milk protein production
DESCRIPTION
Milk Protein Production. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. DNA. Promoter. Exon 1. Intron 1. Exon 2. Intron 2. Exon 3. Transcription. AATAAA. Unspliced RNA. Exon 1. Intron 1. Exon 2. Intron 2. Exon 3. AAAAAAAAAAAA. AATAAA. Spliced mRNA. Exon 1. Exon 2. Exon 3. AAAAAAAAAAAA. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Milk Protein Production
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Promoter Intron 1Exon 1 Intron 2Exon 2 Exon 3
AATAAA
DNA
Intron 1Exon 1 Intron 2Exon 2 Exon 3
AATAAA
Unspliced RNA
Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3
AATAAA
Spliced mRNA AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
Mature ProteinSignal Peptide
Mature Protein
Pre-Protein
Protein
Transcription
Translation
Gene and RNA Structure
Bovine Beta-Casein Gene Part 1TCGAATCCATCTCTATCAATTAATGTAATTCAAAATTGGTGAGAGACAGTCATTAGGAAATTCTCTGTTTATTGCACAATATGTAAAGCATCTTCCTGAGAAAAGGGAAATGTTGAATGGGAAGGACATGCTTTCTTTTGTATTCCTTTTCTCAGAAATCACACTTTTTTGCCTGTGGCCTTGGCAACCAAAAGCTAACACATAAAGAAAGGCATATGAAGTAGCCAAGGCCTTTTCTAGTTATATCTATGACACTGAGTTCATTTCATCATTTATTTTCCTGACTTCCTCCTGGGCCATATGAGCAGTCTTAGAATGAATATTAGCTGAATAATCCAAATGCATAGTAGATGTTGATTTGGGTTTTCTAAGCAATACAAGACTTCTATGACAGTGAGATGTATTACCATCCAACACACATCTCAGCATGATATAAATGTAAGGTATATTGTGAAGAAAAATTATCAATTATGTCAAAGTGCTTACTTTAGAAGATCATCTATCTGTCCCAAAGCTGTGAATATATATATTGAACATAATTAATAGACGAAACAAACCTTGTAAAAATGAGTAGTGTAAAATACAACTACATTTATGAACATCTATCACTAAAGAGGCAAAGAAAGTTGAGGACTGCTTTTGTAAATGGGCTCTTATTAATGAAAAGTACTTTTGAGGTCTGGCTTAGACTCTATTGTAGTACTTATGGTAAGACCCTCCTCTTGTCTGGGCTTTCATTTTCTTTCTTCCTTCCCTCATTTGCCCTTCCATGAATACTAGCTGATAAACATTGACTCACTATAAAAGATATGAGGCCAAACTTGAGCTGTCCATTTTAATAAATCTGTATAAATAATATTTGTTCTACAGAAGTATCTCTAAATAAATGTACTTTCTCTCTTAAAATCCCTCAACAAATCCCCACTATCTAGAGAATAAGATTGACATTCCCTGGAGTCACAGCATGCTTTGTCTGCCATTATCTGACCCCTTTCTCTTTCTCTCTTCTCACCTCCATCTACTCCTTTTTCCTTGCAATACATGACCCAGATTCACTGTTTGATTTGGCTTGCATGTGTGTGTGCTGAGTTGTGTCTCACTCTTGTCAACCCCATGAATGACAGTCCACCAGGCTCCACTATTTCCAGTTAAGAATACTGGAGTGGATTGTGTTTCCTACTTCATTTGATTAATTTAGTGACTTTTTAAATTTTTTTCCATATTCAGGAGGCTATTCTTTCCTTTTAGTCTATACTGTCTTCGCTCTTCAGGTCTAAGCTATCATCATGTGCTTGTTAGCTTGTTTCTTTCTCCATTATAGCATAAACACTAACAACTATTCAGGTTAGCATGAGATTGTGTTCTTTGTGTGGCCTGTGTATTTCTGGTGTGTATTAGAATTTACCCCAAGATCTCAAAGACCCACCGAATACTAAAGAGACCTCATTGTAGTTACAATAATTTGGGGACTGGGCCAAAACTTCCGTGTGTCCCAGCCAAGGTCTGTAGCTACTGGACAATTTAATTTCCTTTATCAGATTGTGAATTATTCCCTTTAAAATGCTCCCCAGAATTTTTGGGGACAGAAAAATAGGAAGAATTCATTTTCTAATCATGCAGATTTCTAGGAATTCAAATCCACTATTGGTTTTATTTCAAACCACAAAATTAGCATGCCATTAAATACTATATATAAACAACCACAAAATCAGATCATTATCCATTCAGCTCCTCCTTCACTTCTTGTCCTCTACTTTGGAAAAAAGGTAAGAATCTCAGATATAATTTCATTGTATCTGCTACTCATCTTTATTTCAGACTAGGTTAAAATGTAGAAAGAACATAATTGCTTAAAATAGATCTTAAAAATAAGGATGTTTAAGATAAAGTTTACAGTATTTTCAGCAAATTTGTTAAAAAATAGAAGCAACTATAAAGATTTGTAACAGTGGTTGCTATTTTCTTTACCACGAGACTAGTTAACAGGCTGTATTAAAAGATCTTTTCTTGAATTAAATATTTTCAATTTGATTAAACATACCTCAGCCATAAAGGCAAGCACATTTAATTTATACTATGGGAATTTGAATAATTGTTACTGAAGAAGCTCTACCAACAAAAAGTTTATAGAGCTAGCATATTTAGTCAAGAGATAAAGAGGGTTGTTAGGATACATGTGCTATTTGAAAGGTATTTATAAAAGAAGAGTATATTTATTAAAATTGCTCAGAACATCCAAATTTCAAGTTTATCATTTATCTTACAATATTTCAAAAATATTAAAATAGATACATGAAATACAGAAGTAAATTAAAGAGAAAGTATTTTATTTTGTAAAAAAAAATTCTAGGTTGGACAGGGAGTACCAGGAAACAAAAAACAATGAAAAATGTGATCTGACAGAAATTATAGCTCAAAGTATAGTAGTCAGTAATGAAATGGCTTAAAAATTGGCATATAAAATGCTAATTATAAAATAAACAAAATGTAATAATACCCTCCCTACATGTAATGAACTCTGAGTATTATACTCTTTTTTGAAGTCTTGACAATGAAAATTTATTTAGACTTTTATAGACATCTTGGATAAAGTAAAACAAATTACGAATTAGCATCCATGAGAAAAATATAGAAAAATTTCTTAATGTAGTTTGCAAATCTGGGGATTGAAGATGTGTGTCAAGAGATTGTGATGGCAGACATTTTTTTTCAGACTATAAAATGCACAAACAACCATTTAATACATTTTGGTCAAAAATAGTATGTATTTTATTTTATGCTACAGGAGAGTAGTCTAAAGTAGGACTGGGCAGAGATCTGACACCCTGGTAATCACCGAGAGATAGTACACAGTCTCTGTAGAGAAAATAAGCATAGTGTATGATCTCTAAAATTATGTGGACAAAGGGGAGATAACATTAGGCATGTGGGGATGAAGACTGAGTACAGAAGAACAATCTAGTCAGTCCAAGAAAACATGTGGATCAATGGAACAAATAGAAGAAATGCTAAAATGAAACAGAAGTCTTACTGGAAATAAAAGATATGAGGAAGACAAACATTCATGAAAATCACTTAGTTTAGTAGAGAAAAGATAAAAATAAAGTATTACCTTCTTCTTCATATACATTGTTTGATCAGATGCCCCTCAATAAAACTGAGTCTCCAACAGAACTGAAACTTTAATATTTTGTTCACTGCTCTAATCCCAGAATCTAAGACATATCTGGCAATAAAAATTAATAAATAAATATTTTTAATAAGTAAATCAATCACTTAATTTTTCTGTAAGTATCTGTAACTTCTCTTCTGTCTTTCCAAAAAACACTCATAAGTACTGTGAATAAGATGAAAAGAGTGAAATAAGATATAGGCTGTTAGCTGAAAACATCTGGATGGCTGGCAGTGAAACATTAACTTGAAATGTAAGATTAATGAGTAATAGTAAATTTTAACCTTGGCCGTATGATAAAATGTCTATTAATATTTTTCTAAAATACAGGGCTTTTTGTTTTTGCCATGAGGTTTGCAGGATCTTGGTTCCCTGATGAGGGATCAAACCTGGGCTCCCCTGGAAGCACGGAGTCTTAGATATTTGTATTATACACTATCTTTGGTTTCTTTTAAAGGGAAGTAATTCTACTTAAATAAGAAAATAGATTGACAAGTAATACACTATTTCCTCATCTTCCCATTCCCAGGAATTGAGAGCCATGAAGGTCCTCATCCTTGCCTGCCTGGTGGCTCTGGCCCTTGCAAGAGAGGTAAATACAGAAAAAATGTTGAAATAAATAAGACTAGTACTATCTGCTATGTGTAGAAAATTCATTACCAACATTGTAAATGTATAAATAATGCACAATCTCAGATTTTTTTTGAATGCTAAGAAAGTCATTTACGTTCATCCACTATCTCAGTAGTATCCTATGGGACCACAAGTCTGAGTCTAGTGCTTTCTATAGTATTGTACCATCTGTACCATCAATCCCTAAAGAAAAAAGAAAATAAACCAATAAGCAACAGACTAACAAGAAGGAACACAGATAAGAACAAAAAGTGAGTAATATTGCATAAATACAATTGCATGCATATACAATCTAGATAAATATATCTTATTCCAGTGATGAAATATTTGTATCCCTTACTGTAGAGTGCTAGGTTTAGCTGTGTCTATTCAACACAGGATGATACTCCAGAGGATGGTATATCAGACAACAATAATAAATATGTTCATAATTATAATAAAAAGTGTTCAGTAAAAATTAAAATAACTCCTTTTCTGTTACCCATAAAAACTCTTCATTAAAGTAAAACAAAAATATACTAATGAAAGTTACTAAATTTAAAAGACTCTCAAAAGACATATAACATTTTTATTTTTCAGATTTGTGAAATAGATAGCTCTGAATAAAGCAAGTAAAAATTAGGTAGGAAAATATTTAATAATGAGTTGACTGTGGGAACTAAAGTGTTTTTTTTTCTCTTTAGCTGGAAGAACTCAATGTACCTGGTGAGGTAAGATATTTTTATACAAAGAAAAAAATTAATTTAACTGTAAAATAGTAACAGTCTCTAATGATCTGGCAGAAGACTCAGCTAATTGTCAATTTTTATTTTTCCTTTATAGATTGTGGAAAGCCTTTCAAGCAGTGAGGTAAGATAGTGTTCATTCAGAGGCAATTTCCCAAATTTAGAGCAATAAAATGCTGTATTATCTTTTTGTGTTAC
Bovine Beta-Casein Gene Part 2ATTAATGGCAACCCACTCCAGTATTCTTGCCTGGAAAATCCCATAGAGGAGGAGCCTGGTAGGCTGCAGTCCACGGGGTCGCTAAGAGTCGGACAGGACTGAGCGACTTCCCTTTCACTTTTCACTTTCATGCCTTGGAGAAGGAAATGGCAACCCACTCCAGTTTTCTTGCCGGGAGAATCCCAGGGACGGGGGAGCCTGGTGGGCTGCCGTCTATGGGGGTCGCACAGAGTTGGACACGACTGAAGCGACTTAGCAGTAGCAGCAGCAGGACAGTTAAGGTTTCTCTAATAGCTCAGTTGGTAAAGAATCTGCCTGCAGTGCAGGAGGACCCTGGGTTCGATTCCTCAAGATCTGCAGGAGAAGGGATAGGCTACCCATTCCAGTGTTCTTTAAGCCAATGTGGCTATGTACTGACGGGTAACTATTGTCAATTTCCACTCTGTATATTTAAAGGAATAAATGTGTAGAAGGTTTAATATTCTAGTAATTTCTAAATGGGTTTGTTATTTGAAATTGTGTCATTGTGCCCTGCTTTTTTTCCTTAATGAACTGTACAGTCCTCTTTTCTGTCTTGAACTTTCTATGTTAACCTCCTTCCATGCTTTGGCATTTATTGAGCACTTTCTGTTTCAGACTTTGACTAGGAACTGCAGTACAAACTAGAAAGAGGGATGCCCTTTGTAAAGTGTGAGCAGACATGCAAATGGACATATTTTATTATTATACAAGCAATCCAGTACACAAGAGGCAGTGAGAATGAGTGTAGTCCTAAATCTGCCTGGTGGAATGAGGTAGATAATAACCCTATGCCACTCTTTTTGGCTCTGTCATCAGCTGTTGGTTAAATAGTGCATCAATATACTTTGTCTCTTCACAAAGGTCAAAAGATGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTAAGTCGCTTCAGTCATGTCCGACTCTGTGCGACCTCATAGATGGCAGCCTGCCAGGCTCCCCCATCCCTGGGATTCTCCAGGCAAGAATACTGGAGTGGGTTGCCATTTCCTATTCCAATGCATAAAAGTGAAAAGTGAAAGTGAAGTCGCTCAGTCGTGTCCGACTCCTAGTGACCCCGTGGACTGCAGCCTACCAGGCTCCTCCATCCATGGGATTTTCCAGGCAAGAGTACTGGAGTGGGTTGCCATTGCCATCTCCAAAGATCCTTATAGGAGGGTATGTATTTCTTATAATTCATTAGAAGCCTAAACATAACCAGGGAACTAAGAATGATTAACAAGTTCATGCGTGGTTATTATTATATATTTTCAATGACTATTATTCTTTTAGAACCAGATGAAAATATTAGAGATCATTTGTTGTCCTAAGGAGAGAACAGGATGATTGAGAGACATGTATGCATGCAAAGTTACTTCAGCCCTTTCCAACTCTGTATGACCCTATGGACTGTAACCTGCCAGGTTCCTCTGTCTATGGGATTCTCCAGGCAAGAATACAGGAGTGGGTTGTCATCTCCTCCAGGGCCTAGGAATTGACCTGCATCTCTTACGTCTCCTGCATTGGCAGGCAGGTTCTTTACCACTAGCACCACCTGGAAGCCCGATTAGTATCTGTTAAATGCCTCTTTGAGTACTATGCTCTCTAATCCTCTTTTTCTTGATTGCATCATCTTTCTTTTTATACAACAGCCTTATTCAGAAGAGTGGAACATAAACTTTCAGCCATAAAATAATGATATTATCAAATGAGCTGTCCATATTAATCTATTAAATTTCTTCATTTTCTGATTTATGTTGACAAATAAGAATTTTTTTTAAAGCTAGACCTGATTTTATTTTTATTTTTCCAAAGGAATCTATTACACGCATCAATAAGGTAAAACCCCTCATATTTAAATGTACATTTTTTTAAATTTCATGTTTGATTTTTATAAACAGCATTTCTTTATGTATTTTTTTTTTAACCAGAAAATTGAGAAGTTTCAGAGTGAGGAACAGCAGCAAACAGAGGTAATTTGTTCACTATGAGTATATTTTGAGAAGTATTATGAAACATAACACATAAAAAGATTTATAATAATTATGTTCAGTCTAAGAATGGTAATATAAATGTCAGTGCAAGAAATAAAAACTTTGACAAAATGAAAATATTTTAAAAATATAAACGCATTTTAAAACACATAATCAAATTTCACAGTATAGAATAAATAGCTAAGAATAATTATTGATGTATTCATTTTACTAATGGTATACCTGGTTTTAATAACTGCATATTAGTAGGAACATTTCCAGACTAGGGACTGTGATCCCCTTATTCTAATGATGGATATGCTGATGAAAGACAGTAGGGTGACAGTGTGGCACTAATCCTCATCTGATCATTTATCAGCTGTATAACCTTGGCTCCATGTTTCTCTGTACATCATTTTCTTCACCTGTAAATTGAGAATATTCATAATTACCCAGAGTTGATGAACTGACACACAATGAATATTCAGTGGTTTTATATTATATTTGATAGCTTTTATACTCACATTTATGGATGTGTGGAGTTCTAAAAAGTATTTCCATTGCCCAGATGAGAGAAGTGAGGTACAGGACAATTGAGTATGCAAATGTGTGACCATACCACATAGTTATTAAATAGCAGAACTTGCTTAAAAACAAGGATTTGCGGACAATGTAAAATTCTTTCATTATATTACTCTTGTGGTAACATATTTATCTAATTATGATATTTAAGCTTTCCTCTTTTATAATTGAAGTTTGATTGTTTGGCACTTAGGCCAAATTCTAAATCAAAATGAATTTACAACTTGATGCCTTTGAAGACTCAAGATTACCACCTTCTACCAAGAGAAGTAGTGCTAGAAGTTGGCCATTGTTAAGGAACTCCTTGAATTAAAAAAACACATATTAAGACTTAGTTTTCATTAAAACAAACAAAAATAAACCTCAGAGTAACTTTTAAAGTCTTTTTAAAATGGATCTTTCTTTGTTATATGAAACCAGTTTGGACTATTATCCAAAGTATGTAGCTACCACTCTGCAGGAACTCAGGAAGAGGTGGAATAAGTGTTGAAATCTCCAAACCCTGATTTCACTTGACTCTCTGATTTCACCTGTGAAGAAAGTGGGTTAATGAGAAATCCTTCAGTGAGCATTTTACTCATTAGTCTTCATATGACCCCAATTTCTTAACCAAACCAAATGGAAGATTTTCTTTCTCTCTCTTCACTGAATTATGTTTTAAAAAGAGGAGGATAATTCATCATGAATAACAATTATAACTGGATTATGGACTCAAAGATTTGTTTTCCTTCTTTCCAGGATGAACTCCAGGATAAAATCCACCCCTTTGCCCAGACACAGTCTCTAGTCTATCCCTTCCCTGGACCCATCCATAACAGCCTCCCACAAAACATCCCTCCTCTTACTCAAACCCCTGTGGTGGTGCCGCCTTTCCTTCAGCCTGAAGTAATGGGAGTCTCCAAAGTGAAGGAGGCTATGGCTCCTAAGCACAAAGAAATGCCCTTCCCTAAATATCCAGTTGAGCCCTTTACTGAAAGCCAGAGCCTGACTCTCACTGATGTTGAAAATCTGCACCTTCCTCTGCCTCTGCTCCAGTCTTGGATGCACCAGCCTCACCAGCCTCTTCCTCCAACTGTCATGTTTCCTCCTCAGTCCGTGCTGTCCCTTTCTCAGTCCAAAGTCCTGCCTGTTCCCCAGAAAGCAGTGCCCTATCCCCAGAGAGATATGCCCATTCAGGCCTTTCTGCTGTACCAGGAGCCTGTACTCGGTCCTGTCCGGGGACCCTTCCCTATTATTGTAAGTCTAAATTTACTAACTGTGCCTGTTTAACTTCTGATGTTTGTATGATATTCGAGTAATTAAGAGTCCTATAAAAAAATGAATAATGAATGGTTCCAAAATAAGCATAGCTGAGATTAATGATTGTCAGCATTAGTTATAAATAGAATAAGCTGGAGAACCTTCACCTCCCCTCCACCACCAGATCTCAATGTCTAGGCTTACCCGTGGAGATTCTGATGTAATTGTTCTTTCTATGTAGAAGAAACTTATTGGGAAGAAATAATATAATGGACTATGATTTAATTGGTCTGTTGAGAACCAATTAAATTAGATGAAAGCGATTAAGTACAATAAAGCCAAAATTGAATTTGATAATCTCATTTGGCTAAGAATAACAAACCTAAGAAGGTTTGCTATTTTCTACAATTTTGAAGTTCTCCTTATGCACAATTATTTCACCACATGACTCATTTCACATCGTGTTTTTGATATATGAGCATATGAGGGAAAAATACTGAGATGCTTATTTCAATACTCAGGGAAAATTTATTGCCAAAAGGCAAGAAATGTATAATTCATTCACTTATTTTATTTTATTATTTTTTTTATTTTTAAGGTCTAAGAGGATTTCAAAGTGAATGCCCCCTCCTCACTTTTGGTAAGCTTTAGGATATTGGAGGCAGACTGATCATTTTTATAGTTAATATCTTTTACATTTCATTTTCCTGGATAAGCCCCAATAGTAGCAATTTCCATCAGTGTACCAGCTTAAAGATTAATTATAAATTTATTTTCAATGATTGACTGTTATTTACTGGCCTGAAATTATGTATCTGTTATATTTCAAATAATGCAAAACTGTATATATATGGTGTTTACAGATTTGATTGGTTTTCTTTCAATAGCCTATATCCTTATTATTGATTGTCATCATTTATAGAAAAAACTGAAAATAATTTCTTATACTTTTATGTAAACCTGTTAGAGCTTATTTTAAAGATCAACTGCATTCACATTTCTAATCTAGTCATTATGAGCTTCAATAGTTTTATCTCACTTAAAATATATATATTGTCTTTTAATTCATGAGTCAAAATACAATCTCACAGTCCAGATATGGGACTTAAAAGGGGGATAGAATATAGTTTTGATATTCTTAACAATACACATCCTTTTGTGATCATGATTCAGCAGACATTTAATAAAATGATTCCAAGTAAGCCGATGTTTGGTCCTAGAGGAATTTTTATAACCTTTAAGAGAAGGCATAGCATGGTGTTTTTGTAATAAGATTTCTTTTATGAAAAAGTCACACCAAAATTGCAAATGGGGGTGAGATGAAGAGTTATAACATATAACTAAATCTATGTTTGTTCTCTATTCCACAGAATTGACTGCGACTGGAAATATGGCAACTTTTCAATCCTTGCATCATGTTACTAAGATAATTTTTAAATGAGTATACATGGAACAAAAAATGAAACTTTATTCCTTTATTTATTTTATGCTTTTTCATCTTAATTTGAATTTGAGTCATAAACTATATATTTCAAAATTTTAATTCAACATTAGCATAAAAGTTCAATTTTAACTTGGAAATATCATGAACATATCAAAATATGTATAAAAATAATTTCTGGAATTGTGATTATTATTTCTTTAAGAATCTATTTCCTAACCAGTCATTTCAATAAATTAATCCTTAGGCATATTTAAGTTTTCTTGTCTTTATTATATTTTTTTTAATGAAATTGGTCTCTTTATTGTTAACTTAAATTTATCTTTGATGTTAAAAAGAGCTGTGGAAAATTAAAATTGGATAGAATTC
RNA Processing
Binding of General Transcription Factors to DNA
Binding of RNA Polymerase II to the Transcription Complex
Controlling mRNA Transcription
Formation of a Stable Initiation Complex
Initiation of Transcription
RNA Transcription
mRNA Capping
mRNA Polyadenylation
mRNA Splicing
Final Structure of Milk Protein mRNA’s
Milk Protein mRNA Degradation
Milk Protein mRNA Stabilization Factors
Cortisol and Prolactin induce production of mRNA stabilization factorsto prevent degradation by nucleases.
Control of Milk Protein Transcription
Inhibiting Milk Protein Gene Transcription
Milk Protein Transcription Inhibition
Progesterone induces LIF production, so LIF is involved in the progesterone inhibition of lactation
mRNA Destablization
Model for Milk Protein Transcription During Pregnancy
Model for Milk Protein Transcription During Lactation
Milk Protein Translation
Ribosome Structure
Initiation of Protein Synthesis
Identification of the Initiation Codon
Protein Translation
Termination of Protein Synthesis
Milk Protein Production
Signal Peptide Function
Signal Peptide Cleavage
Completion of Protein Synthesis
Glycosylation of Milk Proteins
Glycosylation of Milk Proteins
Phosphorylation of the Caseins
Regulation of Protein Synthesis
Mammary Epithelial Cell Cartoon
Transgenic Animals
• Animals that contain DNA (Genes) that they would not obtain through normal breeding or mating practices.
• Genes can be introduced across breed, species or kingdom.
• The gene is stable once incorporated into the animal.• The gene is passed on to the animals offspring in a
normal fashion
Transgenic Animals
DNA Microinjection into the Embryo
Gene Knock-out Mice
Gene Knock-out Mice
Gene Knock-out Mice