mills 2012 chapter 6 metabolism: energy and enzymes read chapter 6 of textbook read enzyme activity...
TRANSCRIPT
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Mills 2012
Chapter 6Metabolism: Energy and
Enzymes
Read chapter 6 of textbookRead Enzyme Activity Lab in AP Lab Manual (#13)
Read pages 22 (chemical reactions and metabolic processes)
in CliffsAP (3rd)
Do MC questions on pg 25-28 of Cliffs – Due Sept 17Be sure you could answer the free response questions
pg 29
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Mills 2012
Chapter 6Metabolism: Energy and
Enzymes• Topics
– 6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy– 6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy
Transformations– 6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes– 6.4 Metabolic Pathways and Oxidation Reduction
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.1 Energy
• Energy = capacity to do work or bring about a change
• All living things need energy• Many kinds of energy
– Kinetic energy
• Energy of motion
• Mechanical
– Potential energy
• Stored energy
• Chemical energy
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Flow of Energy
4
solarenergy
heat
heat
heat
heat
Mechanical energy
Chemicalenergy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
sunCO2
H2O
solar energy producercarbohydrate
heat
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.1 Energy
• Two laws of thermodynamics– Law of conservation of
energy• Energy cannot be created
or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
– Second law (Entropy)• Energy cannot be
converted from one form to another without a loss of usable energy
Energy = Mass x The Velocity of Light squared
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.1 Energy
• Entropy– A measure of randomness or disorder– Things tend toward more entropy – takes
energy to keep organized
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Cells and Entropy
H+
H2O
C6H12O6
• more organized• more potential energy• less stable (entropy)
a.
Carbon dioxideand water
• less organized• less potential energy• more stable (entropy)
CO2
kineticenergy
channel protein
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H+
H+
H+
Unequal distributionof hydrogen ions
Equal distributionof hydrogen ions
• more organized• more potential energy
b.• less stable (entropy)
• less organized• less potential energy• more stable (entropy)
Glucose
H+
H+
H+H+
H+
H+
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.1 Energy
• Whole ecosystem also follows these rules– Ultimately all energy
ends up as heat, which is very random energy (high entropy)
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy
Transformations• Metabolism = sum of all reactions that go on in body
– Free energy • = amount of energy (G) that is still available (free) to do work after a
chemical reaction has occurred. (change in energy is designated delta G)• If delta G is negative it means the products have less energy than the
reactants did. And the reaction will occur spontaneously– Exergonic – give off energy
• Delta G is negative• ATP ADP +P + free Energy
– Endergonic – need energy• Delta G is positive – products have more free energy than reactants.• Free Energy + Reactants Products
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy
Transformations
• Coupled reactions– Many reactions in body are coupled
• One gives off energy and the other uses it
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations
• ATP; energy for Cells– Adenosine triphosphate is
a common source of stored energy for cells
– Provides energy for:• Chemical work –
synthesizing macromolecules
• Transport work – pumps substances across membranes
• Mechanical work – muscle contractions, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton
– Energy stored in third phosphate bond
ATP is a nucleotide
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Coupled Reactions
12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 2 3
P
Myosin assumes itsresting shape whenIt combines with ATP.
ATP splits into ADPand p , causingmyosin to change itsshape and allowing itto attach to actin.
Release of ADP andp cause myosin toagain change shapeand pull against actin,generating force andmotion.
ADPmyosin
actin
ATP
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Metabolic pathways– Series of consecutive reactions– Each step catalyzed by an enzyme
• Enzymes (organic catalysts) are made of proteins• Lower the activation energy
– Substance enzyme reacts with is called a substrate
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Importance of Enzymes– Enzymes are needed for most chemical reactions to
occur in living cells, lower activation energy• Such as getting “energy” from sugars
– We would die without enzymes– Enzyme acts on a substrate– Enzyme names often end in “ase”– Enzymes are organic (usually globular proteins)
catalysts• Speed up a reaction without being used up themselves
– Can speed up a reaction by as much as a million times
Starch degradation by enzyme amylase animation ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\starch degrade animation.dir
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• How Enzymes Work– Enzymes have active sites
• Enzyme-substrate complex
– Bind to specific spot on substrate
– Can put substrates together or break them apart
– Two theories to explain how• Lock and key• Induced fit
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Fit together like a lock and key
Hydrogen proxide
catalase
Water and oxygen
catalase
Degradation
Synthesis
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Induced fit– Once enzyme substrate complex has formed,
enzyme changes shape slightly for a better fit
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Factors affecting ezymatic speed– Many factors can affect
enzyme action• Substrate concentration• Temperature• pH• Enzyme concentration• Enzyme inhibition• Enzyme co-factors
– Affect only the rate of the reaction, not the amount of end products
– Only very small amounts of enzyme are needed to catalyze reactions
The enzyme catalase (present in our liver) can break up 5 Million molecules of hydrogen peroxide in one minute (at Oo C = 32o F).
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Read Lab 2 – Enzyme Catalysis– Oct 14th lab – in your AP Lab Manual pg
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Temperature• Generally higher temp
increases rate of reaction
• In living tissues, don’t want high temp
• Enzymes work best at optimal temp
– Usually the normal temp of the cell they are in
• If temp too high enzymes are denatured
– Boiled egg
What is optimal temp for this enzyme in Fahrenheit degrees?
Formula: oF = (9/5) oC + 32
oF = (9/5) o42 + 32 = 107.6oF
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Enzyme and substrate concentrations– Increasing the amount of substrate or enzyme will
increase the reaction rate, but only up to a maximum point
Start
Fixed amount of substrate-add more and more enzyme.
Maximum point – adding more enzyme will not increase rate any more.
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
Start
Fixed amount of enzyme- add more and more substrate.
Maximum point – adding more substrate will not increase rate any more.
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• pH– Enzymes also have an
optimal pH at which they work best
• Optimal pH for pepsin?• Where might you find
it?• Optimal pH of trypsin?
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Enzyme inhibition– Competitive
inhibition• Molecule binds and
blocks active site
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Enzyme inhibition– Non-competitive
inhibition• Molecule does not
bind to active site, binds to allosteric site
• Feedback inhibition (see next slide) works this way
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Feedback Inhibition– Many biological systems (metabolic
pathways)work this way
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
• Enzyme cofactors– Some enzymes are not made
entirely of protein, contain other substances that help them function
• These are substances are called cofactors
– Can be inorganic (such as minerals Cu, Zn, Fe) or ,
– Can be organic- called coenzymes organic –non protein (such as vitamins)
– Some vitamins are coenzymes• Humans cannot synthesize most
vitamins, so need to take in diet
– Help enzyme perform it’s function
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
• Oxidation and Reduction– Occur together = redox– Oxidation = loss of electrons
• In living systems H often accompanies the electron (usually as e- + H+)
• So usually means loss of hydrogen atom
– Reduction = gain of electrons• In living systems H often accompanies the electron (usually as e-
+ H+)• So usually means gain of hydrogen atom
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
• Two energy capturing pathways that use redox reactions (we will look at in the next two chapters)
– Photosynthesis – Ch 7– Cell respiration – Ch 8
• Both systems make use of an electron transport system and produce ATP
• We will look closer at these systems in chapters 7 and 8.
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
• Photosynthesis overview– Takes energy from the sun and converts it
into chemical energy– Equation Summarizing Photosynthesis
• 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
Light
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.4 Metabolic Pathways and Oxidation
Reduction
• Photosynthesis overview– Many reactions involved– At one point, a coenzyme called NADP+, is
used to carry electrons from one place to another – usually to the ETS
NADP+ + 2e- + H+ NADPH
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
• Cell Respiration Overview– Takes energy from glucose and makes ATP– Equation summarizing cell respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 6CO2 + 12H2O + 36 ATP + heat
– Uses coenzyme NAD to carry electrons to ETS• NAD+ (is reduced) + 2e- + 2H+ NADH + H+
Oxidation
Reduction
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
• Electron Transport System Overview– Series of carrier
molecules that pass electrons along
– Electrons lose a little bit of energy each time passed
– Carriers are oxidized and reduced
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
Will discuss in more detail later
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes6.4 6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
• ATP Production Overview– Uses energy from ETS– ETS located within membranes of
mitochondria and chloroplasts– Process called chemiosmosis
• ETS deposits H on one side of the membrane• H flow down electrochemical gradient through
ATP synthase complex• Flowing through the complex provides the
energy to add a P to ADP ATP
Animations from http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/metabolism/cellresp/etsch.html
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
Peter Mitchell
1978 Nobel Prize
Chemiosmosis Theory
Chemiosmosis blah, blah blah, blah blah, blah blah,
blah blah, blah…..
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Mills 2012
ATP synthesis and the electron transport chain animation
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Mills 2012
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 6.4 Organelles and the Flow of Energy
• Chemiosmosis website animation– From: http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/plan
ts/chemios.htm
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The End
Read Connecting the Concepts with the Big Ideas pg 115