million instructions per second

• Million Instructions per Second

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Netbook - MIPS

1 Some netbooks use MIPS architecture-compatible processors. These include the Skytone Alpha-400, based on an Ingenic system on chip, and the EMTEC Gdium

netbook, which uses the 64-bit Loongson processor capable of 400 million instructions

per second. While these systems are relatively inexpensive, the processing power of current

MIPS implementations usually compares unfavorably with those of x86-

implementations as found in current netbooks.


Intel iAPX 432

1 Originally designed for clock frequencies of up to 10 MHz, actual

devices sold were specified for maximum clock speeds of 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 8 MHz respectively with a peak performance of 2 million

instructions per second at 8 MHz.


Intel 80486

1 A 50 MHz 80486 executed around 40 million instructions per second on average and was able to reach 50

MIPS peak performance.


System 360

1 The slowest System/360 models announced in 1964 ranged in speed from 0.0018 to

0.034Million instructions per second|MIPS; the fastest models were approximately 50 times

as fast with 8Kibibyte|KB and up to 8Mebibyte|MB of internal main memory, though the latter was unusual, and up to 8 megabytes of slower IBM 2361 Large Capacity Storage|Large Core Storage (LCS). A large system might have as little as 256KB of main storage, but 512KB,

768KB or 1024KB was more common.


High-performance computing - Performance metrics

1 In general, the speed of supercomputers is measured and

Benchmark (computing)|benchmarked in FLOPS (FLoating Point Operations Per Second), and not in terms of Million instructions

per second|MIPS, i.e


FLOPS - Floating-point operation and integer operation

1 Million instructions per second#Million instructions per

second|MIPS is used to measure the integer performance of a computer


Digital Age - Computation

1 The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers

grew from 3.0 × 108 Million instructions per second|MIPS in 1986,

to 4.4 × 109 MIPS in 1993, 2.9 × 1011 MIPS in 2000 to 6.4 × 1012

MIPS in 2007.


Superminicomputer - Significant superminis

1 * Norsk Data ND-570/CX, fastest supermini, 1983, at 7.1 Whetstone

(benchmark)|Whetstone million instructions per second|MIPS


Classes of computers - Mainframe computers

1 They are measured in Instructions per second#Million instructions per

second|MIPS (million instructions per second) and respond to up to 100s of

millions of users at a time.


Data-intensive computing - Introduction

1 Researchers coined the term BORPS for billions of records per second to measure

record processing speed in a way analogous to how the term Million

instructions per second|MIPS applies to describe computers' processing speed.

[http://www.cse.fau.edu/~borko/HandbookofCloudComputing.html/ Handbook of

Cloud Computing], Data-Intensive Technologies for Cloud Computing, by A.M


Million instructions per second

1 The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value

such as 'thousand instructions per second (kIPS)', 'million instructions

per second (MIPS)', 'Giga instructions per second (GIPS)', or 'Million

Operations per Second (MOPS)'.


Supercomputers - History

1 The Atlas (computer)|Atlas was a joint venture between Ferranti and the Manchester University

and was designed to operate at processing speeds approaching onemicrosecond per

instruction, about onemillion instructions per second. The first Atlas was officially

commissioned on 7December 1962 as one of the world's first supercomputers – considered to be the most powerful computer in the world at

that time by a considerable margin, and equivalent to four IBM 7094s.


Sensor node - Power source

1 The energy cost of transmitting 1 Kb a distance of is approximately the

same as that used for the execution of 3 million instructions by a 100 million instructions per second/W

processor


GRAU - 5 (Air defense equipment)

1 * 5Ae: Computers (5Ae26, a specialized multi-Central processing

unit|CPU computer with a performance of 1.5 Million

instructions per second|MIPS)


Atmel AVR - MCU speed

1 Since all operations (excluding literals) on registers R0 - R31 are single cycle, the

AVR can achieve up to 1 Million instructions per second|MIPS per MHz,

i.e. an 8MHz processor can achieve up to 8 MIPS. Loads and stores to/from memory

take two cycles, branching takes two cycles. Branches in the latest 3-byte PC

parts such as ATmega2560 are one cycle slower than on previous devices.


Mobile browser - History

1 The demonstration platform for this microbrowser (Webwalker) had 1

Million instructions per second|MIPS total processing power


MediaTek - IEEE 802.11

1 As a result of the merger with Ralink, MediaTek has added wireless network interface controllers for IEEE 802.11-

standards, and System on a chip|SoCs with Million instructions per second|MIPS CPUs to its product

portfolio.


Rockchip - RK2808A[http://www.rock-chips.com/product.php?id77width830height500 ]

1 ARM rates the performance of the ARM926EJ-S at 1.1 Million

instructions per second|DMIPS/MHz the performance of the Rockchip

2808 when executing ARM instructions is therefore 660DMIPS

roughly 26% the speed of Apple's A4 processor


Hercules emulator - Performance

1 Hercules expresses its processing performance in Million instructions per

second|MIPS


Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate - Early 90s perspectives

1 In his second post, he mentioned that “[...] 5 years from now everyone will be running free GNU on their 200 million instructions per second|MIPS, 64M SPARCstation 5|SPARCstation-5”


System/360

1 The slowest System/360 models announced in 1964 ranged in speed from 0.0018 to

0.034Million instructions per second|MIPS;[http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2030.html System 360/30

announcement] the fastest models were approximately 50 times as fast with 8Kibibyte|KB and up to 8Mebibyte|MB of internal main

memory, though the latter was unusual, and up to 8 megabytes of slower IBM 2361 Large

Capacity Storage|Large Core Storage (LCS)


Ultra high definition television - 2013

1 The BCM7445 is a 28nm ARM architecture chip capable of 21,000 Dhrystone million instructions per

second|MIPS with volume production estimated for the middle of 2014


CDC 6000 series - History

1 It was introduced in September 1964 and performed up to three million

instructions per second, three times faster than the IBM Stretch, the

speed champ for the previous couple of years


PMC-Sierra - Wireless

1 PMC-Sierra semiconductor devices allow wireless service providers to

deploy wireless mobile phone network equipment.http://www.pmc-

sierra.com/wireless/ This includes Million instructions per second|MIPS

based network processors for wireless back haul and radio

frequency integrated circuits for wideband radio modules.


HP 9000 - Series 500

1 The processors in the original Series 500s ran at 20MHz, and could reach

a benchmark speed of 1 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second), equivalent

to a VAX-11|VAX-11/780 (the benchmark standard at the time)


ETRAX CRIS - ETRAX 100LX

1 In 2000, the ETRAX 100LX design added an Memory management unit|MMU, as

well as Universal Serial Bus|USB, synchronous serial and Synchronous

dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM support, and boosted the CPU performance up to 100 Million

instructions per second|MIPS. Since it has a MMU, it can run the Linux kernel

without modifications.


8088 - Performance

1 Depending on the clock frequency, the number of memory wait states, as well as on the

characteristics of the particular application program, the 'average' performance for the Intel 8088 ranged from approximately 0.33–

1million instructions per second.http://www.olympusmicro.com/micd/gall

eries/chips/intel8088a.html Meanwhile, the 'mov' reg,reg and 'Arithmetic logic unit|ALU'ALU

stands for one of the instructions ADD, ADC, SUB, SBC, CMP, AND, OR, XOR, TEST


VAX - History

1 It was initially described as a one-million instructions per second|MIPS machine, because its performance

was equivalent to an IBM System/360 that ran at one MIPS, and the

System/360 implementations had previously been de facto performance standards


RAD750

1 The CPU has 10.4 million transistors, nearly an order of magnitude more than the RAD6000 (which had 1.1 million). It is manufactured

using either 250 or 150 nanometre|nm photolithography and has a semiconductor-die

cutting|die area of 130mm2. It has a clock rate|core clock of 110 to 200megahertz|MHz

and can process at 266 million instructions per second|MIPS or more. The CPU can include an

extended CPU cache#Multi-level caches|L2 cache to improve performance.


Intel i386

1 A 33MHz 80386 was reportedly measured to operate at about 11.4

Million instructions per second|MIPS.[http://intel80386.com Intel 80386]


IBM RAD6000

1 The computer has a maximum clock rate of 33megahertz|MHz and a processing speed of about 35Million instructions per second|MIPS. In addition to the CPU itself, the RAD6000 has

128megabyte|MB of error detection and correction|ECC random access memory|RAM.

A typical RTOS|real-time operating system running on NASA's RAD6000 installations is VxWorks. The Flight boards in the above

systems have switchable clock rates of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20MHz.


List of Sega arcade system boards - NAOMI specifications

1 * CPU: SuperH|Hitachi SH-4 CPU with graphic functions and 128-bit SIMD @ 200MHz (360 Million instructions per second|MIPS and 1.4 GFLOPS)


IBM 801

1 The CPU was clocked at 66ns cycles (approximately 15.15 MHz) and could

compute at the then-fast speed of approximately 15 million instructions

per second|MIPS


Sequent Computer Systems - Balance

1 The model number 21000 came from a simple calculation of the relative

performance of the NS32032 (0.7Million instructions per second|

MIPS) times 30 processors: 21 MIPs


Mainframe computers - Description

1 Modern mainframe design is generally less defined by single-task

computational speed (typically defined as Million instructions per second|MIPS rate or FLOPS in the case of floating point calculations),

and more by:


PDP-8 - Description

1 The machine used magnetic core memory with a clock frequency|cycle time of 1.5 microseconds, so that a typical two-cycle (Fetch, Execute)

memory-reference instruction ran at a speed of 0.333 million instructions

per second|MIPS


Atlas Computer (Manchester) - Background

1 Development of MUSE—a name derived from microsecond engine—began at Manchester University in

1956. The aim was to build a computer that could operate at processing speeds approaching onemicrosecond per instruction, about onemillion instructions per

second. Mu (or µ) is a prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting

a factor of 10−6 (one millionth).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-million-instructions-per-second-toolkit.html

Mobile web browser - History

1 The demonstration platform for this mobile browser (Webwalker) had 1 Million instructions per second|MIPS

total processing power


Mars Science Laboratory - Rover

1 :The RCE computers use the RAD750 Central processing unit|CPU (a successor to the IBM

RAD6000|RAD6000 CPU used in the Mars Exploration Rovers) operating at 200MHz. The

RAD750 CPU is capable of up to 400Instructions per second#Million

instructions per second|MIPS, while the RAD6000 CPU is capable of up to 35MIPS. Of

the two on-board computers, one is configured as backup, and will take over in the event of

problems with the main computer.


VAX - History

1 It was initially described as a one-million instructions per second|MIPS machine, because its performance

was equivalent to an IBM System/360 that ran at one MIPS, and the

System/360 implementations had previously been de facto performance standards


Intel 8048 - Variants

1 crystal one gets 0.73 million instructions per second|MIPS (of one-

clock instruction set|instructions)


Project Athena - Overall history

1 Students were required to learn FORTRAN and Lisp (programming language)|Lisp, and

would have access to 3M computer|sophisticated graphical workstations,

capable of 1 million instructions per second and with 1 megabyte of RAM and a 1

megapixel display.http://web.mit.edu/acs/athena.html

Upon logging into a workstation, they would have immediate access to a universal set of

files and programs via central serviceshttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-million-instructions-per-second-toolkit.html

Intel 8051 - Digital signal processor (DSP) variants

1 Several variants with an additional 16-bit digital signal processor (DSP) (for example for MP3 or OGG Vorbis|OGG coding/decoding) with up to 675 million instructions per

second (MIPS)[http://www.8052.com/news?NEWSID=61 TI Delivers new low-cost, high-performance audio DSP for Home

and Car w/ 8051] and integrated USB 2.0 interface[http://www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/atmel/at85c51snd3.pdf Atmel AT85C51SND3 Audio DSP Data Sheet with

USB 2.0] or as intellectual property[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?

reload=truetp=arnumber=4266677url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org

%2Fiel5%2F4266544%2F4266545%2F04266677.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4266677 Integration of 8051 With DSP in

Xilinx FPGA] exist.


XScale - PXA3xx

1 The new processor was shown clocked at 1.25GHz but Intel said it only offered a 25%

increase in performance (800million instructions per second|MIPS for the 624MHz PXA270

processor vs. 1000MIPS for 1.25GHz 'Monahans'). An announced successor to the

2700G graphics processor, code named Stanwood, has since been canceled. sd features of Stanwood are integrated into 'Monahans'. For extra graphics capabilities, Intel recommends third-party chips like the NVIDIA GoForce chip

family.


Cycles per instruction

1 Determine the effective CPI, Instructions per second#Million

instructions per second|MIPS rate, and execution time for this program.


Gdium - Technical overview

1 The EMTEC Gdium Liberty 1000 is built on an STMicroelectronics

Loongson 2F Million instructions per second|MIPS microprocessor and

uses a proprietary form-factored USB key, called the G-Key, as its primary

storage medium


Manchester computers - Muse and Atlas

1 Development of MUSE– a name derived from microsecond engine–

began at the university in 1956. The aim was to build a computer that

could operate at processing speeds approaching one microsecond per instruction, one million instructions per second. Mu (or µ) is a prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting a factor of 10−6 (one

millionth).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-million-instructions-per-second-toolkit.html

PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes - S/390 Processor Card

1 * The original S/390 Processor Card incorporated 32MB of dedicated

memory, with optional 32MB or 96MB daughter cards, for a combined total

of 64MB or 128MB of RAM. The processor was officially rated at 4.5 Million instructions per second|MIPS.

It was built to plug into a Micro Channel architecture|MicroChannel

host system.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-million-instructions-per-second-toolkit.html

MIPS instruction set - Microarchitectures based on the MIPS instruction set

1 A speed-bumped version of the R3000 running up to 40MHz, the

'R3000A' delivered a performance of 32 Million instructions per second|

VUPs (VAX Unit of Performance)


Andrew Project - History

1 The proposed 3M computer workstations included a million pixel display and a megabyte of memory, running at a million instructions per

second.


3M computer

1 '3M' was a goal first proposed in the early 1980s by Raj Reddy and his

colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) as a minimum

specification for academic/technical workstations: at least a megabyte of memory, a megapixel display and a

Instructions per second|million instructions per second (MIPS)

processing powerhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-million-instructions-per-second-toolkit.html

Intel 80188

1 The 'Intel 80188' microprocessor was a variant of the Intel 80186. The 80188 had an 8-bit external Bus

(computing)|data bus instead of the 16-bit bus of the 80186; this made it

less expensive to connect to Computer peripheral|peripherals. The

16-bit registers and the one megabyte address range were unchanged, however. It had a

throughput of 1million instructions per second.


ARM7 - Overview

1 It is a versatile processor designed for mobile devices and other low power electronics. This processor

architecture is capable of up to 130 Million Instructions Per Second|MIPS on a typical 130 nanometer|0.13µm process. The ARM7TDMI processor core implements ARM architecture 'v4T'. The processor supports both

32-bit and 16-bit instructions via the ARM and Thumb instruction sets.


MIPS - Technology

1 * Million instructions per second, a measure of a computer's central processing unit

performance


PicoBlaze

1 They are based on an 8-bit RISC architecture and can reach speeds up

to 100 Million instructions per second|MIPS on the Virtex 4 FPGA's

family


Intel P5 - Major improvements over Intel 80486|i486 microarchitecture

1 The Pentium was designed to execute over 100 million instructions per second

(MIPS),http://dede.essortment.com/pcusersguides_rjje.htm and the 75MHz model was

able to reach 126.5 MIPS in certain benchmarks.http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/micropro/proc1994.htm The Pentium

architecture typically offered just under twice the performance of a 486 processor per clock cycle in common benchmarks


Acorn Archimedes

1 Using a RISC design with a 32-bit central processing unit|CPU (26-bit addressing), at its launch in June

1987, the Archimedes was stated as running at 4 Million instructions per

second|MIPS, with a claim of 18 MIPS during tests.


NCUBE - Computer models

1 A node delivered 2 million instructions per second|MIPS, 500

Flops|kiloFLOPS (32-bit single precision), or 300 kiloFLOPS (64-bit

double precision)


80486

1 A 50MHz 80486 executes around 40 million instructions per second on

average and is able to reach 50 MIPS peak performance.


System 16 - System 32 specifications

1 ** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit Reduced instruction set computing|RISC Instruction set|instructions @ 3.524 Instructions per second|MIPS

(million instructions per second)


System 16 - Model 1 specifications

1 ** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit Reduced instruction set computing|RISC Instruction

set|instructions @ 3.5 Instructions per second|MIPS (million instructions per second)http://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?

action=pages_view_mainactive_action=repository_view_main_item_detailitem_id=59745i

tem_no=1page_id=13block_id=8http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723432-05-01-

acc.pdf


System 16 - Model 2 specifications

1 ** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit Reduced instruction set computing|RISC Instruction set|instructions @

25 Instructions per second|MIPS (million instructions per

second)http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/80960/PRODBREF/27223303.PDF


System 16 - ST-V specifications

1 ** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit Reduced instruction set computing|

RISC Instruction set|instructions/Processor register|registers @ 28 Million instructions

per second|MIPS each, 56 MIPS combinedhttp://www.consoledatabase.com/faq/segasaturn/segasaturnfaq.

txt


Motorola 56000 - Technical description

1 The processor is capable of carrying out 16.5 Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS) at the maximum

specified clock speed of , and has hardware support for block-floating point Fast Fourier transform|FFT. It uses Transistor–transistor logic|TTL levels and consumes approximately


Intel 80386SX

1 A 33MHz 80386 was reportedly measured to operate at about 11.4

Million instructions per second|MIPS.[http://intel80386.com Intel 80386]


MegaAVR - MCU speed

1 Since all operations (excluding multiplication and 16-bit add/subtract) on

registers R0 – R31 are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1 Million instructions per

second|MIPS per MHz, i.e. an 8MHz processor can achieve up to 8 MIPS. Loads

and stores to/from memory take two cycles, branching takes two cycles. Branches in the latest 3-byte PC parts such as ATmega2560

are one cycle slower than on previous devices.


Nintendo 64 technical specifications - Components and performance

1 ** CPU performance: 125 MIPS (Instructions per second|million

instructions per second)http://www.futuretech.blinken

lights.nl/sgi2.html


NV1

1 It featured a complete 2D computer graphics|2D/3D computer graphics|

3D graphics core based upon quadratic texture mapping, Video RAM|VRAM or DRAM|FPM DRAM

memory, an integrated 32-channel 350 million instructions per second|MIPS playback-only sound card, and

a Sega Saturn compatible joypad port


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