chem-istry and technology of ammuni-tion (more precisely - the chem-

istry and technology of rocketpropellants): the Soviet Unionand above all Russia, played anextremely important role.

Let me cite a few strikingexamples of the conversion ofsolid propellant technologies.

By developing and masteringin the early 1970s a new chlorine-free high-energy oxidizer, ammo-nium dinitramide (ADN), and con-comitant solid propellants, Russiagained indubitable priority in thisfield. The traditional propellants,which are widely used in all mostprestigious space-rocket sys-tems, such as the Space Shuttle(USA) and Arianne (France),incorporate a classical oxidizer -

ammonium perchlorate, whichforms during burning extremelytoxic and environmentally (includ-ing for the ozone layer) danger-ous chlorine derivatives and,above all, hydrogen chloride. Tolaunch a Space Shuttle after thework of two booster engines,more than 200 tons of hydrogenchloride is released to the earthand into the atmosphere.

The formation of hydrogenchloride, as the classical solidrocket propellants burn, is themost difficult problem in the elim-ination of operational-tactical andstrategic missile systems.President Boris Yeltsin appreciat-ed the importance of this problemduring his visit to the firm LNPOSoyuz, and made a statement

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M I S S I L E T E C H N O L O G I E SC O N V E R S I O N

$ Z i n o v y P a k $

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l o f t h e L y u b e r t s y R e s e a r c h a n d I n d u s t r i a l A s s o c i a t i o n' S o y u z ' ( L N P O S o y u z ) , A c a d e m i c i a n o f t h e R u s s i a n A c a d e m y o f

N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s

T

1



AE006

It should be noted here that, despite budgetary constraintsin Russia on normal financial support for the conversionprocess, a number of industries have achieved serious suc-cess, providing a real chance to solve Russia's domesticsocial problems and making a serious claim on internationalmarket share.

Zinovy Pak

about the need to reach intergov-ernmental agreement on furtherdevelopment of solid-propellantrocketry, above all for commer-cial purposes, using the environ-mentally-sound ADN oxidizer.

The table provides a strikingillustration of the broad vistasopening up before the Russian(Class IV-VII) environment-friend-ly ADN-oxidizer propellants. It isabsolutely clear that they solvethe ecological problem and dras-tically enhance propellant energy.

An important thrust in theconversion of the solid-propellanttechnology concerns the devel-opment of Freon-free environ-ment-friendly systems of fire-smothering and blast prevention,based on aerosol-generatingsolid compounds. This form offirefighting is based on the use ofthe pronounced ability of super-tiny solid particles to snap thechain reactions of afterburning inan atmosphere of incompletedecomposure products of thematerials burning in a fire.

Tiny particles are formedwhen the specially developedsolid compounds burn.

This method is one of the

alternatives for the substitution ofrefrigerants, and in service prop-erties (the absence of pipelinesand regulators, the high level ofenvironmental and toxicologicalsafety, compactness, etc.) it hasno equal.

Amassed experience in prac-tical use of Freon-free firefightingsystems implies that these facili-ties will find wide application inthe protection of electronic andelectrical equipment, all types ofcars, railway, sea and river trans-port, aircraft, helicopters, ther-mal and nuclear power plants, theproduction facilities of the oil andgas extracting and refining sec-tor, mining plants, etc.

Drawing on my own experi-ence, I remain convinced of theneeds to create new firefightingsystems: the market is constantlyexpanding for these products andthe developments of Russiancompanies (the Purga project, forinstance) will be on a highdemand internationally.

The developed original largepulse magnetohydrodynamicsolid-plasma-fuel installations aremarked by high efficiency whenused for oil and gas prospectingand exploration, long-term quakeforecasting and oil-well yield aug-mentation.

And here is a really fantasticsounding idea: the creation ofdiamonds from rocket propel-lants. The superhard syntheticmaterial (diamond), obtained bydetonation synthesis, and theoriginal technique used to obtainon its basis abrasive diamondtools of different sizes, with aporosity-regulated working sur-face of any configuration, findever greater application duringthe processing of very hard; diffi-cultly-processable materials toobtain a work surface of a highclass of purity in the machinetool, aircraft, shipbuilding and

optical industries.LNPO Soyuz has drafted an

extensive program for usingsolid-propellant technologies tomanufacture civilian products. Aswell as the aforementioned, theirrange includes:

- propulsion systems and gasgenerators for space-rocket sys-tems and space vehicles (emer-gency rescue, soft landing, orbit-to-orbit transfer, descent-from-orbit and other systems);

- gas generators for resusci-tating and increasing the yield ofoil wells;

- drilling rocket apparatuses;- shaped charges for cutting

large-sized constructions andstructures;

- color plasma smokelessfirework compounds of anenhanced entertainment quality.

Owing to the achievements ofLNPO Soyuz over the past fewyears, engendered by very suc-cessful utilization of the scientificand industrial potential accumu-lated in work with solid rocketpropellants, the President issueda decree on the creation of aFederal Dual Technologies Center"Soyuz" at the LyubertsyResearch and IndustrialAssociation. The center has beencreated to acknowledge and alsoelaborate practical measures ofsupport for dual technologies.

We are ready to consider allforms of mutually beneficial busi-ness cooperation with partners athome and abroad. (

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AE006

Address:6 Sovetskaya St.,

Dzerzhinsky, MoscowRegion, Russia 140056.

Phone:(095) 172-2692, 551-7000.

Fax: (095) 175-2494

1 AP+AL+HC AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HYDROCARBONBINDER (HC)

PRINCIPLE TYPES OF SOLID PROPELLANTS

TABLE 2

TYPES BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS

2 AP+AL+HMX+HC AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HMX+HYDROCAR-BON BINDER (HC)

3 AP+AL+HMX+NE AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HMX+NITRATE ESTERBINDER (NE)

4 AN+AL+HMX+NE AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN)+AL+HMX+NITRATE ESTERBINDER (NE)

5 AD+AL+HC AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+AL+ HYDROCARBONBINDER (HC)

6 AD+AL+ALH3+HC AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+AL+ALH3+HYDROCARBONBINDER (HC)

7 AD+ ALH3+NE AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+ ALH3+ NITRATE ESTERBINDER (NE)

I II III IV V VI VII

0.2

0.1

0.0

PROPELLANT TYPES

ENERGY AND ECOLOGICAL PROPERTIESOF SOLID PROPELLANTS

SP

EC

IFIC

IM

PU

LS

,N

•s

/kg

MA

SS

FR

AC

TIO

N O

F H

CL

3000

2900

2800

2700

2600

2500

FIG.2

une 4, 1994marked the 35thanniversary of theestablishment atKrasnoyarsk-26(lately renamedZhe leznogorsk)of a branch of theE x p e r i m e n t a lDesign Bureau-1,headed byAcademician S.P.Korolev andeventually trans-

formed into the AppliedMechanics Research andProduction Association (NPOPM): the head designer enter-

prise of space vehicles for com-munication, telecasting, relaying,navigation and geodetic purpos-es.

The first space product of theAssociation was a launch vehiclefor small and medium-sizedspacecraft (designated 11K65,current designation - "Cosmos").

Later, this same launch vehi-cle was used for putting intoorbits of 600 to 1,500 km a wholeseries of Cosmos satellites,developed by the associationtogether with other enterprises.

The modernized rocket is stilloperational.

In 1965 Korolev decided to

pass on to Krasnoyarsk the"Molniya-1" communicationsatellite for serial production,which we repeatedly modernized.This satellite is still used in com-munication systems. Later, in1974, the association developeda more powerful communicationsatellite, "Molniya-3", with aretransmitter working in the cen-timeter wave range.

During those years we alsoworked to reach high circularorbits, leading to the develop-ment of the first Soviet geosta-tionary satellites: "Raduga"(1975) and "Gorizont" (1977)types.

Using "Molniya-3", "Raduga"and "Gorizont" satellites we putinto operation the IntegratedSatellite CommunicationsSystem. As well as its use for theneeds of the economy andnational defense, it ensures

direct communication betweenthe President of Russia and theUSA.

The ground control facilitiesof Russia are located only on itsown territory: this factor sets cer-tain limitations on the duration ofcommunication with bothunmanned satellites and long-term orbiting stations andreusable spacecraft. Theserestrictions could be lifted byrelay satellites in geostationaryorbits: for this purpose we devel-oped the "Luch" satellite in 1985.The "Luch" can also be used forcommercial purposes for thetransmitter of television and other

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C O S M I C H E I G H T S$ M i k h a i l R e s h e t n e v $

G e n e r a l D e s i g n e r a n d G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r o f t h e A p p l i e d M e c h a n i c sR e s e a r c h a n d P r o d u c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , A c a d e m i c i a n

J

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AE007

As of July 1994, we had 114 of our space vehiclesworking in space: 87 were used in the interests ofdefense and the national economy, while the other 27were in orbital reserve.

Michail Reshetnev

messages. There is notably thepossibility of joint manufacture ofnews-broadcasting stations witheventual access to the world mar-ket. At present, the central suchstation is mounted at theOstankino TV center in Moscow,while news-broadcasting stationsare operating in Moscow and St.Petersburg, as well as inWashington and Cleveland (USA).In 1995 we plan to launch the"Luch-2" modification of the orig-inal satellite.

To replace the first-genera-tion "Tsikada" navigation systemand other outdated elements ofthe COSPAS-SARSAT internation-al search-and-rescue system, weare developing the modernized"Tsikada-M-UTTX" modification.

The tasks of high-precision

global location and coordinatefixation are tackled by space sys-tems, based on the "GEO-IK" and"Glonass" satellites, developedby NPO PM, together with theRussian Space InstrumentResearch Institute, Russian RadioNavigation and Time Institute andsome joint ventures, and com-missioned in 1985 and 1993,respectively.

Together with the PrecisionInstruments Research andProduction Association, NPO PMis developing the low-orbit"Gonets" E-mail communicationsystem, consisting of 36 smallsatellites working in circularorbits with an altitude of about1,500 km.

The first stage of this system(Gonets-D1) consisting of 12satellites is about to be deployed.The variants of cooperation todevelop and deploy the said sys-tem encompass various spheresof activities from joint manufac-ture of user's terminals to thedevelopment of users' networks.

As part of its development ofmore advanced approaches to

space equipment design, andalso as a result of internationalcooperation, NPO PM is increas-ingly using today the develop-ment of satellites of various des-ignation on the basis of standard-ized service system modules(space platforms).

These service system mod-ules or SSMs are also extensivelyused in joint international pro-jects, where our association man-ufactures and supplies a specificSSM, while foreign partners pro-vide the payload.

The main characteristics andresources for payloads for someof our SSMs are given in the tablebelow.

This is by no means an exten-sive list of the space systemsdeveloped by us over the pastperiod. We are now developing anew generation of satellites. Inparticular, on January 20 welaunched the new direct telecast-ing "Gals" satellite and plan tolaunch the first "Express" satelliteat the end of the year as replace-ment for the "Gorizont" series.We are also designing spacevehicles for mobile satellite com-munication systems. In this man-ner, over 30 years of space-ori-ented activities we have launchedmore than 900 space vehicles ofvarious designation into differentcircular and high-elliptical orbits,designed by NPO PM togetherwith a large number of enterpris-es working in related spheres.

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AE007

1.

The "Gals" space-

craft

2.

The "Express"

spacecraft

Name of SSM(platform)

1. SSM-2500-01GSO

2. SSM-2500-02GSO

3. SSM-2500-GSO

4. SSM-2500-VEO

Resources providedfor payload

Active ser-vice life(years)

Holding accuracyby longitude and

latitude (degrees)

Attitude controlaccuracy (deg-

ree of circle)

Launch vehicle

"Proton" with DM unit



"Rus" with "Fregat" unit

6-12

6-12

6-12

15-30

G(kg)

600

550

500

600

U(V)

27

27

40

27

5

7

10

5

0.2

0.1

0.1

-

Geostationary satellites

G is payload; P is power consumption by payload; U is operating voltage

Geostationary satellites

P(W)

1,500

2,100 (unit)1,600 (fin.)

3,200

1,730

As of July 1994, we had 114of our space vehicles working inspace: 87 were used in the inter-ests of defense and the nationaleconomy, while the other 27 werein orbital reserve.

Recently our association hasbeen conducting fairly effectivework to establish cooperationwith leading foreign space com-panies to implement joint projectson communication satellites.These include, above all, theSOVCANSTAR Russian-Canadianand CESAT Russian-French pro-

jects, whereby the NPO PM man-ufactures service system modules(space platforms) and our foreignpartners provide payloads forthem, which means onboardretransmitters and antenna-feed-er systems.

To conclude, I would like tonote that with our 30 years ofexperience in the design andimplementation of various spaceprograms, staff of top-qualifiedspecialists and modern experi-ment infrastructure, our extensivecooperation links, NPO PM can

develop space facilities fortelecommunication and coordi-nate-metric systems at the high-est level of modern technicalrequirements. (

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AE007

ADDRESS:NPO PM, Krasnoyarsk-26(Zheleznogorsk), Russia,

660033Phone: (391 97) 280-08Fax: (391 97) 226-35.

he GeneralEngineering DesignBureau, whichdevelops and per-fects rocketweapons in thiscountry, is well over50. On the eighthday of the GreatPatriotic War, theSpecial DesignBureau (as it wascalled at the time)

of the Moscow "Kompressor" plantbecame the leading developer ofthe new rocket launchers nick-named "Katyusha" at the front.

War-time experience allowedthe Design Bureau, which wasreorganized in 1946 into the StateAll-Union Specialized EngineeringDesign Bureau, to assume newassignments. They included thedevelopment of launching com-plexes (LC), transport and installa-tion systems, launching, fuellingand auxiliary equipment units, aswell as systems used to preparerocket launches and launch rock-ets. Rapid development of therocket-building necessitated thespeedy elaboration of LCs forlong-range rockets. TheSpetsmash Design Bureau was thefirst leading organization to beentrusted with this new responsi-bility.

Working on the new assign-ment, the design bureau staffdeveloped mobile and stationaryLCs for Z-1, R-2, R-5 and R-5Mballistic missiles. Adoption of thenew missile systems enhanced thecombat efficiency of the ArmedForces, raising them to a newqualitative level. During the sameperiod of time the first "Mayak"silo launcher was developed tomaster launch preparations andlaunch rockets. The experiencewas later applied for the develop-ment and construction of silolaunchers for R-12, R-14, R-9 and

other missiles.In the mid-50s the Spetsmash

Design Bureau, in cooperationwith allied organizations, created aunique LC for R-7 and R-7A mis-siles. It marked a qualitative leapin rocket technology development.The complex constituted specialdefense and scientific importance.

The new rocket layout, whenthe rocket is resting on thelauncher with its load-bearing belt(missile's mid-section) rather thanthe butt, required a new type oflaunching complex. The simpleconstruction, reliability and conve-nience in use ensured the sys-tem's long life. The 37-year-oldcomplex is still used to launch"Soyuz" spaceships. Changes andmodernization work, carried outduring the complex's operation,ensured the launch of the first arti-ficial satellite, the first mannedspaceship, as well as "Vostok","Voskhod", "Soyuz" spaceshipsand other space vehicles to theMoon, Mars and Venus.

The Baikonur experiences,

prior to 1961, were used to set upa new testing range near the townof Plesetsk. Later on, the rangewas transformed into a cosmod-rome.

In the mid-1960s a launchingcomplex for the new "Proton"rocket was built. It accumulatedthe latest engineering achieve-ments in automation and remotecontrol of technological process-es, required for rocket installation,fuelling, launch preparation andlaunch proper. These launchingcomplexes were used to put inspace new generation vehicles:

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W E A R E R E A D YF O R C O O P E R A T I O N

$ I g o r B a r m i n $

G e n e r a l D e s i g n e r , H e a d o f G e n e r a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g nB u r e a u , D o c t o r o f T e c h n i c a l S c i e n c e s , P r o f e s s o rT

1



AE008

The General Engineering Design Bureau, whichdevelops and perfects rocket weapons in this coun-try, is well over 50. On the eighth day of the GreatPatriotic War, the Special Design Bureau (as it wascalled at the time) of the Moscow "Kompressor"plant became the leading developer of the new rock-et launchers nicknamed "Katyusha" at the front.

Igor Barmin

apparatuses launched to the Moon,Venus, Mars and the long-term orbitalstations "Salyut", "Almaz" and "Mir".Colossal efforts by the GeneralEngineering Design Bureau (SpetsmashDesign Bureau received this name in1967), many allied design bureaus,research institutes and research and pro-duction associations, together withnumerous plants, produced a uniquecomplex for the "Energia-Buran" spacerocket system. The launching complex,start stand, fuelling station and facilities,used to service the spaceship after land-ing, were the components of the systemdeveloped under this program. The"Energia" rocket launch revealed that thestart stand can be used to test powerplants and rocket before the start and tolaunch rockets into orbit.

The successful flight of the "Energia"rocket with the "Buran" spaceship provedthe reliability of all LC's units and sys-tems.

The following scientific and techno-logical problems were solved during thecomplex's development:

- transportation of horizontally posi-tioned 'rocket-spaceship' over long dis-tances and precise installation at thelaunching pad;

- haulage, storage and use of cryo-genic components;

- creation of specialized fire protec-tion for the rocket and complex and pro-vision of explosion safety;

- development of delivery means ofthe crew to the spaceship and rapidevacuation in the case of emergency;

- creation of a range of systems toautomatically control the processes usedto prepare the LC for operation, fuelling,monitoring of the medium inside thestructures and fire protection of thestructures and equipment.

As well as the elaboration of launch-ing complexes, the Design Bureau con-ducts work on exploring the Moon andthe Solar system's planets. For example,it designed apparatuses to take and ana-lyze soil samples on the Moon and Venus.

In 1975 the Design Bureau starteddeveloping space technology. As a result,

equipment was devised to produce inweightlessness semiconductor, optical,magnetic, superconducting and biologi-cal materials and substances. Hundredsof experiments were carried out as partof the national space exploration programand the "Intercosmos" program, in coop-eration with specialists from EastEuropean countries, France, Germanyand the European Space Agency.

Today equipment for the "Foton"satellites, new "Nika-T" technologicalsatellite, etc. is being developed.

Currently the Design Bureau engagesin the following spheres of activity:

- the development of technological

systems of LCs, complete with their inte-gration into one technological complex,covering the entire cycle of preparation,fuelling and launching of launch andspace vehicles;.

- the drafting of design documenta-tion for technological units and systems;

- designer's control over the produc-tion, assembly and testing of system'scomponents;

- technical supervision over opera-tion, regular equipment updating, dictat-ed by the development of know-how andmodernization of launch vehicles andspaceships.

The General Engineering DesignBureau is a leading enterprise, which ishighly experienced in designing andoperating "Soyuz", "Proton", "Energia"and other launch complexes. It is ready

to cooperate with other countries in thefield of rocket and space technologydevelopment.

The experience, gained by theGeneral Engineering Design Bureau,forms a basis for international coopera-tion in the implementation of new spaceprograms. (

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AE008

ADDRESS:22 Berezhkovskaya Emb., Moscow

121059Phone: (095) 240-6044

Fax: (095) 240-4196

he crisis situationand need to pre-serve the intellec-tual, scientific andt e c h n o l o g i c a lpotential andstrong productionbase can only besolved, by effect-ing a structuralreadjustment ofboth designoffices and large

industrial plants and creating anorganizational structure, whichassures the unity of scientific andproduction links. The M.V.Khrunichev State Research andProduction Space Center is onesuch an organizational structureas successor to the Khrunichev

Engineering Plant and the SalyutDesign Bureau, which hadthroughout their separate histo-ries marched in the front ranks ofaeronautical and space rocketengineering.

One of today's leaders innational space exploration datesback to April 30, 1916: by deci-sion of the tsarist government aRussian car production plant was

established near the Church ofthe Intercession of the Holy Virginat Fili, Moscow, by the Russo-Baltic Joint Stock Company,receiving in 1917 the name'Second Russo-Balt Car Plant'.Four years later, in 1922, the firstRussia-Balt car rolled out of itsgates. In 1923 the plant wasleased on a concession basis tothe German firm Junkers, whichswitched to the manufacture ofplanes and organized productionof the first 50 Yu-20 planes.

The mid-20s witnessed theplant's launch of domestic avia-tion product lines, embodying theideas of A.N. Tupolev, A.A.Arkhangelsky, V.M. Petlyakov andS.V. Ilyushin into a whole family ofANT's (ANT-3, ANT-4, ANT-6,ANT-35), the PE-2 and the SB,followed in the war years by theTu-2 and the IL-4, and soon afterthe war by the four-enginebomber Tu-4.

In 1951 V.M. Myasishchev setup a design bureau, later to beknown as the 'Salyut' DesignBureau. Between 1951-1960high-speed bombers called 3-Mand 4-M, code-named 'Bisons'

by NATO, were designed. And,finally, in 1962 the plantembarked on a new era: develop-ment of space rocket hardware.According to the plan worked outby General Designer V. Chelomei,the series production of theProton launch vehicle was orga-nized. Its first launch was accom-plished in 1965: since then morethan 200 launches of Protons

have been carried out, launchinginto orbit the Cosmos, Ekran,Raduga and Horizont spacecraft,space observatories Astron,Kvant, the interplanetary spaceprobes Zond, Luna, Mars,Phobos, the manned orbital sta-tions Salyut, Mir and other spacevehicles.

The launch vehicle can placea payload in low near-Earth orbits(weighing in this case 20-22tons), in high near-Earth orbits(4.5 t) and geostationary orbits(2.6 t). Moreover, the Protondelivers a payload to a presetpoint in geostationary orbit withgreat accuracy (+12 angular min-utes in inclination and +250 sec-onds in the period of revolution).This permits nonuse of theapogee propulsion module of aspacecraft, which is often used inthe practice of foreign launchesinto this orbit. According toexperts, the Proton will remainone of the best launch vehiclesuntil at least the year 2000.

Today the plant is carrying outwork to update the Proton andcreate an oxygen-hydrogenbooster stage.

Any load of an internationalorbital station, whose launch isscheduled for 1997, may beadapted to the updated launchvehicle. The center will complete-ly shoulder the task of developingand manufacturing its power unit,using the Proton launch vehicleas the main transport system. Asarranged with the American side,the issue of design documenta-

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F R O M " R U S S O - B A L T "T O " P R O T O N " A N D " A N G A R A "

$ A n a t o l y K i s e l e v $

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l , M . V . K h r u n i c h e v S t a t e R e s e a r c h a n d P r o d u c t i o n S p a c e C e n t e r

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AE009

Anatoly Kiselev

tion for the FGB will be complet-ed in 1994. This power unit,which is similar to the existingmodules Kristal and Kvant-2, willbe the base one. Its launch isplanned for 1997. Later on it willconsecutively link two multipur-pose docking modules and an air-lock, which wilt serve as the"berthing" for the linkup of

American, Japanese andEuropean modules. FGB willfunction as part of the station fora long time, acting as part of thehabitable space of the station, itsinformation and power systems.

I feel obliged to mention herethe launch vehicle scheduled toreplace the Proton. It is theAngara rocket, whose develop-

ment has been undertaken as atender-based project. If work onthe Angara is completed, the uti-lization of the Center, both scien-tifically and industrially, will beensured up to the year 2030.

On April 15, 1993, a jointventure called Lockheed-Khrunichev-Energy was regis-tered: it uses the Center-pro-duced Proton to launch telecom-munications satellites of foreigncountries. As part of the frame-work of the JV, contracts havebeen signed with the Lockheedfirm for thirteen commerciallaunches in the period between1995 and 1999.

The US company Motorola,which is one of the world'slargest producers of telecommu-

nications equipment and semi-conductor components, hasdeveloped a global satellitemobile communications system,the Iridium, based on the use oflow-orbit space vehicles. Thespace group of the Iridium sys-tem comprises 66 spacecraft,placed in circular near-polarorbits 780 kilometers above theEarth's surface.

The M.V. Khrunichev StateResearch and Production SpaceCenter is taking part in the devel-opment and creation of theIridium communications system,along with such well-known firmsas Lockheed Corporation,Siemens and Telespacio. Inaccordance with a resolution ofthe Government of the Russian

Federation of December 16,1992, a contract was signed inJanuary 1993 with Motorola forthree launches of the Protonrocket to orbit 21 communica-tions satellites under the Iridiumproject. By the same regulationthe Center has been permitted toprovide funds for Iridium by buy-ing 40 million US dollars' worth ofshares, or 5% of total invest-ments.

Prospective subscribers ofthis system will comprise stateagencies, commercial structures,assistance services (ambulance,emergency and rescue teams,police), as well as the populationliving in virtually inaccessibleareas and on territories, whereearth-based party communication

systems do not exist.In accordance with agree-

ments, concluded within theIridium framework, the Centerenjoys the exclusive right to pro-vide the system's services to sub-scribers in Russia and somecountries of the former republicsof the USSR. Studies of themobile communication marketindicate that, five years after thecommissioning of the Iridium pro-ject, the number of subscriberswill already exceed 6 million glob-ally.

I would like to draw attentionto another launch vehicle, theRokot, with a booster stage calledBreeze, developed on the basisof two-stage intercontinental bal-listic missile RS-18 to be taken

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AE009

1.

In the rocket

assembly shop

2.

American astronauts

Ellen Collins and

Michael Foel in the

"Mir" space station

simulator cabin

The M.V. Khrunichev State Research and Production SpaceCenter is one such an organizational structure as successorto the Khrunichev Engineering Plant and the Salyut DesignBureau, which had throughout their separate historiesmarched in the front ranks of aeronautical and space rocketengineering.

off operational duty under theTreaty on the Reduction andLimitation of Strategic Arms. Theperformance characteristics of theRokot permit space vehicles to beput into working orbits in a widerange of altitudes. The equipmentof the Breeze booster stageensures the requisite orientation ofthe payload and provides powersupply in orbital flight for sevenhours. At the stage of orbital injec-tion the payload will be providedwith telemetric communication,power supply and a spacecraftseparation system.

In this case the German com-pany Deutsche Aerospace acts asthe partner of the KhrunichevCenter. A joint venture agreement

has been signed, whereby a Rokotlaunch vehicle will be used tolaunch commercial satellites.Telecommunications satellitesweighing up to 2 tons will belaunched into orbit with its help.Meetings have been held with kin-dred enterprises enlisted in theimplementation of the project: therequisite land facilities have beenselected, a Plesetsk Cosmodromereconnaissance has been carriedout, and a user reference book isin the final stage of elaboration.

Joint projects with leadingfirms of the world, both in thedelivery of commercial servicesinvolving space launches, specifi-cally foreign spacecraft, and thepromotion of ties with foreign

partners in the manufacture ofconversion products, willinevitably give a new impetus tothe growth of the Russian spaceindustry. (

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AE009

ADDRESS:18 Novozavodskaya St.,

Moscow, RussianFederation 121309

Phone: (095) 145-8036Fax: (095) 142-5900

Telex: 412427 MIR SU/KHRUNICHEV State

Research and ProductionSpace Center

he "ELAS" jointstock researchand productionassociation is oneof the leadingcompanies inRussia in thesphere of micro-electronic engi-neering with 30years of practicalexperience inSoviet and

Russian socket and space tech-nology.

The association comprisesthe Micro-Instrument ResearchInstitute (NIIMP), a specializeddesign bureau, "Vzlet", 14research and production centersand the "Altair" and "Polyot"plants. All told, they have a staffof almost 5,000 top-grade spe-cialists. The production premisescover a total area of about 40,000m2. The main enterprise, NIIMP,was founded in 1962.

The principal directions in thework of "ELAS" concern thedevelopment and introduction

into production of:- electronic equipment for

satellite communication andspace data-collection, relay andnavigation systems, includingelectronic equipment for geosta-tionary and low-orbit relay satel-lites and ground-based satellitecommunication stations of differ-ent types (central and sub-sidiary);

- sets of microelectronicequipment for space-basedremote-control Earth monitoringand probing systems, includingdata sensors based on differentphysical principles and facilitiesfor the accumulation, processingand transfer of information fromspacecraft to ground control sta-tions;

- on-board digital computersand computerized control sys-tems for self-contained space-craft and manned orbiting sta-tions;

- computer software for thesesystems;

- custom-made computerelements and technologies for

the development of new-genera-tion space microelectronic sys-tems.

Our experiment and techno-logical production infrastructuremeets the latest requirementsand comprises:

- a satellite communicationtest range at Konakovo in theTver Region fitted out with threeunique antenna systems with anantenna diameter of 12 meters;

- silicon and gallium arsenideintegrated circuit design centers;

- production flow lines for theassembly of hybrid integratedmicroelectronic functional sys-tems, based on "ELAS" technolo-gies, and production facilities forlarge special-purpose siliconintegrated circuits and galliumarsenide monolithic microwaveintegrated circuits.

"ELAS" has original technolo-gies for the assembly of micro-electronic equipment, with theuse of frameless radio-electroniccomponents (framing is carriedout at the level of complete unitsand appliances) and for the

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H I G H T E C H N O L O G I E S$ G e n n a d y G u s k o v $

A c a d e m i c i a n , G e n e r a l D e s i g n e r o f " E l a s "J o i n t S t o c k C o m p a n y

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The "ELAS" joint stock research andproduction association is one of theleading companies in Russia in thesphere of microelectronic engineeringwith 30 years of practical experience inSoviet and Russian rocket and spacetechnology.

Gennady Guskov

assembly of specialized radiation-proof silicon integrated circuitsand gallium-arsenide monolithicintegrated circuits, as well asspecial methods for rejectingpotentially defective elements.

Our technologies ensure thecompact size and high reliabilityof finished products and equip-ment. For example, the "SOKOL-

OM" C- range satellite communi-cation station, which weighs 14.6kg and has a compact size of435x405x135 mm (and an infor-mation relay speed of 9.6 kilobitsper second), exceeds all knownforeign analogs in all major para-meters.

"ELAS" is also the leadingdeveloper of satellite retransmit-ters, equipped with active multi-beam phased arrays (AMPA),which generate pencil-point high-energy beams, which are retar-geted into space electronically.

For example, the AMPA with a

frequency range of 11 to 14giga- hertz, is unmatched inworld practice. It has 16 receivingand 16 transmitting beams withan adjustable width of the beam'sdirectional pattern from 2x2 to3.5x3.5 degrees and an electron-ic retargeting system with a rangeof +8.5 degrees.

In our remote-control Earth

monitoring and probing systemswe use such progressive appli-ances as on-board optronicimage converters, working withmatrices and strips on charge-coupled devices (CCD), effectivedata compression methods anddigital means of data storage andtransmission to ground stationsthrough broad-band space radiochannels.

"ELAS" closely cooperateswith the leading home and for-eign research and productioncenters.

We now invite foreign compa-

nies to take part in Russian pro-jects developed by "ELAS"together with other Russian firms.In particular, we believe that thefollowing areas hold goodpromise: development of satellitecommunication systems with theuse of geostationary and low-orbit satellites ("Sokol", "Sokol-2000", "Bankir", "Kuryer","Tramplin" and others) andremote-control Earth monitoringand probing.

"ELAS" offers foreign compa-

nies its services in the develop-ment of on-board and groundbased electronic equipment forinternational, regional andnational satellite communicationand remote-control Earth moni-toring and probing systems,including the design of on-boardretransmitters fitted out withmultibeam AMPAs, compactground control stations, optronicimage receivers on CCDS, soft-ware and processing systems. (

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AE010

ADDRESS:Zelenograd, Moscow, Russian Federation

103460Phone: (095) 531-1749.

Fax: (095) 531-3213.

nepropetrovsk'sindustrial associ-ation Yuzhmash,or YuzhnyMachine-BuildingPlant is 50 yearsold.

The celebra-tions wereattended by newU k r a i n i a nPresident, LeonidKuchma, and

Russia's First Deputy Minister ofDefense, Andrei Kokoshin, andChairman of the State DefenseIndustry Committee, VictorGlukhikh.

Yuzhmash is often called apearl of world magnitude. It washere that they designed and man-

ufactured variously-deployablemissile systems, the latest stillcomprise the backbone of theStrategic Missile Force. InDnepropetrovsk 67 types ofspacecraft and twelve spacecomplexes also received a leaseof life. Yuzhmash is a world-stan-dard bearer in many areas ofspace-rocket science.

At .the same time the planthas substantial problems. Sincethe late 1980s defense ordershave plummeted. In accordancewith conversion plans, the plantexpanded its production of trac-tors, the best in their class in theformer USSR. However, it failedto maintain output levels. In1988-1989 they turned out60,000 tractors annually, com-pared to a meagre 15,000 today.

The slump is attributable tofactors, which have afflicted allformer Soviet republics - a short-age of working capital and insta-bility in the credit and bankingsystem. The principal reason wasin the eyes of Yuri Alexeev,Yuzhmash director general, the"closed door policy" pursued bythe leadership of the republic.The plant had from the very out-set counted on close economicties with different parts of the for-mer USSR.

Naturally, the workforce did

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G O L D E N J U B I L E E$ S e r g e i P a v l e n k o $

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AE011

Yuzhmash is often called a pearl of world magnitude. It washere that they designed and manufactured variously deploy-able missile systems, the latest still comprise the backboneof the Strategic Missile Force. In Dnepropetrovsk 67 typesof spacecraft and twelve space complexes also received alease of life. Yuzhmash is a world-standard bearer in manyareas of space-rocket science.

1.

Ukrainian President

Leonid Kuchma,

Yuzhmash Director

General Yuri Alexeev

and First Deputy

Defense Minister of the

Russian Federation

Andrei Kokoshin at the

plant's 50th anniversary

celebrations.

2-3.

Yuzhmash still concen-

trates on space-rocket

equipment.

4.

The intercontinental

ballistic missile 15A15

(SS-17) was installed to

celebrate the 50th

anniversary of the asso-

ciation in

Dnepropetrovsk on July

22,1994.

not lose hope or interest. Nowthe units, where they were usedto assemble missiles, are busymanufacturing trolleybuses. Newtypes of output have been assim-ilated here rapidly, includingmicrowave ovens, sausage equip-ment, car brake blocks—all bear-ing the Yuzhmash trademark.

However, it is provingincreasingly difficult for the plantto ensure the creation of world-class space rocketry. A dead-end? Apparently, there is a way out:we must abandon isolationist

policies and restore the previouseconomic ties.

Consequently, the jubilee inDnepropetrovsk gathered politi-cians and military leaders of suchhigh rank from many ex-Sovietrepublics. They all expressed aclear readiness for close cooper-ation.

One should recall here thatLeonid Kuchma, the currentUkrainian President, was directorgeneral of the Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant in 1986-1992.Andrei Kokoshin also has first-

hand knowledge of the problemsof the space rocket industry.Speaking to the plant's staff, theRussian First Deputy DefenseMinister stressed that he consid-ered developments a "positiveturning point in our joint work."

Russian-Ukrainian coopera-tion, noted Kokoshin, is notmerely a guarantee of security forour two peoples: it also reflectsstability on the Eurasian continentand is an essential preconditionfor maintaining equilibrium in theworld. (

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AE011

he present state of theRussian insurancemarket has severalspecific features,which stem from thetransition from a statemonopoly to a marketeconomy.

On the one hand,the abolition of thestate's monopoly ofinsurance has led tothe mushrooming of

more than 3,000 independent com-panies which sprang up during ashort period of time. Each new com-pany tried to find and fill its ownniche, relying on new economic rela-tions. Riding on the crest of interestin new possibilities and dissatisfac-tion with the insurance market, manyof them got off to a good start.However, far from all these compa-nies can operate in a developedinsurance market.

On the other hand, the generalpublic and organizations still remainindifferent to insurance as they areaccustomed to a limited choice ofinsurance services; the share of pri-vate property is rather small; existinglegislation fails to meet the needs ofthe market, and there are a numberof other negative aspects in society.

In such circumstances the mostpromising insurance companiesassert the financial stability of theiractivity and provide maximum satis-faction to the insured. We hope"Megus" is one such company,founded on July 4, 1991 inEkaterinburg - the largest industrialcenter of the Urals.

Our company received general

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I N T H E I N T E R E S T S O F T H E I N S U R E D

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AE012

Our partners and clientsinclude some of the largestdefense enterprises, banks,

firms, state organizations. Wehave stable long-standing rela-

tions with them all.

OUR ADDRESS:28 Malysheva St., Ekaterinburg, Russia, 620014.

Phone: (3432) 51-0562; Fax: (3432) 51-0803; Telex: (3432) 721540 BYT SUMOSCOW BRANCH:

10 Electrodnaya St., Moscow, Russia, 111524.Phone: (095) 176-7566; Fax: (095) 176-7566; Telex: 112328.

Pyotr DemyanenkoPresident of the Insurance Company "Megus"

license number 7. It has 60 branches and affiliates. Thecompany focuses on the insurance of business risk, cred-its, cargo carriage, and life insurance. The "Megus" insur-ance payments have grown 30 times. The insurance risks,forms and methods of indemnity payment, and amount ofpremiums from "Megus" are advantageous to all enter-prises, regardless of their form of ownership.

Our partners and clients include some of the largest

defense enterprises, banks, firms,state organizations. We have stablelong-standing relations with them all.

Our company insures risks, relat-ed to modern science-intensiveprocesses, including space technolo-gies. We cooperate with the RussianSpace Agency, the Space Forces, theorganizations which order and carryout space programs and participatevirtually in all insured space projects.The insurers contribute to the reliableprotection of project participants andthereby help Russia gain access andreliably consolidate its position on themarket of high technologies andspace services.

Thorough consideration of theinterests of the insured and financialstability enable the company to pro-vide full guarantees to clients andpartners, including foreign ones."Megus" maintains ties with foreigninsurance business. Together with awell-known US company ALEXANDERAND ALEXANDER, "Megus" is draft-ing an integrated "Risk ControlProgram". One section of this pro-gram deals with insurance of invest-ments in the Russian economy.Cooperation with the British firmBOWRING WORLDWIDE INSURANCEBROKERS, will widen the Russianmarket of broker's and reinsuranceservices.

Our company adopts a flexibleresponse to the rapidly changingpolitical and economic situation inRussia and on the foreign insurancemarket.

"Megus" insurance company isready to extend its range of servicesand work painstakingly and purpose-fully with all new clients. (

ussia's military and technological coopera-tion with foreign countries is part and par-cel of foreign economic activity, presup-posing the coordination of the country'spolitical, military and economic interestsand comprises:

- the supply of arms, military equipment,ammunition, spare parts, tools and acces-sories;

- the provision of technical assistance inthe creation or re-equipment of militaryfacilities;

- license and technical documentationtransfer to produce arms and military equipment and ren-der assistance in the organization of the said production;

- the provision of services in the assimilation, organiza-tion of the operation and combat use of arms and militaryequipment, their repair and modernization;

- the implementation in the customer's interests ofresearch and development work geared to the design andmanufacture of new types of weaponry;

- the dispatch on mission (reception) of military consul-tants and specialists;

- the training of national military personnel, techniciansand engineers;

- the transfer of military equipment on lease;- the provision of other services of a military and tech-

nological nature and application.Issues, related to supplies abroad of arms and military

equipment, have already been awarded sufficiently widepress coverage, including the Military Parade magazine.Therefore I will dwell only briefly on the job, entrusted the

Main Engineering Department (GTU) of the StateCommittee of the USSR Council of Ministers on ForeignEconomic Relations, set up in 1968. In November 1991 theState Foreign Economic Company for the Export and Importof Arms and Military Equipment (GVK)'Spetsvneshtekhnika' succeeded the GTU. Then, inNovember 1993, a Presidential Decree made the StateCompany for the Export and Import of Arms and MilitaryEquipment 'Rosvoorouzhenie' successor to GVK'Spetsvneshtekhnika' (as well as the Russian State ForeignEconomic Association 'Oboronexport' and the MainCooperation and Partnership Directorate).

The lion's share (up to 80%) of military and technolog-ical cooperation matters, handled by GTU (GVK), involvedthe provision of technical assistance in the creation or re-equipment of military facilities. Under contractual obliga-tions, the creation of such facilities abroad was in most ofcases accomplished by the Russian side together with for-eign customers, with the obligations of the parties dividedas follows:

- the Russian side would prepare and defend a project,hand over technical documentation, make full or partialdelivery (in accordance with separating lists) of mainequipment, attachments, special tools and other property,and render assistance in the installation and adjustment ofthe equipment and the assimilation by foreign customers ofthe facility, which has been set up, sending Russian spe-cialists there;

- the foreign customer would supply to the facility someindividual elements of main equipment and other property,and carry out the construction work and installation of theequipment.

In addition, the Russian side would build projects ongeneral contract terms (envisaging construction on aturnkey basis). These were normally large military andindustrial facilities, such as air and naval bases, plants forthe production of firearms and ammunition and repairenterprises of fighting services.

It should be noted that cooperation on general contractterms imposes more stringent demands on the supplier inrespect of fulfillment of his contractual obligations. At thesame time the export effectiveness of cooperation on theseterms significantly exceeds the export effectiveness in theconstruction of joint projects with the customer. Russia'seconomic difficulties do not currently permit one to use thisform of cooperation, requiring the attraction of credits toensure the activity of Russian design and constructionorganizations. However, as the economic situation returnsto normal, this form will inevitably find broad applications

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V A S T P O T E N T I A L F O R C O O P E R A T I O N

R1

E X P E R T I S E


AE013

YURI ANDRIANOV,Assistant Director General, State

Company Rosvoorouzhenie

in the work of the state company.Under the signed contracts, GTU and GVK discharged

their obligations to create nearly 1,900 projects in 43 coun-tries, including 1,500 principal (newly created) projectsand more than 400 others, involving the provision of otheressential equipment.

The range of projects is extremely wide. They canroughly be divided by application into:

- plants to repair weapons of all the fighting services;- plants to produce arms and military equipment;- combat and technical positions;- airfields and engineering-and-operating units;- facilities for the basing of ships;- command posts and communications facilities;- control facilities;- training centers, proving and shooting grounds;- depots, storage facilities, arsenals;- laboratories and test stations, etc.About 900 of all projects have been commissioned: in

the case of 400 projects, supplies of equipment and docu-mentation have been completed. Tens of thousands of for-eign specialists have been trained to work at the createdfacilities.

Since 1991 the creation or procurement of other essen-tial equipment for more than 600 projects was suspendedeither for political reasons (UN sanctions against Iraq,Libya, Yugoslavia) or owing to customer defaults, triggeredby the shift from credit terms of settlement to settlementsin freely convertible currency (although interest in the pro-jects remains) or absolute refusals (although the parties'obligations have not been annulled documentarily).

On the other hand, appraisal of the situation in coun-tries we were developing cooperation with permits us torefer quite confidently to an impending revival of this typeof cooperation. Moreover, the scope of work may exceedpreviously attained levels.

Close and friendly links have been developed betweenGTU (GVK) and individual foreign countries in the creationof defense industries. This effort began in the 1950s, whenChina, the ex-Warsaw Treaty countries, India, Egypt, Cuba,Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Libya and Iran were our most activepartners. Over the years of cooperation, thousands oflicenses were transferred to these and other countries andtechnical assistance was rendered in the construction ofabout 50 large factories to produce Russian-designed armsand military equipment. Our available experience of coop-eration and the talks under way allow us to expect somepositive results in the very near future. Even now the facil-ities set up abroad to engage in the licensed production ofRussian models of arms and military equipment help fill theorder books of our plants with the manufacture of compo-nents, spare parts and capital goods and ensure significantforeign exchange proceeds on an annual basis. In addition,

we are convinced that the infrastructure of productive,repair and other facilities, set up with the technical assis-tance of the Russian side, stabilizes the entire complex ofRussian relations with foreign countries and imbues themwith a long-term character.

Not so long ago the USSR was a leading supplier ofarms and military equipment. Thousands of pieces ofarmored vehicles, air defense guided missile systems andMiG and Su planes were supplied to our partners over theperiod of cooperation. Although the specifications of manyof them are now obsolete, their service life is still large.Russian developers and manufacturers are engaged in aserious and wide-ranging effort to produce modernizedversions. BMP-1 and BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles, T-72 tanks, Pechora, Volga and Kvadrat air defense guidedmissile systems, MiG-21, MiG-23, Su-22 planes and otherscan be subjected to modernization. I will not go into adetailed subscription of capabilities or technical character-istics of existing and updated models. Let me only note thatas a result of modernization the combat efficiency of themodel increases several times. We are ready to negotiatewith our partners over this work. It will clearly bear a mutu-ally beneficial character.

Russia has amassed vast scientific and technologicalpotential, specifically in the field of unique science-inten-sive technologies. This potential is concentrated above allin the defense sector, as historically our latest achieve-ments in science and technology used to be primarilyembodied in domestic arms, with huge resources andimmense effort invested in the scientific and industrial basefor their design and production. We witnessed considerableinterest in our achievements at arms and technology exhi-bitions, held in recent years in different countries. Russia isready for mutually beneficial cooperation with foreignstates both in the performance of commissioned or jointresearch and development work and in the transfer ofadvanced technologies. We insist on equivalent technolog-ical exchanges with the West, making any lifting of our ownrestrictions dependent on the liberalization for Russia ofthe export regime to the former COCOM member countries.

As demand for modern technologies is apparent on bothsides, a mutual reduction in the level of prohibitions andlimitations will help build up confidence and economiccooperation between partners. Naturally such cooperationwill benefit the Western countries, as well as Russia.

The State company Rosvoorouzhenie is not only suc-cessor to three foreign economic associations in obliga-tions and rights. It also has inherited unique personnel andthe best traditions built up over the cooperation period. Thestaff of the company invite goodwill partners for coopera-tion and will do everything they can to ensure that it is rec-iprocally advantageous, reliable, efficient and long-term.

(

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During a visit to Krasnoyarsk, President Boris Yeltsin took a number of important decisions on the conversion of the terri-tory's defense plants, notably a mining and chemical plant, which produces weapon-grade plutonium. (Prime Minister Victor Chernomyrdin toured Perm, Nizhni Novgorod and Penza Regions. The head of the government devot-ed most of his time to the situation at defense sector plants and related conversion problems. (Russia plans to return to African arms markets, declared Victor Chernomyrdin. However, relations with Russian arms buy-ing countries will be of a purely commercial nature in future. (Boris Kuzyk, 36, has been appointed assistant to the President of the Russian Federation for military and technologicalcooperation with foreign countries. He previously held the post of First Deputy Head of the Main Department of Military andTechnological Cooperation with Foreign Countries at the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. (According to data, released by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Russia's share of world armstrade in 1993 rose by one-third compared to 1992 and amounted to 21% of the total volume of 22 billion dollars. (The state company Rosvoorouzhenie signed during its first six months over 1.5 billion dollars' worth of export contracts ofRussian arms to other countries. (Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev and his Greek counterpart, Gerasimos Arsenis, signed a cooperation agreementbetween the two countries' respective ministries. During Arsenis' stay in Moscow, talks on expanding reciprocally advan-tageous military and technological cooperation were also held. (Russia's First Deputy Minister of Defense, Andrei Kokoshin, and France's Deputy Minister of Defense and general repre-sentative on arms, Henri Conze, signed a memorandum on military and technological cooperation between the two coun-tries. Russian-French cooperation has hitherto been particularly successful in aircraft and rocket engineering and spaceexploration. (During an official visit to Moscow, China's Defense Minister Chi Haotian received a confirmation of Russia's readiness toassist China in the training of maintenance specialists for Russian military equipment, notably Su-27 fighters and S-300PMU air defense guided missile systems. (According to a report by news agencies, Brazil bought 110 Igla portable air defense guided missile systems from Russia;this deal marked the beginning of the implementation of a large-scale agreement on Russian arms supplies to the SouthAmerican country. (The deputy head of the foreign relations department of Rosvoorouzhenie company, Sergei Belousov, confirmed that nego-tiations are being held with Kuwait's authorities on the purchase from Russia of a large consignment of modern-dayarmored equipment. (To acquire MiG-29 fighter control skills, a group of Malaysian pilots will take a training course in Russia and India. Russiawill initiate delivery of 18 MiG-29's to Malaysia in April 1995. (India is considering the purchase of a consignment of Russian Su-30 front-line fighters. Delhi has also displayed interestin buying MiG-29M fighters. (The Russian firm MiG won in a tough competitive struggle the tender to modernize more than 100 MiG-21 fighters ofIndia's Air Force. (The An-38 plane, assembled by Novosibirsk's Aircraft Concern, made its maiden flight. It can carry up to 27 passengers or2.5 tons of cargo. (Samara's state research and industrial group Trud and Kazan's engine construction group launched the manufacture of 12experimental NK-86 cryogenic fuel engines. They are designated for Tu-156 cargo-passenger planes, which are due tostart testing in 1997. (The Samara Aircraft Plant is preparing the series production of An-70T's. This medium-sized transport plane has beendesigned by the Kiev O. Antonov Aviation Science and Technology Complex and will be capable of carrying 30 tons of cargoover a 4,000-5,000-kilometer range at 750-800 kilometers per hour. The plane is equipped with four D-27 coaxial fan pro-peller engines. (Some of the latest arms and combat equipment models were presented by Russian enterprises Gidropribor andOkeanpribor at an international defense underwater technologies exhibition held in London. (A new Russian nuclear-powered submarine called Kursk continues to be tested. It will join the Navy next December. (Kaliningrad's shipbuilding yard Yantar held a formal launching ceremony for a large submarine killer. "The AdmiralChabanenko is a unique ship, which boasts all the latest equipment," stressed Baltic Fleet commander Admiral VladimirYegorov. (

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NEWS IN BRIEFC o m p i l e d b y A l e x a n d e r M o z g o v o y


AE014

oday, when the results ofthe war in the Persian Gulfremain fresh enough in ourmemory, there is hardlyany need to convince any-body that air defense rep-resents one of the mostimportant factors in safe-guarding state security.

The air defense systemof most states makes asubstantial contribution towar containment, repulsion

of aggression and prevention of strategicbalance violation, by detecting anddestroying the means of air and aero-space attack in flight, covering strategicdeployment areas of the armed forces,the most important state and militarycontrol centers, major groupings andinstallations of the armed forces, nation-al economy and infrastructure.

Analysis of the main combats in theXXth century - from World War Two to thewar in the Persian Gulf - strongly sug-gests that the air force plays the mostimportant role in the solution of the mainstrategic combat missions. Mobility, abil-ity to rapidly create powerful groupings inany region in the world, the ability toattain the highest degree of surprise inoperations, high strike potential was mul-tiplied many times following the emer-gence of precision weapons. This is by nomeans a complete list of the combatcapabilities of the air force, which enableit to solve independently operationaltasks in modern war.

The same significance has todaybeen acquired by the air defense.

However, one must create both effi-cient and economical air defense, ensur-ing the optimum realization of combatcapabilities of modern expensiveweapons.

Every country carries out its own ver-sion of military construction, includingthe creation and development of an airdefense system. This is dictated by thespecifics of the state's geostrategical sit-

uation, its military doctrine, national tra-ditions and other factors. Experience inthe creation of such a system in Russiaenables one to formulate the main princi-ples of organization and development ofair defense:

- sole responsibility for combattingthe means of air and aerospace attack;

- concentration of air defense effortson the most important directions (areas)

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M I G H T O F R U S S I A ' SA I R D E F E N S E F O R C E S

$ V i c t o r P r u d n i k o v $

C o l o n e l - G e n e r a l o f A v i a t i o n , C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f o f R u s s i a ' s A i r D e f e n s e F o r c e s

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A I R D E F E N S E


AE015

V. Prudnikov

1.

An S-300 PMU

system launcher

and defense of the most impor-tant installations;

- deep echelonment of airdefense elements;

- maximum use of all hetero-geneous forces to accomplish airdefense tasks.

Today the world still lives bylaws, where military power playsan important role. In parallel withthe numerical reduction of theirarmed forces, a number of largestates continue to build up theirmilitary might by developingmore efficient weapons systemsand improving the quality of theirforce groupings. The cuts inarmed forces of the leading for-eign states have been made,largely by reducing the strengthof the ground forces, whereasthe potential of the aerospaceattack forces is continually built.As a result, by the year 2000 thestrike potential of these forcesmay increase 1.5-2 times.

Combat operations againstmodern air attack forces cannotbe effective, if old types of air

defense weapons are used. Inthis connection the main aim ofmilitary and technical policy con-cerns the optimal use of the lat-est technical, scientific and tech-nological achievements, in orderto improve the qualitative charac-teristics of weapons and military

equipment and prevent any lagbehind advanced countries incombat capacities. I would like topoint out that nowadays Russiapossesses such air defenseweapons, which can do honor tothe air defense of any state.These are not mere words or

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AE015

The air defense system of most statesmakes a substantial contribution to warcontainment, repulsion of aggressionand prevention of strategic balance vio-lation, by detecting and destroying themeans of air and aerospace attack inflight, covering strategic deploymentareas of the armed forces, the mostimportant state and military controlcenters, major groupings and installa-tions of the armed forces, nationaleconomy and infrastructure.

2.

The MiG-31 fighter-

interceptor

self-admiration. We have a say-ing: it's better to see once thanhear a hundred times. Thisopportunity was provided toWestern specialists, when the S-300 PMU-1 air defense missilesystem, together with 370 otherRussian up-to-date military sys-tems, was displayed at the IDEX-93 exhibition in the United ArabEmirates.

When the participants of theexhibition, representing their airdefense forces, were offered realcombat firings, only we agreed.Somebody, perhaps, may havethought that only self-containedpeople are able to do so, asRussia's penetration on theweapons markets at that timedepended upon the results ofthese firings. This not the case. Itwas simply great confidence inour weapons, inspired by theconsistent efforts of science,industry and skills of combatteams. Consequently, when theparticipants of the exhibitionasked regiment commanderMichail Zubov, why he was soconfident about the results of theforthcoming firings, he repliedthat he and his subordinates con-sider these firings as routine:they had already been through 30such tests.

Nowadays, the improvementof weapons and principles of their

employment against a newly cre-ated air attack means in a compli-cated air and jamming environ-ment proceeds in two ways:

(1) The improvement of theperformance and operationalcharacteristics of individual airdefense weapons based on sci-entific and technical achieve-ments.

(2) The creation and develop-ment of an air defense system. Iwould like to dwell on the secondway. When we speak about anintegrated air defense system, wemean the whole range of informa-tion, firing, control and auxiliarymeans, combined into a commonautomated system, whichensures the defense of the mostimportant production facilities ormilitary installations from airstrikes with the given effective-ness.

Therefore, an informationsubsystem must include radars,ensuring the formation of a con-tinuous all-altitude (beginningwith a height of 20 to 30 m), all-range radar field, which ensuresthe realization of the potential ofthe firing weapons. The firingsystem must include air defensemissile means, deployed in anoptimal way.

Automated control over thecombat operation of the wholeintegrated air defense system is

carried out from the system'scommand post, equipped with acomplex of automation means.

Integrated air defense sys-tems, similar to the onesdescribed above, displayed theircapacities during numerous exer-cises of Russian Armed Forcesand also in a number of local con-flicts in different parts of theworld, where Russian air defenseweapons have been delivered andconcomitant defense systemshave been deployed.

I would like to draw attentionof readers, especially buyers ofRussian military equipment andweapons, to the fact that whereasin the past individual weaponshave been bought, nowadays thecapabilities of aerospace attackmeans demand the purchase ofan integrated air defense system,rather than individual units.

Russia has a chance to devel-op complete sets of the requisitetechnical means of various airdefense systems, which will suitlocal conditions, and supply themto all countries, which wish toensure effective defense of theirvitally important economic cen-ters and armed forces groupingsfrom potential aircraft and missileattacks of an anticipated enemy.Russia has a lot to offer to poten-tial buyers abroad.

I would like to express mythanks to the editors of "MilitaryParade" magazine for their atten-tion to Air Defense Forces and mygreat satisfaction from acquain-tance with the first issues of thismagazine, which I believe to beindispensable for Russia. (

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A I R D E F E N S E


AE015

3.

Command post of

the formation

utomated airdefense forcescontrol systemsensure the mosteffective utilizationof weapons, gen-eration of targetdata through jam-ming, optimalassignment ofinterceptor detailsand the number ofmissiles for

engagement of air targets with amaximum probability. T h e"Peleng" Experimental DesignBureau, as head organization,developed, and the "Vector" StateProduction Association manufac-tures two automated control sys-tems for air defense forces:"Senezh-M1E" and "Rubezh-ME".

The articles are created,using the third and fourth gener-ations components. All the sys-tems are designed on a moderntechnological basis, unified forautomated control systems, man-ufactured by the association. Theequipment is reliable and easy tomaintain. The control algorithmsallow for the most effective use ofweapons of the air defenseforces. The utilization of automat-ed control systems in using armsmakes it possible to improve thequality of control at the commandpost of a regiment or brigade andreduce combat crews for battleperformance. Under the condi-tions of hit-and-run battle and

massive air raids involving enemyjamming, it is impossible to effec-tively utilize weapons withoutautomated control systems.

The automated control sys-tems, manufactured by the asso-ciation, are mobile, arranged onsemitrailers towed by truck trac-tors, equipped with self-con-tained power supply systems andall requisite attached means(radio sets, command transmis-sion complexes, repair shops,

etc.).A model of the "Senezh-M1E"

automated control system waspresented at the internationalASIA-AEROSPACE exhibition inSingapore in February 1994.Specifications of "Senezh-M1E" Automated Control

SystemPurpose:control over the combat oper-

ations of a grouping of airdefense forces, equipped with all

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« S E N E Z H - M 1 E » A N D « R U B E Z H - M E » :H I G H E F F E C T I V E N E S S A N D R E L I A B I L I T Y

$ V i t a l y S m i r n o v $

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l o f " V e c t o r " S t a t e P r o d u c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n$ V l a d i m i r F e k l i s t o v $

H e a d o f " P e l e n g " E x p e r i m e n t a l D e s i g n B u r e a u

A

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A I R D E F E N S E


AE016

Automated air defense forces control systems ensurethe most effective utilization of weapons, generationof target data through jamming, optimal assignmentof interceptor details and the number of missiles forengagement of air targets with a maximumprobability.

types of air defense missile sys-tems and fighter-interceptors, aswell as with all types of radarassets of air defense electronicforces.

Functions:- centralized placing of group-

ing assets to operational readi-ness;

- display of air situation andresults of combat operations onthe screens of indicators at auto-mated work stations;

- automatic reception of

instructions from a higher com-mand post and transmission there-to of reports on operational readi-ness and combat actions;

- distribution and designationof targets, including jammers, toair defense missile systems;

- automated guidance of fight-er-interceptors to air targets, con-trol over safe flight of guided inter-ceptors, and homing of the inter-

ceptors to basing airfields afteraccomplishment of combat mis-sion;

- cooperation with neighboringcommand posts of fighter aviationor air defense missile brigades;

- automated generation ofcontrol commands to the datasources and processing of radarinformation from several sources,which permits effective operation

under the conditions of jammingand poor quality information;

- comprehensive drill of com-bat crews;

- registration of battle perfor-mance and issue of reports onresults of combat operations;

- coordination of combat oper-ations of air defense missile forcesand fighter aircraft.

This characteristic is extremelyimportant for the control of thebattle of a grouping both forobtaining maximum effectiveness

and for ensuring safety of friendlyaircraft.

CompositionDepending on the scope of

problems to be solved, two mainversions of utilization of the"Senezh-M1E" automated controlsystem are envisaged: a completeand reduced set.

The complete set, whichensures execution of the entirerange of combat missionsincludes:

- a mobile combat control postfor ensuring operational controlmissions over air defense missilesystems and individual fighter-interceptors - a 26M6 articlearranged on a motor vehicle semi-trailer;

- an additional combat controlpost for widening the technicalcapacities of the automated con-trol system over groupings of air

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AE016

1.

The "Senezh" ACS

advances to an ini-

tial position

2.

The life support

system

3.

Work stations of the

combat control van

crew

defense missile forces and fighteraircraft, increasing the effective-ness of communication assetsand improving work convenienceof a combat crew by transferringthe automated work stations to astationary structure - a 27M6 arti-cle also arranged on a motorvehicle semitrailer;

- a self-contained powerplant, type ED2x30-T400, withtwo mutually back-up generatorsof 30-kW rating each - 2 pcs;

- a radio set, type R-997-1M,for reception of information fromfighter-interceptors - 1 pc;

- a radio set, type R-997-2M,for transmission of commands tofighter-interceptors - up to 4 pcs;

- a type "Raduga-ME" stationfor transmission of control com-mands to fighter-interceptors -up to 3 pcs;

- coordinate readout postequipment to process primaryinformation from acquisitionradars of air defense missile sys-tems - up to 5 pcs;

- a type "PORI-ME" complexof automation means for a radioengineering subunit - 1 pc;

- a radio relay station, type5Ya662/5Ya663, for informationexchange with controlled objects,information sources, neighboringcommand posts - up to 15 pcs;

- an articulated truck tractor,type KAMAZ, for transportation ofthe 26M6 and 27M6 articles - 1pc.

The reduced set ensures theaccomplishment of operationalcontrol missions over air defensemissile systems and fighter air-craft on the basis of mobile com-bat control posts.

The "Senezh-M1E" automat-ed control system can receiveradar information from all typesof air defense radar assets usedboth jointly and separately (com-mand posts of tactical forma-tions, radio engineering subunits,

radar detectors, radars, altime-ters, self-contained acquisitionassets of air defense missile sys-tems) and from cooperating auto-mated control systems of airdefense groupings.

The combat crew's comfortand safety are ensured by an airconditioning, heating, and venti-lation system, which also affordsprotection from chemical,radioactive, and bacteriologicalagents.

The automated control sys-tems are shipped by all types oftransport - railway, water, air and

under their own power.To control an air defense

grouping under the conditions ofa fluid situation, the automatedcontrol system must operate inreal time. The "Senezh-M1E"automated control system isequipped with a sufficiently pow-erful computer, with a speed ofabout 700,000 operations and amemory capable of expanding tothe required extent.

The "Senezh-M1E" automat-ed control system has 24 commu-nication routes organized with theuse of its own channel-forming “

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A I R D E F E N S E


AE016

4.

Inside view of the

control and com-

puter complex van

5.

Work stations of the

regiment comman-

der and guidance

navigator

Basic technical characteristics

Coverage, kmNumber of air objectshandled at once

Number of controlled fire weapons:-air defense missile systems

-fighter-interceptorsDeployment time:-complete set, h-reduced set, min

up to 600

up to 120

up to 17 (up to77 fire channels)up to 6

up to 2up to 15

equipment. Its automated workstation is provided with a roundindicator, 45 cm in diameter, suffi-cient for the display of the requiredinformation. The developed infor-mation model permits easy orien-tation in control of the groupingand decision-making, required foreffective conduct of combat oper-ations.

The "Senezh-M1E" automatedcontrol system differs from suchforeign systems as the AN/TSQ-73"Missile-Minder" (USA), "Normad"(Great Britain), "Sage" (USA) interms of mobility, the capabilitiesof the computer complex, a widerrange of problems under solution,by using various sources of infor-mation during its operation, theability to control all types of airdefense weapons, and the possi-bility to coordinate the actions ofair defense missile systems andfighter-interceptors.

Specifications of "Rubezh-ME" Automated Control

SystemPurpose:control over combat operations

of a fighter air regiment, as a partof a territorial automated groupingand local groupings.

Functions:- centralized placing of fighter

regiment assets in combat readi-ness;

- reception, processing, anddisplay of air situation on automat-ed work station screens;

- automatic reception ofinstructions from the commandpost and transmission thereto ofreports on operational readinessand combat actions;

- automated solution of naviga-tional problems and problems oftarget distribution and retargeting;

- control and instrumentalguidance of fighter-interceptors toair targets;

- automated transmission ofcommand's and instructions oncombat operations of interceptorsto the fighter regiment runwaycontrol posts;

- homing of interceptors tobasing airfields of the fighter regi-ment;

- control over the safety offlights of the interceptors, whichare being guided;

- cooperation with neighboringcommand posts of fighter regi-ments or air defense missilebrigades;

- automated generation of con-trol commands to informationsources;

- drill of combat crews, notinvolving air assets;

- practice in methods of con-duct of combat operations in"Trainer" mode;

- registration of battle perfor-mance on a tape recorder, outputof reports to the automated centralcontrol center and photo registra-tion.

Types and number of con-trolled objects.

The "Rubezh-ME" systemensures guidance of fighter-inter-ceptors, types MiG-21, MiG-23,MiG-25, MiG-29, MiG-31, and Su-29, outfitted with an appropriateairborne equipment.

Number of interceptorscontrolled at a time (fromground or air alert status) up to 21

Number of interceptorbasing airfields up to 3

It ensures automated controlover "Rubezh-2ME", "Senezh-E","Senezh-ME", "Senezh-M1E","Vector-2VE" remote guidanceposts.

Number of remote guid-ance posts controlled at atime up to 2

Number of air objects han-dled at a time up to 76

Power supply of system:-own self-

contained power plant 380 V, 50 Hz, 100 kW

-industrial power network 380 V, 50 Hz

Operating characteristicsof system

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AE016

AIR DEFENSE GROUPING AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM "SENEZH-M1E"

5Ya662S-300PMU

S-125M

5Ya663

COMMAND POST "SENEZH-M1E"

R-997-1MR-997-2M

46464616

Number of automatedwork stations:

-in control shelter 4-in guidance shelter 4Number of additional

automated work stations(when arranged in stationarystructure):

-for control post 2-for guidance post 2Time of transfer to action

from alert status 3 minThe equipment of the com-

mand and guidance posts of thesystem is arranged on semitrail-

ers while that of the runway con-trol post is placed in a stationaryroom.

The semitrailer vans areequipped with a technologicaland sanitary ventilation, air con-ditioning, and heating systems. Afiltering-ventilating unit installedtherein prevents entry of chemi-cal, radioactive, and bacteriologi-cal agents. Provision is also madefor fire alarms, light and audiowarning systems, and fire fightingequipment.

The level of acoustic noise at

the operators' work stations doesnot exceed 70 dB.

The system envisagesarrangement of automated workstations for the combat crew ofcommand and guidance posts ina separate stationary room (com-bat control room).

The system boasts high relia-bility in operation and is simple tomaintain.

The main equipment, includ-ing the computer, operates on astand-by basis.

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A I R D E F E N S E


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ADDRESS:28 Gagarina St.,

Ekaterinburg, Russia620139

Phone: (3432) 44-0433,(3432) 44-0221.

Fax: (3432) 44-1591.

oday theEngineering DesignBureau "Fakel"(Torch), set up inNovember 1953,ranks as one of themost famous andauthoritative orga-nizations, engagedin missile design inour country andabroad. Quiterecently the design

bureau was named after itsfounder Pyotr DmitrievichGrushin, an outstanding Russianscientist and academician, whodirected the work of the bureaufor nearly forty years. During thisperiod the design bureau devel-

oped and handed over for service14 types of missiles, featuring awide range of characteristics.Subsequently these missiles wentthrough more than 30 moderniza-tions. Missiles developed at"Fakel" have been and are now inservice with the armed forces of37 countries.

The following missiles createdby "Fakel" are well-known:

RS-1U, RS-2U (AA-1 "Alkali"according to NATO classification)- the first guided air-to-air mis-siles produced in our country.

V-750 (SA-2 "Guideline", SA-N-2) or 1D (and other modifica-tions) - medium-range AA mis-siles used in the first mobile AAmissile system S-75. On May 1,

1960, a U-2 spy plane was shotdown over the Urals with this mis-sile.

4K90 (SA-3 "Goa", SA-N-1)and its modifications - a small-range AA missile for the AA mis-sile system S-125 and the ship-board AA missile system M-1 -the first such system adopted bythe Navy. Several thousandplanes were shot down by thesetypes of missiles in various warsand local conflicts.

5V21, 5V28 (SA-5,"Gammon") - long-range AA mis-siles used in the AA missile sys-tem S-200 of the air defensetroops, which are still unique inthe world.

4K60 (SA-N-3 "Goblet") - amedium-range missile for theNavy.

9M33 (SA-8 "Gecko", SA-N-4) - a small-range AA missile nowused in the AA missile system"Osa" for the ground forces and"Osa-M" for the Navy.

9M330 (SA-15) - a small-range AA missile presently in ser-vice with the ground forces (the"Tor" AA missile system) and theNavy (the "Klinok" AA missile sys-tem).

The "Fakel" design bureauhas also made a substantial con-tribution to the creation and con-solidation of the country's anti-missile defense system. The V-100 was the world's first missilewhich hit on March 4, 1961 theforebody of a long-range ballisticmissile with its fragmenting war-head.

At present the design bureauis conducting R & D into the cre-ation of new AA missiles capableof effectively fighting diversemeans of air attack, such as anti-ship and antiradar missiles, guid-ed bombs, tactical as well asoperational-tactical ballistic mis-siles.

The missiles, created by the

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" F A K E L "A N D I T S M I S S I L E S

$ V l a d i m i r S v e t l o v $ G e n e r a l D e s i g n e r , " F a k e l " D e s i g n B u r e a u$ V l a d i m i r K o r o v i n $ L e a d i n g E n g i n e e r

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A I R D E F E N S E


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Design bureau developed and handed over for service14 types of missiles, featuring a wide range of char-acteristics. Subsequently these missiles wentthrough more than 30 modernizations.

Vladimir Svetlov

"Fakel" design bureau, wereincluded in the S-300PMU AAmissile system of the air defensetroops and the "Rif" shipboard AAmissile system.

Work on the first missile ofthis series, designated 5V55, gotunder way at "Fakel" in the late1960s. The vast experience accu-mulated by designers by thattime, coupled with their constantsearch for new solutions, enabledthem to create a truly outstandingmissile. It incorporated the mostprogressive achievements in thisfield and anticipated virtually allmain trends in air defense missileengineering for many decades to

come. One such trend led to thedevelopment of a sealed trans-porting-launching container,which the missile is kept in duringits service and which it islaunched from. This containerbecame an integral part of themissile.

For missile guidance thedesigners selected an upgradedradio command method, wherebyradio-command guidance at theinitial and midcourse phase wasorganically combined with the so-called "missile tracking" at termi-nal phase. This guidance princi-ple made the entire system prac-tically immune to various elec-

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1.

The 4K90 missile for

the "Volna" system

2.

The 5V28 missile for

the S-200 system

3.

The 4SN6E missile

for the S-300 PMU-

1 system

4.

Layout of the 48N6E

missile

tronic countermeasures andenabled the missile to fly along aminimum-fuel path and ensuredeffective target destruction.

On the basis of the results,obtained from the blowdown ofthe models and the prototypetests, the designers adopted awingless arrangement for the5V55. The principal control ele-ments of the missile are foursmall folding air vanes. Naturally,use of a "pencil" design of thiskind posed many problems forthe designers of the controlequipment, autopilot and vaneactuators. However, the missilecould be accommodated in acylindrical transporting-launchingcontainer, not much larger thanthe missile itself.

The operational requirementsfor the 5V55 in the air defensetroops and on naval ships and theneed for a high rate of fire neces-sitated a number of solutions toexpedite the prelaunch opera-tions and reduce the time takenby the missile to go into targettrajectory. A crucial role is playedby the provisions for forced verti-cal launch from the transporting-launching container - a new fea-ture for this type of missiles. Thissubstantially increased the rate offire of the system (because allmissiles are kept directly on thelaunchers ready for immediatelaunching); provided the meansfor all-round air defense againstaircraft and missiles flying fromany direction; made it possible touse highly limited spaces onboard a combat ship to the bestadvantage (with a correspondingincrease in the number of mis-siles carried by the ship); andreduced the "no-launch" zone,as, when missiles are launchedfrom ships along an inclined tra-jectory, they must fly clear of theship's superstructures.

Working on the 5V55, the

designers of "Fakel" thoroughlyanalyzed various methods offorced launch and chose the cat-apult version. The catapult oper-ates from hot gas produced by agas generator located in the con-tainer.

The sustainer engine is start-ed, after the missile has beencatapulted to a height of 20-25meters. This minimizes the expo-sure of nearby elements of themissile system and ship super-structures to the gas stream andenhances the operational reliabil-ity of the entire system, particu-larly on board ship (the sustainerengine is not started inside theship's missile compartment).Once the engine has been start-ed, a special gas-dynamic controlsystem - gas vanes located in thenozzle part of the engine - quick-ly turns the missile and puts itinto a guidance path.

Many technical innovationswere realized by the specialists of"Fakel", together with severalallied enterprises during missile

production. Consequently, ahighly efficient technologicalmethod of reverse extrusion wasused to fabricate the cylindricalbody of the solid-propellantengine - a massive and heavilyloaded structure made from ahigh strength aluminium alloy.

However, the most importantfact about the 5V55 is that it isthe first missile in our countryand the whole world featuring the

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5.

The equipment

compartment and

warhead of the

5V55 missile in the

S-300 PMU system

6.

The tail section of

the 5V55 missile

7.

A stand for testing

the missile's

onboard equipment

in simulated aero-

dynamic heating

conditions

principle of guaranteed reliability,incorporated in its design when itwas created. As a result, the mis-sile can remain in service withoutmaintenance for up to 10 years,becoming a kind of "fixed car-tridge". This was made possible bya whole system of measures,aimed at preventing the appear-ance of any faults, which maycause failures or various emergen-cies during missile service.

To maximize the efficiency oftheir work, the designers of the5V55 critically reviewed the entiremissile development cycle andthoroughly analyzed the launchesof several thousand missiles of

various types. No efforts werespared in carrying out ground testsof the units and assemblies of themissiles with full-scale simulationof the real conditions, whichappear in the course of their ser-vice and combat employment. Thepossibilities available to missiledesigners at the "Fakel", quite fan-tastic as they may have seemed inthe recent past, increased evenmore, when a unique test centerwas commissioned at the designbureau. Its laboratories areequipped to perform a wide rangeof tests: thermal, climatic, specialradiotechnical, etc. Here it is pos-sible to fully simulate all conditions

and loads likely to be encounteredby the missile both in service andflight. The specialists of "Fakel"have devised unique techniques toaccelerate operational-life andtransport tests, which allow theduration and cost of the tests to bereduced dozens of times. Thesetests were used to develop "guar-anteed reliability", which hasbecome a hallmark of the missilesdesigned by "Fakel" (not only the5V55, but also the 9M330 and alllater models).

The first results obtained by"Fakel" in this area alreadyrevealed how correct and promis-ing its choice was. Guaranteedreliability significantly raised thevalue of the missile as a weaponsystem, considerably simplified itsmaintenance and ensured amarked reduction in maintenancepersonnel.

In 1979 the state trials of the5V55 were completed and the mis-sile was adopted by the air defensetroops (as a part of the S-300PMUsystem). A short time later, aftercompletion of the missile trials inthe "Rif" AA missile system, carriedout on a large submarine chaser"Azov" in the Black Sea, the 5V55was adopted for use on the mostup-to-date naval ships - thenuclear-powered missile cruisersand the "Slava" type cruisers. Theforeign designation given to themissile was SA-10 "Grumble" (inthe S-300PMU system) and SA-N-6 (in the "Rif" system).

In the early 1980s, the 5V55was one of the most advancedmissiles in the world. However, theprogress of our radioelectronicengineering and appearance ofnew materials, which enabled thedesigners and product engineersto reduce the weight of the missileelements ensured markedimprovements in the characteris-tics of the 5V55. Most importantly,its flight range was doubled by the

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8.

A stand for carrying

out heat-strength

tests of the rocket

body

9.

A stand for per-

forming transporta-

tion tests of the

rocket

10.

The echo-free

chamber

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 5V55 AND 48N6E MISSILES

CharacteristicMaximum range, kmMaximum target destruction height

Minimum target destruction height, kmMaximum target speed, m/secWeight of warhead, kgMissile length, mAvailable g-loading

48N6E1500.025

2,8001437.525

5V55900.025

1,3001337.25-

Maximum flying altitude ofcombat aircraft

installation of a more efficientnew engine. The dimensionsand launch weight of the mis-sile, which was designated48N6E, remained almostunchanged: it could be accom-modated in the same container.Improvements in the on-boardequipment and guidance tech-niques allowed the 48N6E toeffectively engage targets flyingat speeds of up to 10,000 km/hwithin a wide range of their fly-

ing altitudes. The fact that themissile could now effectivelyintercept difficult targets, suchas tactical and tactical-opera-tional missiles, was crucial. In1991 alone, during test rangelaunches, the 48N6E destroyedfour tactical missiles.

Today the 48N6E has beenadopted by the air defensetroops (as a part of the modern-ized system S-300PMU-1) andthe Navy (as a part of the "Rif"

system). At present it isunequalled in terms of capabili-ties and has no analogues inthis class of missiles. In manycharacteristics it is also superiorto the missile of the US AA sys-tem "Patriot." The demonstra-tion launches of the 48N6E and9M330 missiles of "Fakel", car-ried out in February 1993 at theinternational weapons exhibitionin Abu Dhabi (UAE), wereextremely successful. (

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The Research Engineering Institute(NIMI) is the leading enterprise inRussia and the CIS, which producesartillery rounds for towed and self-pro-pelled artillery of the Ground Forces.

While developing new artilleryrounds, their developers try to increasetheir target effect, range of fire andaccuracy. Research and design is car-ried out, relying on breakthroughs inpresent-day science and technology.

The Institute’s specialists devel-oped and continue to improve ammuni-tion for field artillery systems, rangingfrom 76 mm to 203 mm to annihilatemanpower, destroy armor targets anddemolish various fortifications. Apartfrom HE projectiles, there are full-cal-iber armor-piercing cavity and solidprojectiles, spin- and fin-stabilizedHEAT projectiles, illumination andsmoke projectiles, concrete-piercingprojectiles (152-mm and more), train-ing projectiles and others.

All artillery rounds of up to 100 mmare developed as fixed-loaded projec-tiles; artillery rounds of 120 mm, 130mm and 152 mm are separate-loadedammunition.

Artillery rounds, greater than 100mm, incorporate variable propellingcharges, designed to meet the require-ments of ballistic scale of velocities,

ensuring overlapping ranges during fir-ing at minimum and maximum ranges.

Owing to their versatile features, theHE projectiles provide basic ammuni-tion for field artillery pieces. Theartillery rounds of 100 mm caliber andover are developed for the HE projec-tiles of increased lethality, filled withhexagen (A-IX-2) explosive charges bythe batch compaction method. TNT canbe used as an alternative explosive.

In addition, the HE projectiles (rock-et-assisted or base-bleed), increasingrange of fire by 20-30%, are developedfor artillery systems, including D-20,ML-20, 2S3M, 2A65, 2S19, 2A36, 2S5and 2S7. To meet present-day demandson all artillery systems of the 152 mmcaliber, our Institute has developed amore powerful HE projectile with animproved aerodynamic configuration;its standard body is made of high-grade, non-heat-treated, high-frag-mentation steel with a copper-nickelalloy plasma-jet hard-faced drivingband.

HE artillery rounds of 122 mm, 130mm and 152 mm caliber can be fittedboth impact and proximity fuzes. Thelatter can increase the target effect ofthe projectile 1.5-2.0 times, comparedto the former.

The artillery rounds with cargo pro-

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ARTILLERY ROUNDS FOR RUSSIA’S FIELD ARTILLERY

Vladimir KIREEVPresident of the RussianAcademy of Rocket andArtillery Sciences

CONTACT FOR DETAILS:IN RUSSIA, MOSCOW:Phone: (095) 452-1172Fax: (095) 452-0722IN GERMANY, COLOGNE:Phone: (221) 21-08-42Fax: (221) 21-08-43IN FRANCE, PARIS:Phone: (1) 47274139Fax: (1) 45536856

Artillery rounds with HE increased lethality projectiles.Caliber,mm 100

122

130 152

Name oftowed BS-3

M-30 D-30 M-46 D-1 D-20, ML-20

2A36

2A65

the system: self-propelled 100-SU BMP-3 -2S1 --2S3M

2S5

2S19

Model of a round 3UOF10/3UOF11 3UOF17 3VOF80 3VOF81/3VOF82 3VOF43/3VOF44 3VOF101 3VOF32/3VOF33 3VOF97/3VOF98 3VOF39/3VOF40 3VOF86/3VOF87 3VOF72/3VOF58/3VOF733VOF96/3VOF97/3VOF98 3VOF91

Model of a projectile 30F32 Same 30F56 Same 30F33 30F66 30F25 30V64 30F29 30F59 30F45 30F64 30F61

Maximum range, km 20.6 up to 4* 12 15.3 27.5 12 17.4 18.5 28.3 30 24.7 Same 29

* Developers are trying to increase the maximum range of fire up to 7 km and powerimpact on targets 1.5 to 2 times.

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jectiles, featuring far more powerful killcapacity, are developed for variousartillery systems, including 152 mm3VOF13 and 3VOF14 artillery roundswith a cargo projectile, 3-0-13, incor-porating HE bomblets. Besides,artillery rounds 3VOF28 and 3VOF29with a cargo projectile, 3-0-23, withmore powerful HEAT bomblets are cur-rently under development. The 152 mmrounds with cargo projectiles and self-aiming combat elements, fitted withtarget sensors, play a special role.These rounds are used to hit armor tar-gets.

In addition, the Institute, jointly withBulgarian firms, is currently developingrounds with ECM projectiles to jam tac-tical radio communication means.

All artillery rounds for the fieldartillery of Russian armed forces aredeveloped employing state-of-the-artmaterials and high technology: high-fragmentation steels, powerful explo-sive charges, plasma-jet hard-faceddriving bands and the like are used fortheir production. During their develop-ment and serial production, a numberof advanced techniques and know-howare introduced.

The Institute offers all interestedcountries deliveries of 100-152 mmfield artillery rounds, licenses andknow-how for their production, as wellas technical assistance in their serial

production and joint work to developnew artillery rounds to fully satisfy thecustomer’s demand. Joint work todevelop rounds, chambered for NATOartillery pieces, is possible.

The Institute works jointly with otherenterprises to ensure the utilization ofammunition. New methods of disassem-bly and utilization of ammunition havebeen devised. They include the plug-ging of projectile bodies into tube-shaped pieces to produce bushings andparts for the automotive industry, theprocessing of gun powder and combatexplosives in commercial explosivesand consumer goods (vanishes, paintsand the like), the rolling of cartridgesinto foil to manufacture radiators forautomobile cooling systems and con-tact elements for radioelectronicdevices and the manufacture of brasswire for electric discharge machines,etc.

The Institute can work jointly in thefield of conversion to produce medicalequipment (massage tables, tables forextension of vertebral columns,inhalers, medical masks), mobile eco-logically friendly installations for thedisposal of waste, high technologies(light welding, principally new methodof tube cleansing, etc.), as well asrefrigerator-heating equipment, basedon thermoelectric modules.

152 mm Ammunition for 2A65,2S19, 2S3M, D-20 and ML-20 Self-Propelled and Towed Howitzers

From left to right: reduced variable, full variable and long-range charges, OF45 HEprojectile and OF61 HE BB projectile

3-0-23 HEAT-bombletprojectile

3-0-13 HE-bomblet pro-jectile

3NS30 radio jammercargo projectile

100 mm 3UOF17 HEround for the BMP-3

IFV’s gun-launcher

he Russian main battle tankT-80U marks a culminationof efforts at a new stage ofthe consistent, radical mod-ernization of the secondpostwar generation tanks,provided with a gas turbineengine, initiated after theadoption of the T-80 tank in1976. The conceptual needto improve the combat andperformance properties oftanks predetermined the.

phased modernization of this family oftanks:

T-80B (1978) - upgraded tank gun,fire control system, guided weapon sys-tem, and armor protection;

T-80B (1980) - installation of a morepowerful GTD-1000TF engine (809 kWrating);

T-80BV (1985) - the armor is supple-mented with an explosive reactive armorpackage.

During modernization, the staff of thedesign bureau (St. Petersburg), headed

by Nikolai Popov solved complicatedtechnological problems, related to theproduction of fundamentally new unitsand systems.

The T-80U tank retains specific fea-tures of domestic tank building: a classi-cal layout, where the primary armamentis housed in a rotating turret, the powerplant and transmission in the hull's rearsection, the crew members are stationedseparately as follows: the tank comman-der and gunner in the fighting compart-ment (in the vehicle's mid-section), whilethe driver mechanic in the driving com-partment (in the hull's front section).

Despite the installation of new unitsand systems, which improve the tank'scombat and performance characteristics,its dimensions remained approximatelythe same as those of the T-80BV tank.The weight increased by only 1.5 t. It stillremained 9 t less than the "Leopard" 2A4and the "Leclerc", 11 t less than theM1A1 "Abrams", and 16 t less than the"Challenger". Compared with the M1A1,the T-80U tank hull is 996 mm shorter,238 mm lower, and 32 mm narrower.

A high level of tank firepower isattained by better jamming immunity ofthe fire control system (FCS), increasedrange and higher fire accuracy, higherammunition power, and reduced prepa-ration time for firing the first and succes-sive rounds.

The primary armament of the T-80Uis a 125-mm increased-accuracy, high-ballistics, smooth-bore gun-launcher2A46M-1. It is stabilized in two planesand loaded by an automatic loader,whose mechanized rack accommodatesthe first priority rounds (62% of theammunition load).

The gun is provided with a thermaljacket and built-in device for checkingthe gunner's sight for collimation; thegun tube and breech ring provide forquick disconnection. This permitsreplacement of the tube in the field, with-out removing the gun from the turret.

The ammunition allowance is tradi-tional: separate-case rounds with hyper-velocity armor-piercing (HVAP), high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT), and high-

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R U S S I A NM A I N B A T T L E T A N KT - 8 0 U

$ V y a c h e s l a v Y e l i s e y e v , P y o t r S h a n t s e v $

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The T-8OU tank retains specific features of domes-tic tank building: a classical layout, where the pri-mary armament is housed in a rotating turret, thepower plant and transmission in the hull's rear sec-tion, the crew members are stationed separately.

explosive (HE) projectiles. TheHVAP projectile of the gun has amuzzle velocity of 1,715 m/s andis capable of killing heavilyarmored targets at an effective(point blank) range of 2,200 m.

The tank gun capabilities ofengaging armored targets andlow- flying helicopters areenlarged by the use of the"Reflex" guided weapon system(GWS). Its laser-guided missilehas a hollow-charge warhead, isrammed to the gun bore by anautomatic loader, and fired fromthe gun barrel.

The missile control system,simple in use, guides the missileto a tank type target in mobile orstationary fire with a probability of0.8 at firing ranges of 100 to4,000 m and with a probability of0.7 at firing ranges of 4,000 to5,000 m. The guided weapon sys-tem is protected against jammingand electronic countermeasures.

The combat properties of the"Reflex" guided weapon systemwere highly appreciated by spe-cialists during demonstration fir-ings in Abu-Dhabi in 1993.

The secondary armament is acoaxial 7.62-mm Kalashnikovtank machine gun with an ammu-nition allowance of 1,250 car-tridges. A 12.7-mm NSVT anti-aircraft machine gun (additionalarmament) is installed on the tur-ret in one of the three sockets. Itsammunition allowance is 500 car-tridges. The up-to-date fire con-trol system allows the gunner andthe commander to search for andtrack targets, lay and stabilize thearmament (excluding the anti-air-craft machine gun), deliver aimedstationary and mobile fire bothday and night, launch and auto-matically guide a missile; it alsopermits the commander to assigntargets.

The "Irtysh" day optical sight,with a built-in laser rangefinder,

missile control channel, andsight-to-gun collimation device,permits the gunner to detecttank-type targets at distances ofup to 5,000 m and find theirranges. The sight stabilizes thegunner's field of vision in twoplanes, independent of the gun.Its pancreatic system changesthe magnifying power of the opti-cal channel from 3.6 to 12X.

At night, the gunner seeksout battlefield targets and takes

aim with the help of a "Buran-PA"integrated active-passive sightwith a stabilized field of view.

The tank commanderobserves the battlefield, controlsand fires the tank gun and thecoaxial machine gun, and alsodesignates targets to the gunnervia the PNK-4S day-night sight-viewer complex, whose field ofview is stabilized in the verticalplane.

The gunner's thermal sightconsiderably increases the rangeof target detection and identifica-tion, generating infrared (ther-

mal) radiation within a range ofwavelengths, corresponding tothe windows of atmospherictransparency. The commanderuses the channel of this sight tosolve his own problems. Thisdevice becomes far more useful

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1.

The T-80U main

battle tank

2.

9M119 tank-borne

guided missile

3.

The "Buran-PA"

night sight (at left)

and "Irtysh" day

sight-rangefinder-

guidance unit

4.

The PNK-4S com-

mander's day-night

sight-viewer com-

plex

5.

An explosion reac-

tive armor package

during combat operations in lim-ited visibility (smoke screens,dust, haze, thick fog).

The tank digital electronicballistic computer considers cor-rections for a target range andflank velocity, tank speed, thegun trunnion cant angle, gunbore wear, an ambient air tem-perature, atmospheric pressureand cross wind and increases theaccuracy of the laying of the pri-mary and secondary armament.The employment of the automaticloader made it possible to attain ahigh rate of fire (7 or 8rounds/min), as distinguishedfrom many foreign tanks (exclud-ing the French "Leclerc" tank, theJapanese type 90, and theSwedish Strv-103B tank). Thearrangement of the mechanizedstowage rack, below the turretrace ring, reduces tank vulnera-bility in the event of damage tothe armor. The design of splittrays of the automatic loaderrotary conveyor contemplatesquick removal of two trays for thedriver mechanic to pass to thefighting compartment and back at

certain positions of the tank gun.The required level of tank

protection against conventionalweapons (projectiles, splinters,ATGM warheads, mines, etc.) isattained by development workcarried out along the followinglines.

First of all, it constitutes a setof arrangement, design, and pro-duction process measures toreduce the probability of detect-ing and hitting a tank. Specialcamouflage painting distorts thetank appearance in the visibleand infrared ranges of the elec-tromagnetic spectrum of reflect-ed radiation. The rear positioningof the power plant compartment(PPC), backward exhaust andlow-level noise of the running tur-bine of the gas turbine engine(GTE), the availability of an addi-tional power unit, used in certaincombat conditions, instead of themain engine, as well as the ther-mal sight make the tank virtuallyindiscernible in the thermal andaudible ranges of electromagnet-ic radiation. The low silhouette,entrenching equipment, andsmoke- screening with the help ofthe smoke generating equipmentand smoke grenade launchers ofthe 902B "Tucha" system not onlyprevent detection of the tank onthe battlefield: they also diminishthe possibility of delivering aimedfire at the tank. An attached minesweeper forestalls the explosionof mines under the tank belly andtracks.

A package of design mea-sures of another direction is usedto achieve the requisite level oftank resistance against theimpact of projectiles. For thispurpose, the window apertures ofsighting devices are made rela-tively small. The frontal elementsof the welded hull and one-piececast turret (within a course angleof approximately +35 degrees)

are made in the form of combinedarmor barriers. The hull sides arereinforced by rubberized fabricskirts with steel cover plates inthe front portion, intended forprotection against HEAT projec-tiles. A considerable contributionto anti-projectile resistance of theT-80U is made by explosive reac-tive armor (ERA) plates, whichcover more than 50% of theexternal surface of the tank bow,sides, and roof. The combinationof the armor and ERA packagedefeats virtually all types of themost popular hollow-charge anti-tank weapons and reduces thearmor-piercing effect of kineticenergy projectiles.

A great deal of attention isaccorded to measures to ensurethe tank resistance against anti-tank weapons in the event of pen-etration of the armor. The mea-sures include the following: dis-position of a bulk of the ammuni-tion load below the turret racering in the fighting compartmentand placement of a portion of fuel(about 40% of the entire capacityof the fuel tanks in the tank hull)in the power plant compartment;installation of an electric enginedrive of the turret instead of anelectrohydraulic one; employ-ment of the "Iney" fast-actingautomatic fire fighting equipment(FFE). The fast action and relia-bility of the FFE and the flamesuppressing agent used do notprovide for the ignition of fuel-airmixture to turn into fire andexplosion of the fuel.

For protection against mines,the seat of the driver mechanic issuspended from the turret plat-form, and the hull stiffness in thearea of the driving compartmentis reinforced by a pillar, locatedbehind the driver seat.

The means supplementingthe protection of the vehicle andits crew against mass destruction

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6.

Upper front section

of the hull

7.

GTE-1250 gas tur-

bine engine

weapons, and from nuclearweapons in particular, includespecial outer and inner shieldingsmade of hydrogen-containingpolymers with additives of lead,lithium, and boron and local pro-tection screens made of heavymetals, as well as special equip-ment. Owing to multiple attenua-tion of penetrating radiation aftera nuclear explosion and radioac-tive radiation on the contaminat-ed terrain, as well as automaticpressurization of the habitablecompartments and purification ofthe supplied air, the crew canconduct prolonged combat oper-ations in the nuclear environ-ment.

Mobility is considered animportant combat property of thetank. It is ensured by the powerplant, transmission and runninggear. The power plant of the T-80U tank is an integrated com-plex of the GTD-1250 gas turbineengine, various systems and spe-cial equipment, ensuring its func-tioning in various operating con-ditions.

The engine with a rating of919 kW is housed as a monoblockunit in the power plant compart-ment and installed on two fixedand one movable support,enabling the crew, if load liftingfacilities are available, to replacea failed engine, even in field con-ditions, in under three hours. Ituses a three-shaft arrangementwith two independent low- andhigh-pressure turbocompressors,a circular combustion chamber,and a free power turbine withouta heat exchanger.

The fuel system has a fillingcapacity of 1,840 ltr. Diesel fuelis the main fuel, kerosene dupli-cate and gasoline the reservefuel. The gas turbine engine canalso operate on mixtures of dif-ferent fuels. Unlike multifuel pis-ton engines, it does not require

any additional adjustments, dur-ing changeover from one type offuel to another. All tanks may befueled to full capacity within 12and 15 min.

The air cleaning system isconsidered a weak point of gasturbine power plants of AGT-1500type transport vehicles (USA),provided with axial compressorsand a heat exchanger. However,

the centrifugal wheels of thecompressors and absence of aheat exchanger in the GTD-1250permitted the designers to avoidthis drawback and attain a highdegree of air cleaning (approxi-mately 98.5%). The air cleaningsystem supplies air to the engineand the nozzle assembly of thehigh pressure turbine and alsoguides air to the power plantcompartment accessories fortheir cooling, and to the cavitiesof the front drive box and firstsupport of the low-pressure com-pressor. In this way the powerplant compartment is pressurizedagainst the entry of dust. Tests ofthe T-80U in deserts and in loessdustiness conditions confirmedthe high effectiveness of theaforementioned approaches.

The engine is provided withan air cooling system. The engineis reliably started by vehicle stor-age batteries, a self-containedpower unit, or an external powersource (a similar vehicle).

The special equipment of thepower plant clears the engine air

flow duct from dust deposits,supplies compressed air to thedual- channel fuel injectors dur-ing engine starts, with the use ofdiesel fuel or its mixtures withkerosene, purges the fuel linesduring engine shutdown, and laysa concealing smoke screen.

The power plant is simple tocontrol. The controlled nozzleassembly is used for the enginebraking of the vehicle, gearshift-ing in transmission, and limitingthe speed of the power turbine.

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AE019

8.

Transmission unit

9.

A running gear

detail

10.

The tank negotiates

a water barrier

The absence of mechanical link-age between the latter and theturbocompressors increases thevehicle cross-country ability onthe ground with low supportingpower and in heavy traffic condi-tions and does not lead to enginestalling (shutdown), if the vehiclesuddenly halts with a gearengaged. All these factors simpli-fy the training of driver mechan-ics.

Despite an increase in tankweight by 1.5 t, the economicaloperation of the power plantmade it possible to retain thecruising range at the level of theT-80BV and M1A1 with a fuel tankcapacity 160 ltr less than the lat-ter tank. In addition, the GTA-18Aauxiliary power unit provides forfuel economies during its inde-

pendent operation in a defensivebattle and ambush and also sav-ings on the service life of themain engine.

The tank transmission ismechanical. It contains two plan-etary units and hydraulic systemsfor lubrication and servocontrol.Four forward gears and onereverse gear, the high reliabilityof the friction devices operatingin oil with steel-on-cermet fric-tion, and hydrodynamic decelera-tions, as well as the disk stoppingbrakes fully adapt the enginecharacteristics to the externalconditions of rectilinear andcurvilinear motion of the tank.

The composition of the T-80U's running gear is traditional.The caterpillar drive includes twoshort-link rubber-bushed tracks

with a rubber-covered path fortwelve split rubber-tired roadwheels with aluminum disks, tenexternally cushioned supportrollers, two all-metal idler wheels,two driving sprockets, and twoworm track tensioners. The cater-pillar drive is characterized byhigh degrees of trouble-freeoperation (durability) and reten-tion of the tracks from droppingthe driving sprockets, simplemaintenance and low laborrequirements for elimination offailures, and preservation of qual-ity of materials used.

The second element of therunning gear, the springing sys-tem, is an individual suspensionon non-coaxial torsion bars withhydraulic direct-action shockabsorbers on the first, second,

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AE019

Technical DataIndex

Tank weight, tCrew, menGun:caliber and type

Ammo load, rounds(in autoloader inclusive) Guided weaponThermal sightRange of night vision, mStabilizer

RangefinderBallistic computerSmoke grenade launchers, pcArmor protection:-front of hull and turret-sidesExplosive reactive armorEngine:-type-rating, kWAuxiliary power unit

Maximum speed, km/hCruising range on highway, kmFuel tank capacity, ltrMean ground pressure, kgf/cm2Water barrier depth, m:-fording w/o preparation-submergedcrossing with USCE

T-80U(Russia)46.03

125-mmSBG-1chr

45 (28)9K119 "Reflex" avail2600electrohydraulic in elevation and electromechanical in traverselaserelectronic8

avail

GTE919 (1250)GTE

704301,8400.925

1.8

5.0

M1A1 "Abrams" (USA)57.14

120-mm SBG

40

avail2000

laserelectronic12

none

GTE1,100(1.500) Rotor-piston engine

684602,0000.930

1.2

4.0

"Leopard"-2A4 (Germany)55.24

120-mm SBG

42

avai2000

laserelectronic16

combinedspacednone

diesel1,100 (1,500) none

684501,2000.850

1.2

4.0

" C h a l l e n g e r "M1 (GB)62.04

120-mm RBG

64

avail2000

laserelectronic10

none

diesel882 (1,200)avail

565001,5920.960

1.1

5.0

"Leclerc"(France)

54.53

120-mm SBG

40 (22)

avail-

laserelectronic6

avail

diesel 1,100(1,500)main engine supercharging unit715501,3000.900

1.0

2.3

electrohydraulic electromechanical

and sixth suspension assembliesand metal stops. The suspensionis simple in design, maintenance,and repair. Owing to a largedynamic motion of the roadwheels and rubber-on-rubberrolling, the running gear exerts alow negative influence on tankrapidity, reduces the vibration ofthe tank during its movement athigh speed, and creates the req-uisite ergonomic conditions forthe crew's activity.

The vehicle boasts superior"water-going" qualities. Theunique design of the air intakedevice and on-vehicle underwaterstream-crossing equipment

(USCE) allow the tank to negoti-ate fords up to 1.8 m deep on themove without preparation andcross water barriers up to fivemeters deep (while submerged)without limitation on width afterdue preparation.

Demonstration runs of theM1A1 "Abrams" and T-80U tanksin Abu Dhabi displayed betterrunning qualities of the latter indrives on straight stretches withirregularities and making turns.Running tests, carried out bySwedish crews for half a year,which involved drives throughravines and snow drifts near thePolar circle, once again proved

that the Russian tank boasts ahigh cross-country ability, is easyto handle and prepare for com-bat, and reliable. According tospecialists, the power plant,transmission and running gearwere sufficiently tailored forSwedish conditions. Only com-mercial considerations predeter-mined the decision of theSwedish government to buyGerman "Leopards".

The domestic T-80 main bat-tle tank, incorporating a wholerange of new scientific and tech-nical achievements of domestictank building in firepower, pro-tection, and mobility and fitted

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AE019

n 1972 theInternational DefenceReview journal report-ed that American com-panies had startedm a n u f a c t u r i n g"Ribbon Bridge" pon-toon parks. The reportread that it took ateam of 46 men 50minutes to assemble a122-meter bridge witha load capacity of 54

tons from a complete pontoonpark. It did not mention the fact,however, that specialists call theRibbon Bridge a Russian park.Small wonder, for the Americanmodel is a carbon copy of theRussian pontoon bridge park(PMP). Its pontoons are trans-ported in the same preassembledform on special pontoon carriers.When dropped into the water, thepontoons automatically open in amatter of seconds, forming a pre-pared section of a bridge or ferry.To move sections through thewater, tow ferries and keep theassembled bridge in place in astrong current, the park alsoincludes bridge-erection boats. In1978, under a license boughtfrom the USA, a West Europeancompany started turning out

Ribbon Bridges for theBundeswehr. The "Pioneer" jour-nal noted: "We have had to adopta Soviet-designed Americanpark". Russian pontoon bridgeparks have enjoyed a good repu-tation in the world for a long time.The pre-war heavy pontoon parkN2P proved its remarkable worthat many water crossings duringWorld War II. No other armyinvolved in the war had anything

of a such high caliber. It was theonly park, which could erectbridges for loads of up to 60 tons.The heavy-duty pontoon bridgepark, TMP, was even better. Afterthe war Soviet designers devel-oped the TPP heavy pontoonpark, again the best in the world.It could take on loads of 16, 50and 70 tons on rivers of differentwidth.

In time, however, demand

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" R I B B O N B R I D G E "F R O M R U S S I A

$ A n a l o l y D o k u c h a y e v $I

1

A R M Y


AE020

PMP parks meet modem requirements to this day andeffectively discharge their functions in the armedforces. This has not prevented the army, however,from bringing in the more advanced PP-91 and PPS-84 pontoon parks. They have essentially the sameriver and shore pontoons, but the new modificationshave a higher load and traffic capacity.

developed for even moreadvanced engineering equip-ment. In 1947, the seniorresearcher Yuri Glazunov fromthe Engineering ResearchInstitute of the USSR Ministry ofDefense received a research anddesign assignment for a mecha-nized pontoon park. Normally,the research part consisted in thegathering, systematization, clas-sification and analysis of availableinformation on all pontoon parksof the world. The pure design partfollowed. Glazunov realized thatin this way the park characteris-tics could be improved by 10-30%, but he wanted to upgradethem 2 to 4 times. This could onlybe achieved on the basis of anovel, truly scientific approach.Glazunov managed to develop anew method called technonomics(an analogy of the terms econom-ics and ergonomics).

All previous pontoon parksconsisted of floating supports:pontoons, where the superstruc-ture was placed: the balks, deckpanels and treadway. Thisrequired considerable time to

erect the crossing and a largenumber of pontoniers and pon-toon trucks.

The new method made it pos-sible to resolve in the optimal waythe problem of erecting ribbonbridges and ribbon ferriesassembled from the main stan-dard modules of the pontoon parkin the form of cross-collapsibletrough-shaped quadri-partitebridge pontoons. Pontoons weresimply rolled off the truck into thewater, where they automaticallyunfolded under the effect of grav-ity and with the help of two smalltorsion bars.

The 6.75-meter folding unithelped reduce the number ofoperations performed by pon-toniers in the erection of a dou-ble-track 60-ton bridge from 526,as with the TPP park, which wasthe best in the world at that time,to 6, and with the linking of thebridge into a line - to 8 opera-tions. The time costs and numberof pontoniers and trucks in thepark decreased 4 to 5 times.

The PMP forced its waythrough long and hard. It wasonly after 12 years that thedesign was handed over to indus-try. By that time Colonel BorisComarov had joined the researchsection of the project. VladimirSavelyev took over thehydraulics, Colonel MikhailMikhailov and designer ArkadyKriksunov took charge of thedesign and assembly of an exper-imental unit, while AndreiFadeyev handled the actualdesign and assembly of a pilotunit at the design bureau of the"Oka" plant (the latter was

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AE020

1.

The artillery crosses

the river over the

bridge

2.

A truck with a BMK-

T tow boat

3.

A pontoon truck

with a river pontoon

4.

A pontoon truck

with a shore pon-

toon

General designerof the PMP-1 sys-tem Yuri Glazunov

appointed chief project designer,together with Glazurnov and waslikewise awarded a Lenin Prize).The project also involved ViktorZheludyanov, Nikolai Makurin,Vasili Trefilov and many otherdesigners and engineers. Thelabor efficiency of a pontonier inthe work with the PMP soaredmore than 70 times, compared tothe TPP and 120 times comparedto the best foreign park, M4T6(USA). Work, formerly carried outby a regiment of pontoniers,could be easily handled by a bat-talion. One of the officers whosaw the ribbon bridge in actionfor the first time involuntarilyexclaimed: "So what is left for us,the pontoniers, to do?"

In 1963 six designers andproduction engineers wereawarded a Lenin Prize for thedevelopment of the PMP.

The PMP "saw action" for thefirst time during army exercises inthe Group of Soviet Forces inGermany in 1960. In subsequentyears it was used in all majorexercises of our armed forces.Many countries buy the PMPfrom the USSR and organizelicensed production.

Vietnam. Units of the nationalarmy were advancing to the south(by the end of the war theAmericans had lost the initiative),but there were major waterobstacles in their way. So atelegram was sent to Moscow: weneed pontoon bridges. Therequest was granted andVietnamese regiments startedappearing all of a sudden, sur-prising the enemy in the mostunexpected places.

The PMP played a significantrole in the 1973 Arab-Israeli war.The Arabs' plan provided for sur-prise actions in the Suez Canalarea: a flash crossing of theCanal and the advance to theMitla-Giddy line in the 7th to 8th

day of the offensive. A 40,000-man strong force waited for a sig-nal. By the number of pontoonparks, however, Israeli intelli-gence figured out the enemy'sstrength and time it would takethe enemy to cross the Canal andtook the appropriate countermea-sures.

On October 6 the Egyptianssuddenly crossed the Canal any-way. The surprise effect was

entirely due to the PMPs. Thewhole operation took about tenhours. At night the parks wereairlifted to the Canal area and inthe morning ribbon bridgesspanned the banks of the Canal,which came as a complete sur-prise for the Israeli army. Thenthe advance of the Egyptian armybegan.

After 1972 hydrodynamicshields were added to the PMP

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A R M Y


AE020

5.

Dropping of a pon-

toon in water

6,7.

The pontoon auto-

matically opens in

water

design. They were proposed byhydraulics expert Vladimir Savelyevand were successfully tested in1950 with the ribbon bridge of theN2P and TMP parks and then withthe experimental model of the PMP(then called MMP) in 1953. Theessence of the new design goes asfollows. The ribbon bridge is a damon the river. It was believed that witha strong current it would block theriver and then sink. In other words,the hydraulic problems looked mon-umental. In the USA, however, theyresolved it in the following way. Thestronger the current, the lower loadcapacity was preassigned for thepontoon park, which means that it

had a shallower draft, so that thebridge would remain intact. In con-trast the hydrodynamic shields ofVladimir Savelyev make it possible toraise the bridge's load capacity withstronger currents. It was as if heforced the energy of the current toprop up the bridge.

At one stage the potentialpatenting of the bridge was dis-cussed. However it was eventuallydecided that military requirementsdid not require any patents. As aresult, it remained a state idea. Theonly good news is that it is preciselya Russian idea which travels aroundthe world.

In the meantime hard currency

from the ribbon bridge has beenearned by other countries.According to the reputable Jane'sYearbook, the West German compa-ny EWK manufactures a steel variantof the ribbon bridge, analogous interms of design to the Soviet PMPpark. One set is already in operationin Egypt. It follows from the reportthat a park has been speciallydesigned for export to African coun-tries.

There are purely peaceful deedson the PMP's record too. The ribbonbridge has been repeatedly used inrescue operations to save people indistress. A flood can pull down abridge, which will take a long time torestore. This marks one of the manycases, where the PMP is irreplace-able.

PMP parks meet modernrequirements to this day and effec-tively discharge their functions inthe armed forces. This has not pre-vented the army, however, frombringing in the more advanced PP-91 and PPS-84 pontoon parks. Theyhave essentially the same river andshore pontoons, but the new modifi-cations have a higher load and traf-fic capacity. (

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AE020

8.

Locking the pon-

toon with deck

latches

9.

Folding up a pon-

toon

10.

Loading a pontoon

OUR REFERENCE:

PMPThe bridge from the PMP park is a kind of continuous floating ribbon andthe carriage ferry is a part of that ribbon of varying length, depending onthe load capacity. There are 32 river and 4 shore pontoons in the PMP set,which are carried by KrAZ-214 trucks. The elements of the set are used tobuild bridges with a load capacity of 60 and 20 tons and a length of 227and 382 meters, respectively, as well as ferries with a load capacity of 20to 170 tons. With the transition from a large number of "loose" elementsto preassembled sections, which are whole pieces, consisting of a floating

support and a superstructure, the time needed to erect bridges and assemble ferries con-tracted 3-4 times in the PMP park, compared to the TPP park which had long been the mainpark in the Soviet army, while the number of pontoniers was reduced almost five times. It took3.5 to 3.7 man-hours to erect a 1-meter section of a heavy bridge from the TPP park, where-as the rate is 0.19 to 0.22 man-hour for the PMP park.The number of trucks required for the transportation of the park has also sharply decreased.In the PMP park the floating elements are carried by 32 trucks, compared to 96 in the TPPpark.

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AE020

Number ofunits

1210844

Number ofpontoniers

(men)

6/29/3

12/421/727/9

Assemblytime (min)

81012

13-1516/20

Trackwidth(m)3.29

-6.5---

Bridgelength

(m)382

-227

---

Number ofpontoniers

(men)102/34

-102/34

---

Erectiontime(min)

50-

30---

Designation

For bridgeand ferrycrossings

Composition

32 river pontoons4 shore pontoons8 trucks withsparesKrAZ-42ZIL- 8 trucks

Load capacityin tons

(ferry/ bridge)

20/2040

60/6080

130170

POTOON BRIDGE PARK (PMP)

FERRIES BRIDGES

N o t a s s e m b l e d

he State ScientificTest Range forAviation Systems(SSTRAS) hasbeen operationalfor 50 years and isone of the fivemajor testing areasfor the StateCommittee onDefense Industry.A special govern-ment resolution

accorded SSTRAS its present sta-tus and name in 1993.Historically the test range wasused as a base to perform flightsaimed at perfecting aviationsights, combat load droppingsystems, etc. The site for the testrange was carefully selected. Itoccupied a large uninhabited ter-ritory (11,000 hectares) and wasclose enough to the local laborforce, major design bureaus inMoscow and the Flight ResearchInstitute (FRI). Apart from beingthe test range's major founder,the FRI also organized work there

during the first years. For yearsthe advantageous location andunique testing equipment con-tributed to the creation anddevelopment of aviation in thiscountry.

Over the past two decadesthe engineering staff, engaged inthe development, production,perfection and use of aviationequipment, as well as the scien-tists who provided theoreticalsupport on these stages of cre-ation of all new vehicles, con-ceived the idea of the need for an

integral system to perfect the ele-ments of the aviation combatcomplexes (ACC) and the ACCsas a whole. The system com-prised the following stages:mathematical modelling, half-scale modelling, ground and in-flight testing. Integrity is dictatedby a set of requirements, basedon the unacceptability of skippingindividual stages, a unifiedmethodological approach, theapplication of methods andmeans to measure and recordparameters which allow one toidentify the results of measure-ment evaluation at differentstages of the new equipment'sdevelopment. The transition tothe next stage is based on theevaluation of the results obtainedat the previous one. The SSTRAStest rigs - and there are aboutfifty - do not copy the chiefdesigners' test beds. In actualfact, they supplement them pro-viding an opportunity to work with

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C O M B A T A V I A T I O N E Q U I P M E N TT E S T E D O N T H E G R O U N D

$ L e o n i d S a f r o n o v $

D i r e c t o r , S t a t e S c i e n t i f i c T e s t R a n g e f o r A v i a t i o n S y s t e m s

T

1

A I R F O R C E


AE021

Historically the test range was used asa base to perform flights aimed at per-fecting aviation sights, combat loaddropping systems, etc. For years theadvantageous location and unique test-ing equipment contributed to the cre-ation and development of aviation inthis country.

Leonid Safronov

loaded items and simulate theircombat use.

The State Scientific Test Rangefor Aviation Systems aims to carryout the ground stage of testing andperfecting aviation equipment pro-totypes. The facilities of theSSTRAS also stipulate testing ofaviation equipment at otherstages. For example, future equip-ment can be determined at earlydevelopment stages during testingat ballistic installations. The sameinstallations can be used to deter-mine the parameters of the avia-tion means of destruction (usingmock-ups) during the mastering ofthe ACC's combat employment andoperation. A set of propellantdevices guarantees speeds of upto 5 km/s, while the presence of abarochannel on one of the fourtracks greatly expands the rangeof simulation. At present the rigsare used to study the effect of highaltitude aircraft and rockets on theEarth's ozone layer.

On the whole all elements ofthe experimental base comply withthe requirements for testing facili-ties. The main elements of thebase will satisfy the strictest andtoughest demands of theresearchers and customers, whilethe others provide the minimum"must" for testing and perfectingthe equipment.

These differences areobserved in the level degree ofapproximation of testing conditionsto the conditions of operation andcombat employment of samplesunder development, the number ofautomatic test control systems andmeasuring and parameter record-ing systems, as well as in the abil-ity to automatically collect andprocess information collected dur-ing the tests.

Ground testing aims toupgrade the characteristics of avi-ation equipment systems and theirelements to levels which ensure

that in-flight testing is carried outwith a maximum credit co-effi-cient.

On the whole the tasks for avi-ation equipment ground testingare determined by the generaltechnical requirements establishedby the Air Force for the creation ofnew types of military equipment

and armament.SSTRAS is a member and in

some cases the main executor ofassignments pertinent to programsfor aviation equipment develop-ment, especially those connectedwith experimental studies andreports on the following:

- the compatibility of the flying

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AE021

1. The thermal test-

bed

2.

A rail track for test-

ing aircraft and mis-

sile systems

3.

A test-bed for testing

a target for infrared

detectability

vehicle's (FV) weapon systems,on-board equipment, etc.;

- the reliability of the FV on-board equipment and missilesunder comprehensive operatingconditions;

- the explosion-and-firesafety of the FV, its units andsystems;

- safe separation of loadsfrom the carriers;

- the safety of the crew andthe reliability of the emergencyevacuation systems;

- the resistance of systemsand materials to heat, erosion,light and electromagneticeffects;

- the combat effectivenessof aviation destruction means;

- the survivability of the FVand its elements: engines, fueltanks, helicopter rotors, etc.;

- the employment of aerosolsystems for FV protection.

Depending on the tasksassigned, work in the afore-mentioned areas can be carriedout on individual systems andunits, combined systems, aswell as the ACC as a whole.

The SSTRAS researchershave powerful instruments attheir disposal. They include amissile track, "Compatibility"rig, ballistic tracks, big elastic

stand (BES), a rig to test mate-rials and units for heat resis-tance, etc.

The missile track length

(2,500 meters) allows one toachieve steady-state speedsegments, even for speeds ofup to 660 m/s. The missile track

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A I R F O R C E


AE021

4.

A test-bed for testing

engines with ejector

plant for survivability

5.

Aeroballistic track

with variable medium

density

6.

A universal light sim-

ulation complex

makes it possible to study thesafety of emergency evacuation,the aerodynamic compatibility ofthe FV and released loads, thegas dynamic effect of launchedmissiles' exhaust jets on the FVpower plant, etc. in circum-stances which are approximatedas far as possible to real condi-tions, where the aviation equip-ment is operated. The effectivebraking system guarantees thetested object's preservation. Thetrack is equipped with a moderninformation-complex, whichincludes a locally developed spe-cialized telemetric system.

The "Compatibility" rig isused to study, as is clear from thefacility's name, the compatibilityof on-board equipment systems,weapon systems and FV controlsystems under conditionsapproximated to real ones. Suchconditions are simulated by theappropriate suspension of the fly-ing object, with its engines oper-ating and firing of the guns andmissiles.

The big elastic stand allowsone to study the phenomenawhich take place during thelaunch and missile's free flightunder close-to-real conditions.The power plant thrust can devel-

op a thrust of 100 tons.The test range has a good set

of propelling devices which canensure speeds of up to 5 km/s for0.5 kg objects and up to 13 km/sfor objects weighing a few grams.The experimental base has provi-sions to test the survivability ofthe airframe, power plant, fueltanks and other elements andunits of a helicopter.

During testing the objects areexposed to air flow, as well asstatic and dynamic loads.

The testing complexes pro-vide for mechanical and climatictesting of loaded items, whereasmethodological facilities providereadings on their potential safetransportation by truck, rail or air,and also determine a guarantiedstorage period for objects whichare not confined to aviationweapons.

A number of rigs allow for thetesting of power plants with bothsolid-propellant and liquid-fuelrocket motors, with a thrust of upto 100 tons. Some rigs are fittedwith altitude chambers. In the1980s special installations werebuilt on the basis of liquid-fuelrocket motor testing rigs. Theyare designed to carry out heat-resistance tests and can createvelocity pressures which corre-spond to those encountered insupersonic low-altitude flights,and temperatures of up to 2,400°C. These rigs are used to test theheat-resistant coatings, nosecowlings, fins and rudders of var-ious types of supersonic missiles.They are also used to perfect theinstallations, specially designedat SSTRAS to "reactivate" oil andgas wells, special nozzles, whichensure effective fuel combustion

and enhance boiler efficiency.The same set of rigs includes

units for testing aerosol genera-tors with some of them developedat SSTRAS. Tests of aerosol gen-erators led to the appearance of anumber of projects for the needsof the national economy, such asgenerators for the defoliation ofcotton, protection of potatofields, etc.

The aforementioned testingmeans, as well as those whichhave not been described here,form an integral complex whichtook a long time to create. Itallows one to examine and per-fect the systems and units of theaviation equipment, in accor-dance with the general technicalrequirements for military produc-tion.

Over the past few years, aswell as to its traditional clients,SSTRAS has established contactswith a number of foreign firms,which are attracted by opportuni-ties offered by the experimentalbase, its intellectual potential andtesting methods adopted at therange.

At present, work is under wayto resolve the tasks set by firmsfrom the USA and the People'sRepublic of China. Offers fromother foreign firms, concerningthe work in the main, as well asallied spheres, are being studied.For example, it is possible that infuture we shall carry out jointresearch into "ozone" problemsand study possible ways to utilizeaviation weapons together withthe firm SNPE DEFENCE ESPACEfrom France, BUCK TECHNOLO-GIEN from Germany and others.

(

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AE021

7.

A heat-erosion test-

ing stand

Moscow Region, 140240, FaustovoVoskresensk District

Phone: (095) 556-0709Fax: (095) 556-0740

Teletype: 846313, БЕРКУТ

he Kamov Ka-28 isregarded as one ofthe most up-to-dateship- borne and land-based ASW heli-copters. It was devel-oped in 1982 by theN. I. KamovHelicopter Company(also referred to asthe Scientific andTechnical Complex),headed by Designer

General S. V. Mikheev.In line with the tradition of the

company's design bureau, theKa-28 has a coaxial rotor designwith removed tail rotor, whichconstitutes a very important fea-ture for a ship-borne helicopter.Furthermore, the coaxial designboasts a number of indisputableadvantages over the traditional"main rotor - tail rotor" scheme.Use of the coaxial rotor configura-tion adds to the flying safety ofthe helicopter, when it is operatedfrom a ship, makes it more com-pact and, most importantly,improves its maneuverability.According to estimates of the fly-ing and engineering personnel ofthe naval aviation, the Ka-28 is awonderful ship-borne helicopter,

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K a - 2 8 S H I P - B O R N EA N T I - S U B M A R I N E W A R F A R E

H E L I C O P T E R$ V a s s i l y A k p o r i s o v $

L i e u t e n a n t - G e n e r a l o f A v i a t i o n , C h i e f o f A v i a t i o n S t a f f , R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n ' s N a v y

T

1

A I R F O R C E


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In line with the tradition of the company's designbureau, the Ka-28 has a coaxial rotor design withremoved tail rotor, which constitutes a very importantfeature for a ship-borne helicopter. Furthermore, thecoaxial design boasts a number of indisputableadvantages over the traditional "main rotor - tailrotor" scheme. Use of the coaxial rotor configurationadds to the flying safety of the helicopter, when it isoperated from a ship, makes it more compact and,most importantly, improves its maneuverability.

1.The K-28 lands on the deck

preferred by seamen. Experts ofthe Defense Ministry ResearchInstitute (NII MO) believe the Ka-28 to be 3 to 5 times (dependingon the mission to be carried out)more effective than its predeces-sor, Ka-25PL, which comprisedthe major portion of the fleet ofship-borne helicopters of thisclass in 1960-70s.

The aerodynamic arrange-ment of the Ka-28 ensures themost optimal use of its configura-tion and tail unit, as is normallyfound in airplanes, consisting of afixed stabilizer and two rudders.Inflatable ballonets, located alongthe sides of its fuselage, underspecial flap doors, assure thebuoyancy of the helicopter in thecase of emergency water land-ings (it only takes 4 to 6 secondsto inflate them). The four-strutlanding gear of the Ka-28 is non-retractable. Due to its insufficientclearance, the landing gear of theKa-28 is made expandable. Thispermits the normal loading of thehelicopter with the requisiteequipment to seek out and attackthe submarines.

The power plant of the Ka-28,consisting of two TV3-117VK gas-turbine engines allows it to fly onone engine when the other one isdamaged and also resolve a com-bat mission. Moreover, the powerplant includes an Al-9 turbine-dri-

ven compressor, assuringautonomous engine start-up inthe absence of any externalpower supply, which is vital for ahelicopter operating from unpre-pared grounds.

The power plant of the heli-copter is extremely impressive(two engines develop a normalthrust of 3,400 hp and a take-offthrust of 3,800 hp and therebyprovide it with high energy poten-tial in all modes of operation andat all flight altitudes).

The operation of the enginesis supported by the fuel system,which has a capacity of up to4,700 liters with centralizedfuelling accomplished within 16minutes.

The crew of the Ka-28 con-sists of three crewmembers: apilot (crew commander), naviga-tor and navigator-operator.

To rescue crash survivorsfrom water, the Ka-28 helicopteris equipped with a special liftingdevice, comprising an electricallydriven winch and seat, which canbe lowered and hoisted. If neces-sary, the helicopter can drop life

preservers (life rafts, boats, etc.).Greater air-sea rescue capa-

bility is demonstrated by a specialsearch-and-rescue Ka-27PS heli-copter, now in service with theRussian Navy.

For comparative performancecharacteristics of the Ka-28 andits foreign counterparts, seeTable 1.

In one flight, the Ka-28, fittedwith a dunked sonar, can surveyan area measuring over 1,660km2 (the search version) or over1,200 km2 (the search-and-attack version, with a suspendedanti-submarine weapon). Whenthe helicopter uses sonobuoys,the said area grows to 2,000km2.

The ASW armament of the Ka-28 comprises AT-1MV torpedoes,APR-2E rockets and aerial bombsweighing from 50 kg to 200 kg.

The real asset of the Ka-28 isits NKV-252 flight-navigationalcomplex, which assures a highlyaccurate resolution of navigation-al problems in flight over monot-onous terrain, ensures the auto-matic approach of the helicopter

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AE022

2.

The flight compart-

ment

3.

Helicopter's tail unit

Vassily Akporisov

to the point of release of subma-rine search and destructionmeans, and automatic hovering atthe desired altitude.

The basic element of the air-borne search-and-aim equipmentis a system designated "Osminog-E". It detects and locates a sub-marine, advises the crew on theweapon used to attack it, by dis-playing the tactical situation pic-ture on a special monitor.

Functionally, the "Osminog-E"

search-and-aim system comprisesthe following subsystems: hydroa-coustic, radar, navigational/tacti-cal situation monitor, and comput-er.

The hydroacoustic subsystemis essentially a VGS-3 dunkedsonar, which performs submarinesurveillance in active and passivemodes. For a helicopter-bornesystem, the VGS-3 sonar possess-es a fairly extensive energy poten-tial and largely surpasses the ear-

lier sets of similar equipment interms of basic parameters, weightand dimensions. The VGS-3 isusually employed jointly with theradar subsystem and its radarcontrast target control equipment.

No less important is the sub-system, which displays the prima-ry and secondary target data andother information, needed for aproper execution of combat mis-sions in a marine TOW.

To synchronize the work of allsubsystems, the Ka-28 mounts acomputer subsystem, based onthe use of a specialized computer,capable of performing 150,000operations per second.

The flight preparation of the"Osminog-E" system is aided withbuilt-in automatic test equipment,which checks on the serviceabilityof the system. Practical experi-ence gained by the Ka-28 sup-ports the conclusion that availabil-ity of the "Osminog-E" systemaboard the helicopter makes ithighly effective in fighting sub-marines and other submerged tar-gets.

The Ka-28 helicopter boastshigh performance characteristicsand is easy to maintain. Whenbased on board a ship, it does notneed any sophisticated and cum-bersome equipment for its main-

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THE TREE-VIEW DRAWING OF THE Ka-28

Table 1

Characteristic

Maximum take-off weight (kg)Engines:-type-power (hp)Diameter of main rotor disk (m)Length with rotating rotor (m)Dimensions in folded condition:-length (m)-width (m)-height (m)Static ceiling (m)Maximum speed (km/h)Cruising speed (km/h)Service range (km)Maximum flight duration (h)Payload (kg)

Ka-28

12,000

TV3-117VK2 x 2,20015.9 15.9

12.2 3.8 5.4 2,950 250 230 1,000 5.2 800

EH-101"Merlin"13,000

T700-SE-4013 x 1,60018.622.8

16.05.55.28892902301,0205.0530

SH-60B"Sea Hawk"9,910

T700-4012 x 1,69016.3619.76

12.53.64.01,0302702308004.7>500

SH-60"Nelo"9,870

T700-4012x1,69016.3619.76

12.53.64.04502702301,1606.7720

4.

The Ka-28 carrying out

a combat mission

tenance.The good stability and con-

trollability of the helicopterensure its take-off from smallship-borne pads with winds of upto 20 m/s and the ship tilted at+8 degrees of roll and +2degrees of pitch.

Such characteristics of theKa-28 also made it attractive toforeign customers. Deliveries ofthe helicopters to foreign cus-tomers began in June 1986 (Indiabought 13; Vietnam 8; Cuba 4;Syria and Yugoslavia, 2 each).The foreign crews and mainte-nance personnel were trained at aspecial training center in Kacha.References from these countriesconfirm the reliability of the Ka-28 and its high performance inthe most adverse climatic condi-tions. (

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AE022

he N.Y. ZhukovskyMilitary EngineeringAir Academy wasfounded in 1920. Itsinception was pro-moted by outstand-ing men of domesticand world aviatione n g i n e e r i n gthought: N.Y.Zhukovsky (archi-tect behind itsestablishment), hispupils, later

Academicians B.N. Yuryev andB.S. Stechkin, and Professor V.P.

Vetchinkin. At different times thecountry's leading aircraft design-ers graduated from the Academy:A.I. Mikoyan, S.V. Ilyushin, A.S.Yakovlev, V.F. Bolkhovitinov,N.D. Kuznetsov, S.K. Tumansky.Academy graduates include ChiefAir Force Marshals K.A. Vershinin,P.F. Zhigarev, Air Force MarshalsF.A. Astakhov, G.A. Vorozheikin,S.F. Zhavoronkov, S.A.Krasovsky, S.I. Rudenko, F.Y.Falaleyev, V.A. Sudets, and S.A.Khudyakov. Fifteen pilot-cosmo-nauts have received an engineereducation here, including the first

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R U S S I A ' S L E A D I N GA V I A T I O N T R A I N I N GA N D R E S E A R C HC E N T E R

$ V l a d i m i r K o v a l y o n o k $

A i r - F o r c e C o l o n e l - G e n e r a l , C h i e f o fN . Y . Z h u k o v s k y M i l i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g A i r A c a d e m y , P i l o t - C o s m o n a u t

T1

A I R F O R C E


AE023

In terms of teaching and research potential, fundamental andtopical nature of the research, technical equipment andtraining system of engineers for the Air Force and Ministry ofDefense of the Russian Federation, the academy is a uniqueeducational and research center of the Russian Federationand is deserving of national pride.

VladimirKovalyonok

cosmonaut Y.A. Gagarin and thefirst female cosmonaut V. N.Tereshkova.

Today the academy trainscomprehensively educated keyengineer personnel of the opera-tional-tactical link up to air com-mand, inclusive for all fightingservices: the Air Force, AirDefense Forces, Navy, GroundForces, Strategic Missile Forcesand the Security Ministry troops.In other words, it is an inter-ser-vice academy and essentiallydetermines the technical devel-opment policy of all types of avia-tion systems of the Armed Forcesof the Russian Federation.

The academy trains engineersand researchers for the armies ofa number of foreign countries inthe entire range of air speciali-ties.

The academy has the experi-ence and ability to train civilianspecialists for newly-createdstructures of the Ministry ofDefense of the RussianFederation, the defense sectorsof industry and specialists in mil-itary economic analysis and con-version.

The academy boasts a large

teaching and research potential:about 100 doctors, or more than60% of doctors of sciences in theAir Force, over 500 masters ofscience and 87 professors,including academicians and cor-responding members of theRussian Academy of Sciencesand a number of sectorial acade-mies, 20 Merited Science andTechnology Workers of theRussian Federation, and 30 StatePrizewinners. These scientists arefrom 19 scientific schools,including many world class levelschools. Such researchers andinstructors as A.A. Krasovsky,M.I. Nisht, I.E. Kazakov, M.S.Yarlykov and V.I. Tikhonov are thehonor and glory of the academy.Few other educational institutionsof the Russian Federation couldcompare with the academy interms of the uniqueness of itsresearch and pedagogical facility.The training of highly qualifiedengineer air personnel is ensuredby the availability in the academyof a powerful and modern trainingand experimental base, compris-ing about 150 unique installations

and complexes and incorporatinga training airfield, a practiceground, engine testing station, a"barorange", a complex of windtunnels, installation for neutraliz-ing the optoelectronic systems ofhigh-precision weapons, and acomplex of metrological supportfor testing and operating aviationequipment.

The academy uses in theteaching process: 29 aircraft andhelicopters, 39 aircraft engines,118 airborne missiles, three sim-ulators, and fourteen training air-craft classes, more than 700 ESand SM computers.

In 1991-1994 studies werecarried out on more than 300research projects: the academywas the leading or sole executorin 70% of the total.

It carries out research in a bidto raise the combat readiness andefficiency in action of aviation ofthe Armed Forces of the RussianFederation, flight safety, the bat-tle survivability, reliability andservice life of aviation equipment,the effectiveness of the combatuse of aviation means of destruc-tion and means of radio electron-ic warfare, create new modelsand update aviation equipmentand armament, perfect theiroperation and repair and advancethe instruction and educationprocess.

The following are the mostimportant scientific results of theacademy over the past two orthree years:

- realize in troop practice rec-ommendations to speed up therepair of combat damage toengines of aircraft complexes infield conditions;

- increase the life of theengines of An-124 and An-255planes by adding a heat-insulat-ing coating to the turbine bladesfrom 1,500 to 4,000 hours, there-by ensuring significant cost sav-

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AE023

ings;- develop on-board radars for the

MiG-29M and Su-27M aircraft com-plexes, making it possible to realizefor the first time on a multipurposefighter plane the possibilities of radardetection and identification of groundtargets and home in on them.

In addition, it is researching thefollowing problems: global radarreconnaissance of air space, landsurface and sea areas, includingnonconventional methods of searchand detection of submerged sub-

marines; increasing the effectivenessof high-precision weapons; accuratenavigation and homing, using theEarth's physical fields (relief featuresand magnetic, gravitation and linearreference points); the creation ofdirectional energy weapons; theintellectualization of arms and com-bat equipment by developing newsoftware.

Many of these developmentscould find wide applications in the AirForce, and also in the national econ-omy. They could attract additional

extra-budgetary funds for domesticand foreign investors.

To sum up, I would like to stressonce again that the academy is aunique training and research centerof the Russian Federation and a con-temporary aviation engineering uni-versity. The academy has long-stand-ing experience in scientific method-ological work and can train special-ists in the military economy and con-version for the new structures of theRussian Defense Ministry, defenseindustry and also foreign states. (

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A I R F O R C E


AE023

ADDRESS:125190, Moscow,

Leningradsky Prospect, 40.Phone: (095) 155-1008,

(095) 155-1001.Fax: (095) 250-52-79.

t is said that the USA hasnothing comparable withthis missile. It also has nodefense against thisweapon. The US officialsclaim that the SS-N-22missile, known as"Sunburn", presents asupermodern weapon", -wrote Jonathan Broderfrom the "We/Мы" officein Washington (newspa-per "Izvestiya", July 22,

1993).This is a comment about the

"ship-to-ship" missile systemknown in Russia as 3M-80E. Itwas created through the jointefforts of many defense enter-prises in Russia, headed byDubna Design Bureau and StateResearch and ProductionAssociation "Altair".

The 3M-80E ship-borne mis-sile system is used to destroysurface ships and transports ofthe strike ship groupings, assaultformations, convoys and dis-placement, hydrofoil, or air-cush-ion single ships against enemy

fire and electronic countermea-sures. The system consists of aship-borne control system,launchers, ground equipment andlow-flying supersonic missiles.

Developed in the 1980s, thissystem surpassed in terms ofbasic performance characteristicsits best foreign counterparts foryears to come.

The missile design embodiedthe best achievements of thedomestic missile building indus-try. A ramjet sustainer, boosterarranged in the sustainer com-bustion chamber and the use ofthe latest achievements in thefield of application of specialalloys made it possible to create asupermodern missile.

The speed of flight, twice asfast as that of the sound,extremely low altitude during thecruising and terminal legs of thetrajectory ensure that the enemydoes not have enough time tomake his ship's anti-missile

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T H E 3 M - 8 0 ES H I P - B O R N E M I S S I L E S Y S T E M

$ S e r g e y K l i m o v $

G e n e r a l D e s i g n e r , " A l t a i r " R e s e a r c h a n d P r o d u c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n

I“

1

N A V Y


AE024

"It is said that the USA has nothing comparable with this mis-sile. It also has no defense against this weapon. The US offi-cials claim that the SS-N-22 missile, known as "Sunburn",presents a supermodern weapon", - wrote Jonathan Broderfrom the "We/Мы" office in Washington (newspaper"Izvestiya", July 22, 1993).

Sergey Klimov

defense means combat-ready.Even if the enemy knows in

advance about a threatenedstrike by the 3M-80E, he will beunable, upon the appearance ofattacking missiles from under theradio horizon, to provide impactof his air defense missile with thefirst attacking missile of the 3M-80E system at a range exceeding5 to 7 km. In this case, he will beforced to guide his missiles inconditions, where the 3M-80Emissile performs anti-missilemaneuvers with g-loads exceed-ing 10 g. The enemy will not be

able to engage this missile for asecond time or hit the missileswhich follow the first one.

The 3M-80E is a self-con-tained system, using the "fire -forget" principle. Its boasts itsown target designation and distri-bution means. After the missileenters the area of location ofenemy ships, its on-board controlsystem independently seeks outand selects the most critical tar-get.

After the target has beenselected, the missile begins to behomed. The active-passive seek-

er guides the missile to the targeteither by an echo radar signal, orprovides guidance to radar emis-sion sources, located on the tar-get ship, or uses for guidanceinformation received over two

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AE024

1.

The winged homing

missile of the 3M-

80E system

2.

A destroyer of 956

design armed with

the 3M-80E system

Comparative Data on Missiles of Systems 3M-80E (Russia) and "Harpoon" (USA)

CharacteristicFlight speed, max.Flight altitude on cruising leg of trajectory, mLaunching weight of missile, kgType of warheadWeight of warhead (including explosive), kgRange of fire:-maximum, km-minimum, kmRate of fire in salvo fire, sType of homing head

Dimensions:-length, mm-wing span, mm

"Harpoon" missileM=0.8 to 0.8515 667 Semi-armor-piercing 225/95

110 to 130 13 3active radar head

4,570 940

3M-80E missileM>220 4,000 Penetrating300/150

120 10 5 combinationwith active andpassive channels

9,385 2,100

channels at a time. Two guidancechannels, operating on differentwavelengths and using compo-nents of artificial intellect, ensurethe missile's high survivability,noise immunity and efficiency.

The warhead design providesfor its detonation only after itspenetration in the inner rooms ofthe ship.

The 3M-80E system is

installed on destroyers of"Sovremenny" type and "Molniya"missile boats of the RussianNavy. The system may be mount-ed on wing-in-ground-effect craftand anti-ship aircraft.

The use of the 3M-80E sys-tem in the ship's armament offersthe carrier ship substantialadvantages over similar ships andboats from the other countries.

Russia's enterprises areready to develop and supply tothe customer within 2-3 yearsexamples of the ground-basedstationary or mobile weapon sys-tem to protect the coast from theassault forces or ships engagedin the blockade of the coast anddeliver the first samples of thisweapon within indicated terms.

(

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N A V Y


AE024

3.

A missile boat of

12411 design

(Tarantul III) armed

with the 3M-80E

system

4.

Launching of a hom-

ing missile of the

3M-80E system from

a "Lun" wing-in-

ground-effect craft

Basic Characteristics of 3M-80E Anti-Ship Missile System

Maximum firing rangeMinimum firing rangeFlight altitudeMaximum speed Launch of four missiles in a salvoWeight of missileWeight of warheadLength of missileDiameter of missile with wings folded

up to 120 km 10 kmless than 20 mM>2within 15 s3,950 kg300 kg9,385 mm1,300 mm

FIRING FROM 3M-80E SYSTEM

A 15 g anti-missile maneuver

An after-launch corrective turn

pecialists fromthe "Rubin" NavalDesign Bureau,mindful of thedemand ofRussian and for-eign customers,constantly workhand in hand withother sectors ofthe country'sdefense industryto upgrade navalequipment. This

enables us to carry out designprojects, develop assembly tech-nologies and carry out all testswithin a short time.

Before starting to design anew submarine designated forcombat operations on sea lanes,

specialists of the company,together with the naval commandand other research and design

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6 3 6 D E S I G N :R A P I D A N D L O W - N O I S ES U B M A R I N E

$ Y u r i K o r m i l i t s y n $

G e n e r a l D e s i g n e r o f t h e R U B I N N a v a l D e s i g n B u r e a u

S

1

N A V Y


AE025

Most of the new submarine's systems can operate automati-cally, controlled from the main control room console. Theautomatic devices help to rule out errors and make it possi-ble to warn the attendants of an emergency situation.However, in case of a breakdown, the work of any of theautomatic systems can be performed manually by each spe-cialist, attending to it. Here the wishes of a number of for-eign customers for the provision of manual and local controlof the systems have been met.

Yuri Kormilitsyn

agencies, determined that themain distinctive characteristics ofthis submarine should be:

- further noise reduction orcovertness;

- high operational reliability;- high survivability;- excellent navigation charac-

teristics;- assembly by proven tech-

nology.The combination of these

characteristics with effective tor-pedo systems, guaranteeing ahigh firing rate and accuracy,state-of-the-art radar and elec-tronic systems, a high degree ofautomation of all submarine con-trol operations and habitabilityensuring high combat readiness

of the crew, has made it possibleto develop the 636 design sub-marine at a modern technicallevel.

In contrast to the Foxtrot boat(I641K design) with the diesel-electric power plant, and the Kilosubmarine (877EKM design), the636 design boat is driven by amore powerful fully-electricpower plant, which has made itpossible to achieve high maneu-verability of the boat and reducethe noise level in the sailing modewith the snorkel on.

As is common in engineering,when some qualities or charac-teristics are improved, othersworsen. The designers had toincrease the boat's length by 2

spacings (1,200 mm), as the newpower plant (diesel generator)and its pumps and other auxiliarysystems required additionalspace. The designers, however,found an effective solution here:they increased the volume of thefuel and ballast tanks in this sec-tion, which, in its turn, made itpossible to increase theendurance range to 7,500 miles,compared to 6,000 miles for theboats of the Kilo type.

Another factor contributed tothe reduction of the boat's noiselevel: the reduction of the pro-peller's rotational speed in thewhole speed range and the use ofa seven-blade propeller of specialdesign.

The 636 design submarine isa single-shaft boat, with a well-streamlined hull developed aftercomprehensive computer calcu-lations and model tests in labsand trial pools.

The displacement of the boat,with the hull's anti-radar coating,is about 2,350 m3. Maximum hulllength is 73.8 m and maximumbreadth 9.9 m. The height of theexterior hull to the ceiling of thefencing of the retractable appli-

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AE025

1.

A model of 636

design diesel-elec-

tric submarine

2.

A diving submarine

ances is 14.7 m. The boat'sdraught at normal displacementis 6.3 m at midships and 6.6 m atthe bow. Maximum diving depthis 300 m, operation depth 240 mand periscope depth 17.5 m. Theshaft accommodates the mainpropulsion motor and the cruisingmotor. In addition, the submarinecarries two low-capacity stand-bypropeller units on both sides,which ensure good maneuverabil-ity in narrow passageways, atmooring and in emergencies.

The two groups of batteries ofthe latest design, with 120 unitsin each pack, housed in the 1stand 3rd compartments of theboat, enable it to build a fullspeed of 20 knots and have anendurance range of more than400 miles in submerged mode.For greater survivability the sub-marine is divided with strongtransverse partitions into six com-partments. With a 30% buoyancyreserve in the cruising mode, theboat may remain afloat even afterthe flooding of a compartmentwith two adjacent one-side ballasttanks.

The design ensures theaccommodation of pipelines,high-pressure air cylinders andother equipment, which is mount-ed outside the boat's payload vol-ume. The submarine can remainfully self-sustained at sea for 45days.

The crew (52) have comfort-

able quarters for rest between theshifts. The boat also houses agalley, showers, medical roomand officers' dinette.

Armaments. Six 533 mm for-ward torpedo tubes, with two sidetubes used to accommodateremote-controlled torpedoes. Theboat can carry 18 torpedoes: 6 inthe tubes and 12 on the racks.The submarine has a special tor-pedo-loading device. Torpedoescan be replaced with 24 mines:12 in the tubes (two in each tube)and 12 on the racks.

Two tubes are designed forfiring remote-controlled torpe-does of the latest design with avery high degree of accuracy. Alltorpedo tubes and their servicesystems guarantee effective firingat submersion depths from theperiscope to the operationaldepth.

To reduce the torpedo reload-ing time, the submarine is fittedout with a fast-loading system,which reduces the loading andre-loading time several times andthereby increases the fire rate,pre-empting the enemy's coun-teractions.

To ensure effective commandof the submarine by the captainand effective torpedo firing, theboat is equipped with a multi-pur-pose combat information andcommand system (CICS) with abuilt-in high-speed computer,which performs the following

functions:- processing of information

about the surrounding area, sup-plied by the boat's surveillanceequipment, and presentation ofobtained data on the display;

- determination of the targetmotion parameters and resolutionof the firing problems for under-water or surface targets;

- issue of data for attack;- computerized fire control;- development of recommen-

dations for the CO for maneuversand combat use of weapons, theaccomplishment of navigationtasks, data documentation andpersonnel training;

- correction of torpedo pathtogether with the remote-controlsystem in response to the tar-get's maneuvers and accuratetorpedo guidance by wire.

The wire-controlled torpedoremains in contact with the firingsubmarine, which receives dataon the torpedo's trajectory andthe status of its on-board sys-tems, and, upon the actuation ofthe homing head - on the target'smaneuvers. The coordinates ofthe target, torpedo and otherdata arrive at CICS, which com-putes by this data the torpedo'spath to the target. The widechoice of new torpedoes, includ-ing prospective models used forfiring from 533 mm torpedotubes, enables the commandingofficer to use his ordnance in

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N A V Y


AE025

3.

The captain in the

combat information

center

accordance with the situation.The prospective ordnance (torpe-does and mines), developed bythe "Gidropribor" institute spe-cially for this project, will help toincrease the fighting capacity ofthe new 636 submarine.

Main control station. The sub-marine's designers paid particu-lar attention to creating specialconditions for the captain and thesubmarine control service. To thisend all the weapon control facili-ties and navigational aids areconcentrated in the main controlstation (MCS), isolated from theother service areas of the subma-rine, with no through passagesalong the ship or vertically. In thisway the captain is provided withall essential information.

Hydroacoustic means. Theoriginal design of the sonar sys-tem antenna, its location in thesubmarine hull and other designsolutions, ensure the earlyreceipt of a wide range of valu-able information on the subsur-face and surface situation andtorpedo-weapon target designa-tion data, ensuring:

- a circular detection of tar-gets in sonar listening mode (forsubmarines and surface ships);

- echo-ranging in a ±30° sec-tor of the target relative bearing;

- telephone and telegraphcommunication (in long and

short-range TEL AND TELEHGcommunications mode);

- detection of underwatersound signals and determinationof their bearing.

All the indicators of the sys-tem are entered on a single con-trol panel. To reduce interferencein the work of the sonar system, anumber of design solutions havebeen adopted:

- the special shape of the for-ward end of the submarine;

- in the bow of the submarinedrain holes have been removed;

- bow rudders have beenshifted to the midship part of thesubmarine;

- vibroactive and noise-mak-ing mechanisms have been trans-ferred from the 1st compartment.

Thanks to this device thesonar facilities ensure a preemp-tive and significant increase inthe range of target detection. Theadvantageous advance detectionof a potential enemy is augment-ed by reliable special sonar pro-tection of the submarine's hull.The updating of the system basedon the experience accrued fromits operation in different parts ofthe world's oceans enabled thedevelopers to improve its perfor-mance by a wide margin. Thesubmarine now has a sonar formine-detection, another fordetermining the speed of sound

in sea water, as well as equip-ment to determine the start ofcavitation of the submarine pro-peller.

Navigational equipment. Thenavigational equipment, consist-ing of course indicators, speedand traveled distance meters, anautomatic path plotter, echosounder, indicators of radio-navi-gational systems and a radiodirection-finder, can determinewith the requisite accuracy thelocation of the submarine, andsolve with the utmost precisionthe problems of navigation anduse of torpedo weapons.

Navigational equipment,mounted on the submarine, hasstand-by integration and powersupply systems, and is thereforereliable and offers a broad scopeof action, enabling the submarineto navigate both in northern andsouthern latitudes of the world'soceans.

Radar aids. The submarine isequipped with active and passiveradar stations of high trackingefficiency, which provide thecommanding officer with informa-tion on the underwater and airsituation, radar identification andnavigational safety. The radarsoperate in the surface andperiscope condition. The surfacetarget detection, torpedo firecontrol and navigation radar has a

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AE025

4.

A crew cabin

target forestalling system. Thismakes it possible to detect thesurface ships of a potential enemyfar earlier than those, whichdetect the submarine.

Main mechanical unit. Themain mechanical unit ensures thecontinuous navigation of the sub-marine at given speeds during theentire period of submerged andsurface endurance at any depth ofsubmergence, down to maximumlevel. Battery charging is accom-plished both on the run and atstandstill in buoyancy and also insubmerged dieseling at a speedof 8-10 knots. A single-shaft unitoperates on the boat under afully-electric-propulsion scheme.

Ship systems. The followingsystems are envisaged on thesubmarine: submersion andresurfacing, drain and trim, high-and low-pressure air, emergencyblow-down, marine and rudderhydraulic, fuel, fire-extinguishing,etc. The submarine's most impor-tant systems are backed up.

Most of the new submarine'ssystems can operate automatical-ly, controlled from the main con-

trol room console. The automaticdevices help to rule out errors andmake it possible to warn theattendants of an emergency situa-tion. However, in case of a break-down, the work of any of the auto-matic systems can be performedmanually by each specialist,attending to it. Here the wishes ofa number of foreign customers forthe provision of manual and localcontrol of the systems have beenmet.

An improved ventilation andair conditioning system has beenapplied to meet customers' cli-matic specifications. A new refrig-erating machine with great refrig-eration capacity has beeninstalled.

The submarine's technicalfacilities make it operable in allclimatic conditions.

On the 636 submarine modernachievements in acoustical pro-tection have been realized in full,reducing noise levels to a mini-mum. The major plant, pumps andother equipment boast bettervibroacoustic characteristics,owing to a high technological level

of their manufacture than was thecase with Kilo-type submarines. Inparticular the use of low-speedpropulsion motors and a low-noise seven-blade propeller hascontributed to this factor. Thecruising motor is mounted on low-frequency rubber and metal shockabsorbers and has a highly-effi-cient vibration-absorbing cou-pling, ensuring a protracted low-noise sailing mode.

During building and testing inthe yard, a package of engineer-ing and organizational measures,putting the acoustical finishingtouches to the submarine, is car-ried out under the authors' super-vision.

The choice of fully electricpropulsion for the submarine,considerable reduction in subma-rine-generated noise with the aidof a number of design solutions,use of a special anti-sonar rubbercoating to coat the outer hull, andthe installation of low-noisemechanisms all provide groundsfor asserting that the 636 is thequietest existing diesel-electricsubmarine in the world. (

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AE025

he struggle forspeed has beenwaged since timeimmemorial. TheCentral HydrofoilDesign Bureau,founded by thetalented engineerand designerfrom NizhniNovgorod, R.Y.Alekseev, hasgrown and

advanced on the idea of maxi-mum speeds on water. One of themethods for attaining such speedis the air cavern, artificially creat-ed under the vessel's bottom.With the help of the air cavern,the water drag decreases by 30%compared to the best skimmers,

while power consumption for aircharging never exceeds 3% ofthe rated capacity of the mainengines. This method has beentried on dozens of models andalso on the real-life craft "Linda"and "Serna".

The high-speed "Ikar" launchhas been designed as a patrolboat to protect territorial andeconomic borders, and its modifi-cations can be used by the bor-der guards and customs peopleand also as luxury speed boats.

Simple design, high reliabilityand fuel efficiency and highspeed and navigation character-istics ensure the "Ikar" competi-tiveness against the world's bestmodel speed boats.

The "Ikar" launch is an all-

weather craft.Depending on its mission, the

boat can perform its functionswith the crew, which can rangefrom 6 to 14.

The boat is fitted out withadvanced radar navigation equip-ment and communication sys-tems, which ensure navigationalsafety and the accomplishment ofstandard tasks at any time of theday. The communication facilitiesfully meet conventional require-ments. At a customer's request, agun with a caliber of up to 30 mmcan be mounted on the boat.

The boat's hull is all-weldedand made of aluminium-magne-sium compression-moulded pan-els, resistant to sea water. Toprotect the boat against corrosion

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" I K A R " :S P E E D O N A N A I R C A V E R N

$ Y u r i C h e r n i g i n $

D e p u t y C h i e f D e s i g n e r

T1

N A V Y


AE026

The high-speed "Ikar" launch has been designed as a patrolboat to protect territorial and economic borders, and itsmodifications can be used by the border guards and customspeople and also as luxury speed boats.

and sea-crusting, the designershave used a special varnish coat-ing, in combination with cathodicprotection, whose efficiency hasbeen proven by years of effectiveoperation of sea-going hydrofoilvessels of the "Kometa" and"Kolkhida" types.

All accommodation and ser-vice premises of the boat are air-conditioned for the crew's conve-nience. Fire safety is guaranteedby the use of non-combustibleand fire-resistant finishing andinsulation materials and by theon-board water and foam fire-fighting facilities, implements andfire alarm systems.

The "Ikar" launch does notplace any special requirementson berthing and mooring, whichmakes it convenient in operation.The boat can be hauled ashorefor painting or preventive mainte-nance with a crane with a loadingcapacity of not less than 100 tonsor other ship-hoisting mecha-nisms, with the use of keel-blocks supplied together with theboat.

If you need to protect thesovereignty and economic inter-ests in your territorial and internalwaters, order high-speed "Ikar"sea boats now! (

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AE026

1. Afterpeak

2. Fuel tanks

3. Machinery com-

partment

4. Drier

5. Secondary room

6. WC's

7. Shower

8. Single cabin

9. Crew mess

10. Galley

11.2-berthed cabin

12. Mess

13. Radio cabin

14. Apparatus cabin

15. 10-berthed

cabin

16. 4-berthed cabin

17. Deck store

18. Provision store

19. Forepeak

Main specifications:

Standard displacement, t 90.0Full displacement, t 99.0Overall length, m 35.0 Overall breadth, m 7.85Midship tonnage depth, m 3.60Navigational draught (by the screws), m 2.0Full speed, knots 45.0Cruising speed, knots 30.0The navigational characteristics of the boat allow it tosail at 30 knots with wave depths of up to 1.5 meters.Navigational safety up to Force 6 seasEndurance range at 30 knots about 500 milesPower plant: two MT 16 396TV94

engines with a unitcapacity of 2,560 Kw

n October the biggestship-building centerof Russia, the A.N.Krylov CentralResearch Institute,will mark its cente-nary. The institutestarted with Russia'sfirst model testingbasin, build in St.Petersburg in 1894 atthe initiative of Dmitri

Mendeleev. In 1944 the institutewas named after AcademicianAlexei Krylov, who was director ofthe model testing basin in 1900to 1908 and then played an activerole in the work of the institute.

Today the institute has uniquetesting experiment facilities,which ensure the design andmanufacture of modern combat-ant ships, vessels, and marinefacilities, meeting the highestmodern requirements. The insti-tute has an overall land and waterarea of about 80 ha in St.Petersburg and 100 ha at its sub-sidiary in Nizhni Novgorod. Theinstitute also has several testranges and experiment bases inthe Leningrad Region.

The institute has renownedresearch schools in many spheres

of ship-building. More than 60doctors and about 450 candi-dates of science constitute thebackbone of its intellectualpotential.

In June 1994, by decree ofthe government of Russia, theinstitute was accorded the statusof federal research center of theRussian Federation.

The experiment base of theinstitute comprises a hydrody-namic and icefield basins, cavita-tion tunnels, heavy-duty testingmachines, high-pressure cham-bers and engine-test stands,acoustic stands, hydroacousticbasins and measuring tunnels,acoustic chambers and electro-dynamic simulation stands. Manyfacilities of the experiment basehave no analogs in the world. Forexample, the institute's high-pressure chambers make it possi-ble to pressure-test models andlife-size installations and objectsup to 3.2 meters in diameter andup to 9.5 meters long at a staticpressure of 1,000 atmospheres(and up to 1.8 meters in diameterand up to 5.5 meters long - at1,500 atmospheres), and in sign-variable mode (of up to 15 cyclesper hour) at 600 and 1,000atmospheres, respectively.

In the sphere of ship hydro-mechanics one should note theresults of the institute's projectsto refine the aerodynamic config-uration of wing-in-ground-effectcraft and ensure their vertical andhorizontal stability, especially attakeoff from and landing onrough seas. The institute has anumber of completed designs forpassenger and transport (assault)wing-in-ground-effect craft ofdifferent displacements, from 1to 700 tons, carrying capacities ofup to 150 tons, passenger capac-ity of 1 to 600 and flight speedsof 175 to 600 km/h. Experts mayalso be interested in the results of

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A C E N T E RO F S H I P - B U I L D I N GS C I E N C E

$ V a l e n t i n P a s h i n $

C o r r e s p o n d i n g M e m b e r o f t h e R u s s i a n A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s ,D i r e c t o r o f t h e A . N . K r y l o v C e n t r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e

I1

N A V Y


AE027

Today the institute has unique testing experimentfacilities, which ensure the design and manufactureof modern combatant ships, vessels, and marinefacilities, meeting the highest modern requirements.The institute has an overall land and water area ofabout 80 ha in St. Petersburg and 100 ha at its sub-sidiary in Nizhni Novgorod. The institute also hasseveral test ranges and experiment bases in theLeningrad Region.

Valentin Pashin

the work to design high-speed,mostly planing boats. By using aircaverns, the designers have man-aged to reduce drag in some ofthe boats by 20 to 40% with apower consumption for blastingair into the cavern of not morethan 3%. This effect can beimproved by up to 50% by opti-mizing the boats' bottom profile.

Substantial reserves of effi-ciency (10-15%) lie in the use ofcoaxial reversing propellers.These propellers have the great-est efficiency in fast-speed craftand boats, which manage toavoid the second stage of cavita-tion.

Institute engineers have alsodeveloped propellers with inter-ceptors, which have a 2.5 to 3times stronger thrust. Their use inhydrofoil vessels of the 133Mdesign has helped raise the max-imum speed by 7 knots, com-pared to a craft with conventionalpropellers.

Institute designers are alsodeveloping double-contour venti-lated water-jet engines for bighydrofoil vessels, which will helpincrease the thrust at conversionto the hydrofoil mode by 50-70%without raising engine capacity.

In side skegs, institute spe-cialists have effectively used newdesign features to improve inter-

action between the partially-sub-merged propellers and the hull,thereby raising the propulsionrate by 20-30%.

In terms of submarines anddeep-diving vehicles, the instituteis engaged in extensive researchin the sphere of complex spatialmaneuvering in the whole rangeof diving depths.

The results of projects in thesphere of vessel strength arebound to attract interest, notablyin the development of titanium-alloy hulls of submarines anddeep-diving craft. Instituteexperts have worked out strengthnorms and criteria, rules ofdesigning welded seams andrequirements to the precision ofthe hull outlines and quality ofwelded seams. Thousands of full-scale tests have helped overcomedifficulties associated with thesealloys such as metal creep,reduced ductility and degradedperformance under repeatedstrain.

The results of the systematicsafety-margin tests of the moststrained assemblies of variousvessels have been generalized bythe institute in the form ofalbums, containing the lists of themost economical design solutionsin terms of weight, strength, ser-vice life and adaptability to exist-

ing technologies. These standarddesign albums help dramaticallyextend the ships' safe service lifewithout intermediate repairs.

In the sphere of main powerplants and nuclear and ecologicalsafety of vessels, institute spe-cialists have developed and intro-duced a steam waste-heat con-tour for gas turbines, whichensures nominal fuel consump-tion of 135-140 g/hp-h. This ratecan be reduced further to 115g/hp-h by introducing the insti-tute-designed complex-cycle gasturbine with a waste-heat con-tour.

Institute specialists are look-ing for alternative energy sourcesto nuclear power plants, whichwould ensure the increasedautonomy of submarines anddeep-diving craft, compared tothose with storage batteries. Theyhave already carried out a seriesof studies, involving the develop-ment of test models in the follow-ing spheres:

- power plants with electro-chemical generators of both theoxygen-hydrogen type and withhigh-temperature elements.Certain success has also beenachieved in the search for theoptimal methods of reagent stor-age: in the gaseous states, cryo-genic or chemically-bound;

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AE027

1.

The large wind tun-

nel intended to test

large-scale models

of surface- ships

and submerged

objects (up to 4 m

long)

- power plants with water-activated chemical powersources, including the "magne-sium-sea water" system, whichhave a 3 to 4 times higher effec-tive capacity than the submer-sion-type lead-acid batteries;

- power plants with Stirlingengines adapted to differentfuels;

- power plants with heat-emission converters working offhigh-heat power sources (includ-ing nuclear ones) and thermo-electric generators, utilizing low-temperature waste heat.

Research is also under wayinto the use of superconductorelectric propulsion engines andimprovement of conventionalpropulsion engines, usingadvanced regulation principles.

In the sphere of shipacoustics institute specialists areconducting systematic researchinto ship protection from vibration

and noise created by on-boardmachines and equipment, pro-pellers and water flow around thehull, as well as ship protectionfrom active sonar detection.Using the research data accumu-lated in this sphere, institute spe-cialists make further improve-ments in reducing ship noise lev-els. In particular, the levels ofunderwater noise, created bysubmarines built over the past 10to 15 years, have been reducedmany times.

During the present process offleet maintenance and modern-ization, the A.N. Krylov Instituteacts, on the one hand, as anopponent of the Navy in terms ofthe latter's requirements to newhardware and, on the other, asconsultant to government struc-tures by supplying them with theresults of tactical and feasibilitystudies of all specific and mostglobal development issues of

naval equipment and the ship-building industry's potential.

The existence of a broad out-look on the problems of defensein general, proven methods andtechnologies and staff of top-grade specialists in most variousdefense spheres, enables theinstitute today, in conditions of anincreasingly democratic decision-making process at the federallevel, to come up with its ownversions of safeguarding nationalsecurity, development of theNavy and conversion of thedefense industry, as well as newideas regarding the optimal useof the ship-building industry'sresearch and engineering poten-tial.

The institute recently steppedup its work under contracts withcompanies from various foreigncountries, including Finland,France, Britain, the USA andSoutheast Asian nations. (

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N A V Y


AE027

ne trend in mod-ern water trans-port involves aug-mentation ofhigh-speed pas-senger carriagev o l u m e s .Statistics indicatethat the high-speed fleet isc o n s t a n t l yexpanding on thebasis of new and

better types of ships. A consider-able share of the high-speed fleetcomprises ships with dynamicsupport principles: hydrofoils andhovercraft.

Russia used to lead the worldin this field. Since 1957 our ship-yards have built more than 900hydrofoil ships and 5,500 hydro-foil boats: 160-plus hydrofoilships and 826 boats have beensupplied abroad. A strong high-speed Navy has been built up,

including the world's largesthydrofoils and hovercraft. A pro-gram to develop a fundamentallynew transport vehicle - the wing-in-ground-effect craft - was com-pleted in recent years.

However this area of ship-building has faced a serious crisisof late. In fact, we may well loseour leading positions, owing tothe general production slump inRussia, and the lack of govern-ment orders for ships of this classand dearth of finance for promis-ing projects.

We believe there is only cor-rect solution now: an energeticdrive by Russian manufacturersto gain world market share. Themilitary conversion undertaken inthe industry has released signifi-cant productive capacities, whichhave to be refocused on exportshipbuilding. Available worlddemand for this class of ship hasbeen put by experts at severalhundred. Owing to competitionon external markets, we mustradically improve the finishing ofships and components and pre-pare maintenance for sold shipsin the areas, where they arebeing operated.

It is now becoming normalpractice on the external marketfor the seller to grant the buyer along-term credit. Shipbuildingand shipping companies are nowestablishing joint ventures tosecure an external marketadvance for Russian high tech-

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F I N A N C I A L A N D I N D U S T R I A L G R O U PP L A N S E N T R Y T O W O R L D M A R K E T

$ G e n n a d y D a n i l o v $

P r e s i d e n t o f t h e T r a n s n a t i o n a l O i l C o m p a n y " H e r m e s - S o y u z " ,C h a i r m a n o f t h e C o u n c i l o f F o u n d e r s o f t h e F i n a n c i a l

a n d I n d u s t r i a l G r o u p " S k o r o s t n o i F l o t "

O

1

C O N V E R S I O N P R O G R A M S


AE028

At our company's initiative, a financial and industrialgroup, called Skorostnoi Flot or High-Speed Fleet,has been established, incorporating nine shipbuildingyards, five research institutes and design bureaus, aswell as banks and investment companies. It will fundhigh-speed ship construction programs, seek out newmarkets and regain traditional ones, set up mainte-nance and repair plants abroad and establish ship-ping companies.

nology products. A structuraladjustment of the industry isindispensable. This is best attain-able today by setting up financialand industrial groups.

Such a group should incorpo-rate industrial plants, as well asbanks, investment and subsidiaryforeign companies. A holdingcompany is the suitable legal sta-tus for a financial and industrialgroup.

Unfortunately, many institu-tional issues still remainunsolved. A legislative basis isrequired, whereby these groupscould obtain controlling blocks ofshares in participating businessesand gain exemption from exces-sive taxes in cooperative deliver-ies and from customs duties,when exporting capital and hightech products.

To be successful, a financialand industrial group must incor-porate a strong market financialstructure of its own, capable ofcorporatizing industrial plants,restructuring them and refocus-ing them on goods, which meettoday's market requirements.Hermes-Soyuz is one such struc-ture. It is the largest company ofthe Hermes concern, incorporat-ing more than 300 differententerprises.

At our company's initiative, afinancial and industrial group,

called Skorostnoi Flot or High-Speed Fleet, has been estab-lished, incorporating nine ship-building yards, five researchinstitutes and design bureaus, aswell as banks and investmentcompanies. It will fund high-speed ship construction pro-grams, seek out new markets andregain traditional ones, set upmaintenance and repair plantsabroad and establish shippingcompanies.

However, we are shackled bythe dearth of normal financingand an unacceptable level ofmaintenance and repair. The for-mer stems from the fear of for-eign customers to invest inRussian production owing topolitical instability, the break-upof traditional ties between enter-prises and the unresolved owner-ship issue. The lack of an accept-able legislative basis for the for-eign customer intimidates eventhe most interested parties. Mostfrequently the customer is onlyready to pay for ships, whichhave already been built and arelocated outside Russia.

The second factor is tradition-al for our foreign trade. Owing tothe collapse of the USSR, wehave lost even those few foreignrepair stations in such importantareas for us as Southeast Asiaand Mediterranean.

How we solve these prob-lems?

The sources of finance forshipbuilding at the first stage canonly be internal. Russian banksand investment companies haveenough resources for these pur-poses, all the more so as hydro-foils are relatively low-cost andtake only a couple of months tobuild. We should also begin tolook at the far end of the pole, aswe seek out marketing outlets.We are most interested in islandstates with an advanced touristbusiness and a vast maritimeeconomic and border zone.

In each state we can find asufficient number of interestedfirms to set up joint activities, thisgreatly helps us penetrate thelocal market. An essential pre-condition for efficient workinvolves participation in exhibi-tions, advertising and the estab-lishment of firm ties with businessand political circles.

If preliminary analysis revealssufficient market capacity, oneshould create a specialized ser-vice firm as the buyers of ships ofthis class will obviously be on thewhole small shipowner compa-nies, which cannot afford tomaintain their own repair station.

To ensure normal and break-even ship maintenance, we haveto organize the delivery of com-ponents for the main and auxiliaryengines and mechanisms within24 hours, as the sale of shipswithout a well-oiled system ofmaintenance and urgent repairwill discredit our products andlead to a closure of the market foryears. Losses at this stageamount to 2-5 million US dollars.

It is easy to sell ships, onceyou are established on a market.But we believe it is more efficientto create shipowning joint com-panies to run ships on existingand newly opened passenger

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lines, in order to receive someconstant revenue from trans-portation or the subsequent saleof the firm, replete with ships andlines.

Despite initial costs, such astep will make it possible to sub-stantially expand within a shorttime deliveries of ships and proveto local business and political cir-cles our reliability as partners andreadiness to invest in the econo-my of their country. The estab-lished network of plants will alsoallow orders for high-speed shipsof special application to bereceived in future, such as cut-ters for the customs service,police and coastal guard ships.

We already have first-handexperience of work in Greece andCyprus. Greece was the firstWestern country to buy a large

quantity of hydrofoils from us. Atleast 60 such ships successfullyoperate there now.

However their ageing, cou-pled with more stringentdemands on operational safety,induce shipowners to update andreplace them. We have set upjointly with Greek firms a largehydrofoil maintenance and repaircenter. Equipment used to repairengines and the hulls of hydro-foils has been installed at theproduction facility: a requisitestock of replacement parts hasbeen built up.

We have started trainingGreek personnel in new weldingprocedures and repair methodsfor the mechanisms of hydrofoils.Greek firms have assumed thefinishing job for new ships, ear-marked for sale in the

Mediterranean. In 1994 we soldnine hydrofoils on the Greek mar-ket. An agreement is underpreparation with Greek banks tofunding purchases of new typesof hydrofoils to organize interna-tional high-speed passengerlines.

We regard Greek companiesas our natural partners for emer-gence on the markets of thirdcountries.

The first steps on overseasmarkets have yielded encourag-ing results. A 1994-1995 hydro-foil and hovercraft building pro-gram has been devised within thefinancial and industrial group, intandem with the selection of for-eign partners and customers. Weare quite confident that we shallsoon be able to utilize our pro-ductive capacities in full. (

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he Military Insurance Company (MIC) is one of themost dynamic in this sector in Russia. Althoughestablished only two years ago, it has already gaineda solid footing on the insurance market and arousedconsiderable business interest.

Sergei Tsikalyuk, Chairman of its board of direc-tors said that the Military Insurance Company wascreated in August 1992 and aims above all to servicegovernment agencies, enterprises in the defensecomplex and conversion projects. These prioritiesadded considerable viability to MIC during the firstphase of its existence and helped it accumulate therequisite potential for further development.

Last year, the company ranked second in allRussia's 2,500 insurance companies. Its authorized

capital exceeded 4.2 billion roubles while insurance funds andreserves amounted to approximately 2.5 billion roubles. Owing toits impressive financial standing and reliable re-insurance sys-tem, MIC can handle almost any risky insurance schemes, suchas the launching of spacecraft, use of large-tonnage sea vessels,commercial transportation by air, company property and valuablecargo.

MIC has actively expanded in the regions; it now has 65branches in Russia's industrial centers including St. Petersburg,Nizhni Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Samara andKomsomolsk-on-Amur.

"I think we have gained the trust of many Ministries andDepartments, because we make insurance payouts quickly andregularly", notes Sergei Tsikalyuk. MIC's clients include theDefense Ministry, the Ministry of Atomic Energy, the Departmentfor Emergencies and Civil Defense, the Federal Border PatrolService, Presidential Security Service and Moscow Government.

"I feel that MIC's well-conceived strategy was instrumental inhelping us gain a prominent position in a highly competitive envi-ronment", he added.

First and foremost, MIC does not strive to gain profits at allcosts. It prefers to give priority to mutually advantageous coop-eration and fulfillment of all commitments. Its contracts arealways backed financially. Consequently the company and itsclients feel secure over the signed agreements.

Today the Military Insurance Company operates in all majorsectors of the insurance market, placing equal emphasis on bothvoluntary and compulsory insurance. Its voluntary insurance feesnow comprise 10% of all receipts from around 2% in December1993.

The voluntary insurance program offers a wide range of ser-vices to major policy holders. The insurance portfolio has beenshaped by operations with company property and policies for air-craft, spacecraft and sea-going vessels.

MIC constantly tries to give its operations more financial sta-bility. Consequently it attaches considerable importance to devel-oping its re-insurance policy. MIC maintains active contacts withthe leading domestic and foreign insurance and re-insurancecompanies, such as Rosgosstrakh, Ingosstrakh, MunichReinsurance Company and Lloyds. This cooperation helps MICprotect the interests of its policy holders and also improve thequality of its service and bring it closer to international levels.

Insurance against big and specific risks engendered a needto create a team of dynamic experts, capable of acting on themarket boldly and flexibly and taking carefully thought out andcompetent decisions.

MIC has offered job opportunities to young officers dis-

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M I L I T A R Y I N S U R A N C EC O M P A N Y :G U A R A N T E E O F R E L I A B I L I T Y

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SERGEI TSIKALYUK,Chairman of the Board of Directors

Phone: (095) 296-7525, 293-2001Fax: (095) 296-7461

charged from the army, owing to the reduction in military forces.Many of them are expert programmers and process control spe-cialists. Most of our employees receive additional training at lead-ing economic schools and a considerable number are sent forpractical study abroad to British and German insurance companies.

MIC continues to consolidate its position on the insurance mar-ket. We have actively developed traditional insurance policies byincreasing the quality and range of services. At the same time, thecompany is trying to customize new services, which are currentlynot very wide-spread on the Russian market. These involve con-struction/assembly and technical insurance, transportation risksand liability and medical insurance. MIC also aims to scale up oper-ations with private individuals and offer them viable life insurancepolicies, as well as insurance schemes. We believe this strategyholds great promise.

MIC is ready to seek mutually acceptable terms for cooperationwith enterprises, banks, financial companies, owners of aircraftand sea-going vessels, aerospace firms, construction and invest-ment companies.

We believe MIC has a bright future. It currently maintains directcontracts with 17 Ministries and Departments and offers partner-ship for other big enterprises, industrial associations and firms. Wewould be happy to share our belief in the future with you. (

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he acceleratingrate of recession inthe defense indus-tries now seemsthreatening. Itshould be pointedout that the pro-duction volume ofcivilian goods hasbeen shrinkingnearly as rapidly,which calls intodoubt the very idea

of conversion. However, most inthe military industrial complexcontinue to maintain that in theright circumstances it could

become the motor for Russia'snational economy. So, what willbecome of the defense indus-tries? While responding to aquestion, posed by a MilitaryParade correspondent, V.Vitebsky, head of the main direc-torate of information and statis-tics with Russia'sGoskomoboronprom, offered hisperception of today's scene andprospects for the future.

- Just look at how thingsstand in defense industries andsee, as if in crystal ball, how the

current situation and trends areevolving in the entire Russianeconomy. The changes in pro-duction rates in the complex indi-cate that, if the rate of recessiondrops and is maintained at thefirst quarter level, by the end ofthis year we will see annual mili-tary production volumes curtailedfive times and civilian productstwo times, compared to 1991, byno means the best prereformyear. Given that at least 70% ofthe complex's products in 1993were civilian goods, one couldclearly deduce the tremendousdamage, which could be done to

the market for consumer andindustrial products.

The slump in the economy isattributable to a lack of solventdemand. Indeed, the governmentlacks the requisite budgetaryresources for defense productsand enterprises have no funds tobuy new equipment and tech-nologies, while people have nomoney to buy consumer durables(principal products of the militaryindustrial complex).

The industry today has beenstifled by the following chain of

reverse effects: production slump- drop in the earnings of people,enterprises, government - drop indemand - a further decline inproduction. We are witnessing allthe symptoms of a severe over-production crisis, which brokeout in the face of extremely stifledconsumer demand. The militaryindustrial complex was one of thefirst sectors to be hit, as defenseindustries have on the wholemade consumer products, whichcould hardly be regarded as sta-ples.

Can the vicious circle be bro-ken?

Yes, of course. The world hasseen how a number of nationsrecovered from similar crises.Without going into detail on thistopic, suffice to say that commonremedies in most cases havebeen: total mobilization of nation-al resources and a restructuringof the economy to radically boostthe export of manufacturedgoods.

Any focus on export deliverieswould break up the vicious circle,raise earnings and increase

domestic demand. However, thiskind of economic restructuringwould require resources, whichevidently cannot be secured insufficient volumes from foreigncountries. Hence, the govern-ment would have to take steps toensure financial market stabilityin order to gather resources torebuild the economy. As thedefense sector possesses thebest export potential from theprocessing industry in the nation,it appears to be the only onecapable of removing a noose

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D O E S M I L I T A R Y I N D U S T R I A L C O M P L E XA C T A S M O T O R O F N A T I O N A L E C O N O M Y ?

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Vitaly Vitebsky

around our neck, with minimumsupport from the government.

This is the general picture.We still have some potential toovercome the crisis. The follow-ing needs to be done: resolutemoves to establish preferentialterms for investments inadvanced export-oriented pro-jects; tough monitoring proce-dures to enforce compliance withexisting legislation, coveringfinances and hard currency trans-actions; steps to bring togetherthe efforts of government andbusiness structures to achievebreakthroughs in the mostpromising directions, as the col-lapse of the national economy willneither spare employees nor theiremployers.

To date, the complex isknown to command huge produc-tion capacities. The accomplish-ments of our aviation industry,among successes achieved inother fields, should be highlight-ed first of all. For the first time inthe history of Russian helicopterbuilding, the Ka-32A transporthelicopter, which drew consider-able attention in North America,was certified in the USA. Thenew-generation Tu-204, IL-96-300 and IL-114 airliners havebeen launched in series produc-tion. In fact, the IL-96-300 hasalready been flight-certified andnow services the Moscow - NewYork route.

During last year's"Conversion-93" expo inBirmingham, Britain, I personallywitnessed the tremendous inter-est, displayed by Western busi-nessmen to amphibian aircraft,developed by Beriev DesignBureau and ekranoplans byNizhni Novgorod Design Bureau.Once these developments start tobe serially produced, they arebound to be widely sought on theworld market, as they have no

competitive analogs. Hardwaresamples and technologies pro-duced by other firms from thedefense industry, includingunique medical developmentsand implements, also attracted agreat deal of attention at theexpo.

Of late, Russia has readilyattended international arms andmilitary equipment expos to dis-play its achievements for all tosee. To retain traditional marketsand secure new ones, manufac-turer rights should be radicallyexpanded to provide more inde-pendence in military-technicalcooperation and enhance theresponsibility of companies fortheir products, by ensuring top-quality maintenance and repair ofthe hardware upon delivery.

We now have all we need tobe the most active players on thenewly-emerging market foradvanced technologies anddevelopments. Rational use ofdevelopments in this area, withdue concern for the nation'sinterests, would provide supportfor Russian scientists andresearchers and secure earningsfor a real conversion process and

economic restructuring.Some words need to be said

about legislative support for con-version projects, internationalcooperation and investments ineconomic restructuring. A num-ber of pressing issues wereresolved in 1992-1993 by theSupreme Soviet of the RussianFederation and its adoption oflaws on conversion of the defenseindustries, investment activity,foreign investments, patents,copyright and related rights.However, as new relations andforms of ownership have comeinto existence, legislation nowneeds to be substantiallyreviewed and updated. Some vitalissues, bearing primarily on theintellectual property of scientistsand researchers, have been omit-ted in legislation altogether.

Efforts are being made,involving a number of defenseresearch institutions, to draft apackage of bills to cover the fol-lowing issues: property sharingby contributors to a given intel-lectual product, changes in prop-erty rights following the adoptionby a given organization of facilityof a different form of ownership,

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CHANGES IN PRODUCTION RATESOF THE DEFENSE COMPLEX

OVERALL VOLUME MILITARY PRODUCTION CIVILIAN PRODUCTION

1994(as foreseen)

as well as other issues related tointellectual property.

Simply phrased, the militaryindustrial complex sets itselftoday the following goals:

Development of weapons andmilitary technology. New kinds ofarmaments must be created tomeet the needs for building a newarmy capable of facing new chal-lenges, while exploiting a newphase in the science and technol-ogy revolution and available eco-nomic potential. Defense of thenation must be assured at allcosts, with more intellectual inputand less strain on the nationaleconomy. Original military R & Dprojects should be pursued toacquire the capability to eliminatethe desired section of theenemy's defense infrastructure,thereby denying an adversary anychance to stage a major offensiveoperation.

Civilian production. Closerregional ties must be built,geared to helping conversionresolve local tasks. A good exam-ple of such ties is provided by the

broadly-publicized "Conversionto City" regional project, jointlyprepared and carried out byGoskomoboronprom andMoscow's government. Jointfunding and support targeted atthe city's pressing needs areenough to make the project asuccess story.

Manufacture of consumergoods. We must create, with lim-ited protectionism, products,which are competitive with thebest foreign equivalents andlaunch promotional efforts, wher-ever the requisite competitivequalities have been virtuallyattained. Naturally, this is one ofthe toughest tasks, as it requiresintricate work with investors, bothdomestic and foreign, as well asbalanced and flexible state pro-tectionism.

To expand international ties,the military industrial complex isinterested in mass promotion viainternational telecommunicationsnetworks and periodicals. Its owninformation consortium providesforeign partners with broad

access to data bases on prod-ucts, markets and promisinginvestment opportunities.Standard information reports inthis area have now begun to becirculated internationally.

As well as the promotion ofdefense technologies, the coop-eration agreement reachedbetween Goskomoboronprom andMilitary Parade's editorial board,stipulates that new materials onconversion must be carried bythe magazine. The parties alsoplan to provide information sup-port for investment tenders, heldduring the privatization of enter-prises of the military industrialcomplex, which may involvenational and foreign capital.

Hopefully, such a joint effort,a ready response from interestedparties, as well as acceptance ofthe new economic policies, pur-sued by the nation's leadership,will help us reach a turning pointin the crisis, with the militaryindustrial complex leading thesubsequent economic renais-sance. (

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t the beginning of1992, theE u r o p e a nA e r o s p a c eAgency (EAA), inaccordance withan inter-govern-mental. agree-ment, invitedRussian enter-prises to takepart in the elabo-ration of a techni-

cal offer, related to individualsystems of the reusable space-ship "Hermes".

"Gydromash" Association

from Nizhni Novgorod was autho-rized to conduct research anddevelopment work on runninggear components. At present"Gydromash" is a joint stockcompany and the only one in theformer USSR, which has the req-uisite material and technical basisto fully develop running gearcomponents. The plant's designbureau has been involved since1961 in the designing of virtuallyall domestic combat aircraft andhelicopters.

The production base ensuresthe manufacture of all compo-nents of running gear compo-nents - from the reception ofblanks to finishing operations.Purchasing mainly raw materialsand semi-finished products, theplant manufactures landinggears, hydraulic and air cylinders,control mechanisms, dampers,hydraulic distributors and otherhydraulic mechanisms. Theplant's test base allows us tocarry out a whole range of control

and certification tests, involvingsimulation of external disturbancefactors.

The plant's special servicesexercise control and in-servicemaintenance of produced unitsand perform routine repairs oftheir products.

Experience accumulated overhalf a century enables"Gydromash" to participate in themost sophisticated projects andsolve such extraordinary engi-neering tasks, as, for example,the development of landing gearfor the "Buran" space shuttle.

The plant was a by-product ofMoscow's Ilyin factory, whichmanufactured ploughs andcoaches and, in the Soviet peri-od, the first Soviet cars NAMI-I.One of these cars is now dis-played in the plant's museum.During the Great Patriotic War theplant began producing aircraftlanding gears.

In production of such items"Gydromash", employing about

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" G Y D R O M A S H "F R O M N I Z H N I N O V G O R O DG O E S I N T E R N A T I O N A L

$ V l a d i m i r L u z y a n i n $

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l o f " G y d r o m a s h " J o i n t S t o c k C o m p a n y

At present "Gydromash" is a joint stock company and theonly one in the former USSR, which has the requisite materi-al and technical basis to fully develop running gear compo-nents. The plant's design bureau has been involved since1961 in the designing of virtually all domestic combat air-craft and helicopters.

Vladimir Luzyanin

4,000 people, surpasses all com-panies in Europe and America.

The utilization of unique tech-nology, which does not requireheavy investments, permits theplant to manufacture a widerange of landing gears, both forthe small sports craft "Yak-50"and such giants as "Ruslan" and"Mria".

Versatile technology stems inmany respects from the use ofthe newest achievements in weld-ing. "Gydromash" was one of thefirst plants in Russia to masternew high-strength steels and tita-nium alloys. The development of

landing gears for civil aircraft,with extended service life,required the application of rein-forcer technologies and theacquisition of new design experi-ence.

Recently the enterprise hasbegun selling licenses for themanufacture and repair of land-ing gears to countries which useRussian aviation equipment.

Some leading Western firmshave displayed an interest inwelded constructions. To meetthe demands of Western firms,"Gydromash" is carrying outexperimental work on weldinghigh-strength steels used in land-

ing gear manufacture in the West.For development and quality

control of landing gears theplant's services adhere to FARand ISO requirements.Consequently the enterprise canoperate worldwide.

Work on the "Hermes" projectoffered "Gydromash" anotheropportunity to prove itself a reli-able partner on the new market.

Kinematic analysis of thelanding gear prototype, devel-oped by a French company,revealed that the design wasbased on the landing gear for theAmerican "Shuttle".

A scaled down replica of thelanding gear for this heavymachine was disadvantageous inweight and too austere for therefined "Hermes", weighing a lit-tle more than 15 tons.

"Gydromash" specialists pro-posed a basically new solution oflanding gear extension kinemat-ics, using the shock strut fixationprinciple employed on MiG-21and MiG-25 aircraft.

This design removed hingedjoints from the landing gearextension mechanism and elimi-nated the auxiliary elementswhich assure landing gear fixa-tion in the retracted and extendedposition.

At the same time it increasesreliability, as the struts wereextended in the unfolded state.The reliability of such an exten-sion was also confirmed by suc-cessful operation of similar units.The software used by"Gydromash" allowed it to pro-vide a comprehensive mathemat-ical analysis of shock absorbersin all conditions and at all tem-peratures required to ensure therequisite landing parameters.

To reduce loads, variousshock-absorbers constructionswere simulated and the mostadvantageous variant was accept-

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1.

One of company's

shops

2.

MiG-31's landing

gear main unit

3.

The "Buran" shut-

tle's landing gear

"HERMES" LANDING GEAR MAIN UNIT

ed. Using special programsdeveloped by "Gydromash", opti-mum weights of landing gearshock absorbers were selected.The use of up-to-date materials,high-strength titanium alloys,optimization of weights, as wellas an effective configuration,allowed "Gydromash" to submitas its technical proposition tocustomers landing gear, which is50 kg lighter than its prototype.

This figure guaranteed"Gydromash'''s success with theEuropean Aerospace Agency.

The victory in the com-petition enabled the "Gydromash"joint stock company to consoli-date its position on the worldmarket of landing gear manufac-turer and expand cooperationwith such well-known firms as"Menasco", "Messier-Bugatti",various branches of German"Dasa" and others. (

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CONTACT US:22 Gagarin Prospect, Nizhni

Novgorod 603022, RussiaPhone: (8312) 33-1864

Fax: (8312) 33-5938Telex: 151163 Нева

he development ofrailways in the late19th century,facilitating rapid,albeit limited,movement, sug-gested their pos-sible use for mili-tary purposes.This led to theemergence on thebattlefields ofarmored trains

combining artillery, armor andthe ability to move on railwaytracks. They were used in smallnumbers during the Civil War inthe USA (1854-61) and then inthe Franco-Prussian (1870-71)and Anglo-Egyptian (1882) wars.Dozens of armored trains, built bythe British, participated in theBoer War (1899- 1902).

Russia also started develop-ing this new type of military hard-ware. It began constructing

armored trains toward the end ofJune, 1915, and by the end ofthat year 15 such trains wereoperating on combat fronts (theNorthern and Western Fronts hadone each, the South-WesternFront eight, the Caucasian Frontfour, and there was also one inFinland (for coast defense).

The use of armored trainsrevealed a number of seriousweaknesses including bulkydesign, low mobility and difficulty

of fire control. Armored railwaytrolleys, built at the Vologda, Kievand Odessa workshops, werepoorly armed (2 to 4 machine-guns) and therefore failed to per-form effectively the mission ofarmored trains. That is why anarmored railway motor car wasdesigned.

It was to be mounted on afour-axle flat car carrying itsarmament and propulsion plant. Itwas assumed that the primaryadvantage of railway motor carsas compared to armored trainsgoes as follows: (1) its com-manding officer can see andsupervise everything: the crew,the operation of artillery andmachine-guns, and (2) it is asmall target, only seven sazhens(49 feet) long, emitting no steam,smoke or noise while in motion.

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FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS


AE032

A R M O R E D R A I L W A Y

M O T O R C A R S$ S e m e n T i c h o n o v $

The development of railways in the late 19th century,facilitating rapid, albeit limited, movement, suggest-ed their possible use for military purposes. This ledto the emergence on the battlefields of armoredtrains combining artillery, armor and the ability tomove on railway tracks.

The construction of the firstrailway motor car began inJanuary 1916. The intention wasto make one car and, if it suc-cessfully passed a test, two more.The Director of South-WesternRailways received 141 thousandroubles on credit for their con-struction. The construction wassupervised by the RussianSupreme Command. Telegramson its progress were sent to theSupreme Headquarters everyweek. Although people were newto the job, the armored railwaymotor car had been practicallycompleted by mid-August. Thefirst trial run of the car called"zaamurets" took place onOctober 7.

The "zaamurets" had a sup-porting body made of rivetedchannel beams and angle brack-ets and mounted on two rotaryPullman carriages. The armorthickness of bent and slantingsurfaces was 12 mm and of verti-cal ones 16 mm. The railwaymotor car comprised three com-ponents: terminal machine-gunand observation compartments,artillery compartments and thecentral casemate. Each terminalcompartment was a box with afaceted ceiling. It was large

enough to accommodate anobserver (observation was con-ducted through hatches withvision slots) and machine-gun-ners. Two machine-guns on spe-cial mounts had a tiring sector of90 degrees in the horizontalplane and 15-20 degrees in thevertical plane. The ammunitionwas stored in boxes at the walls.

The artillery compartmentswere located over the carriages,with gun mounts installed on piv-otal beams in the middle. Eachcompartment consisted of twoparts: the lower part was a rec-tangular box and the upper wassemispheric, made up of twelvesectors riveted together androtating with a gun swivel plate.57-mm guns firing 60 rounds perminute were installed on speciallydesigned gun mounts and had afiring sector of -10 to +60degrees. The gun mounts wereanchored to ball-supported swiv-el plates. The gun stations, sup-plied with brakes and gun direc-tion correctors, were rotatedmanually by a single operator.

The central casemate accom-modated 60 h.p. gasolineengines, a gear box, two reverseclutches and a gimbal drive. Italso housed some auxiliary equip-

ment: a dynamo, compressor,storage battery and fans. Forintercommunication the "zaa-murets" was provided with tele-phones and light signals (coloredlamps). There were also eightperiscopes, two sets of range-finders and two searchlights. Thecar was provided inside withheat-, vibration- and sound-absorbing insulation. Its heatingsystem was fed by the exhaustgas of the engines.

The following advantages ofthe vehicle should be stressed:its extremely low profile, the per-fect shape of the armor housing,armor plate inclination with dueallowance for ricochet, high-den-sity layout, ability to keep movingwith one motor, and considerableautonomy. In terms of technolog-ical perfection, the "zaamurets"was in the same class as suchmasterpieces of Russian technol-ogy as the Ilya Muromets bomberor the Crab submarine mine-layer.

The "zaamurets" was testednear Odessa from October 19through 22. The tests confirmedthat the car was easy to control,could freely negotiate steepupgrades and travel at speeds ofup to 45 km per hour. Gun and

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AE032

1.

Armored railway

motor car

"Zaamurets"

machine-gun fire also yieldedexcellent results. "The test of therailway motor car produced verygood results. Its mechanism ispowerful, reliable and fully meetsall requirements." This was theconclusion of the acceptancecommission. In the winter andspring of 1917, the car was in theField Forces but was used mainlyas an antiaircraft battery. In May,an armored railway striking forcewas set up on the South-WesternFront. In addition to the "zaa-murets", it included the armoredtrain General Annenkov, twoarmored cars and an armoredtrolley. The force gave a goodaccount of itself during the Juneoffensive in 1917.

The future of the carremained unclear. It was engagedin operations against theGaidamaks and for a while fell inthe hands of a gang of anar-chists. In March 1918 it wasattached to the Red Armyarmored train No. 4("Polupanovtsy"). After heavyfighting, the seriously damagedtrain succeeded in fighting itsway to Moscow. After repairs inKolomna, it left for the EasternFront.

On June 22, 1918, thearmored train "Polupanovtsy" wascaptured by the CzechoslovakCorps, renamed ORLIK, and sentfor work on the Trans-Siberianmainline. For a while the railwayarmored car, rearmed with three-inch 1902 guns, functioned inde-

pendently. After the withdrawal ofthe Czechoslovak Corps fromRussia, the "zaamurets" and therest of the armored train fell intothe hands of the Japanese inVladivostok and was handed overto the White Guards. In 1923 itwas withdrawn to China, where itwas attached to the armored trainbattalion, as part of the Russiandivision of Chang Chaul-chan'sChinese Army.

Another railway armoredmotor car was designed andmade at the Kirov Plant inLeningrad in the late 1930s. Infire power it matched the RedArmy's armored trains, while inmaneuverability and protection itsurpassed them. A 40-strongcrew operated the car and itsweapons and serviced it.

Its design used some assem-blies of the medium tank T-28.76.2-mm PS-3 tank guns (the1927/33 model) were mounted inits three two-level turrets. Theirbarrels were 16.5 calibers long,

the initial velocity of projectileswas 381 meters per second, andthe weight of a projectile was 6.5kg. The firing sectors of the first,second and third turrets were280, 318 and 276 degreesaccordingly. Elevation rangedfrom -5 to +25 degrees.

DT machine-guns weremounted in spherical bearings inall turrets to the right of the gunsand in the rear recesses (secondand third). One more wasinstalled in a spherical bearing inthe rear of the car. In addition,there were four Maxim machineguns in the sides of the car body(two on each side). The horizontalfiring sector of DT machine-gunsranged from 30 to 17 degreesand the vertical one from -40 to+50 degrees (with static towers).The ammunition day supply of therailway armored motor car guar-anteed its autonomous combatoperation and amounted to 365artillery rounds, 174 magazinesfor DT machine-guns (10,962

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FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS


AE032

2-3.

Armored railway

motor cars of WW II

rounds), 48 boxes (250 rounds ineach) and 20 boxes (500 rounds ineach) for Maxim machine-guns(22,000 rounds).

To deliver the aimed gun fire,the turrets had tank periscopes PT-1 (the 1932 model) and telescopicsights TOD (the 1930 model). Theturrets were electrically operatedwith standby manual drives. Theelevation gear was manual. ThreeTPK instruments, a stereoscopictelescope and a range-finder wereemployed for fire control, and four-teen laminated glass apertureswere used to watch the battlefield.

The car body was made of mill-rolled welded armor sheets. Thebody's sides were 16 to 20 mmthick, the control post sides 20 mm,the roof 10 mm, and the turrets 20mm. The body side sheets were setat 10 degrees to the vertical. Thecar was divided inside into the fol-lowing sections: operational (underthe control post in the middle of thecar), combat (under each turretincluding the Maxim antiaircraftquad machine-gun in front of thecontrol post), power (in the rear)

and power transmission (betweenthe power and combat sections ofthe third turret). Access for thecrew and the loading of ammunitionwere provided by three entrancedoors and a hatch in the floor. Theroof of each turret comprised ahatch covered with an armored lid.Ring-mounted DT antiaircraftmachine-guns were installed overthe hatchways of the second andthird turret commanders.

A gasoline 294 kW (400 h.p.)engine M17-T enabled an 80-tonarmored motor car to attain a max-imum speed of 120 km per hour. Inaddition, it could tow a 120-tontrain. The power transmission gearcomprised a main dry clutch and afive-speed gear box of the T-28tank. Access to the engines andtransmission assemblies was pro-vided through the hatch on thebody roof. The running gear includ-ed two carriages, a driving two-axlecarriage and a supporting three-axle provided with spring suspen-sion. There were both automaticand manual brakes.

Electric equipment comprised

two GT-1000 generators, one PN-28.5 generator, and eight 6STE-128 storage batteries. A 71-TK-1radio station was used for externalcommunications. Provision wasmade for switching to a telegraphline. Intercommunication was main-tained with the aid of a six-usertelephone.

The armored motor car had asliding searchlight in the middle ofthe car body behind the controlpost, two headlights, covered witharmored lids, in the rear and front,four signal lanterns, 28 internallighting dome lamps, and 12 sock-ets.

By the beginning of the GreatPatriotic War, the railway armoredmotor car had been added to thenation's armory. Only a few of themwere manufactured and becamepart of armored train battalionsunder the Red Army's Command ofArmored and Mechanized Forces.Some of them carried the turrets ofT-34 tank and V-23 engines.

Railway armored cars wereused in the Great Patriotic War of1941-45. (

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AE032

SB HIGH-SPEED BOMBERSixty years ago on October 7, 1934, test pilot K.K. Popov tried

out the ANT-40 2RTs experimental aircraft. Development of thehigh-speed bomber (factory designation ANT-40) began at the endof 1933 under A.N. Tupolev's supervision. The principal lay-out wasdetermined by experiments in wind tunnels of the CentralAerodynamics Institute (TsAGI). The regular bomb load of 500-600kg was placed close to the aircraft's center of gravity, which had noinfluence on the aircraft's steadiness and handling characteristics,after the bombs were dropped. Accommodation of the main bombload in the fuselage, smooth sheeting of the airframe and nacellescontributed to the main design task - ensuring maximum speed inhorizontal flight.

The bomber's mass production began in 1936 and continueduntil 1941. In this period two plants produced 6,656 SB aircraft ofdifferent modifications, including 250 planes of the most recentvariant. The production of the latter began in the second half of

1940. Itboasted am o r epowerfule n g i n eand better aerodynamic characteristics. The speed reached 500km/h, range and ceiling were increased.

The SBs comprised the Soviet Air Force's main strike force.Their actions at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol were successful.During the war with Finland, the SBs dropped the BETAB-250 con-crete-piercing bombs on the Mannerheim Defense Line. The SBswere actively used during the Civil War in Spain. The Republicanstenderly called them "Katyushas". In 1939 the Frankists managedto capture 19 aircraft, which had not been used in combat. Theyserved as trainers until 1950s. The SBs also took part in the GreatPatriotic War at its initial stage. (

SU-100 SELF-PROPELLED GUN MOUNTFifty years ago in September 1944 the "Uralmash" plant (plant

No. 100) began producing the SU-100 self-propelled gun mounts.The troops received them that very month.

In the middle of 1944 a powerful 100-mm caliber gun D-10Swas designed under F.F. Petrov's supervision. Using this gun andthe T-34/85 tank chassis, specialists of the plant's design bureau,headed by L.I. Gorlitsky, worked out within a short time the SU-100- the best anti-tank SP gun mount of World War II.

The gun mounted on the right side of the forward section of thefighting compartment in the hull front plate had an exceptional firepower and could effectively defeat enemy tanks at all aimed fireranges. At a range of 2,000 meters the armor-piercing shell pene-trated 139-mm thick armor and virtually penetrated at a range ofone kilometer German tanks.

The gun's rate of fire is 5-6 rounds per minute. The ammunitionload is 33 fixed type rounds. The gun mount, together with the

ammunition load, weighed31.6 tons and did not exceedthe combat weight of thebase tank (32 tons). In termsof travelling characteristicsand maneuverability, the SPgun mount was practically asgood as the tank.

The hull was welded ofarmor plates placed at largeangles and the front platewas placed at 50 degrees tothe vertical. The armor plates were up to 110 mm thick.

Production of the SU-100 continued until the end of the war:then the mount was updated. It was fitted with night-vision equip-ment, a liquid heater and new type air cleaner. (

DESTROYER LEADERS OF "LENINGRAD" TYPESixty years ago on September 9, 1934 the launch of the

"Kharkov"'s hull marked the end of the stock period of the three-ship series construction. The ships were destroyer leaders. The"Leningrad" - in the Baltic, "Moskva" and "Kharkov" - in the BlackSea Fleet - were some of the first large Soviet ships. Work on theseries was directed by well-known ship-builder V.A. Nikitin.

With a full displacement of 2,693 tons and measurements of127x11.7x4.2 m, the "Leningrad" type ships boasted a speed ofabout 43 knots and a range of 2,700 miles, with an economicalspeed of 20 knots. They were propelled by three main turbogearplants with a total power of 66,000 hp.

The series had powerful weapons: five latest universal shielded130-mm caliber guns, two quadrupled 533-mm caliber N-7 torpe-do tubes with ammunition load of 16 torpedoes, two semi-auto-matic 76-mm caliber and two 45-mm caliber guns, later replaced bysix to eight 37-mm automatic guns, and four 12.7-mm calibermachine guns. Anti-sub ammunition originally comprised 34 biggerand 40 smaller depth charges, later augmented by two BMB-2 anti-sub depth charge throwers. The ships could lay up to 80 big anti-ship moored KB mines. Prior to the beginning of the Great Patriotic

W a r ,t h el e a d -ers oft h i sdesignw e r ef i t t edw i t hnoise-generating units and torpedo fire control systems. Thewartime crew amounted to 344 men.

In December 1939 during the Soviet-Finnish war the"Leningrad" bombarded enemy fortifications on the Finnish Bayislands. The ship made it through the Great Patriotic War, took partin the defense of Tallin and Leningrad and the evacuation of the gar-rison at Khanka Peninsula.

The Black Sea leaders already bombarded Constantsa(Romania) on the fourth day of the war. The "Moskva" leader hit amine while maneuvering and sank. The "Kharkov" perished onOctober 6, 1943 from direct bomb hits. (

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H I S T O R Y


AE033

F R O M T H E H I S T O R Y O F R U S S I A N W E A P O N SA P r e p a r e d b y V l a d i m i r G a z e n k o A

t the end of 1993,some Russian andforeign newspa-pers published aphoto of Presidentof the RussianFederation, BorisYeltsin, holding anunusual- lookingweapon in hishands. Such anunusual methodwas chosen to

demonstrate to the whole worldone of the latest developments ofIzhevsk engineering plant'sdesigners, a machine pistol with a

large capacity magazine, nick-named "Bizon". The developmentwork was headed by the famousdesigner's son, VictorKalashnikov.

The main and most originalcomponent of the new sub-machine gun, distinguishing itfrom its numerous brethren, isundoubtedly a screw magazineholding 64 cartridges. Thiscapacity is selected so that thenumber of loaded cartridges ismultiple of 16, i.e. the contentsof one carton, where the car-tridges are packed at the factory.Consequently, the magazine

design has a margin and itscapacity may be increased afterdue alterations. The magazinedoes not protrude beyond theoutlines of the weapon andensures its excellent dimensionalcharacteristics. In firing, it maybe used as a fore grip, therebyincreasing the ease of retainingand holding the handgun andmaking the "Bizon" a sufficientlyagile close-quarters weapon.When mass produced, the maga-zine body will be made of high-strength plastic.

The sub-machine gun ischambered for the 9x18 mm PM

pistol cartridge. Both standardand modernized versions may beused. The latter provides higherpressure and, hence, a highermuzzle velocity of the bullet,which increases its casualty-pro-ducing and penetrating effect andconsiderably improves the effec-tiveness of the weapons.

As the pistol cartridge is lesspowerful than the assault riflecartridge, there is no need forlocking, and a blowback action isselected, which uses the recoilenergy of the free heavy bolt.During its backward movement,the parts do not collide (shortrecoil scheme): this factor has afavorable effect on the weapon'sstability in firing and improves itsconsistency. This scheme radical-ly differentiates the sub-machinegun from the assault rifles, man-

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1

T O P S E C R E T


AE034

" B I Z O N "S U B - M A C H I N E G U N

$ A l e x e i V a d i m o v $

The simplicity of construction and maintenance of the"Bizon" sub-machine gun, its small dimensions, easeand agility in use, high reliability, and the largeamount of ammunition at hand, will undoubtedly drawthe specialists' attention to this weapon.

ufactured by the Izhevskmechanical plant.

Despite the differences inthe action of these weapontypes, a certain succession stillexists. Up to 60% of the "Bizon"parts are borrowed from theAK74M assault rifle. Theyinclude the folding stock withits attachment members, trig-

ger mechanism, receiver cover,and some others. The smooth-running manufacture process at"Izhmash" guarantees the oper-ational reliability of the sub-machine gun, which has a con-siderable number of parts andassemblies run by the manufac-turer long ago, ensuring that itwill not be worse than that of

the world-famous assault rifles.A relatively low rate of fireensures easy control of contin-uous fire duration, without theuse of devices, providing afixed length of bursts. The sim-plicity of construction andmaintenance of the "Bizon"sub-machine gun, its smalldimensions, ease and agility inuse, high reliability, and thelarge amount of ammunition athand, will undoubtedly draw thespecialists' attention to thisweapon. In the near future it islikely to be operational with law-enforcement agencies, convoyand guard units of the InteriorMinistry and special army units.

(

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AE034

1.

Partial disassembly

2.

With magazine

attached

3.

With magazine sep-

arated

Characteristics

CaliberCartridge

Effective range:-with standard cartridge-with modernized cartridgeMagazine capacityWeight:-without magazine-with magazine without cartridgesLength (folded/unfolded)Rate of fire

9 mm9x18 mm PM, 9x18 mm PM modernized

100 m150 m64 cartridges

2.1 kg2.47 kg425/660 mm700 rounds/min

ALEXEl STRAKHOV

Head of Administration of Sverdlovsk Region

OUR REFERENCE:

Born in 1942. Graduated from Urals Polytechnical Institute (1963) and Economic Academy (1981).

Began career as a construction site worker in 1960. On graduation from the institute, stayed there as a

research worker, before becoming head of the regional construction team. In 1967-76 - manager of the

Gasspetsstroy trust, in 1976-78 - deputy head of the regional gasification department, in 1978-92 -

managerial positions of the territorial supply department. In 1992 he became first deputy head of the

regional administration and in January 1994 - administrative head of Sverdlovsk Region.

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THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX


AE035

On behalf of the people of the Urals let me invite the business circles ofall interested countries to mutually advantageous cooperation in military

industry, as well as in the implementation of conversion programs.

istorically theUrals have alwaysbeen the strong-hold of this coun-try withS v e r d l o v s kRegion as centerof this huge area.

I would like tosay a few words.The territory is195,000 squarekilometers with a

population of over 4.5 millionpeople. The area is rich in miner-al resources: iron and copperore, coal, pit, gold and platinum,silver, manganese and nickel,titanium and vanadium, asbestosand bauxites, precious stonesand rare elements. Most of theterritory is occupied by forests.This inevitably influenced theregional socio-economic devel-opment. The most developed arethe mining and metallurgicalindustries, machine-building,construction industry, wood-working and chemical industries.In terms of overall production ourregion ranks as one of the fivemost developed regions inRussia.

The advantageous geographi-cal location, great natural wealthand high professional skills of thelabor force open up greatprospects for business coopera-tion with various countries.

The military industrial com-plex figures prominently in theregion's industry. It numbers 50plants, research institutes anddesign bureaus and boastsunique scientific and industrialpotential. Here the best special-ists - scientists, engineers, work-ers - are gathered. The produc-tion associations" U r a l v a g o n z a v o d " ,"Uraltransmash", the KalininMachine-Building Plant, the UralsOptico-Mechanic Plant, the"Avtomatika" research and pro-duction association, the "Vector"state production association anda number of other enterprises arewell known far beyond Russia'sborders. It is precisely themwhich determine today the strate-gic trends in the arms and ammu-nition development and produc-tion in the Russian Federation.The Ural plants produce tanks,missile/artillery and space missilesystems, self-propelled gunmounts and missile systems con-trol facilities. As a rule, they arejust as good as similar Westerncounterparts and in many wayseven better.

However, over the past fewyears the military industrial com-plex enterprises in the region, aswell as in the country as a whole,have faced difficulties. Financingis the main reason. Most enter-prises owe one another huge

sums of money. Moreover, bud-get taxes are very high and theprices for energy and raw materi-als are continually rising.Regrettably, the governmentdoes not pay for executeddefense industry contracts intime or allocate money for newones. The federal debt to Uralsplants runs into hundreds of bil-lion roubles today.

In such conditions the region-al administration had to pay spe-cial attention to the militaryindustrial complex. In 1993-94the military industrial complexproblems were reflected in thefederal government's decision"On measures to stabilize thework of defense industry enter-prises of Sverdlovsk Region"adopted on our initiative. Ninedecisions of the administrationhead and four decisions of theregional government were takenover the period to rectify the situ-ation.

We are trying to ensure an

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AE035

T H E D E F E N S E C O M P L E XO F T H E U R A L SM A I N T A I N S I T S R E P U T A T I O N

$ A l e x e i S t r a k h o v $

inevitable reduction of the mili-tary industrial potential in theleast painful way - via conversion.Today many enterprises are beingre-oriented to production of civil-ian goods. This has never beeneasy. Conversion requires mas-sive capital investments, fundsthe government lacks. The gov-ernment of the RussianFederation plans to obtain themoney by selling military equip-ment to other countries. The pro-ceeds from these exports shall beremitted to pay for conversion.Sverdlovsk RegionalAdministration fully supports this

idea.I am sure that after acquaint-

ing themselves with the productsand potential of the regional mili-tary industrial complex on thepages of this magazine, foreignreaders will find new partnersfrom Urals enterprises. I believethat "Military Parade" issuesdevoted to the major regions ofRussia are extremely important. Itis absolutely clear to everybodytoday that the success of eco-nomic reforms in this countrydepends primarily on them - theirposition, perseverance and initia-tive. (

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AE035

verdlovsk RegionalAdministration considersconversion of defenseindustry enterprises asthe main solution to theacute economic crisis,faced by the regional mil-itary industrial complex.Conversion is progressingin complicated condi-tions, overshadowed bythe general industrialslump and economicinstability. We believethat the government pays

little attention to the conversion process.We are worried by the possibility that wemay lose irretrievably the scientific-tech-nical potential it took us decades to accu-mulate at defense industry enterprises.

Considering conversion as our prioritytask and the mechanism to be used to re-structure the economy, the RegionalAdministration is according special atten-tion to this sphere. A conversion program,aimed at solving the region's most press-ing socioeconomic problems, was worked

out back in 1992. It seeks tore-orient the military industrytowards the production ofhighly effective "science-intensive" machinery andequipment for sophisticatedhousehold electronics for theregion and Russia.

Realizing the social sig-nificance of defense industrysupport, the RegionalAdministration was one ofthe first in Russia to allocate,in the form of low interestloans and target financing,3.8 billion roubles from itsbudget in 1993 and 31 billionroubles in 1994 for theimplementation of conver-

sion programs. This alleviated the toughfinancial position of defense industryenterprises.

We believe that during the past threeyears an efficient conversion system hasbeen established in the region:

- close cooperation with defenseindustry enterprises and the regionaldepartment, which place orders for theproducts of converted enterprises;

- the newly established head organi-zations, covering twelve areas of priorityinterest to take care of the organizationaland technical aspects of the programs("Conversion to Medicine", "Conversionto the Agricultural Complex", "Conversionto Transport", "Conversion toCommunications", "Conversion toEcology", "Conversion to ConsumerGoods", etc.), are working successfully;

- a financial support mechanism forconverted enterprises has been devel-oped at regional levels, a regional conver-sion support fund has been set up;

- two finance and investment compa-nies have been set up as close joint stock

companies to attract additional invest-ments and effectively use loans on con-version program implementation: theregional administration acts as one of thefounders;

- "Urals-Conversion" Regional Fairsare being held;

- contacts are being expanded withforeign firms interested in setting up jointventures and making investments.

Thanks to these and other steps, theconverted enterprises produced 50 typesof new civilian products and preparedanother 50 for series production in thelast year alone. Fifteen new products havereceived certificates of domestic andinternational standards. A medical pro-duction certification center was set up.About 20,000 working places were savedand created anew at converted enterpris-es. This allowed us to prevent mass dis-missals in 1993, caused by the dramaticreduction in the state defense orders.

Joint stock companies, limited liabilitycompanies and small businesses engagedin the production of specific types of civil-ian goods are established on the basis ofconverted enterprises. Ten joint venturesoperate with foreign participation.

Owing to a serious dearth of medicalequipment, the regional administrationpooled the efforts of defense industryenterprises to develop and producesophisticated optoelectronic diagnostic,medical and laboratory equipment. Wetreat our experience as the start of com-plex and multifaceted work to help enter-prises of the military industrial complexswitch to the production of civilian goods.

The regional administration andenterprise staff offer wide-ranging coop-eration to foreign firms, which do not planto limit their interests to the purchase ofarms and ammunition, and are ready tojointly realize conversion programs. (

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C O N V E R S I O N :P R O B L E M S A N D E X P E R I E N C E

S1



AE036

SEMEN BARKOV,Deputy Chairman of Committee for Industry, Head of

Defence Industry and Conversion Department,Sverdlovsk Regional Administration.

Born in 1940. Graduated from Urals PolytechnicInstitute in 1964. Worked at Medium Machine-

Building Ministry enterprises, starting as foreman andrising to the position of chief engineer. Part of

Sverdlovsk Regional Administration since 1991.

he system of lowinterest loans forspecific projectsof the militaryindustrial com-plex (MIC) enter-prises has exist-ed since 1992 atthe federal leveland inS v e r d l o v s kRegion.

It is obviousthat conversion of MIC enterpris-es should be supported.However, we do not consider thepresent day system effective.The financial position of mostMIC enterprises is bad and dete-riorating. In such conditionsenterprise management usesconversion loans to solve survival

problems, by paying back budgetdebts, salaries, settling energychecks and suppliers invoicesand saving at best 10% for con-version itself or is left with noth-ing at all, if things come to theirworst.

The managers should not beblamed for the wasteful use ofloans, as such behavior is normalin the conditions, which man-agers and their staff have foundthemselves in. Nevertheless,conversion loans are not alms orcharity: they are target loans,designed to help the enterpriseswitch from the military produc-tion over to competitive civiliangoods.

With this aim in mind, con-version money, as a rule, shouldnot be handed over directly todefense industry enterprises. Itshould be channelled into theestablishment of individualsmaller businesses using thefreed larger plant productioncapacities. Parent plants shouldhave a share in the small busi-ness. Each conversion projectmust be realized through anindependent small business(which does not rule out excep-tions). The small business shouldbe in the form of a close stockcompany. In this case any non-conversion use of the targetloans is ruled out.

Projects, rather than theplants themselves, should befinanced!

It should be borne in mindthat no single budget is largeenough to cover all those, whoobjectively need conversionfinancing. Therefore, it is worth-while attracting the non-govern-

mental and foreign investments.However, everyone knows thatnon-governmental (private) capi-tal does not follow orders: itchooses the most profitableoptions, preferably in cases,where it can control the situation.

In other words, commercialfinancing agencies, joint stockcompanies, set up from rawmaterials processing enterprises(which have hard currency), andforeign firms shall not invest inlarge defense industry plants ordesign bureaus. They would pre-fer to finance specific projectsrealized by an independententerprise, as they will be able toplay a decisive role in manage-ment and control and projecteddividends.

Realizing the need toenhance the effectiveness ofconversion loans and seeing thatthere is no one way to solve theproblem, the regional adminis-tration has set up, together witha number of defense industryenterprises and SKB Bank inEkaterinburg, the ITM (invest-ments, know-how, machines)financing and investment compa-ny, which should serve as bothinstrument and initiator of specif-ic conversion projects at defenseindustry enterprises via theestablishment of small business-es to take care of individual pro-jects and exploit use of the con-verted enterprise's productionspace and equipment.

A typical scheme can bedescribed as follows: a project(product) is chosen, a convertedplant with a suitable technologi-cal base and labor force isselected (if the enterprise does

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AE037

SERGEI NOVOSELTSEVPresident, Sverdlovsk "ITM" Finance and

Investment Company (investments, know-how, machines).

Director General, "Formanta" Radio Plant inthe town of Kachkanar.

Born in 1947. Graduated from NovosibirskState University in 1970. Worked in

Novosibirsk at the SemiconductorManufacturing Plant (1970-73) and

Measuring Instruments Research Institutestarting out as senior engineer and rising tothe position of Deputy Director. Since 1986

Director of Radio Plant in Kachkanar.

not initiate the project itself), theproject's business plan is workedout, together with the plant, topersuade the regional administra-tion to agree to a conversion loanin principle, followed by steps toinvolve non-governmental bodiesas co-founders. Outside investorsof these close joint stock compa-nies must be granted a control-ling block of shares and the par-ent plant should not own morethan 20-30% of the shares, torule out unauthorized use ofinvestments and conversionloans.

The parent plant's contribu-tion in the authorized fund shallbe made up of the productionspace and equipment.

Each such project will create

an independent paying enter-prise, which puts out competitiveproducts and pays dividends tothe founders.

Our Finance and InvestmentsCompany aims to create or atleast plans to set up at least 50small businesses at the convertedenterprises of the region withinthe next five years. To conclude, Iwould like to stress that this is notonly way of implementing conver-sion projects. The search for opti-mal forms and methods in thecountry is not restricted to con-version only: it holds true foractivities in general and some-times even spells survival.

This creative search on allissues, including conversion,continues today in our region. (

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AE036

he "Uralvagonza-vod" (UVZ) plantwas built duringthe first five-yeard e v e l o p m e n tperiods (1931-1936) as part ofthe Ural-Kuzbasscoal mining andm e t a l l u r g i c a lcenter. OnOctober 11, 1936it turned out its

first heavy-duty gondola railwaycars. At the beginning of the war,by government decision, UVZ and

several other plants evacuated tothe Urals were converted into oneof the country's biggest defenseworks: the Ural tank plant.

On December 8, 1941, plantworkers assembled the first T-34tank. By the end of the war theplant turned out 35,000 suchcombat vehicles.

In addition the plant hadalready manufactured at that timebomb cases and parts for the"Katyusha" rocket launcher. Plantengineers were the first in theworld to introduce automatedarmor welding, an advanced tur-ret casting technology and tankassembly flow lines.

For many years the plant hasbeen the main supplier of tanksof various modifications for thecountry's armed forces. In March1946 the plant resumed produc-tion of cargo gondola cars andboxcars, without stopping pro-duction of more advanced militaryhardware.

For more than fifty years now,tanks manufactured at UVZ, haveinvariably aroused keen interestof specialists and the press.These included T-34, the besttank of World War II, T-54, T-55,T-62 and other modifications.

Since 1970s to the 1990s theplant has been manufacturing theT-72, the most mass-producedtank of modern times. This modelhas incorporated the best tradi-tions of Soviet tank engineering.It has a generally attractive con-figuration of the hull and the tur-ret and non-traditional design

features. Foreign specialists notethat after the T-34, T-54 and T-55design series the T-72 is obvious-ly a successful concept.

By now the T-72 has con-firmed its status of one of thebest tanks in the world in manylocal wars and had dominated foralmost a quarter-century in thearmies of Poland, the CzechRepublic, Slovakia, Yugoslavia,Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,Finland, India, Iraq, Syria, Libya,Algeria and other countries. Itslatest modification, the T-72S, isthe world's only tank with explo-sive reactive armor, firing bothrockets and shells, which wasdesigned by UVZ specialists onthe basis of careful analysis andassimilation of the tactics andstrategy of tanks in real-combatconditions, with due regard forthe years of combat operation invarious parts of the world and the

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AE038

VLADIMIR SERYAKOV,Director General, "Uralvagonzavod" produc-tion association

51 years old. Born in Kazan. On graduationfrom the Kazan Chemical TechnologyInstitute, he started a professional career,holding different posts in the sphere of high-technology production from ordinary workerto director general.

results of austere tests in themost trying conditions of the FarEast, the Arctic, Siberia andCentral Asia.

T-72S tanks are distinguishedby high reliability of all assem-blies and mechanisms in the bat-tlefield and excellent mobility andmaneuverability, regardless ofany weather or road conditions.Owing to its combination of com-bat and technical characteristics,the T-72S not only matches thebest foreign models: it actuallysurpasses them. Overwhelmed bythe remarkable combat, technicaland other characteristics of T-72tanks, a number of countries,including India, Yugoslavia,Slovakia, Poland, have startedmanufacturing them at home, onthe basis of Russian design doc-umentation and technologies.Another important asset of the T-72 tanks is their easy adaptabilityto new design features at mini-mum cost.

The effective use of tanksrises dramatically, when they aresupported by fast escort vehicles.The family of engineer supportvehicles, designed by UVZ spe-cialists, have the same mobility,reliability and crew protectioncharacteristics as the basemodel, which allows for their usewithout any limitations with tankunits. These include the BREM-1multi-purpose armored recoveryvehicle, the IMR-2M obstacleremoval vehicle and the MTU-1tank bridgelayer.

One should make special noteof their use for civilian purposes:

the IMR-2M and the BREM-1proved their worth in dealing withthe consequences of theChernobyl disaster and the cata-strophic earthquake at Spitak(Armenia).

Recently UVZ, together withseveral other enterprises, havedeveloped and phased in thePUM-500B all-purpose road con-struction vehicle and the EO-5126 single-scoop caterpillarexcavator. Its design incorporatesadvanced design features andmaterials tried out during years ofproduction of military hardware.

The association has morethan 40 years of experience indesigning and manufacturingcryogenic railway tank-cars andsystems. During various periods,plant engineers designed andmass produced tank-cars for thecarriage of liquid oxygen, nitro-gen, used for various economicneeds and as fuel for aerospacesystems.

"Uralvagonzavod" is soledesigner and manufacturer inRussia of various types of four-and eight-axle gondola cars,tank-cars and freight wagons.During the years of its existenceit has turned out more than800,000 such rigs.

"Uralvagonzavod" today is aunique mechanical engineeringplant with a powerful engineeringand intellectual potential, markedin the Guinness Book of Recordsas "the biggest enterprise in theworld".

Production at the plant isorganized by the closed-loop

principle, using the mostadvanced and unique equipment,which ensures the whole produc-tion cycle from the casting andstamping of billets and blanksthrough all forms of mechanicalprocessing to the assembly andcomprehensive testing of finishedproducts.

"Uralvagonzavod" guaranteesan innovative quest spirit and aconstant drive for new, unortho-dox engineering solutions aimedat creating exclusively top-grade,reliable products.

"Uralvagonzavod" is an enter-

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1.

BREM-1 armored

recovery vehicle

2.

IMR-2M obstacle

remover

3.

MTU-72 bridgelayer

OUR ADDRESS:622006, Nizhni Tagil, Russian Federation

Phone: (8-343-5) 23-1774, 23-0197; Fax: (8-343-5) 23-3492; 23-0357; Teletype: 199451 KLEN;Telex: 721749 UVZ SU

prise with high production stan-dards, based on long-establishedtechnological and intellectual tra-ditions. This means hundreds andthousands of suppliers and con-sumers in the CIS and dozens offoreign countries, as well as athousand-strong staff of top-grade specialists, who havealready created an epoch in homeand world mechanical engineer-ing and are prepared to surpasstheir predecessors in the devel-opment of non-traditional pro-duction technologies.

Today, the plant turns outabout 100 types of differentproducts. These include militaryhardware, road constructionmachines, all-metal cargo railwaycars, timber carriers, special-purpose wagons and tank- cars

of different types, railway truckswith different numbers of axles,motor-driven trucks for self-pro-pelled railway expeditions, auto-matic couplers and other gear forall types of freight cars, cast andstamp-forged products and awide range of consumer goods.

All articles, manufactured andplanned for production by theassociation. are designated forheavy-duty high-intensity opera-tion in any climatic conditions.

The new economic rela-tions only go to stress andenhance our traditional interest inthe expansion and consolidationof business contacts with homeand foreign enterprises and orga-nizations in the sphere of com-petitive production and jointresearch and design projects. (

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AE037

ore than 40years ago as p e c i a l i z e dd e s i g nbureau wasset up inEkaterinburg,Central Urals,which set outto developcontrol sys-tems (CS) forballistic mis-

siles (BM) to arm the submarines(SM) of the Russian Navy. Withthe passing of time this special-ized design bureau (SDB) evolvedinto a research institute. Headedby General Designer andAcademician of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, N.Semikhatov, the institute createda number of Naval ballistic missile

control systems, which ensuredthe greatest target acquisitionaccuracy, against strict size andweight limitations, dictated bylaunches from submarines.

Respective studies yieldeddecisions, which utilize adaptivecontrol methods with artificialintellect elements, microminimizeall CS components, ensure high-efficiency of small computermeans of the on-board, ship andground elements of the controlsystem.

Production of microcircuitson the basis of thick-film technol-ogy and frameless element baseconstitutes one of the ways ofcombining high integration withsmall weight and size.

The use of fiber optics in theship's communication linesensures a high level of jammingprotection, combined with hightraffic-carrying capacity.

A comprehensive approach tothe control system developmentresulted in the creation of on-board, ship-based and testing(ground) equipment. Owing to itssmall size, convenience, mini-mum energy consumption andhigh reliability, it ensures therequired effectiveness of NavalBMs.

Conversion of "Avtomatika"association's traditional missilesector opened up chances todevelop small standard precisioncontrol systems for payload injec-tion means: heavy, medium andlight launch vehicles, orbital unitpreboosters, reentry modules.

These developments includecontrol systems for the updated"Soyuz-2" rocket, as well as the"Express" space vehicle devel-oped at the "Salyut" DesignBureau of the V. Khrunichev StateResearch and Production SpaceCenter. A number of German andJapanese firms are working onthe project together with theirRussian colleagues.

The "Avtomatika" associationworked out, jointly with thedesign bureau of the V.P. MakeevState Rocket Center, a controlsystem project for the "Priboy"rocket-and-space system, whichis designated for the launch ofresearch, commercial and othersatellites straight from the oceansurface and does not require anyspecial facilities of a stationarylaunching complex.

Control systems for spacerocket complexes are currentlybeing developed, which will oper-ate on liquefied natural gas toensure the ecological safety ofpayload injections from any pointon the globe.

Its ability to resolve defenseproblems, coupled with availableproduction capacities and thestaff's scientific and technicalpotential enabled "Avtomatika" todevelop a wide range of automat-ed control systems to control var-ious types of complex technolog-ical processes.

Major work in this area isbeing carried out in the domain ofautomated control systems forthermal power stations, metallur-gy, shipbuilding, transport, bank-ing, medicine.

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AE039

VYACHESLAV CHEBOTAREV,Director General, "Avtomatika" Research and

Production Association.

Born in 1938. Graduated from TaganrogRadio Technical Institute in 1960. His wholecareer is bound up with "Avtomatika", where

he rose from engineer (1960) to DirectorGeneral (1989).

The following equipment hasbeen worked out and is suppliedto customers on the orders of theregional administration and alliedenterprises of the Urals region:

- pulseoximeter for intensivecare wards;

- breath control and stimula-tion monitors for prematurebabies;

- different modifications ofthermal printers;

- amplitude and frequencymodulated portable duplex radiosets.

In view of the aforemen-tioned, "Avtomatika" is interestedin developing cooperation withforeign and domestic partners inany form, with all costs recoupedin foreign currency (establish-ment of joint stock companies,enterprises and projects, distrib-ution services, pre-sale and guar-antee servicing). (

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AE039

ADDRESS:145 Mamina-Sibiryaka St.,

Ekaterinburg, Russia620075

Phone: (3432) 51-5728Fax: (3432) 55-5661

he VSMPA jointstock companywas set up in1933. Russia'sfirst aircraft metal-lurgical plant wascommissioned inSetun of MoscowRegion in thesame year. In1941 the plantwas evacuated to

Verkhnyaya Salda in the Urals. In1956 it was decided to organizelarge-scale industrial productionof semi-finished items from tita-nium alloys there.

The open-ended VSMPAcompany is the world's largestproducer (the only one in Russia)

of semi-finished items from tita-nium alloys, unique types ofmoulded products from alumini-um alloys, rolled stainless steel,and high-temperature alloysbased on nickel and spelters.

The VSMPA's production andcreative activities, supported bycooperation with leading insti-tutes and design bureaus of air-craft and engine constructioncompanies, aim to manufactureproducts on the basis of titaniumand aluminium alloys for Russianaircraft engine critical units, aswell as the airframes and landinggears of IL-86, IL-96, Tu-204, Tu-160, "Antei", "Ruslan", "Mria",Su-27, MiG-29 and Mi-26 planesand helicopters. The associa-tion's products are used in suchdevices as the "Soyuz"-"Apollo"docking unit, the "Buran" shuttle,the "Energia" launch vehicle, the"Typhoon" missile-carrying sub-marines, components of load-bearing structures and powerplants of surface ships, units andassemblies of armored vehicles.

The association puts out alu-minium alloy plates and panels 30m long and 1,000 mm wide. It

has unique equipment, includinga powerful complex of forge-and-press equipment with unparal-leled examples (a press with aforce of 75,000 tons), a set ofhorizontal presses with a force ofup to 20,000 tons, rolling mills forhot, warm and cold plate and coilrolling, and mills to roll rods,pipes and pipe blanks. It isequipped with arc vacuum,induction and electroslag fur-

naces and a large number ofmetal cutting machines.

Effective steps need to betaken to integrate the associationin the world system of productionand sales.

Firstly, its output has to becertified and the quality of semi-finished items improved. Thisprocess is under way and will becompleted in 1995. The quality ofthe association's technology andmetals has been praised byexperts from such firms asBoeing, Schultz Steel Company,Wiman Gordon, General Electric,Pratt and Whitney (US), Snecmaand Aerospatiale (France), andRolls Royce and BritishAerospace (UK).

Secondly, the basic produc-

tion process has to be reorga-nized to improve the quality andprovide the range of semi-fin-ished items in great demand.Substantial progress has beenachieved in producing titaniumbillets and stampings whosestructure and quality meet inter-national standards, and a pro-gram of putting out first-classstainless steel sheets, coils andstrips has been launched.

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C A P I T A L O F R U S S I A N

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AE040

VLADISLAV TETYUKHIN,Director General of the Joint Stock Company

'Verkhnyaya Salda Metallurgical ProductionAssociation' (VSMPA), Doctor of Technology

and Member of the Russian Academy ofEngineering Sciences. Born in Moscow in

1932. In 1956 graduated from Moscow Steeland Alloys Institute and began his career at

the Verkhnyaya Salda Aircraft IndustryMetallurgical Plant in the Urals. From 1976to 1992 worked at the Research Institute of

Aircraft Materials and in 1992 was againinvited to the VSMPA, whose shareholders

elected him as Director General.

Lastly, bonded warehouses,the provision of services in regionswith the largest consumer poten-tial and an effective and ramifiednetwork of marketing and sales inRussia, the CIS and Europe arebecoming priorities.

Since the VSMPA's potentialmeets international standards andthe VSMPA operates in marketconditions, it must be integrated inthe world economy. As well as astrategic target, this is an essentialcondition for the factory's exis-tence. We will make sure that thisprocess is gradual and civilized,and that the low prices do notdestabilize the limited market oftitanium products. (

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AE040

OUR ADDRESS:Verkhnyaya Salda,

Sverdlovsk Region, Russia,624600

Phone: (34345) 24-902,23-832

Fax: (34345) 24-736Teletype: 34-8177,34-8176 "Север"

he state associa-tion "Uraltrans-mash" is one ofthe oldest MiddleUrals plants. Onehundred and sev-enty-seven yearsago a goldminingplant was estab-lished on the bankof the Mel'kovkariver. At this point

the story of the factory began.Today Uraltransmash is a large,specialized defense complex,turning out combat equipment,which has no analogs abroad.

The life story of the UralTransport Machinery Plant, in its

full name, has been inseparablyassociated with the historicaldestiny of the country. At thebeginning of the century, itranked as one of Russia's topeight engineering plants. In theprewar years Uraltransmash mas-tered production of drilling rigs,pumping jacks and pumps.

The war proved a time ofsevere ordeal for the workforce.The plant was fully re-oriented tomilitary products: units and sys-tems for T-34 tanks and SU-122,SU-85 and SU-100 self-propelledgun mounts. In the postwar yearsthe plant continued making tankspare parts and started masteringproduction of new civilian prod-ucts - units for Uralmash drillingrigs, S-153 coal loaders, PML-5ore loaders, and from 1958 ahydraulic crawler-mountedloader.

The year 1962 commenced anew stage in the life ofUraltransmash, when a largedesign unit was transferred to itfrom the Uralmash factory. In the1960s it launched series produc-tion of the chassis for the Krug

anti-aircraft complex and GMZcrawler-mounted mine-layingvehicles. In the 1970s the plant'sdesigners created a whole gamutof self-propelled guns, whichformed the postwar generation ofself-propelled artillery. They arethe 152-mm self-propelled how-itzer 2S3 (2S3M)-'Acacia,' the240-mm self-propelled mortar2S4-'Tulip,' and the 152-mmself-propelled gun 2S5-'Hyacinth.'

Even today the self-propelledmortar has no analog in theworld. The self-propelled how-itzer and the self-propelled gunsurpassed foreign models inthose years in terms of capabili-ties.

The 1980s saw the birth ofthe MSTA-S, a 152-mm self-pro-pelled howitzer, which served asthe prototype of a new generationof self-propelled artillery. MSTA-S was created by a large group ofdevelopers with the CentralDesign Bureau 'Transmash' ofstate association Uraltransmash(Chief Designer Y.V. Tomashov)in the lead.

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AE041

ALEXANDER SHARKOV,Director General of the State Industrial

Association "Uraltransmash"Born in 1931. Graduated from Chelyabinsk

Polytechnic Institute. Started work at theUrals car-building plant as a foreman androse to building superintendent. In 1963

switched to the Sverdlov Transport MachineryPlant in Sverdlovsk (now Uraltransmash) as

deputy chief engineer. Chief engineer forUralNITI (Ural Technology Research Institute)in 1974-1979. Returned to Uraltransmash aschief engineer in 1979. Since 1988 director

general of the association. Master ofScience, State Prize winner.

U R A L T R A N S M A S H :Q U A L I T Y I S O U R C R E D O

A sufficiently detailedoutline, and the charac-teristics and features, ofthe MSTA-S and related2X51 crew trainer, werelisted in an article of theJanuary-February issueof 'Military Parade.' Letme just add a commentby foreign specialists:"The 2S19 howitzer iscurrently the most mod-ern weapon system intube artillery...".

The conversionprocesses in defenseindustries unfortunatelycoincided with the initialmastery of production atUraltransmash of the self-propelled howitzer MSTA-S. As a result, output ofthe self-propelled artillerywas contracted five-fold,contrary to the produc-tion targets serving as thebasis of the plant'scapacities.

The reduction in stateorders for defense prod-ucts of Uraltransmashhas continued into 1994.Defense order instabilityand deterred paymentsfor products deliveredunder state orders, haveinevitably compelled theplant to seek orders for acivilian range of com-modities. As part of con-version programs,Uraltransmash designed,equipped and startedmass producing during1990-1991 a deep-wellsucker-rod pump drive.

The deep-well suck-er-rod pump drivePShGN8-3-5500 is distin-guished by its high tech-nological level and indu-bitable competitivenesswith US-made pumping

jacks and those of thefirm Lufkin.

The central designbureau has also beeninvolved in another con-version alternative job:the development of amultipurpose class 100kW highway chassis forthe repair and mainte-nance of motor roadswith a set of replaceableworking equipment. Thechassis is designed forthe mounting of manytypes of tools, ensuringthe mechanization ofwork on motor roadrepair and maintenance.

The competitivenessof the chassis on theworld market is ensuredby original technical solu-tions, creating a numberof advantages over sucha famous machine as theUNIMOG of the firmDaimler-Benz.

Like all defense sec-tor plants, Uraltransmashis now experiencing hardtimes. We are deeplyconvinced that we mustdraft intensively and thenstart manufacturing civil-ian products. On theother hand the degree ofstate financing of conver-sion programs is soinsignificant that it's sim-ply pointless to talk aboutany serious substitutionof military products byequivalent civilian goodsin labor intensiveness andthe technological level.

Aware of the unlikeli-hood of any serious statefinancing for the accom-plishment of radical con-version programs,Uraltransmash is open toforeign investments,

ready to submit its ownprojects and consider theprojects of foreign invest-ing partners. (

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AE041

1.

2S5 self-propelled

gun

2.

GMZ-3 full-tracked

mine-layer

3.

2S19 self-propelled

howitzer

OUR ADDRESS:9 Frontovikh Brigad, PO Box 620027

Uraltransmash, Ekaterinburg, Russia.Phone: (3432) 34-4574, 34-4556 (both 24

hour service),(3432) 34-4661.

Telex: 29-1243 "Neman"; Fax: (3432) 34-4642.

"Urals Optical &Mechanical Plant"P r o d u c t i o nAssociation (UOMP)is a leading develop-er and producer inRussia's defensecomplex of high pre-cision air optoelec-tronic weapon guid-ance systems. In the

late 1960s the Association starteddeveloping sighting systemsusing a laser range-finder.Following the implementation ofthe program to develop precisionguided weapons for the AirForces, the Association designedthe laser station "Klen", providingrange finding and illumination forfighter-bombers MiG-27 and

attack aircraft Su-22, Su-25 andtheir versions. Thanks to furtherimprovements to the laserweapon guiding systems, thelaser illumination station "Prichal"was developed during the 1980s.The station is mounted on the"Tank Killers", the attack aircraftSu-25TK and combat helicoptersKa-50 and Mi-28.

In addition to its development andproduction of new laser systemsthe Association produces opto-electronic sighting systemsOEPS-29 and OEPS-27 for fight-ers MiG-29, Su-27 and Su-30.Foreign fighter-interceptors lacksimilar systems. TheAssociation's output, displayed atinternational aerospace shows in1992 and 1993 in the town ofZhukovsky and abroad, attractedconsiderable attention. Thesesystems were highly assessed byspecialists.The Association is the leadingdeveloper and manufacturer inRussia of geodetic equipment,including optomechanical andelectronic theodolites, laser-lightrange-finders and tachometers. Italso develops and produces vari-ous medical appliances, includingportable diagnostic systems and

defibrillators. Laser surgicalscalpel and other medical equip-ment are also being developed.Fiber, integral, power optics andmicro-optics, holography, opticalanti-reflection coatings for allwavebands, including infra-red,polarized coatings, includingthose on crystals, liquid-crystalindicators, various photodetec-tors, micro-electronic and multi-processor hardware: this is farfrom complete list of the high-tech items produced by the plant.Our enterprise is open to large-scale research, technical andproduction cooperation. We lookforward to meeting our foreignpartners. (

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AE042

YURI ABRAMOV,Chief Engineer of the "Urals Optical &

Mechanical Plant" Production Association.

Born in 1945. Graduated from UralsPolytechnic Institute. On graduation workedat the plant as a section head, deputy head

of an assembly shop, deputy head of CentralDesign Bureau and deputy chief engineer.

Since 1994 chief engineer and First DeputyDirector General. Winner of the State Prize.

U R A L S O P T I C A L A N D E L E C T R O N I CE N G I N E E R I N G P L A N TM A T C H E S T H E W O R L D ' S B E S T !

1.

Geodetic equipment

produced by the

Association

2.

The OEPS-31E

optoelectronic aim-

ing system is the

latest development

of the enterprise

CONTACT US FOR FURTHERDETAILS:

33B Vostochnaya St., UralsOptical & Mechanical Plant,

Ekaterinburg 620100,Russia.

Phone: (3432) 24-1863.Fax: (3432) 24-1844.

Telex: HVOIA SU 721764.

IImash was found-ed in 1958 as asubsidiary of theRussia's leadingresearch institutespecializing inr o c k e t - s p a c eexploration. It wasinvolved in manyspace programs inRussia. In 1981NIImash wasgranted the statusof independent

institute and became the leadingdeveloper and producer of low-thrust liquid-propellant rocketmotors (LTRM) used to adjustorbits, stabilize and orient spacevehicles.

The Institute has developed

and supplies consumers with atleast 20 types of various rocketengines, used at long-termorbital space stations "Salyut","Almaz", "Mir", supplier modules"Kvant", "Crystal", "Priroda",piloted spaceships "Soyuz-T","Soyuz-TM", "Buran", freightspaceship "Progress", cosmonautautonomous transportation vehi-cles for outer space as well as ona series of automated space vehi-cles. The new generation LTRMcurrently developed at NIImash,surpass foreign equivalents interms of basic characteristics.

The Institute's unique test-beds were used to perfect theoxygen and hydrogen cryogenicfuel engine for the second stageof "Energia" launch vehicle.

The NIImash conversion pro-gram comprises ten projects,employing specific aerospacedesigns and know-how in civiliangoods production. The programis comprehensive, embracing anumber of defense industryenterprises and aiming at latestknow-how preservation.

One project stipulates theproduction at Urals Region enter-prises of a fuel injection systemfor automobiles with internalcombustion engines, drafted byNIImash. This project was sup-ported by VAZ, AZLK, Izhevsk,Uliyanovsk and Zaporozhye auto-mobile plants. The EnvironmentalProtection Committee hasassessed the project positively.The system provides for a reduc-tion in fuel consumption, toxicexhausts, the build-up of powerand improvements to the automo-bile engines dynamic characteris-tics.

Experience of cryogenic fuelsfor rocket engines was employedto elaborate systems to feeddiesel locomotives with cheaper,compressed and liquefied naturalgas instead of diesel fuel; the

radical reduction of harmfulexhaust is especially importantfor shunting at railway stations.The testing equipment designand technological solutions forrocket engine perfection led tothe creation of a pilot unit for fruitand vegetables storage in a regu-lated gas environment at smallerstores and farms. One year suf-fices for recoupment. The insti-tute has signed contracts to pro-duce the first set of these units.

Ozone technology, with highecological characteristics, wasused by the Institute's experi-mental station to purify sewagefrom residue toxic rocket fuels. Itserved as the basis for projectdocumentation on a water purify-ing unit. The Institute has a con-tract to produce and deliver unitequipment to the town of Verkh-Neyvinsk, in the SverdlovskRegion. A number of defenseindustry enterprises have partici-pated in the project.

These examples testify to theextensive use of existing scientif-ic and technological potential atRussian aerospace complexresearch institutes and will helpreduce energy consumption, foodstorage and improve the environ-ment in various sectors of theeconomy. To ensure effective useof this potential, we must coordi-nate the work of research insti-tutes and defense and civiliansectors of the economy. Suchcoordination is extremely impor-tant, if it is carried out as part ofregional conversion programs,involving the federal government. (

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AE043

BORIS NEKRASOVDirector, Engineering Research Institute

(NIImash).

Born in 1937. Graduated from Voronezh StateUniversity (1960). Worked at Khimavtomatika

Design Bureau (Voronezh). Director ofNIImash since 1988.

A E R O S P A C EC O N V E R S I O N

1.

Low-thrust rocket

engines

ADDRESS:Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk

Region, 624610Phone: (34345) 217-03

Fax: (34345) 222-58

he M. KalininEngineering Plant(now the JointStock Company,M. KalininEngineering Plant)is one of the old-est arms manufac-turers in Russia.The plant wasestablished in1866 in St.

Petersburg primarily as a gunsworkshop and was subsequentlytransformed into a state-runplant, producing field guns andlater on AA artillery pieces. Theplant was the first enterprise inRussia to develop guns with rifledbores. In 1918 the plant wasevacuated to the outskirts ofMoscow and in 1941 to the townof Sverdlovsk (nowEkaterinburg). During World WarII the plant manufactured 20,000AA guns, including 120 mm state-of-the-art AA systems.

Late in the 50s the plantstopped production of artillerypieces and started manufacturingnew types of weaponry, namely

missile launchers and AA missilesystems for the air defense of theground forces. In 1960 anAmerican U-2 reconnaissanceplane, piloted by American pilotPowers, was shot down by an AAmissile, produced at the plant.

Late in the 80s the obsoleteair defense systems were super-seded by the new generationhighly-mobile tactical SAM mis-sile systems S-300V, based onthe onboard and ground digitalhigh-speed computer equipment.The system was developed by theResearch and ProductionAssociation "ANTEY", headed byits General Designer VeniaminEfremov. The labor consumingand vital components of this sys-tem were developed at theDesign Bureau of the plant head-ed by its General Designer LevLuliev.

The S-300V is intended toprotect military and civilianobjects, located on a territory,covering some hundreds ofsquare kilometers from theattacks of ballistic and cruisemissiles and all types of aircraft

as well. The system can simulta-neously engage up to 24 targets,while engaging one target withtwo missiles from one launcher.The system surpasses its nearestforeign counterpart, theAmerica's SAM system "Patriot"in terms of mobility, time oftransfer to the combat-ready sta-

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AE044

VLADIMIR KAZIMIRSKY,Director General of the Joint Stock Company

"M. Kalinin Engineering Plant". Born in1941. In 1965 graduated from the Urals

Polytechnic Institute. Spent whole career atthe M. Kalinin Engineering Plant, rising fromassistant workshop master (1965) to director

of the plant (1991).

POWERFUL POTENTIALOF DUAL TECHNOLOGIES

tus, efficiency of target engage-ment and altitudes of engagedtargets.

The launchers andlauncher/loaders of the S-300Vsystem are mounted like othercomponents of the system on theversatile caterpillar chassis,enjoying high maneuverabilityand cross-country mobility, whichallow their effective use inswampy, desert, snowy and off-road terrain. The fully automatedprocedure of deployment andclosure of launchers and launch-er/loaders ensure their combatemployment within 5 minutesafter march and resume move-ment within 5 minutes after com-bat work.

The SAM missiles are solid-propellant two-stage missiles witha "director cone" configuration.Tests and field launches demon-

strated the capability of thesesystems to destroy "Scad" typetargets with the first missile. Forexample, during the Persian Gulfconflict American SAM system"Patriot" had to launch six mis-siles to destroy only one similartarget.

The very development andproduction of a new generation ofthe S-300V system has resultedin the further technical rigging ofthe plant and introduction of newtechnologies, associated with theuse of new materials, includingvarious heat-resistant coats andtreatment of special hull parts. Aconsiderable amount of specialand highly efficient equipmenthas been produced at the plantand also acquired.

High-tech equipment, used toproduce hydraulic systems, hasbeen introduced.

Achievements in this areacreate favorable conditions fortheir further dual use during con-version. In addition to productionof military equipment, the plantmanufactures small electric load-ers and diesel loaders of variouscapabilities. Other means of

floor-type transport are beingdeveloped, including electric trol-leys and diesel prime-movers. Inaddition the plant producesequipment for the agro-industrialcomplex, including labelingdevices, can piling machines,units for silage harvesters. Interms of consumer goods pro-duction, the plant produces vari-ous household lighting facilities.

At present the plant is negoti-ating with foreign firms over theestablishment of joint ventures.

The plant plans to raise itsknow-how using its research andtechnical potential in the area ofdual technologies, relying onexperience and foreign invest-ments to manufacture high quali-ty products to meet consumer'sdemands. All these factors willhelp the plant penetrate interna-tional markets. (

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AE044

1.

A missile launch

from the S-300V

system

2.

A launcher of the S-

300V system

3.

Small-size diesel

and electric forklifts

CONTACT US FOR DETAILS:18 Cosmonauts Prospect, 620040, Ekaterinburg, Russia.

Phone: (3432) 39-5482.Fax: (3432) 34-9317.

he radio equipmentplant was set up inEkaterinburg in 1959 tomanufacture wirelesscommunication equip-ment for tactical andstrategic commandlinks of various arms.Technologically it wasdeveloped as an instru-ment making plant. Itpossesses the requisite

know-how, equipment and floor spaceto mass produce components, units,and equipment for analog and digitalradioelectronic devices. Until the endof the 1980s the plant manufacturedonly military-purpose products. Itbegan producing consumer goodsowing to a considerable cutback in warorders. Today, it manufactures in smallbatches wire telephone communica-tion equipment, broadcastingreceivers, liquid fuel metering devicesand some other goods. In 1994 thestate-owned plant was transformedinto a joint stock company.

The plant's military-purpose outputis generally used for adaptive automat-ed radio communication systems andinstalled at stationary receiving and

t r a n s m i t t i n gcenters, in auto-mobile radiosets, as well ason board aircraftand ships. Thefollowing consti-tutes the plant'sprimary military-purpose productrange:

1. High-fre-quency (HF) communication radioreceivers, which provide instant selec-tion of preset stations and stablereception through telephone, tele-graph and phototelegraph interfer-ence.

2. Drivers for high-frequency (HF)transmitters, which generate tele-phone and telegraph signals in theentire transmitter's frequency range in10 Hz steps and boast high frequencystability.

3. Telegraph signal regenerators,which restore with high accuracy (2%)telegraph pulses at the radio receiveroutput.

4. Equipment to receive and storestandard time signals. It is used tosynchronize the equipment in varioussynchronous communication systems.

5. Radio-receiving high-frequency(HF) measuring units. They are used inionosphere vertical and sloped probingsystems to define and forecast optimalradio-receiving frequencies.

6. Ship-borne navigation radioreceivers. The are designated fortwenty-four-hour automatic receptionand print out of navigation and meteo-rological information on navigationsafety and rescue.

7. Complexes for automated con-trol of radio-receiving centers. Theyautomate the reception and process-ing of information, transmitted fromdifferent locations, and integrate alltechnical center facilities into one sys-

tem. The R-170P communication radioreceiver and MORENA navigation radioreceiver are the most promising prod-ucts. The R-170P radio receivers standout from other domestic or foreign-made receivers owing to their expand-ed frequency band (0.1-80 Hz); anten-na input immunity to powerful high-frequency interference (up to 100 V);use of electronic units, ensuring adap-tation to changes in reception condi-tions; and, finally, a wider range ofreceivable radiation classes.

In the current economic situation,the radio equipment plant is extremelyinterested in establishing close pro-duction relations with foreign partners.The establishment of a joint radioequipment production venture wouldoffer the most promise. The plantwould contribute to the initial autho-rized capital by offering industrialpremises and equipment, while theforeign partner would supply compo-nents and units for the equipment tobe assembled and sold. Other cooper-ation alternatives can also be consid-ered. (

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AE045

HERMAN MASLOV,Director, Radio equipment plant.Born in 1937. Graduated from UralsPolytechnic Institute in 1963.Worked for the M. Kalinin machine-building plant (1963-1970), Radioequipment plant (1970-1984).Director of compressor factory(1984-86). Director of Radio equip-ment plant since 1986.

KEEPING HIGH STANDARDS

ADDRESS:2 Schorsa St., Ekaterinburg,

620219Phone: (3432) 22-4506

Fax: (3432) 22-9541

tart" boasts morethan 40 years ofexperience in makingspecimens and pro-ducing experimentalbatches of militarytechnology and dualpurpose equipment.The enterprise spe-cializes in the devel-opment of groundfacilities for missile

preparation and launching, whichconstitute part of aviation, aero-space, naval and ground mobile mis-sile systems. The enterprise hasdeveloped and mass produced sev-eral multiple launch rocket systems,including the wide-known BM-21'Grad' system combat vehicle,launchers and transporter-loadersfor the 'Buk' and 'Tor' air defensemissile systems.

In 1987 the enterprise had to ini-

tiate conversion owing to the entryinto force of the Treaty between theUSSR and the USA on theElimination of Intermediate-Rangeand Shorter-Range Missiles. TheTreaty prescribed the elimination ofthe production of the latest mobilelauncher, designed by the companyfor the RK-55 cruise missiles.

This led to a considerable drop inthe total volume of the defenseorder, necessitating, in turn, theintensive development and imple-mentation of conversion programs.Consequently, by 1994 'Start' reliedon its own experience and opportu-nities, increasing the volume of civilproduction to up to 60% of the total.

Possessing considerable experi-ence in developing and producingmobile equipment and saturatedwith different highly reliablehydraulic units, cryogenic, fuel-ser-vicing and load-lifting facilities, aswell as high-pressure systems, theenterprise made extensive use of itsconversion potential in severalselected areas.

1. On the basis of the generalconcept, 'Start' has been working inconjunction with the 'Kriogas' com-pany and carrying out intensive workto create an equipment complex andthe requisite infrastructure for theproduction and a wide-ranging useof liquefied natural gas as an ecolog-ically friendly motor fuel alternativefor the aviation, motor transport andagricultural sectors, and for thegasification of remote settlements.

2. The enterprise launched theproduction of equipment for foodindustry process lines, which use alow temperature technique to rapidly

freeze vegetables, fruit, berries,meat and fish.

3. Complex equipment is beingproduced for miniplants to manufac-ture by extrusion building materialsin the form of wall square cants,made out of woodwork industrywaste or agriculture vegetableresidue (using mineral raw materialsas binder).

4. Working documentation for amachinery complex involving selec-tive tree felling and removal hasbeen prepared.

5. Samples of modernized mis-sile launchers have been developedto protect lands from hail.

6. Sports outfits are being pro-duced as some of the list of con-sumer goods, including scuba divinghunting equipment.

7. Several samples of medicalequipment have been manufactured.

New conversion areas made itpossible to effectively exploit highqualification of the enterprise's per-sonnel in the construction, research,production and testing of modernequipment. The implementation ofeach program is aimed at meetingthe most important public needs inthe industries, which lag behind theirforeign counterparts in terms of theirtechnical level. (

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AE046

GENNADY MURATSHIN,Director General of 'Start' Research andProduction Joint Stock Company

Born in 1935. Graduated from UralsPolytechnic Institute in 1958. Startedhis working activity at SverdlovskMachine-Building Plant, appointed chiefengineer at 'Novator' design bureau.Since 1986 Director General of 'Start'.

RELYING ON OWN

E X P E R I E N C E

ADDRESS:620007, Ekaterinburg,

Sverdlovsk Region,24 Pribaltiiskaya St.

Phone: (3432) 26-0103.Fax: (3432) 26-0355.

hen it wasfounded in 1918in Moscow,U r a l sI n s t r u m e n t -Making Plantproduced scalesand simple labo-ratory instru-ments. In 1934the plant wasincorporated inthe aviationindustry com-

plex and has since then been close-ly linked with the aviation industry'sdevelopment and establishment inthe country. In pre-war years theplant was the first producer ofautopilots, based on pneumaticgyroscopes.

The plant was moved to

Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg) in1941 and resumed aircraft instru-ments manufacture shortly after-wards. In 1948-49 the first electro-mechanical gyro, the AGK-47B gyrohorizon, was put into series produc-tion. An updated version, the AGK-47U, is still manufactured and isused in small aviation.

Today the Urals Instrument-Making Plant is one of the Russia'sleading producers of aircraft gyro-scope equipment, such as gyro hori-zons, vertical gyros, angular velocitysensors, etc.

Today, almost every type ofplane or helicopter is fitted out withinstruments produced here. Forexample, the AGD-1 gyro horizon(consisting of 458M gyro sensor and1122 indicator) is installed onplanes MiG-19, MiG-21, MiG-23,Su-7, Su-9, Tu-16, Tu-95, IL-18,An-24, An-26, An-30, L-29, L-39 andothers. The gyro horizon is also usedby such planes as IL-76, IL-62, An-24, An-26, An-30, etc., as well ashelicopters Mi-8, Mi-17 and others.The AGR-72A gyro horizon is mount-ed on Tu-22, Tu-154, IL-86 planes.

The new AGR-74 gyro horizonand modifications are widelyemployed. It is installed on VP-021,FPM, Tu-22, Tu-160, Tu-154M, An-72, An-74, An-28, An-38, L-410,Yak-42 planes, Ka-32, Mi-8AMT, V-3helicopters and others.

It should be noted here that theplant produces a wide range of con-sumer goods as well as instrumentsfor planes, helicopters and Earthsatellites.

The conversion process (1989-94) has been one of the most diffi-cult periods in the plant's history. Ithas developed comprehensive con-version programs and placed on abroad footing work on multifunction-al production of both sophisticatedmedical equipment and consumergoods. The plant has launchedseries production of the FAZA-5 arti-ficial lung ventilation apparatus andhas finished the groundwork for pro-

ducing an anaesthesia attachmentfor this apparatus. Preparations areunder way to launch production ofan autonomous breathing mixturethermal moistener for adults: themixture will reach the patient fromthe lung ventilation apparatus. Theplant also plans to produce a lungventilation apparatus for childrenunder 14.

The UIMP's products are com-petitive and sold to 32 countries.The enterprise is recognized as areliable partner by enterprises ofother industries. The UIMP is devel-oping cooperation with partners inthis country and is interested inestablishing ties with foreign part-ners (joint stock companies and thelike). 'Sungari' is one good exampleof a joint stock company, set up withthe Harbin Trade Company (China),producing TV and radio equipment.'Iskra-Ural' was set up with theSlovenian firm 'Iscra'. It producessingle and multi-tariff electricitymeters. Some other joint stock com-panies are being set up nowadayswith domestic and foreign partners.The plant will be transformed into aholding company at some futuredate. (

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AE047

VLADIMIR GODLEVSKY,Director, Urals Instrument-MakingPlant.Born in 1946. Graduated from KievPolytechnic Institute in 1969. Began hiscarrier at Sverdlovsk Instrument-MakingPlant. Moved on to TyumenElectromechanical Plant. Director ofUrals Instrument-Making Plant since1988.

RELIABLE PARTNER

ADDRESS:17 Gorky St., Ekaterinburg,

620151Phone: (3432) 51-0823,

(3432) 51-4134.Fax: (3432) 51-1767.

1.

A gyro horizon

2.

A lung artificial

ventilation

apparatus

he Urals Electro-mechanical Plant(UEMP) inEkaterinburg is a lead-ing electronics ande l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a linstrument manufac-turer in Russia. Theplant’s history datesback to St. Petersburg,where theE l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a lPlant “Geisler and Co.”was founded in 1878 to

produce the first communicationsmeans in Russia. In 1941 at thebeginning of war the plant was evac-uated to Sverdlovsk.

Today, the UEMP is a modernenterprise with a developedresearch, industrial and social infra-structure. The plant’s modern outfitis mainly attributed to the fact thatthe plant fills defense orders and isaffiliated to the Ministry of AtomicIndustry, known as the Ministry ofMedium Engineering Industry.

In the late 1980s, the UEMPbegan to realize conversion projects,which enabled it to occupy a per-ceptible place in state programsaimed at further advance of oursociety. The high priority of theseprojects is evident. For example, oneof the projects involves the produc-tion of SI-2000 series digital tele-phone exchanges, manufactured bythe UEMP, together with theIskraTEL firm from Slovenia.Demand for telephone exchanges inRussia is great and amounts toseven million connections per year.In the Urals region there are onlyeleven telephone sets per hundredresidents.

SI-2000 is a modern digital tele-phone exchange, fully adapted toRussian telephone networks andequipment, which makes it competi-tive with similar equipment of lead-ing Western countries. As part of thisprogram, the plant has developedand is producing some other digitaltelecommunications means. Theyinclude a “Tricom D120” dispatcher

exchange with a capacity of 120user lines, which is very popular inRussia’s power generating, oil andgas industries and at railroads, a“Tricom S128” small digital automat-ic telephone exchange and “Kvarts”data processing and transmissionsystem.

The UEMP also pays consider-able attention to the developmentand production of scientific ecologi-cal and medical instruments.

Laser disks CD-ROM and com-pact disks CD find wide applicationin the aforementioned program asthe digital storage medium for set-ting up data libraries. The laser disksare manufactured on modern equip-

ment, supplied by the ODME firm(Netherlands), which comprises allthe requisite process stages.

If the present growth rates of theCD-ROM market in Russia are main-tained, the industrial production ofcompact disk players may be expe-dient.

For this purpose, the UEMP hasa corresponding backlog and experi-ence, based on year-long produc-tion of most modern video and laserhousehold appliances, achievedthanks to technical cooperation withPhilips. The compact disk CD-ROMdrivers (readers) will find use in sci-entific instrument-making, data pro-cessing and communication means,

as well as household electronics.The favorable economic and geo-graphic location of the UEMP in thebiggest research and industrial cen-ter, its wide-range specialization ininstrument-making, high organiza-tional level and excellent qualifica-tions of the personnel allow the plantto manufacture competitive prod-ucts. (

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AE048

LEONID KUZNETSOV,Director General of UralsElectromechanical Plant.

Born in 1937 in Sverdlovsk (nowEkaterinburg). Graduated from S.M. KirovUrals Polytechnic Institute. Since 1960 at

Urals Electromechanical Plant, DirectorGeneral since 1983. USSR State Prize win-

ner. Studied management at LondonBusiness School.

KEEPING UP WITH THE TIMES

THE URALS ELECTROMECHANICAL PLANT

UEMP, P.B. 74,Ekaterinburg, 620151, RUSSIA

Phone: 41-9205Fax: 41-3370

Telex: 721765 UEMP SUTeletype: 221165, Ekaterinburg

he ‘Vector’ associa-tion, a member ofthe MilitaryIndustrial Complex(MIC), was set up in1941 as an opto-mechanical enter-prise to produceae ropho tog r aphyequipment. After anumber of structuraland technologicalreorganizations, theenterprise today is a

powerful organization with its ownscientific and production base. Itincludes two state companies:‘Vector’ and ‘Peleng’, as well asthe ‘Rifar’ close joint stock com-pany.

Orders of the RussianDefense Ministry form the basisof production. Although conver-sion has strongly affected theenterprise, orders for MIC needsamount to 70% of total output.After the last technological reor-ganization, the enterprise nowspecializes in the production offlying vehicle automated controlsystems (ACS), air situation pri-mary data processing means,artillery fire adjustment systems,

as well as meteorological com-plexes for both the MIC and thehydrometeorological service.

Developed by ‘Peleng’ (headdeveloper) and produced by‘Vector’, automated control sys-tems for medium-level controlelement (regiment and brigade)make it possible to automate thecontrol processes of fighter avia-tion, air defense missile and radioengineering troops. They arehighly reliable, mobile, can belocated in semi-trailers, trans-ported by prime movers and fit-ted with an autonomous powersupply system and other requisitefacilities, such as radio sets,command transmission complex-

es, repair workshops, etc.The ‘Rubezh-ME’ automated

control system is produced forfighter aviation. It guides all typesof interceptors (up to 21 at a

time) to air targets, while therecan be up to three home airfields.Up to 76 air objects can beprocessed simultaneously.

The ‘Senezh-M1E’ automatedcontrol system is produced tocontrol the combat actions of anair defense group, equipped withall types of air defense missilesystems and interceptors, as wellas air defense radio engineeringtroop radar facilities. It can dis-tribute and designate targets toair defense missile systems(ADMS) and coordinate ADMSand fighter aviation combat oper-ations. It has an operating radiusof up to 600 km and processes upto 120 air objects at a time.

The ‘Vector’ association alsoproduces a ‘Zoopark’ modernautomatic ground artillery recon-naissance and fire control sys-tem. The system can reconnoiter

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AE049

VITALY SMIRNOV,Director General, ‘Vector’ State

Production Association Born in 1945.Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute

in 1974. Worked with ‘Vector’ companyfrom apprentice to radio adjuster (in 1963)

to director (in 1994).

GOING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION$ V i t a l y S m i r n o v $

enemy firing systems at one shotwith 0.8 probability and obtainrequisite data for fire adjustmentof friendly fire means. The num-ber of targets processed at a timein ‘reconnaissance’ mode is notless than 12.

The ‘Ulybka’ mobile meteoro-logical radar complex, also pro-duced by ‘Vector’, obtains rapid-ly data on atmospheric condi-tions, such as the air tempera-ture, humidity and pressure, wind

direction and speed at standardaltitudes. Such complexes areused for combat preparations byall troop arms and to prepare dif-ferent urgent weather forecasts.

In addition, a stationary‘Titan’ meteocomplex has beendeveloped for the hydrome-teoservice’s aerological net andput into production. It providesoptimal sonde tracking distanceand ecological characteristics,making it possible to set it upwithin a city’s boundaries. Bothcomplexes are unique and pro-tected by author’s certificates.

A wide range of goods for civilpurposes have been developed

over the past three years.Communication equipment,including data flow linear multi-plexing systems, electronic com-mutators, radio relay links,interurban coin and multifunc-tional telephones have been massproduced. The company hasbegun serial production of its ownmedical electronic equipment, aswell as a wide range of goods foreveryday usage (household com-puters, electrical music instru-ments, etc.). (

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AE049

1.

The assembly shop of

the plant

2.

The “Senezh-M1E”

automated control

system

3.

The “Zoopark” acqui-

sition and control sys-

tem

4.

The “Ulybka” meteo-

rological weather

complex

5.

The “Isset” radio relay

link

6.

Plant’s conversion

products

ADDRESS:28 Gagarin St., Ekaterinburg, 620139

Phone: (3432) 44-0433, 44-0221Fax: (3432) 44-1591

he plant was builtin 1936 to pro-duce explosivesfor the miningindustry in theUrals. From thevery outset of theGreat PatrioticWar the plant wasreorganized tom a n u f a c t u r eartillery rounds,mortar shells,bombs and othermilitary products.

The plant swiftly gained momen-tum in the production of ammuni-tion, including 152-mm concrete-

piercing rounds, 85 mm AAartillery rounds, 130/50 mmsemi-armor-piercing rounds,130/55 mm HE/fragmentationrounds for Navy artillery, 76 mmfragmentation projectiles and 107mm mortar bombs.

The highly effective techniqueof filling ammunition with explo-sives was introduced, using verti-cal screw-conveyers, which pro-vided for use of surrogate explo-sives. In an incredibly short peri-od (unthinkable in peacetime) theproduction of rocket projectileswas organized. The shop startedproducing M-8 and M-13 rocketprojectiles within ten days of its

creation.On April 6, 1945 the Nizhni

Tagil Chemical plant was awardedthe order of the Red Banner byDecree of the Presidium of theSupreme Soviet of the USSR intoken for model fulfillment ofGovernment orders to provide theFront with ammunition.

After the war, many shopswere closed or rebuilt to manu-facture peaceful output for com-mercial use. The plant launchedproduction of powder and car-tridge ammonites for miningindustry, cast trotyl blastingcharges (2.6 kg) for seismicprospecting and later on 20 kgcast trotyl blasting charges forthe same purposes.

The technology of ad-hocitems was also updated. The hor-izontal screw conveyers wereused to fill 73 mm fragmentationprojectiles with trotyl and mix-tures on its basis. The plant alsointroduced pressing of 130 mmarmor-piercing projectiles andanti-tank shells of different cal-ibers into cases. The remote con-trol console was introduced to fillammunitions with explosives.

The plant also organized pro-duction of consumer goods. Itmoulds parts from polyethyleneand produces “Constructor”games for children and “Rubin-1”radiators. Today the plant alsomanufactures soft furniture, vari-ous paints, cutoff discs, trolley-bus inserts, ceramic tubes forwater purification. (

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1



AE050

1.

Artillery rounds

(from top to bottom)

- PG-7VR with

anti-tank projectile

PG-7R

- PG-7VL with anti-

tank projectile

PG-7L

- OG-9BM1 with

fragmentation

projectile

OG-9M1

EXPLOSIVE ENERGY

CONTACT US FOR DETAILS:1 Shchors St., Chemical

plant “PLANTA”Nizhni Tagil, Sverdlovsk

Region, 622012, Russia.Phone: (3435) 23-0052,

23-0037.Fax: (3435) 22-0600,

22-4963.

T

V l a d i m i r K h a r a s k i n , D i r e c t o r o f C h e m i c a l P l a n t “ P l a n t a “

he exhibition andfair "Urals -C o n v e r s i o n ,S c i e n c e ,Business-94" washeld inEkaterinburg onJune 2-25, 1994in accordance withthe resolution ofthe Government ofS v e r d l o v s kRegion.

It was the first integrated exhibi-tion to demonstrate the industrialpotential of the defense enter-prises under conversion, realcapacities of small and mediumbusiness firms, developments

produced by the institutions ofacademic, branch and universityscience, proposals for the utiliza-tion of special equipment, dis-carded by the Command of theUrals Military District.One salient feature of theExhibition is that it integrated twotraditionally popular exhibitions:"Urals - Conversion" and "Smalland Medium Business", whichrepresented different spheres ofindustrial activities.The Exhibition also attracted theintellectual potential of Uralsresearch institutions.It pursued the following maingoals: consolidation of scientific,technical, industrial, commercialand economic cooperationbetween enterprises and firms ofdifferent types; establishment ofdirect business contacts betweenthe Urals enterprises and firmsand between them and foreignpartners; creation of conditionsto realize the regional and territo-rial projects on conversion, pro-motion of science, small andmedium business, attraction ofinvestments; search for new pos-sibilities in the use of industrialpremises and new technologies;introduction of the newestresearch and engineering devel-opments; creation of the requisiteconditions for signing long-termmutually advantageous agree-ments.The "Conversion" section exhibit-ed the products of 62 enterprisesand organizations. Forty six ofthem were from Ekaterinburg,with sixteen from other regions ofthe Urals. The products on showwere designated for agriculture,medicine, oil and gas refinement,the timber industry, transport,communications, etc.

The "Science" section displayedthe developments of nine scien-tific and research institutes of theUrals Branch of the RussianAcademy of Sciences and nineuniversities in medicine, ecology,as well as diagnostics.Seventy firms, including 12 jointventures from Ekaterinburg, tookpart in the "Small and MediumBusiness" Exposition.The program of the Exhibitionenvisaged various forms of busi-ness contacts, such as negotia-tions, the signing of contracts,transactions, protocols of intent,retail and wholesale trade, meet-ings, presentations, contests,consultations, seminars, "round-tables", etc.The character and content of theExhibition facilitated the rap-prochement of businessmen ofdifferent spheres of interests,accelerated the introduction of anumber of territorial and regionalsocial and economic programs,improved the conditions for set-ting up joint ventures, on thebasis of mutually beneficial coop-eration and the introduction ofinnovative ideas and technologiesinto the economy of the Urals.Similar exhibitions will be heldregularly. (

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U R A L S -C O N V E R S I O N , S C I E N C E , B U S I N E S S - 9 4

T1



AE051

VLADIMIR KUKARSKIKH,Executive Director of the "Urals - Conversion,

Science, Business-94" Exhibition.Born in 1954. Graduated from Urals

Polytechnic Institute in 1977. Works at UralsResearch Institute. Organizes and supervises

all exhibitions of the Urals - Conversionseries.

Address:31 Lunacharsky St.,

Ekaterinburg, 620219,RUSSIA

Phone: (3432) 56-1359Fax: (3432) 55-7349

he Sverdlovsk-based FactoryCommercial Bank(Russian abbrevi-ation ZAVODKOM-BANK) was estab-lished in 1976.The bank priori-tizes the creditingof enterprises ofthe military indus-trial complex. Atotal of 64 percentof the bank's

assets, which make up a majorityof its aggregate incomes, areearmarked for the complex. Thevolume of credits posted a stag-gering eight-fold increase in1993. The credits largely pro-mote the preservation and devel-opment of the production poten-tial of defense industries.

The bank was founded byindustrial enterprises, such asthe Urals Electrical EngineeringWorks, the production associa-tion "Uraltransmash", the state-run production association"Vektor", the research and pro-duction association"Avtomatika", a precisionmechanics plant, an instrument-making plant, a radio factory, theSverdlovsk-based Research

Institute of Chemical MachineBuilding, the design bureau"Novator", the association"Medinvest", the joint stockcompany "SPAERO", the insur-ance company "Ostin" and otherjoint stock companies and enter-prises.

The bank's crediting policy isfocused on providing loans toenterprises covered by the con-version program. The loans,which account for 70% of thebank's total volume of credits,registered a dramatic seven-foldgain in 1993.

The bank's shareholdersaccount for 62% of the extendedcredits. The bank provided loansfor launching programs for theproduction of durable consumergoods (TV sets, household com-puters, gas stoves and videoequipment), as well as the devel-opment and production of equip-ment for the medical and oilindustries.

In addition, the bank pro-vides soft credits for the imple-mentation of projects of smalland medium-sized businesses inan effort to meet the popula-tion's requirements.

The bank also credited someprograms for the production ofmilitary hardware due to the dif-ficult financial positions of enter-prises of the military industrialcomplex. The bank is alsoengaged in charity activity. Itchannels substantial resourcesto the spheres of health care,education and social programs.

The bank renders clearingservices in roubles and hard cur-rency, attracts and distributescash deposits, finances capitalinvestments, opens and keepsaccounts for legal entities and

individuals both in roubles andhard currency, makes all kinds ofsettlements used in internationalbanking practices, extends hardcurrency credits and carries outtransactions involving the pur-chase and sale of foreign curren-cies.

The bank makes every effortto further develop and consoli-date its financial position againstthe backdrop of the aggravatingcrisis phenomena in the coun-try's economy.

The bank's assets grew100%. Its charter capital swelledto 3 billion roubles. The bank'sturnover of assets doubled,reaching 67 billion roubles as ofJuly 1, 1994. Its balance profitgrew 150% to 3 billion roubles.

The bank is planning to boostits charter capital to 5 billion rou-bles in 1994 while trying to pre-serve the current structure of itsshareholders. Plans are alsoafoot to increase the share ofhard currency in the charter cap-ital to heighten the bank's profileworldwide.

The bank is a member of theAssociation of Russian Banks ofthe Urals Banking Consortium.The bank opened accounts in theEurobank, Danaubank and theLondon-based Narodny Bank.

In a bid to extend its aid toenterprises, which are its share-holders, for implementing theirinvestment projects the bank isready to establish contacts withinternational banks and otherfinancial institutions. (

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Z A V O D K O M B A N K :C O M M I T T E D T O I N V E S T M E N TI N M I L I T A R Y I N D U S T R I A L C O M P L E X

T1



AE052

GALINAMAZHAYEVA,Chairperson ofthe Bank's Boardof Directors

THE BANK'SADDRESS:123, 8 MartaSt., EkaterinburgPhone:(3432) 22-1015,22-5202,60-0898,60-0885Fax:(3432) 60-0884Teletype:221039 БНКTelex: 721506BNK SU

CORRESPON-DENT ACCOUNTNo. 700161173in Ekaterinburg'sClearing Center,MFO 253006,Code 871773

military parade 5

Documents

wrote jonathan broder

tita nium alloys

al hmx nitrate ester binder

3m 80e system

launch vehi cle

liquefied natural gas

turret race ring

operational readi ness