mindfulness and attachment style: & the explanatory role of emotion regulation crystal pearce,...
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Mindfulness and Attachment
Style: &
The Explanatory Role of
Emotion Regulation
Crystal Pearce, William Lovegrove, Steven Roodenrys
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Overview
Definitions of terms
Study background
The current study
Implications
Future Directions
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Definitions of Terms
Mindfulness (Kabat-Zinn, 1994)
The state of being attentive to and aware of present experiences in a non-judgmental way.
FFMQ (Baer et al., 2006):• observing • describing• acting w awareness• non-judging• non-reactivity
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Attachment A child’s earliest relationship with their primary caregiver
creates the template that shapes expectations for future relationships (Bowlby,1998; Siegel and Hartzell, 2003).
ATTACHMENT STYLES
SECURE ATTACHMENT
• INSECURE ATTACHMENT
ANXOUS
• INSECURE ATTACHMENT
AVOIDANT
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Emotion Regulation
The extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory processes responsible for managing positive and negative emotions toward goal accomplishment (Thomson, 1994).
Gross (1998) Model
• Antecedent focussed
Cognitive Reapprais
al
• Response focussed
Suppressive
Expression
EMOTION REGULATIO
N
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Mindful Coping Model (Garland, Gaylord & Park, 2009) Metacognitive mode of mindfulness allows one to shift from
stress appraisals to positive reappraisals. Decentering: Thoughts are transient events, not reality.
Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation
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Why Attachment Styles?
Low mindfulness <-> Insecure attachment
High mindfulness <-> Secure attachment
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Attachment and processes of mindfulness may be bi-directionally related (Siegel, 2007):
1. Secure attachment -> greater capacity for mindfulness
2. Mindfulness training -> secure attachment
The Current Study
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Study AimsStudy 1- Cross-section: Are they related?1. Aims to replicate previous findings that dispositional mindfulness will correlate with attachment style in non-meditators.
Study 2 - Pre-post Intervention: Did they change? How?1. Aims to investigate whether an 8-week MBSR course can facilitate secure attachment within interpersonal relationships.2. To Investigate the role emotion regulation strategies play in mindfulness.3.To test the Mindful Coping Model (Garland, Gaylord & Park, 2009) that proposes positive reappraisal will increase as a mechanism of change in mindfulness. 4.Based on this model, determine whether a change in attachment style is mediated by positive reappraisal.
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Pre-Post Hypotheses
Path Diagram of proposed mediation model
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The Current Study
STUDY1: Cross-sectional analyses in University students
STUDY 2: Pre- post study in the general population :
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program Control group (regular exercisers)
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Method Study 1 Study 2 MBSR CONTROL
Pre-test survey N=75
8-week MBSR Program
Post-test surveyN=16
Pre-test survey N=62
8 weeks of regular exercise
Post-test surveyN=22
240 University Students-
Survey responses
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Measures Mindfulness = FFMQ e.g. Non-reactivity“I perceive my feelings and emotions without having to react to them.”
Emotion Regulation = ERQ e.g. Positive Reappraisal“When I want to feel more positive emotion (such as joy or amusement), I change what I’m thinking about.”
Attachment Style = ECR-RS e.g. Anxious attachment“I often worry that this person doesn't really care for me.”
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Results & Discussion Study 1
There was a significant positive association between dispositional mindfulness and anxious attachment at p< .01, but there was no significant relationship with avoidant attachment.
There was a significant negative relationship between mindfulness and reappraisal r= -.340, sig<.001. (not supporting the Mindful Coping Model)
There was a significant positive relationship between mindfulness and suppression r= .285, sig<.001.
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Cont.
Correlations on pre-test MBSR group, N=75 and pre-test control group, N=62 indicated the same significant pattern of relationships between mindfulness, reappraisal and suppression.
REAPPRAISAL correlated negatively with all four subscales of FFMQ but ‘acting with awareness’.
SUPPRESSION correlated positively with all four scales of the FFMQ but ‘non-reactivity’.
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Cont.
FFMQ Mindfulness
Reappraisal
Anxious Attachment
Anxious Attachment
Suppression
FFMQ Mindfulness
-0.14**
0.11**
0.08**
0.12**
** Sig< 0.01
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Study 2
MBSR N: Pre = 75 : Post = 16 Control N: Pre 62 : Post = 22
Pre-test Correlations: No relationship between mindfulness and attachment styles
Suppression + Mindfulness Reappraisal - Mindfulness
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Pre Post10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Group Mean Pre-post Values of Reappraisal
MBSRControl
Mean R
eappra
isal Score
s
2(control, MBSR) X 2(time1, time2) mixed model ANOVAS were conducted to compare effects of time and group on the key variables.
No significant changes in variable scores in the control group between Pre- and Post- testing
Pre Post110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
Group Mean Pre-Post values of Mindfulness
MBSRControl
Mean F
MQ
score
s
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Aims/Hypotheses SupportedStudy 1: To replicate previous findings; hypothesising that mindfulness will correlate with attachment style in non-meditators.
Unexpected correlation between mindfulness and anxious attachment in student population.
Study 2 : 1. An MBSR course will facilitate a secure attachment style within interpersonal relationships.
Decrease in anxious attachment but not significant.
2. To Investigate the role emotion regulation strategies play in mindfulness.
Suppression correlated positively with mindfulness.Reappraisal correlated negatively with mindfulness.(In 3 population samples) ✔
3. To test the Mindful Coping Model (Garland, Gaylord & Park, 2009), hypothesising that positive reappraisal will increase as a mechanism of change in mindfulness.
Reappraisal did not increase with mindfulness training as suggested by this model. The model was unsupported as Reappraisal significantly decreased.
4. Based on this model, determine whether a change in attachment style is mediated by positive reappraisal.
No significant change in attachment style to assess mediating relationships.
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Implications Within this study, the Mindful Coping Model (2009) is
unsupported: Results indicate reappraisal decreases with mindfulness training rather than increases.
Consistent pattern across populations show that reappraisal goes down with increased mindfulness, and expressive suppression plays a role in mindfulness.
There were no changes in attachment styles, although as such patterns of behaviour have been reinforced since infancy, 8-weeks may not be enough to effectively change attachment styles
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LimitationsOverall: Over-reliance on self-report measures Time restrictions of participants, and use of the
population by concurrent researchers meant selecting small measures.
Study 2: Low response & high attrition Lack of additional measures. Self-selected groups
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Future Directions
Further exploration of the relationship between suppression, reappraisal and mindfulness.
Results did not support the Mindful Coping Model, however a much larger sample size should be used in future research on the model.
To investigate attachment correlations and changes with mindfulness training, a larger sample size is necessary. Follow-up analyses will be beneficial to examine long-term effects of mindfulness on attachment style to determine a change.
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Correlation Matrix