milk quality around the world

A global organization for mastitis control and milk quality

Milk Quality Around the World

presented at the

National Mastitis Council 52nd Annual Meeting January 27 – 29, 2013 San Diego, California

National Mastitis Council 52nd Annual Meeting

Presentations from General Session 3“Milk Quality Around the World”

Milk quality continues to gain more importance as consumers become more aware and as countries import and export dairy products. A session held during the NMC 52nd

Annual Meeting (January 2013) provided a brief overview of milk quality from some of the dairy industries across the globe.

The following presentations include demographic information, milk quality parameters, and other unique practices from:

• Colombia • Germany

• Italy • New Zealand

• Spain • United States

• Uruguay • Canada

• Chile • Great Britain

MILK QUALITY AROUND THE WORLD COLOMBIA

ALEJANDRO CEBALLOS, GREG KEEFE, PAULO DUQUE, NESTOR A. VILLA

Universidad de Caldas University of Prince Edward Island

©2013

MILK PRODUCTION IN COLOMBIA

Holstein, Normande, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Zebu and its crossbreeds

Average herd size: ~30 cows

Milk production: 5,500 M of kg of milk/year

Most coming from Zebu cows (high number with low milk yield)

ACM, 2012 2

MILK QUALITY IN COLOMBIA

Most of mastitis cases caused by contagious

Strep. agalactiae bulk tank prevalence: 42%

SCC is not part of the current regulation on milk quality

BC still high (hand milking?), current regulation: max 175,000 cfu/mL, no actions taken if higher (processors)

ACM, 2012 3

MILK QUALITY IN COLOMBIA

ACM, 2012 4

• About 50% marketed as raw milk

• Milk for pasteurization and dairy products is tested for β-lactam

• Bonuses paid for being free of TBC and brucellosis

ACM, 2012 5

Report from Italy Alfonso Zecconi

National data

Total number of dairy herds 40,200

Number (%) reporting: 20,208 (50%) and 81% of milk produced

Predominant breed: Holstein (82%) Average herd size (milking + dry cows): 67

Average milk production per cow (305 yield): 8.5 tons

National data

Year Herds Kg milk (billion)

BTSCC arithmetic mean

2009 6800 4389 305.000 2010 6600 4412 305.000 2011 6350 4545 295.000

Data on 42% of Italian milk production and 31% of dairy cows

Lombardia data (>40% Italian milk)

Herds

61,7% herds 70.0% milk 28.7% herds 26.0% milk

9.6% herds 4.0% milk

Lombardia data (>40% Italian milk)

Herd production classes (ton)

% Herds

% prod TBC SCC Fat Protein

1 100 8,26% 0,49% 112.109 363.850 3,91% 3,39% 100 1.000 60,28% 32,65% 31.923 280.070 3,88% 3,45%

1.000 > 31,46% 66,84% 24.956 262.362 3,82% 3.44%

Raw Milk • Raw milk can be purchased directly at farm in Italy. • Farmers should follow more stringent rules on milk quality

(SCC, TBC) • Milk (but not farm) should be certified free from S.aureus,

Str.agalactiae, Salmonella spp, M.paratuberculosis, E.coli O157:H7, Listeria spp, and Campylobacter spp.

• The two most important and tasty Italian cheeses (Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano) and many other are made with raw milk

Future initiatives under consideration • Application on wider scale of herd health management

programs by practitioners after specific training programs.

Farmer (Vet)Call

Herd visit and sampling

Questionnaire

Sampling

Results

Control Program

Strategic Plan

ManagementChanges

Contagious

Clinical Mastitis

Results

Evaluation

Periodical (monthly)Herd visit

EvaluationEND

Information circle

Operational circle

Most recent success in milk quality

• The number of farms that eradicated S.aureus IMI after following voluntary programs

• > 100 herds nationwide • > 90% success • Applied by several groups/associations (vets,

farmer ass., dairies)

Biggest frustration in milk quality • Still most farmers (with poor quality) believe that SCC and

mastitis are not correlated and the source of high SCC are not intramammary infections

010203040506070

vet nutritionist pharma rep feed rep

%

Positive satisfaction

<200201-300>300

BTSCC

Cipolla & Zecconi 2013

See you in Milan (Aug 2013) for Udder Immunity Workshop at IVIS 2013 !

MILK QUALITY AROUND THE WORLD: SPAIN

Luis Miguel Jiménez Servet Talavera

[email protected] NMC 2013, San Diego (CA)

OVERVIEW

835,749 dairy cows (may 2012) 22.553 dairy farms (may 2012) Deliveries in 2010-2011: 5,854,839

million tonnes of milk (MTM) Deliveries 2011-2012): 6,209,274 MTM Spain Milk Quota 6,108,729 MTM Spain consume 9.000.000 MTM Consume of milk and milk products:

5,278.6 million of Kg (113,3 kg per person)

POPULATION OF COWS

FARMS & COWS PER FARM

DELIVERIES IN LAST 3 YEARS

MILK PRODUCTION PER COW

850090009500

10000105001100011500

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

FAT & PROTEIN

2,83

3,23,43,63,8

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Fat

Protein

REGULATION (EC) Nº 853/2004

Plate count at 30 °C (per ml):

≤ 100 000 Somatic cell count (per ml):

≤ 400 000 Antibiotic residues: do not

exceeds any maximum permitted value

DAIRY INTERPROFESSIONAL LABS

LIGAL LILA

LILCYL

LILCAM LILCOVAL

ILL ALLIC

LILC

LETRA Q SYSTEM

LETRA is an acronym, LE is for Leche (milk), TRA is for Trazabilidad (traceability), Q is Quality and LETRA in spanish means letter

People of system: industry, labs and administration

Obligatory samples management Official samples management Data and statistical reports

OBLIGATORY SAMPLES

ALARMS

SOMATIC CELL COUNT

323000 327000290000 266000

050000

100000150000200000250000300000350000

2008 2009 2010 2011

STANDARD PLATE COUNT AT 30º

7000056000

48000 45000

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

2008 2009 2010 2011

MILK QUALITY PROGRAMS (MQP)

About 100 people (veterinarians) work in Milk Quality in Spain

Producers are in MQP to improve milk quality, less mastitis and more premiums

Many producers are in MQP because they received more subsidies

It impossible improve Milk Quality without advice

THANK YOU ANY QUESTIONS?

RELIM Latin-American Network of

Mastitis Research Red Latinoamericana de Investigación en Mastitis

Dr. Marcos Munoz Dr. Elena de Torres Dr. Guillermo Sierra Dr. Fernanda Zorrilla Dr. Alejandro Ceballos www.relim.org

NMC International Advisory Committee. San Diego, California 2013

What is RELIM?

• RELIM is a network of professionals involved in bovine mastitis control and milk quality from all countries in Latin-America.

• The members of this network include specialists of the industry associated with the production of quality milk, researchers, and dairy consultants in milk quality.

How RELIM was born?

• RELIM was born in 2012, to fulfill the increasing need for the exchange of knowledge on intramammary infections affecting the dairy herds and milk quality in Latin-America.

• Members of the network include specialist from:

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, España, Uruguay, USA, and Venezuela.

Our goals • To improve the exchange of knowledge on

intramammary infections among the member countries.

• Apply that knowledge considering epidemiologic differences of the several milk production systems present in Latin-America

• Help to produce quality milk considering both animal welfare and an environmentally sustainable milk production.

1st RELIM Annual Meeting March 21-22, 2013

Manizales, Colombia

Visit us online at:

www.relim.org

URUGUAY

• Milk production in Uruguay has grown

steadily over the past 25 years (5% ave. annual increase).

• Uruguay is the top per capita milk producer in LAM at 412 liters.

• Uruguay ranks 1 in milk consumption in LAM. (239 L per capita/year)

• Milk production has used nearly 1 million hectares of total agricultural surface area (6% of total area) with production levels reaching 1.5 billions L per year.

URUGUAY

• 60% of milk received at dairy plants is shipped to more than 70 markets.

• In the early 90´s, a National Milk Quality System was established to implement a comprehensive quality process.

• The result has been the attainment of >90% of Grade A milk.

• Dairy cows: 1,000,000

• People: 3,200,000

• Dairy producers: 4,000

URUGUAY

• Main mastitis pathogens

– Staph. aureus: 50% (prev. bet. herds) – Strep. agalactiae: ranges 10 – 15% – Strep. uberis: 15 % increasing trend – CNS: increasing trend

URUGUAY INALE

• INALE is an organization which articulates the already existing institutional network in the dairy sector.

• Its role is to coordinate (not regulate). The Ministry of Agriculture (M.G.A.P.) has the regulating role

• www.inale.org

http://www.inale.org/

MILK QUALITY IN URUGUAY

93,9 92,1

5,5 6,9

0,6 1

88%

90%

92%

94%

96%

98%

100%

Bacterial count *

<50 50-100 >100

46 60

38 31

11 7

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cell count*

<300 CS 300-400

400-500 >500

11

* Values are in 1,000 UFC/ml

Data from one dairy processor, involving 70% of the producers in Uruguay

CHILE • Milk production in Chile is

mainly located in the central, central-south and south part of the country.

• Dairy operations with year-

round and seasonal confinement are usually found in the central and central-south zones.

• Grazing systems are common in the south zone.

• International milk price influenced the pace of growth of milk production in Chile. With a +1% growth trend since 2006.

• Chilean average per capita annual milk consumption between 115 and 132 L during the last 20 years, with a record consumption of 145 L for 2012.

• Herd productivity in Chile has doubled during the last 8 years.

• The number of dairy operations and total number of milk cows have decreased.

• A national strategic plan to support competitiveness and milk quality of the dairy industry was created in 2004 with the Chilean Dairy Consortium (Consorcio Lechero) formed by producers, processors, and research institutions.

• Average SCC in dairy herds, however, have remained around 300,000 cell./mL during the last 10 years.

Pathogens associated to intramammary infections in Chilean dairy herds

• Streptococcus agalactiae prevalences are reported to be less than 1% among herds.

• Staphylococcus aureus has remained the main pathogen isolated from milk samples during the last 50 years.

• Historical reports from both the central and central-south zones Chile, shown an undulating pattern, ranging between 12 to 50% of culture-positive samples.

• For the south zone reports of Staph. aureus show a slightly increasing trend with current values around 40% of the culture-positive milk samples

• Mycoplasma spp. Prevalence of 7% Mycoplasma-positive bulk tank milk (BTM) samples was reported in Chile.

• However the presence of Mycoplasma in BTM, and Mycoplasma IMI within and between Chilean dairy herds is mostly unknown.

• Escherichia coli reported between 4% and 40% of the culture-positive milk samples for the south and central zones of Chile, respectively.

Pathogens associated to intramammary infections in Chilean dairy herds

1st RELIM Annual Meeting March 21-22, 2013

Manizales, Colombia

Visit us online at:

www.relim.org

Milk Quality Around the World

Recent Data from Germany

Christian Baumgartner

NMC 52nd Annual Meeting San Diego, CA, USA

Where is Germany?

www.mpr-bayern.de January 29, 2013 – slide 2


14.2 mio samples/year 90 mio single analytical results

Some background figures…

2011 Germany Bavaria

Milk Production 29.7 mio tons 8.0 mio tons

Dairy Farms 84,504 38,958

Cows 4.2 mio 1.2 mio

Herd Size 50 cows (63/165) 32 cows

27%

46%

28.6%

2012


Milk Quality – Recent Data

2012 Germany Bavaria

SCC 207,000 (5.8 mio samples)

171,000

TBC 17,000 (2.5 mio samples)

17,000

Inhibitors (positives ex-farm)

0.052 % (3.8 mio samples)

0.028 %

Freezing Point (>0.515 °C)

1.2 % (4.0 mio samples)

0.82 %


91.8 % extra class (<50,000) 1.2 % of farmers being penalized for exceeding

100,000 (2 months` geom. mean)

regional differences in breeds! 84,2 % extra class (<300,000)

1.7 % of farmers being penalized for exceeding

400,000 (3 months` geom. mean)

89.9 % 0.7 %

SCC and Inhibitor Positives

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

< 125 < 250 < 500 > 500

SCC categories (1,000/mL)

Inhi

bito

r po

siti

ves

(% o

f fa

rms/

mon

th)

relative risk of a positive

1.0 1.5

3.3

6.4

0.13 0.19

0.43

0.83


SCC in robotic milking systems

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecSCC robots (923) 182 188 178 178 185 196 210 211 207 192 185 181SCC reference (2,079) 172 172 171 170 177 184 193 191 191 182 177 176SCC Bavaria (37,306) 162 161 160 161 170 177 187 185 184 174 168 167

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

SCC

/m

L x

1,00

0


Current Milk Quality „Issues“

• Milk quality is on a very high level in Germany! • Attention is paid to

– Use of antibiotics | avoiding residues in milk political discussion about resistant strains of different germs

– Residues of cleaners | disinfectants especially quarternary ammonium compounds and chlorine compounds

– Pathogenes

• Evolving topic tuberculosis, sporadic but „hot spots“ with high level of public attention


Visit us! www.mpr-bayern.de


New Zealand SCC

No. of cows (M)

No. of herds

Av. herd size

Milk processed

(BL) 2005/06 3.83 322 14.7 2006/07 3.92 337 15.1 2007/08 4.02 351 14.7 2008/09 4.25 366 16.0 2009/10 4.40 376 16.5 2010/11 4.53 386 17.3 2011/12 4.64 393 19.1

NZ dairy industry changes

Progress - June 2008 – Jan 2013

253

232

223

187

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

LICFonterra

200,000 cells/ml

Fonterra – monthly data since June 2008

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

2008/092009/102010/112011/122012/13

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May YTD

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

Fonterra average cell count, cells/ml

Safeguarding Animal Health

Milk Quality in the United States

Jason Lombard, Christine Kopral, Judy Rodriguez USDA:APHIS:VS,Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health


U.S. Dairy Industry

• Demographics ~60,000 herds 9.2 M cattle Primarily Holstein ~122 cows/herd 9,700 kg milk/lactation BTSCC limit– 750,000 cells/mL

Safeguarding Animal Health 3

49.2% ops / 18.3% cows

32.6% ops / 56.4% cows 4.6% ops / 36.9% cows

9.9% ops 4.8% cows

3.4% ops / 1.6% cows

Safeguarding Animal Health 4

60.3% ops / 21.8% cows 39.5% ops / 78.2% cows


`

5


295 293 295 296 298290

282

263258

249

260

247

227 224

206197

313 312318 320

332

322313

296 293 293298

294

277272

235 235

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

BTS

CC

(X1,

000)

Milk-weighted and Producer BTSCCs 1997-2012*

BTSCC Milk wgt.BTSCC producer


175

200

225

250

275

300

325

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

BTS

CC

(X1,

000)

Milk-Weighted BTSCCs by Year and Month2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


Percentage of Producers, Shipments, and Milk with BTSCC <400K

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

ent

Producers Shipments Milk


Antibiotic Residues in Milk (~4 million samples/yr)

0.00%0.02%0.04%0.06%0.08%0.10%0.12%0.14%0.16%0.18%

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Perc

ent P

ositi

ve

Tanker Pasteurized Products Producer Other

FDA/CFSAN Data


EU Influence

• Export of dairy products to EU Since 2004, pooled milk tested EU audit performed in 2009 Pooled milk no longer acceptable – individual farm 3-month GM of 400,000 cells/mL requirement NCIMS rejected proposals to lower limit Enforced January 1, 2012


EU Influence • FDA Milk Sampling Program Underway – projected for 1 year Targets 900 farms with tissue residues and 2,000

without tissue residues. Evaluates for ~30 antimicrobials and anti-

inflammatories. FDA blind to where the samples originated


Residues • Antimicrobials

Chlorphenicol Nitroimidazoles Nitrofurans Sulfonamides Fluoroquinolones Beta lactams Tetracyclines Macrolides/tulathromycin Ionophores

• Mycotoxins

• NSAIDs • Anthelmintics • Other

Carbamates Pyrethroids Organochlorine

compounds PCBs Organophosphorus

compounds Dioxins PBDEs


Summary • Overall average BTSCCs from the four monitored FMOs

declined during 10 of the past 11 years.

• BTSCCs peak in July and August and are lowest during winter and spring months.

• Since 2001, overall BTSCC have decreased ~35%.

• BTSCC in 2012 will be the lowest of all years monitored.

• EU and FDA are pushing producers and increasing the quality of the U.S. milk supply.

Milk Quality Report CANADA

Greg Keefe1 and Dave Kelton2 1Atlantic Veterinary College

University of Prince Edward Island 2Ontario Veterinary College

University of Guelph

Symbols of Canada

Dairy Supply Management

From Canadian Dairy Information Centre www.dairyinfo.gc.ca

Just the facts

Total Herds

Total cows

(’000s)

Average Herd Size

Average production per cow (L)

Total milk production (’000 HL)

2012 12,529 959.1 76.6

2011 12,746 965.6 75.8 9,774 77,771

2010 12,965 966.2 74.5 9,768 76,732

2009 13,214 965.6 73.1 9,592 76,628

2008 13,587 984.7 72.5 9,642 75,926

Approx. 94% of cows are Holstein, 3% Jersey and 2% Ayrshire

Bacteria Count (12 month average)

Year Aug 1 to Jul 31

Herds IBC1

IBC arithmetic

mean

Herds CFU1

CFU arithmetic

mean 2011-2012 11,866 30,425 664 8,997

2010-2011 12,049 32,876 691 9,006

2009-2010 12,280 35,729 899 10,789

2008-2009 11,423 36,175 1488 9,811

1Some provinces used individual bacteria count (IBC) based testing and others used culture-based colony forming unit (CFU) counts based testing

Somatic Cell Count (12 month average)

Year Aug 1 to Jul 31

Herds Shipments BTSCC

arithmetic mean1

Median

2011-2012 12,530 Typically

every other day pick up

239,556 NA2

2010-2011 12,930 247,781 NA

2009-2010 13,179 250,458 NA

2008-2009 13,549 247,285 NA

1Provincial arithmetic means weighted by provincial herd numbers 2Medians not available because only provincial summary data published

Then it got interesting

Penalty level: Before Aug 1, 2012 = 500,000; After Aug 1, 2012 = 400,000

150,000

170,000

190,000

210,000

230,000

250,000

270,000

290,000

310,000

330,000

350,000

Jan

Fe

b

Ma

r

Ap

r

Ma

y

Jun

Jul

Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

No

v

De

c

Jan

Fe

b

Ma

r

Ap

r

Ma

y

Jun

Jul

Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

No

v

De

c

British Columbia

Alberta

Manitoba

Ontario

Quebec

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

Prince Edward Island

2011 2012

200,000.00

210,000.00

220,000.00

230,000.00

240,000.00

250,000.00

260,000.00

270,000.00

280,000.00

Jan

Fe

b

Ma

r

Ap

r

Ma

y

Jun

Jul

Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

No

v

De

c

Jan

Fe

b

Ma

r

Ap

r

Ma

y

Jun

Jul

Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

No

v

Weighted CANADA BTSCC

Weighted CANADA

2012 2011

0

10

20

30

40

<151 151-225 226-299 300-399 400-499 >499

Pe

rce

nt o

f He

rds

in R

an

ge

SCC Ranges (x 1,000 cells / ml)

Distribution of PEI SCC Test Results by Range

Nov-11 Nov-12

0

10

20

30

40

<151 151-225 226-299 300-399 400-499 >499

Pe

rce

nt o

f He

rds

in R

an

ge

SCC Ranges (x 1,000 cells / ml)

Distribution of ON SCC Test Results by Range

Nov-11 Nov-12

Other milk quality issues

• Adulterants – Inhibitor and added water testing

under provincial regulation

• Organisms – Varies between provinces – LPC, PI and CC counts – Mastitis pathogen PCR testing

• Raw Milk – Sale prohibited by federal law

Initiatives

• Dairy Farmers of Canada promoted a reduction in BTSCC limit to 400,000

• Adopted for August 1, 2012 by all 10 provinces

• Education programs • Regulatory reform

Education

Regulatory reform

Somatic Cell Count

• Weekly sample for monthly geomean

• Monthly geomean for rolling 3 month

• Penalties (year) – 1ST infraction $5/hL – 2nd $10/hL – 3rd $15/hl + board

review – 4th $20/hL/ + shutoff

Bacteria counts

• Weekly sample • 2 samples in a row

= infraction • No single test used

in 2 infractions • Same penalties as

SCC – Additional $3 level

in year 1

Is it working?

170

220

270

320

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

SC

C T

est

Re

sult

s (x

1,0

00

c

ells

/ml)

Month of Year

SCC Results -Comparison of Tests for All Prince Edward Island Producers

Last Year This Year

170

220

270

320

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

SC

C T

est

Re

sult

s (x

1,0

00

c

ells

/ml)

Month of Year

SCC Results - 24 Month Comparison of Weighted Tests for All Ontario Producers

Last Year This Year

Thank you

GB Milk quality January 2013 Elizabeth Berry

DairyCo

• Levy body for GB Dairy Farmers • Levy 0.2% milk price • Address market failure • R&D, Market Intelligence and Knowledge

Transfer

Facts and Figures

• Approximately 11,500 herds • 1.8 million cows in GB - 2 million in UK • Average herd size around 116 • Approximately 10% decrease in production

across UK in 2012.

Cow systems

Grazing to Indoors

Illegal to use manure or digestate in any form as bedding material

Decrease in 2012 Wet weather – poor forage Schmallenberg virus

Milestones for delivery

24,000,000

26,000,000

28,000,000

30,000,000

32,000,000

34,000,000

36,000,000

01-A

pr

22-A

pr

13-M

ay

03-Ju

n

24-Ju

n

15-Ju

l

05-A

ug

26-A

ug

16-S

ep

07-O

ct

28-O

ct

18-N

ov

09-D

ec

30-D

ec

20-Ja

n

10-F

eb

02-M

ar

23-M

ar

Litr

es /

Day

GB Daily Milk Deliveries

GB Milk Deliveries 2011/12 GB Milk Deliveries 2012/13

EU hygiene regulations 853/2004 All milk – liquid or cheese or products

Cell Count Bactoscan /Bacteria count

Three month geometric mean Two month geometric mean

<400,000 cells/ml <100 ,000 cfu

Minimum 1 sample per month Minimum 2 samples per month

UK 12 to 13 samples per result UK 8 to 9 samples per result

GB Milk Quality System

• Over 95% of milk goes off farm • Liquid and cheese contracts • Three laboratories - milk quality testing • Ring or proficiency trial testing organised by

DairyCo

Cell count in 000/ml

160

165

170

175

180

185

190

195

200

205

210

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average

2009

2010

2011

2012

Bactoscan

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average

2009

2010

2011

2012

Average cell count and bactoscan

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Cell count 187 187 193 196 195 197 194 192

192

188

Bactoscan 32 33 33 31 32 31 29 30

30

30

6-8 July 2015 Glasgow, Scotland