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11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop on Formation and Evolution Of Neutron Stars
11/12/2017
Amruta Jaodand
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
COMPANY NAME
MILLISECOND PULSAR
POPULATION
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
1. Millisecond Pulsars
2.Current Population
3.Applications
4.Future Prospects
4.1.Potential Science Questions
Outline
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
Millisecond Pulsars
1
Introduction
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
DISCOVERY1982, D. Backer, Millisecond Pulsar, PSR J1937+21
P < 10ms in this talk.
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
DISCOVERY1982, D. Backer, Millisecond Pulsar, PSR J1937+21
RL=P*c/2π
Radhakrishnan and Cooke, 1969
P < 10ms in this talk.
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
PULSAR RECYCLING
Binary SN Low Mass X-ray
Binary State
Bill Saxton; NRAO/AUI/NSF
Radio Millisecond
Pulsar State
Backer, Kulkarni et al. 1982 - Short period, small period derivative
Alpar, Cheng, Ruderman & Shaham, A new class of radio pulsars, Nature, 300, 728, 1982Radhakrishnan & Srinivasan 1982
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
Current PopulationDiverse Manifestations
2
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
CURRENT STATUS
105 yr
106 yr
107 yr
108 yr
109 yr
10 10G
10 11G
10 12G
10 13G
10 14G
10�3 10�2 10�1 100 101
Period (s)
10�22
10�20
10�18
10�16
10�14
10�12
10�10
Perio
dD
eriv
ativ
e
SGR/AXPBinaryRadio-IR Emission”Radio-Quiet”RRATPulsed Thermal X-raySNR
1 Young Pulsars
Double NS
Magnetars
2 Normal pulsars
4 Millisecond Pulsars
2976 pulsars in total
Made using M
att Pitkin's psrqpy package
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
CURRENT STATUS
105 yr
106 yr
107 yr
108 yr
109 yr
10 10G
10 11G
10 12G
10 13G
10 14G
10�3 10�2 10�1 100 101
Period (s)
10�22
10�20
10�18
10�16
10�14
10�12
10�10
Perio
dD
eriv
ativ
e
SGR/AXPBinaryRadio-IR Emission”Radio-Quiet”RRATPulsed Thermal X-raySNR
1 Young Pulsars
Double NS
Magnetars
2 Normal pulsars
4 Millisecond Pulsars
2976 pulsars in total
Made using M
att Pitkin's psrqpy package
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
CURRENT STATUS
105 yr
106 yr
107 yr
108 yr
109 yr
10 10G
10 11G
10 12G
10 13G
10 14G
10�3 10�2 10�1 100 101
Period (s)
10�22
10�20
10�18
10�16
10�14
10�12
10�10
Perio
dD
eriv
ativ
e
SGR/AXPBinaryRadio-IR Emission”Radio-Quiet”RRATPulsed Thermal X-raySNR
1 Young Pulsars
Double NS
Magnetars
2 Normal pulsars
4 Millisecond Pulsars
107 yr
108 yr
109 yr
10 10G
10 11G
10�3 10�2 10�1 100 101
Period (s)
10�22
10�21
10�20
10�19
10�18
10�17
Perio
dD
eriv
ativ
e
BinaryRadio-IR Emission
2976 pulsars in total
Made using M
att Pitkin's psrqpy package
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
CURRENT STATUS
105 yr
106 yr
107 yr
108 yr
109 yr
10 10G
10 11G
10 12G
10 13G
10 14G
10�3 10�2 10�1 100 101
Period (s)
10�22
10�20
10�18
10�16
10�14
10�12
10�10
Perio
dD
eriv
ativ
e
SGR/AXPBinaryRadio-IR Emission”Radio-Quiet”RRATPulsed Thermal X-raySNR
1 Young Pulsars
Double NS
Magnetars
2 Normal pulsars
4 Millisecond Pulsars
107 yr
108 yr
109 yr
10 10G
10 11G
10�3 10�2 10�1 100 101
Period (s)
10�22
10�21
10�20
10�19
10�18
10�17
Perio
dD
eriv
ativ
e
BinaryRadio-IR Emission
308 millisecond pulsars (F0>100Hz) 18 millisecond pulsars (F0>500Hz) 2 millisecond pulsars (F0>700Hz)
2976 pulsars in total
Made using M
att Pitkin's psrqpy package
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
PSR BOOM
New telescopes, new backends, new algorithms - acceleration searches
2004-03-28
2004-07-27
2005-03-11
2005-05-21
2006-01-26
2006-05-09
2007-01-09
2007-11-22
2009-05-05
2010-05-07
2011-07-23
2012-05-17
2013-03-28
2013-07-04
2013-11-04
2014-03-17
2014-11-13
2015-03-13
2015-06-29
2015-11-10
2016-11-14
2017-03-17
Time (YY-MM-DD)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
No
.o
fre
cyc
led
MSP
s More than double the MSPs!
Sky surveys: Parkes Multi-Beam led the way! GBT-drift scan and North Celestial Cap surveys; Arecibo - 327 MHz drift-scan and ALFA survey;
HTRU- Northern and Southern sky surveys
Fermi Treasure Map
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
MIRUM LECTORUM
Triple 1
Isolated 113
Binary 194
120 are in Globular Clusters, 116 Radio sources, 73 Gamma-ray sources, 51 X-ray sources
MSP MANIFESTATIONS
Diversity in MSPs (P< 10ms)
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
30%
MIRUM LECTORUM
MSP BINARIES
Black Widows
“Black Widow” pulsar,
B1957+20, Fruchter et al.(1988)
Companion Mass, <0.01-0.1 M_sun
Orbital Period, short <3.5 hrs
Orbital evolution, peculiar, spin-orbit
coupling
Known Black Widows, 40
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
30%
MIRUM LECTORUM
MSP BINARIES
Redbacks
“Redback” pulsars,
Companion Mass, 0.15-0.4 M_sun
Orbital periods, 4-15 hr
Non-deterministic orbital
variations
Almost Roche Lobe Filling, Breton et al.(2010) Known Redbacks, 22
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
MSP BINARIES
PSR J1023+0038, (1.69 ms) Archibald et al. (2009) XSS J12270−4859, (1.69 ms) Bassa et al. (2014) PSR J1824–2452I (3.9 ms) Papitto et al. (2013)
3FGL J1544-1125 (?? ms) Bogdanov & Halpern (2015)
Transitional Millisecond Pulsars
Binary SN Low Mass X-ray
Binary State
Bill Saxton; NRAO/AUI/NSF
Radio Millisecond
Pulsar State
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
MSP BINARIES
Triple MSP System
PSR J0337+1715: 365.95 HZ
Fig. : Jason Hessels
See talk by Anne Archibald
Ransom et al. 2014
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Spin frequency (Hz)
0102030405060708090
100110120
No.
ofre
cycl
edM
SPs
OUTLIERS Spin frequency Distribution
Observational bias or formation mechanism? Bassa et al 2017 - 707 Hz first galactic field MSP
Plenius et al. 2017 - 411.89 Hz
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Spin frequency (Hz)
0102030405060708090
100110120
No.
ofre
cycl
edM
SPs
OUTLIERS Spin frequency Distribution
Observational bias or formation mechanism? Bassa et al 2017 - 707 Hz first galactic field MSP
Plenius et al. 2017 - 411.89 Hz
56500 57000 57500 58000
Time(MJD)
�2
�1
0
1
2
3
⌫�
⌫ 0(1
0�7
Hz)
Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Obs. 4-7 Obs. 8-10 Obs. 11-14
Spin down extrapolatedfrom radio pulsar state
Best-fit constant spin-downin LMXB state: Full Baseline
Best-fit constant spin-downin LMXB state: Short Baseline
Current spin-frequencymeasurements in LMXB state
�10
�5
0
5
10
P�
P0
(10�
10
ms)
Jaodand et al. 2016
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
OUTLIERS
Redbacks
Image from Papitto et al. 2014, arXiv:1310.7803
Black Widows
Chen et al. 2013
PSR J2129−0429
PSR J1301+0833
Extreme Black Widows — Tidarreans: PSR J1301+0833, Companion Mass < 0.01 M_sun
Redback at bifurcation — PSR J2129−0429, Companion Mass = 0.44 M_sun , P_orb=15.2 hr
Romani et al. 2016
Bellm et al.2015
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
OUTLIERS
Antoniadis et al. 2013, Antoniadis et al. 2016
Bimodal mass distribution: With low mass (1.39 M_sun) and high mass (1.8 M_sun)
1) Precise known mass 2) Known total mass 3) Known mass ratio
PSR J0348+0432 : 2.01+/-0.04 ,M_sun
MSPS
DNS
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
Applications
3
Precise Timers & Strongly Self-Gravitating
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
PULSAR TIMING ARRAYS
LIGO-VIRGO: gravitational waves (GWs) from BBHs and BNSs (GW170817)
PTAs probe GWs in the nHz regime from: a) Cosmic strings b) Supermassive black hole merger - stochastic signal and merger
event
Sanidas et al. 2012, Jose J. Blanco-Pillado et al. 2017
Lentati et al. 2015, Verbiest et al. 2016, Mingarelli et al. 2017
Fig. : Christopher Berry
See talk by H. Middleton
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
EQUATION OF STATE
Review: Ozel and Freire 2016
Millisecond pulsar mass measurement: Fantastic timers, low orbital eccentricities
1. Pulsars in GCs - eccentricity due to interaction
2. Shapiro delay measurement
3. Spectroscopic measurement - Balmer lines
4. Stellar triples
Ransom et al. 2005, Freire et al 2008
Jacoby et al. 2005, Demorest et al. 2010
Callanan et al. 1998, Antoniadis et al. 2012
Champion et al 2008, Ransom et al. 2014
Millisecond pulsar radius measurement:
1. Spectroscopic measurement 2. Timing Measurements See talk by N.U.Bastian for more details
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
OTHER APPLICATIONS
Understanding of pulsar emission physics Galactic centre excess?
See talks by: Stellar Evolution - John Antoniadis Inter stellar medium - Caterina Tiburzi Strong field tests of gravity - Shao and Archibald
tMSPs are fantastic probes of low-level accretion onto neutron stars
Accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars Review: Patruno and Watts 2012
Jaodand, Hessels & Archiabld 2017
Accretion Physics
Bogdanov 2017
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
Future Prospects
4
New Means To Find MSPS & Holy Grails
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfinders
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfindersSKA’s large field of view, collecting area, bandwidth
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfindersSKA’s large field of view, collecting area, bandwidth
Millisecond pulsar yield : ~3000 MSPs, 1000 in globular clusters
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfindersSKA’s large field of view, collecting area, bandwidth
Millisecond pulsar yield : ~3000 MSPs, 1000 in globular clusters Kramer (2004), SKA Science, Smits et al. (2008),
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfindersSKA’s large field of view, collecting area, bandwidth
Millisecond pulsar yield : ~3000 MSPs, 1000 in globular clusters Kramer (2004), SKA Science, Smits et al. (2008),
SKA science tome (2014), Kramer and Stappers (2015)
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfindersSKA’s large field of view, collecting area, bandwidth
Millisecond pulsar yield : ~3000 MSPs, 1000 in globular clusters Kramer (2004), SKA Science, Smits et al. (2008),
SKA science tome (2014), Kramer and Stappers (2015)
Computational challenges: First we need to find PSRs
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfindersSKA’s large field of view, collecting area, bandwidth
Millisecond pulsar yield : ~3000 MSPs, 1000 in globular clusters Kramer (2004), SKA Science, Smits et al. (2008),
SKA science tome (2014), Kramer and Stappers (2015)
Computational challenges: First we need to find PSRs and then we need to time the PSRs!
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfindersSKA’s large field of view, collecting area, bandwidth
Millisecond pulsar yield : ~3000 MSPs, 1000 in globular clusters Kramer (2004), SKA Science, Smits et al. (2008),
SKA science tome (2014), Kramer and Stappers (2015)
Computational challenges: First we need to find PSRs and then we need to time the PSRs!
MachineLearning: Eatough et al (2010), Lyon et al. 2016
Fig: M. Kramer
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
INTERFEROMETRIC ERA
Higher instantaneous sensitivities for SKA, MeerKAT and pathfindersSKA’s large field of view, collecting area, bandwidth
Millisecond pulsar yield : ~3000 MSPs, 1000 in globular clusters Kramer (2004), SKA Science, Smits et al. (2008),
SKA science tome (2014), Kramer and Stappers (2015)
Computational challenges: First we need to find PSRs and then we need to time the PSRs!
MachineLearning: Eatough et al (2010), Lyon et al. 2016
Fig: M. Kramer
Astron Hackathon
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
NEW SKY SURVEYS
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
NEW SKY SURVEYS • VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) - 3 epochs of high cadence observation (4504 hr,
34000 deg2, 6 sources at SNR of 10/deg2)
• First epoch commenced in this year in Sep.
• 2-4GHz survey : Flat as well as modest spectrum sources VLASS white papers , Bhakta et al. 2017
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
NEW SKY SURVEYS • VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) - 3 epochs of high cadence observation (4504 hr,
34000 deg2, 6 sources at SNR of 10/deg2)
• First epoch commenced in this year in Sep.
• 2-4GHz survey : Flat as well as modest spectrum sources VLASS white papers , Bhakta et al. 2017
• Lofar 2M Sky Survey (LoTSS) - Shimwell et al. 2016
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
NEW SKY SURVEYS • VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) - 3 epochs of high cadence observation (4504 hr,
34000 deg2, 6 sources at SNR of 10/deg2)
• First epoch commenced in this year in Sep.
• 2-4GHz survey : Flat as well as modest spectrum sources VLASS white papers , Bhakta et al. 2017
• Lofar 2M Sky Survey (LoTSS) - Shimwell et al. 2016
• CHIME - Inaugrated this year,
• 250 deg2, 10 pulsars simultaneously, 700 pulsars a day
• Cycle through all PTA pulsars in 10 days Ng et al. 2017
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
NEW SKY SURVEYS • VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) - 3 epochs of high cadence observation (4504 hr,
34000 deg2, 6 sources at SNR of 10/deg2)
• First epoch commenced in this year in Sep.
• 2-4GHz survey : Flat as well as modest spectrum sources VLASS white papers , Bhakta et al. 2017
• Lofar 2M Sky Survey (LoTSS) - Shimwell et al. 2016
• CHIME - Inaugrated this year,
• 250 deg2, 10 pulsars simultaneously, 700 pulsars a day
• Cycle through all PTA pulsars in 10 days Ng et al. 2017
• Low-frequency surveys (<200 MHz)- LOTAAS etc. steep spectrum sources Coenen et al. 2014, Bassa et al. 2017, Plenius et al.2017
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
NEW SKY SURVEYS • VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) - 3 epochs of high cadence observation (4504 hr,
34000 deg2, 6 sources at SNR of 10/deg2)
• First epoch commenced in this year in Sep.
• 2-4GHz survey : Flat as well as modest spectrum sources VLASS white papers , Bhakta et al. 2017
• Lofar 2M Sky Survey (LoTSS) - Shimwell et al. 2016
• CHIME - Inaugrated this year,
• 250 deg2, 10 pulsars simultaneously, 700 pulsars a day
• Cycle through all PTA pulsars in 10 days Ng et al. 2017
• High frequency (>5GHz)- flat spectrum sources
• Low-frequency surveys (<200 MHz)- LOTAAS etc. steep spectrum sources Coenen et al. 2014, Bassa et al. 2017, Plenius et al.2017
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
NEW SKY SURVEYS • VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) - 3 epochs of high cadence observation (4504 hr,
34000 deg2, 6 sources at SNR of 10/deg2)
• First epoch commenced in this year in Sep.
• 2-4GHz survey : Flat as well as modest spectrum sources VLASS white papers , Bhakta et al. 2017
• Lofar 2M Sky Survey (LoTSS) - Shimwell et al. 2016
• CHIME - Inaugrated this year,
• 250 deg2, 10 pulsars simultaneously, 700 pulsars a day
• Cycle through all PTA pulsars in 10 days Ng et al. 2017
• High frequency (>5GHz)- flat spectrum sources
• Low-frequency surveys (<200 MHz)- LOTAAS etc. steep spectrum sources Coenen et al. 2014, Bassa et al. 2017, Plenius et al.2017
• NICER Gendreau and Arzoumanian, Nature Astronomy 1, (2017)
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
HOLY GRAILS
Formation Mechanisms? Specific observation strategies.
Fantastic pulsars and how to find them?
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
HOLY GRAILS
Sub-ms pulsars
Formation Mechanisms? Specific observation strategies.
Fantastic pulsars and how to find them?
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
HOLY GRAILS
Ultracompact binaries? P_orb < 1hr
Sub-ms pulsars
Formation Mechanisms? Specific observation strategies.
Fantastic pulsars and how to find them?
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
HOLY GRAILS
Ultracompact binaries? P_orb < 1hr
Sub-ms pulsars
MSP-BH systems
Formation Mechanisms? Specific observation strategies.
Fantastic pulsars and how to find them?
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
HOLY GRAILS
Ultracompact binaries? P_orb < 1hr
Massive neutrons stars : M_NS > 2.5 M_Sun ?
Sub-ms pulsars
MSP-BH systems
Formation Mechanisms? Specific observation strategies.
Fantastic pulsars and how to find them?
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
HOLY GRAILS
Ultracompact binaries? P_orb < 1hr
Massive neutrons stars : M_NS > 2.5 M_Sun ?
Sub-ms pulsars
MSP-BH systems
MSP with planets
Formation Mechanisms? Specific observation strategies.
Fantastic pulsars and how to find them?
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
SUMMARY
•Population of MSPs has nearly doubled since 2010
•We expect a new burst in MSP discoveries with new surveys such as SKA
•New discoveries lead to diversity and diversity in pulsar population translates to fantastic new probes of physics!
•Extragalactic pulsars?
•Creative use of MSPs - scintillometry -
•Open to new finds during MSP searches such as FRBs and unknowns
Amruta Jaodand11th Bonn Neutron Star Workshop
Acknowledgments
• Plots supported by Matt Pitkin's Psrqpy package
• ATNF pulsar catalogue
• P. Freire’s globular cluster catalogue
• D. Lorimer’s Galactic MSP catalogue
• A.Patruno's MSP catalogue
• Jason Hessels for guidance!
• Wonderful reviews
Amruta Jaodand: [email protected] Tweet: @amrutajaodand