mills biology 2002 chapter 4 cell structure and function assignments read chapter 4 in textbook read...
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Mills Biology 2002
Chapter 4 Cell Structure and FunctionAssignments
• Read Chapter 4 in textbook• Read appropriate pages in CliffsAP
Mills Biology 2002
Chapter 4 Cell Structure and FunctionCell Trivia
• How many cells do we have in our bodies?– 75 trillion = 75 X 1012 !!! That’s a lot
• 75,000,000,000,000• Vary in size (um = 1/1000 mm)
– human egg cell 140 um– RBC 7.5 um– smooth muscle cell 20-500 um
• RBC’s made at a rate of about 1.2-2.5 million/sec. - 1/2 ton in a lifetime, produce about 1 oz. of new blood daily
• Entire stomach lining replaced every 3 days
Mills Biology 2002
Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
• Class periods:1-2• Topics
– 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
– 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells– 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization What is the Cell?
• Development of the cell theory
• Cell size • Two basic cell
types
Mills Biology 2002
What does this have to do with the cell theory?
Mediterranean Oak Tree
Mills Biology 2002
What is the Cell?Development of the cell theory
1600’s
Hooke - England
Leeuwenhoek - Holland
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
A Screw for adjusting height
B metal plate-body of scope
C Skewer to impale object and rotate it
D Spherical lens
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory
• 1800’s– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor Schwann– Johannes Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin
*Just know that they were involved with developing the “cell
theory”
Worked like Leeuwenhoeks, but could “load” 8 specimen.
Mills Biology 2002
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory
• 1800’s– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor Schwann– Johannes Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin
All living things are made of
cells.
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory
• 1800’s– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor Schwann– Johannes Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin
• Found same dense round body in plant cells as had been seen in animal cells.
• Gave it a name. What was it?– nucleus
Mills Biology 2002
• 1800’s– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor Schwann– Johannes Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theoryAll plants are made of cells!
Mills Biology 2002
• 1800’s– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor
Schwann– Johannes Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory
Animals are made of cells too!
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory• 1800’s
– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor Schwann– Johannes
Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin Proposed unique
nature of fingerprints.
• Named the jellylike substance that filled cells. What did he name it?– protoplasm
Mills Biology 2002
• 1800’s– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor Schwann– Johannes Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory
All cells arise ONLY from
preexisting cells.
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory • 1800’s
– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor Schwann– Johannes Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin
• Proposed that protoplasm was found in cells of all types of organisms.
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory• 1800’s
– Henry Dutrochet– Robert Brown– Matthies Schleiden– Theodor Schwann– Johannes Purkinje– Rudolph Virchow– Max Schultz– Felix Dujardin
• Saw one celled organisms
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory
• What is the cell theory?– All organisms are made of one or more
cells.– Cells are the structural and functional units
of all organisms.– All cells come from pre-existing cells by self
reproduction.
– Took many years to gather this knowledge.
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the
cell theory
Rabbit intestinal
cells.
Corn leaf cells.
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
– Cells usually organized one of two ways:
• Unicellular and colonial organisms• Multicellular organisms
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Unicellular and Colonial Organisms• Can carry on all life
processes• Include bacteria,
protozoa, many algae, some fungi
• Can exist as:– Single one celled entity– Simple colonies
• Organisms just “hang out” together
– Complex colonies• Organisms are
interconnected and communicate
Simple colonies
Bacteria
Complex colonies
Green algae-VolvoxSingle entity - Amoeba
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Multicellular Organisms• Hundreds to billions of cells• Specialized cells, cannot function independently
– Cells organized into tissues– Tissues organized into organs– Organs organized into organ systems
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of OrganizationTypes of Tissue
• Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle Tissue
Epithelial cells of GI tract Simple squamous epithelium lining alveoli of lungs.
Adipose (fat) tissue and bone, types of connective tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous tissue-neuron in gray matter of brain
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Cell Size
Cube shape
Surface area =area of one side X the number of sides
Volume=length x width x height
• Prokaryotes 1-10 micrometers/Eukaryotes 10-100 micrometers (micrometer = 10-6 meters= 1/1000th of a meter)
• Significance of cell surface area to volume ratio
Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for a cube that is 1mm on each side.
Do the same calculation for a cube that is 3mm on each side.
Which cell would have the advantage? Why?
Calculations:
S.A. = 1mm x 1mm = 1mm2 x 6 sides = 6mm2
Volume = 1mm x1 mm x 1mm = 1mm3
Surface area/Volume ratio = 6:1
S.A. = 3mm x 3mm x 6 sides = 54mm2
Volume = 3mm x 3mm x 3mm = 27mm3
Surface area/Volume Ratio = 54:27 = 2:1
Mills Biology 2002
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Two basic cell types• Name the two basic
cells types.• What is the
difference between them?
• What is the same?
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Two basic cell types
• What type is this?
• What type are these?
First 3 billion years of life on earth – only prokaryotes. Eukaryotes only around for about 1.5 billion years.
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Mills Biology 2002
4.2 Bacterial Cells• Prokaryotic – no nucleus
– Pro=before– Karyon=kernel
• Cell wall– Peptidoglycan– Sometimes surrounded by a
capsule and/or a slime layer
• Cytoplasm– Contains some organelles
• Nucleoid (not a membrane bound nucleus)
– Usually one loop of DNA– May also have smaller
accessory rings called plasmids
• Ribosomes• Photosynthetic bacteria have
thylakoids
• Flagella
Prokaryotic E.coli Movie 35 sec.Hard drive ..\..\Biology Clipart and sounds\Biology movies and animations\prokaryotic cell e coli movie.mov
Mills Biology 2002
4.2 Bacterial Cells
• Phtosynthetic bacteria– Cyanobacterium
(previously called blue-green algae)
Mills Biology 2002
These are cells from inside your body.
Which are prokaryotic?
E. Coli (stained green)
Which are eukaryotic?
White blood cell (stained red)
Mills Biology 2002
4.2 Bacterial CellsSummary
• Prokaryotic cells have three consistent features
Outer boundary Cell wallPlasma membrane
Cytoplasm RibosomesThylakoids (photosynthetic)
Nucleoid Innumerable enzymesChromosome (loop of DNA)
Mills Biology 2002
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
• Cell walls• Cell membrane• Nucleus• Cytoplasm• Origins of
eukaryotic cells
• Good http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Walls
• Plants (and bacterial) cells have cell walls
• Animal cells do not have cell walls• Fairly rigid-gives shape and support• Outside of cell(plasma) membrane• Holes in it, substances can pass through
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Walls
Plant cell
Animal cell
(no cell wall)
Plant cell wall made of cellulose. Bacterial cell wall made of peptidoglycans.
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Walls
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane
• Also called plasma membrane• Present in prokaryotes, and eukaryotes• Separates what’s inside the cell from what’s
outside• Selectively permeable - allows things to pass
into and out of the cell-this is vital feature• Very important for maintaining homeostasis
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane
What compounds make up the cell
wall?
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane
Will look at more closely in next chapter
Transport proteins
Receptor proteins
Enzymatic/catalytic proteins
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
• Typical cell is fluid filled and membrane bound
• Fluid inside cell = cytoplasm
• Structures within cytoplasm = organelles
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Nucleus
• Nucleus is largest organelle
• Membrane bound-nuclear membrane – double layer
• Controls cell-without it, cell dies
• Contains nucleolus or nucleoli – center for ribosome production
• Contain DNA = chromatin = chromosomes
Prokaryote-no membrane bound nucleus, but has
nucleoid.
Mills Biology 2002
Cell StructureThe Nucleus
Mills Biology 2002
What do you see?
Liver cell nucleus(center of picture) TEM x 20,720 . Mitochondria red, ribosomes blue, ER green, nucleolus purple. David Kunkel
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm
• Fluid substance inside cell
• Surrounds nucleus and other organelles
• Many chemicals dissolved in it, chemical reactions can take place in it.
• Contains cytoskeleton that keeps cell organized
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Ribosomes– Composed of rRNA and
protein– Several thousand to a
million per cell.– Found on rough ER
(proteins for export)and free(proteins for use within cell) in cytoplasm
– Function: protein synthesis– Can produce proteins at a
rate of 2 aa/sec in eukaryotes and 20aa/sec in prokaryotes
– Prokaryotic ribosomes vary from eukaryotic and are similar to ribosomes found in mito and chloroplasts
Mills Biology 2002
Can you name these?
Ribosomes and polyribosomes in the cytoplasm of a liver cell. TEM x 173,400 . David Kunkel
Mills Biology 2002
Ribosomes made in the nucleus under the direction of DNA. Made up of protein and rRNA.
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum– Transport system for
molecules in cell– Extensive network of
interconnected, fluid filled tubes and cavities
– Two types: • rough• smooth
Rough ERcoated with ribosomes
•protein synthesis
Smooth ERno ribosomes
•lipids , steroids and fatty acid synthesis
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Mills Biology 2002
Rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes TEM x 61,560. David Kunkel
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Golgi Bodies– Refines, packages
and delivers proteins and lipids
– stack of flattened sacks called cisternae
– receives proteins from ER
Mills Biology 2002
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Lysosomes– Garbage disposals– Vesicle containing digestive
enzymes (acid hydrolases)– Produced by Golgi
apparatus– over 40 types of enzymes– Function to:
• digest bacteria, viruses, toxins
• degrade worn out cell parts• break down non useful fetal
tissue – no longer thought true (programmed cell death instead)
– Lysosomal storage diseases• Tay Sachs Disease
Tay Sachs Disease–Autosomal recessive, neurologic disorder, lipids build up on nerve cells, 1 out of 27 Jews in America carry gene, there is a test for carriers
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Peroxisomes– Membrane bound vesicle– Contain enzymes that can
oxidize small organic compounds, resulting in production of hydrogen peroxide
– Hydrogen peroxide broken down into oxygen and water by enzyme, catalase, also produced by peroxisome
– Common in liver and kidney cells
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Vacuoles– Membrane bound– Bigger than
vesicles– Store things
• food,water,pigments, toxic substances
– Contractile vacuoles
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Vacuoles – contractile water vacuole
Paramecium contractile vacuole
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Summary – Organelles of the endomembrane system– Nuclear envelope– Edoplasmic reticulum– Golgi apparatus– Lysosomes– Peroxisomes– Vacuoles
Flight through an Animal Cell Animation 39 sec.Hard drive ..\..\Biology Clipart and sounds\Biology movies and animations\animal cell journey movie.mov
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Mitochondria– “Powerhouse” of cell– Oval shaped, with
cristae– Produce ATP-cell
respiration– Cells that use more
energy have more– Can self replicate, have
own DNA– From mother– Originally thought to
be an invading bacteria
Mills Biology 2002
Mills Biology 2002
Mitochondria animationHard drive
..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\mitochondria video animation.mov
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Plastids– Found only in photosynthetic eukaryotic
organisms – not in fungi or animals– Two types
• Leukoplasts– Colorless – store things, like starch in a potato
» amyloplast• Chromoplasts
– Contain pigments – give color– Chloroplasts most important chromoplast
» Contain green pigment chlorophyll» Contain own DNA (like mitochondria)
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles
chlorophyll is here.
Leukoplast
ChromoplastMost familiar one is a
chloroplast
Mills Biology 2002
Plant cell TEMx 7260. Plastids yellow. Mitochondria red.David Kunkel
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Cytoskeleton– Supports and organizes– Contains three types of
elements• Microfilaments (actin
filaments)• Intermediate tubules• Microtubules
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Microfilaments– Long, thin rods of actin– Interact with motor
molecules, myosin– Structural and mobility
• Under plasma membrane
• In microvilli• Allow formation of
pseudopods• Aid cytokinesis
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Intermediate filaments– Ropelike polypeptide– Support cell and nuclear
membranes– Help in formation of cell
to cell junctions– Give mechanical
strength to skin (keratin)– Can assemble and
disassemble as needed
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Microtubules– Made of globular protein,
tubulin– Assembled in the
microtubule organizing center (MTOC), which in eukaryotic cells is a structure called the centrosome
– stiffer, help maintain shape– Dynamic, assemble and
disassemble– help move organelles within
cells– With help of motor
molecules kenesin and dynein
– Component of centriole, cilia and flagella
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Centrioles– Composed of microtubules– Near Golgi and nucleus– Non membranous– Most cells have 2 that lay at
right angles to each other – Centrioles made of nine
microtubule triplets• 9 + 0 pattern of
microtubules (9 triplets and zero central microtubules)
– Function to separate chromosomes during mitosis
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Cilia– large numbers on free
surfaces of some cells– tiny, hairlike, attached
to basal body– arranged in rows– “to and fro” motion– respiratory tract and
digestive tracts of animals
– propel other substances along cell
• Flagella– longer– usually only one per
cell– undulating, wavelike
motion propels the cell
– sperm, one celled organismBoth arise from basal body.
Both have 9 +2 microtubule pattern.(9 doublets arranged around 2 central
microtubules.)
Both made of of microtubules.
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
CILIA
Basal body has 9 triplets arranged in a circle – same as centrioles. May arise from
centrioles
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
CILIA
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
FLAGELLA on sperm cells
Mills Biology 2002
What is it?
Cilia cross section TEM x 199,500. Notice 9,2 arrangement. David Kunkel
Mills Biology 2002Flagella and Cilia Animation..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\flagellum and cilia movie.swf
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell
• Endosymbiotic theory– Endosymbiosis
• One cell lives inside another to the mutual benefit of both.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have been bacteria that entered cell.
Mills Biology 2002
Mills Biology 2002
The End
Read Connecting the Concepts pg 81