Mineral BookMineral Book

(Name)Earth Science

(Period)

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Table of Contents

Pennsylvania’s Common Minerals

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Almandine

The mineral Almandine, sometimes know as almandite, is an iron aluminum silicate. Almandine is most often found in its granular form in both metamorphic and pegmatitic rock. It’s crystal form can vary from being isometric to hexoctaheral. Almandine is a non-flourescent mineral with a luster that varies between vitreous and resinous. Almandine in its coarse form is often crushed and used as an abrasive agent. Notable almandine deposits can be found in Sri Lanka, the north territory of Australia, and Alaska.

Above: This is an enlarged image of almandine crystals.Below: This is a picture of the almandine sample from the

Pennsylvania.

Almandine

Above : This sample of Almandine was obtained from a pegmatite quarry in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is an image of the Isometric-Hexoctahedral structure of Almandine

AlmandineChemical Formula

Fe3Al2(SiO4)3

ColorBrown to Brownish Red, Reds, & Black to Red Black

Streak White

Hardness 7 - 8

Crystal Form Isometric - Hexoctahedral

Luster Vitreous-Resinous

Fracture Conchoidal

Group Silicates

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Analcime

Analcime,also know as analcite, analcidite, and analzim, is a hydrated sodium aluminum silicated. It gets its name from the Greek word meaning weak which refers to its electrical charge. Analcime belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 5 – 5.5. It appears with a vitreous luster and in white shades with grays, greens, yellows, and reds mixed in. Analcime always produces a white streak. Analcime is fluorescent and glows green, blue, white, creamy white, and yellow. Some notable deposit locations are Mt. St. Halaire in Quebec, Iceland, Oregon, New Jersey, Nova Scotia, and Switzerland. Analcime is often used in chemical filters.

Above: This is a sample of analcime on fluorapophyeite that was obtained from an iron mine in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is a model of the triclinc- pedial crystal system exhibted by analcime.

Analcime

Above: This is a picture of yellowish analcime.Below: This is another picture of Analcime from Pennsylvania.

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Analcime

Chemical Formula

NaAl(Si2O6) * H2O

Color

White, grayish white, greenish white, yellowish white, reddish white

Streak White

Hardness 5 – 5.5

Crystal Form

Triclinic – pedial

Luster Vitreous

FractureConchoidal

Group Silicates

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Aragonite

Aragonite, considered to be the cousin of calcite, is calcium carbonate. It gets its name from its concentrated locations in Aragon, Spain. Aragonite belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3.5 -4. It appears with a vitreous to dull luster. It is often white to colorless with hints of red, yellow, orange, brown, green, and blue. Aragonite also produced a white steak. Aragonite is fluorescent and it also reacts to acid. Some notable deposit locations are Aragon, Spain; France; Sicily; and in the Southwestern region of the United States. Aragonite is a minor constituent of limestone which is used in cement and steel productions.

Above: This is an image of Aragonite it is colorless form.Below: This is a picture of Aragonite found in a limestone

quarry in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.

Aragonite

Above: This is another picture of the aragonite found in Pennsylvania.

Below: This is a image of the Orthorhombic – Dipyramidal crystal form exhibited by aragonite.

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Aragonite

Chemical Formula

CaCO3

Color

White to colorless with hints of red, yellow, orange, brown, green and blue

Streak White

Hardness 3.5 -4

Crystal Form

Orthorhombic - Dipyramidal

Luster Vitreous – Dull

CleavagePinacoidal

Group Carbonates

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Azurite

Above: This is a picture of an azurite sample found in Pennsylvania.Below: This is a picture of azuite mixed in with a bit of malachite,.

Azurite, also know as chessylite, is a copper carbonate hydroxide. It gets its name from it’s the Arabic word for blue, azure. Azuret belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3.5 -4. It appears with a vitreous to dull luster. It is blue in color and it also produced a blue or light blue streak. Azurite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico, Congo, Morocco, Australia, and throughout Europe. Azurite is considered the cousin of malachite. It is often used in ornamental stone, jewelry, or as a pigment.

Azurite

Above: This is an image of the monclinc – prismatic crystal form of azurite;

Below: This is another image of and azurite sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Azurite

Chemical Formula

Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2

Color Azure Blue

Streak Blue – Light Blue

Hardness 3.5 -4

Crystal Form

Monoclinic – Prismatic

Luster Vitreous – Dull

FractureConcoidal

Group Carbonates

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Beryl

Above: This is a picture of beryl found in a feldspar mine in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is an image of Beryl in its red to pink form.

Beryl, also known as aquamarine, emerald, goshenite, heliodor, or morganite, is a beryllium aluminum silicate. It gets its name from the Greek word “beryllos” which means precious blue-green color of the sea. Beryl belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 7.5 - 8. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is often emerald green, blue green, blue, yellow, greenish-gold, red, or pink in color. Beryl can also be colorless It produces a white steak. Beryl is non fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Colombia, Africa, Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, and California. Beryl is commonly used in gem stones.

Beryl

Above: This image shows the hexagonal – dihexagona dipyramidal crystal form of beryl.

Below: This is another image of the beryl sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Beryl

Chemical Formula

Be3Al2(SiO3)6

Color

Emerald green, blue, blue green, yellow, greenish gold, red, pink, and colorless

Streak White

Hardness 7.5 – 8

Crystal Form

Hexagonal – Dihexagonal Dipryamidal

Luster Vitreous – Dull

CleavageBasal

Group Carbonates

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Calcite

Above: This is a picture of a calcite sample found in a limestone mine in York County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is a picture of calcite with a hint of brown in it.

Calcite, also know as glendonite, mangonocalcite, nicols, or travertine, is a calcium carbonate. It gets its name from the Greek word “chalix” which means lime. Calcite belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3. It appears with a vitreous to resinous to dull luster. It is often white to colorless but can have light shades of yellow, orange, blue pink, red, brown, green, black and gray. It produces a white steak. Calcite is fluorescent, phosphorescent, thermoluminescent, and triboluminescen. It also reacts with hydrochloric acid. Some notable deposit locations are Ohio, Illinois, New Jersey, Missouri, Wisconsin, Kansas, Oklahoma, Mexico, England, and Africa. Calcite is used in cement, lime, limestone. It is also used in the glass industry and chemical processes.

Calcite

Above: This is an image of calcite’s triclinic –hexagonal scalenohedral structure.

Below: This is a close up of a calcite sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Calcite

Chemical Formula

CaCO3

Color

White to colorless, light shades of yellow, orange, blue, pink, red, brown, green, black, and gray

Streak White

Hardness 3

Crystal Form

Triclinic - Hexagonal Scalenohedral

Luster Vitreous – Resinous - Dull

CleavageRhombohedral

Group Carbonates

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Celestine

Above: This is a picture of a celestine sample found in in a limestone quarry in Pennsylvania.

Below: This is an image of celestine in its colorless form.

Celestine, also known as celestite, is a strontium sulfate. It gets its name from the Latin word “coelestis” which means celestial. Celestine belongs to the sulfates group and has a hardness of 3 – 3.5. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is often blue to colorless but can appear yellow with tints of red, green, and brown. It produces a white steak. Celestine is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are the Lake Erie region of Ohio, Michigan, New York, Madagascar, Sicily, and Germany. Celestine is used as an ore of strontium.

Celestine

Above: This is an image of celestine’s orthorhombic- dipyramidal crystal form.

Below: This is another picture of a celestine sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Celestine

Chemical Formula

Sr(SO4)

ColorBlue, colorless, yellow with tints of red, green, and brown.

Streak White

Hardness 3 -3.5

Crystal Form

Orthorhombic – Dipyramidal

Luster Vitreous

Cleavage Basal

Group Sulfates

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Clinochlore

Above: This is a picture of clinochlore found in a serpentine quarry in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is an image of clinochlore in its green state.

Clinochlore, also known as colerainite, maufite, pennine, or ripidolite, is a magnesium iron aluminum silicate hydroxide. It gets its name from the Greek words “klino” which means oblique and “chloros” meaning green. Clinochlore belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 2 -2.5. It appears with a vitreous to pearly luster. It is green, red, brown, tan, yellow, and white in color. It produces a greenish white to white steak. Clinochlore is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Chester County, Pa; New York; Arizona; and throughout Europe. Clinochlore is basically used as mineral specimens.

Clinochlore

Above: This is an image of the monoclinic – prismatic crystal form of clinochlore.

Below: This is another picture of a clinochlore sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Clinochlore

Chemical Formula

(Mg, Fe, Al)6(Si, Al)4O10(OH)8

ColorGreen, red, brown, tan, yellow, and white

Streak Greenish white- white

Hardness 2 -2.5

Crystal Form

Monoclinic - Prismatic

Luster Vitreous

CleavageBasal

Group Sulfates

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Dolomite

Above: This picture shows a sample of Dolomite found in a limestone quarry in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This image show a triclinic sample of dolomite.

Dolomite, is a calcium magnesium carbonate. It gets its name from the French mineralist, Deodat do Dolomieu. Dolomite belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3.5 - 4. It appears with a vitreous to pearly to dull luster. It is pink, white, yellow, gray, black, brown or colorless. It produces a white steak. Dolomite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are the Midwest quarries of the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Spain, and Mexico. Dolomite is used in cements and as a source of magnesium.

Dolomite

Above: This image shows dolomite’s triclinic – rhombohedral crystal system.

Below: This is another picture of a dolomite sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Dolomite

Chemical Formula

CaMg(CO3)2

ColorPink, yellow, gray, black, brown, white, colorless

Streak White

Hardness 3.5 - 4

Crystal Form

Triclinic – Rhombohedral

Luster Pearly – Vitreous – Dull

CleavageRhomboherdal

Group Carbonates

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Goethite

Above: This is a picture of goethite found in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is another image of goethite.

Goethite, also known as limonite or needle iron stone, is a hydrated iron oxide. It is named after the German poet, J.W. Goethe. Goethite belongs to both the oxides group and the hydroxides group. It has a hardness of 5 -5.5. It appears to have an earthy to dull luster in massive forms and a metallic luster in crystals. It is yellow, brown, red, or black in color. It produces a brown or brownish yellow to orange yellow steak. Goethite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are England, Mexico, and the Lake Superior region. Goethite is used as a pigment and an ore of iron.

Goethite

Above: This image shows the orthorhombic – dipyramidal structure of goethite.

Below: This is another picture of goethite found in Pennsylvania.

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Goethite

Chemical Formula

FeO(OH)

ColorYellow, brown, red, and black

Streak Brown and brownish yellow to orange yellow

Hardness 5 -5.5

Crystal Form

Orthorhombic - Dipyramidal

LusterEarthy to dull for massive forms, metallic for crystals

CleavageBasal

Group Oxides and Hydroxides

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Graphite

Above: This is a picture of a graphite sample found in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is another image of graphite.

Graphite, also known as Black Lead or Plumbago, is simply carbon. It gets its name from the Greek word “graphein” which means to write. Graphite belongs to the native elements group and has a hardness of 1 -2. It appears with a metallic to dull luster. It is black or sliver in color. It produces a black gray or brownish gray streak. Graphite is non-fluorescent and non-magnetic. Some notable deposit locations are New York, Texas, Russia, Mexico, Greenland, and India. Graphite is used in lead pencils and high strength composite. It is also used as a toughener of steel and as a lubricant.

Graphite

Above: This image shows the crystal structure of graphite.

Below: This is another picture of a graphite sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Graphite

Chemical Formula

C

ColorBlack, Silver

Streak Black gray and brownish gray

Hardness 1 - 2

Crystal Form

Hexagonal – Dihexagonal Dipyramidal

Luster Metallic

CleavageBasal

Group Native Elements

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Hemimorphite

Above: This is a picture of a hemimorphite sample from a zinc mine found in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is a image of white and brown hemimorphite.

Hemimorphite, also know as calamine or galmei, is a hydrated zinc silicate hydroxide. It gets its name from the hemimorphic nature of its crystals. hemimorphite belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 5. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is blue-green, green, white, colorless, brown or yellow. It produces a white streak. Hemimorphite is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Mexico, New Mexico, New Jersey, England, and Zambia. Hemimorphite is used as a minor ore of zinc.

Hemimorphite

Above: This image shows the crystal structure of hemimorphite.

Below: This is another picture of a hemimorphite sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Hemimorphite

Chemical Formula

Zn4 Si2 O7 (OH)2 -H2O

ColorBlue-green, green, white, colorless, brown, and yellow

Streak White

Hardness 5

Crystal Form

Orthorhombic – pyramidal

Luster Vitreous

CleavageBasal

Group Silicates

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Kyanite

Above: This is a picture of a kyanite sample found in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is an image of kyanite in its green form.

Kaynite, also know as disthene, is an aluminum silicate. It belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 4.5 – 6.5. It appears with a vitreous to pearly luster. It is blue, white, gray, and green in color. It produces a white streak. Kyanite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Brazil, North Carolina, and Georgia. Kyanite is used in the manufacturing of spark plugs and is also used as a mineral specimen.

Kyanite

Above: This is an image of kyanite’s cyrstal system.Below: This is another picture of a kyanite sample found in

Pennsylvania.

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Kyanite

Chemical Formula

Al2 SiO5

ColorBlue, white, gray, green

Streak White

Hardness 4.5 – 6.5

Crystal Form

Triclinic – pinacoidal

Luster Vitreous to pearly

CleavageBasal

Group Silicates

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Malachite

Malachite, the cousin to azurite, is a copper carbonate hydroxide. It gets its name from the Greek word “malache” which refers to its green color. Malachite belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3.5 -4. It appears with dull to silky luster. It is green in color and also produces a green streak. Malachite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Mexico, Southwestern United States, Congo, Nambia, and Russia. Malacite is used as an ore of copper, ornamental stone, a pigment, and as jewlery.

Malachite

Above: This is an image of malachite’s crystal system.Below: This is another picture of a malachite sample found in

Pennsylvania.

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Malachite

Chemical Formula

Cu2(CO3)(OH)2

ColorGreen

Streak Green

Hardness 3.5 - 4

Crystal Form

Monoclinic - prismatic

Luster Dull in massive forms and Silky in crystal forms

FractureConchoidal / Splintry

Group Carbonate

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Natrolite

Above: This is a picture of natrolite found in an iron mine located in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is an image of clear natrolite.

Natrolite, also know as aedelite, is a hydrated aluminum silicate. It gets its name from the Greek word “natron” which means to soda. Natrolite belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 5 -2-5. It appears with a vitreous to dull luster. It is clear, white, yellow, or brown in color. It produces a white streak. Natrolite is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are India, California, New Jersey, and Nova Scotia. Natrolite is commonly used in chemical filters.

Natrolite

Above: This is an image of natrolite’s crystal structure.

Below: This is another picture of natrolite found in Pennsylvania.

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Natrolite

Chemical Formula

Na2Al2Si3O10-2H2O

ColorClear, white, yellow, and brown

Streak White

Hardness 5 – 5.5

Crystal Form

Orthorhombic - pyramidal

Luster Vitreous to dull

CleavagePrismatic

Group Silicates

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Phlogopite

Above: This is a picture of a sample of phlogopite found in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is a sample of phlogopite in a pale brown color.

Phlogopite, also known as magnesium mica, is a potassium magnesium aluminum silicate hydroxide. It gets its name from the Greek word “flogopos” which means to resembling fire. Phlogopite belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 2-3. It appears with a vitreous to pearly luster. It is pale brown to brown in color. It produces a white streak. Phlogopite is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Canada, Russia, and Europe. Phlogopite is used in industrial heat and electrical insulation.

Phlogopite

Above: This is an image of phlogopite’s crystal structure.

Below: This is another picture of a phlogopite sample found in Pennsylvania.

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Phlogopite

Chemical Formula

K Mg3 AlSi3 O10 (OH)2

ColorPale brown to brown

Streak White

Hardness 2.5 – 3

Crystal Form

Monoclinic - prismatic

Luster Vitreous to pearly

CleavageBasal

Group Silicates

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Pyrite

Above: This is a sample of pyrite from Lebanon County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is a sample of pyrite that clearly illustrates its brassy yellow color.

Pyrite, also known as fool’s gold, is an iron sulfide. It gets its name from the Greek word “pyro” which means to fire. Pyrite belongs to the sulfides group and has a hardness of 6 – 6.5. It appears with a metallic luster. It is brassy yellow in color. It produces a greenish black streak. Pyrite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Illinois, Missouri, Peru, Germany, Spain, and South Africa. Pyrite is commonly used as a minor ore of sulfur and is also used in jewelry.

Pyrite

Above: This is an image of pyrite’s crystal system.Below: This is another image of a pyrite sample found in

Pennsylvania.

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Pyrite

Chemical Formula

FeS2

ColorBrassy Yellow

Streak Greenish Black

Hardness 6 – 6.5

Crystal Form

Isometirc - diploidal

Luster Metallic

FractureConchoidal

Group Sulfides

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Pyrolusite

Above: This is an image of pyrolusite found in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This is an image of pyrolusite that illustrates its steel gray color.

Pyrolusite, also known as polinaite, is an manganese oxide. It gets its name from the Greek word “pyro” and “louen” which means fire wash. Pyrolusite belongs to the oxides and hydroxides group and has a hardness of 6. It appears with a metallic luster. It is steel gray to solid black. It produces a black streak. Pyrolusite is non-fluorescent and non-magnetic. Some notable deposit locations are Minnesota, Michigan, New Mexico, Germany, India, South Africa, and Australia. Pyrolusite is used as an ore of manganese.

Pyrolusite

Above: This image show’s pyrolusite’s crystal system.Below: This is another picture of a pyrolusite sample

found in Pennsylvania.

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Pyrolusite

Chemical Formula

MnO2

ColorSteel gray to solid black

Streak Black

Hardness 6

Crystal Form

Tetragonal - ditetragonal dipryamidal

Luster Metallic to dull

CleavagePrismatic

Group Oxides and Hydroxides

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Quartz

Above: This is an image of smoky quartz and amethyst found in Pennsylvania.

Below: This is a picture of amethyst, the purple variety of quartz.

Quartz is known as silicon dioxide. It has many varieties including smoky quartz, blue quartz, citrine, amethyst, rose quartz, and tiger’s eye . It is a very common mineral found world wide. Quartz belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 7. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is clear, white, black, gray, blue, yellow, brown, purple, pink, and orange in color. It produces a white streak. Quartz is fluorescent triboluminescent. Some notable deposit locations are Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, and Russia. Quartz is used glass, electrical component, optical lenses, ornamental stones, and gem stones.

Quartz

Above: This is an image of quartz’s crystal system.Below: This is another picture of amethyst and smoky quartz.

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Quartz

Chemical Formula

SiO2

Color

Colorless, white, black, gray, blue, yellow, brown, purple, pink, and orange.

Streak White

Hardness 7

Crystal Form

Trigonal - Trapezohedral

Luster Vitreous

FractureConchoidal

Group Silicates

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Wulfenite

Above: This is a picture of a sample of wulfenite found in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Below: This image of wulfenite illustrates its orange coloring.

Wulfenite, also know as yellow lead ore, is a Lead Molybdate. It gets its name from the Austrian mineralogist, Frantz Xaver von Wulfen. Wulfenite belongs to the sulfates group and has a hardness of 3. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is Red, orange, yellow, silver, white color. It produces a white streak. Wulfenite is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. Wulfenite is used as a minor ore of molybdenum.

Wulfenite

Above: This is an image of wulfenite’s crystal system.

Below: This is another picture of wulfenite found in Pennsylvania.

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Wulfentie

Chemical Formula

PbMoO4

ColorRed, orange, yellow, silver, white

Streak White

Hardness 3

Crystal Form

Tetragonal Dipyramidal

Luster Vitreous

CleavageBasal

Group Sulfates

Special Interest Minerals

Cavansite

Above: This is an image of cavansite from IndiaBelow: This is an image of cavansite that really shows its ocean

blue color.

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Cavansite is a hydrated calcium vanadium silicate with the chemical formula Ca(VO)Si4O10(H2O). Its color is greenish blue to ocean blue, and it has a blue streak. Cavansite’s hardness is 3-4. It has an orthobrombic crystal system and basal cleavage. It appears with a vitreous luster. Cavansite is a member of the silicates group and got its name from its compositon. Some notable locations of deposits are India, Oregon, and Columbia. Cavansite is used as a mineral specimen.

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Dioptase

Above: This is a picture of dioptase from Congo.Below: This image of dioptase illustrates it trigonal

crystal system.

Dioptase is a hydrated copper silicate with the chemical formula CuSiO3 H2O. Its color is deep green, and it has a green streak. Dioptase’s hardness is 5. It has an trigonal crystal system and rhombohedral cleavage. It appears with a vitreous luster and is non fluorescent. Dioptase is a member of the silicates group and got its name from the Greek word meaning true vison. Some notable locations of deposits are Nambia, Russia, Chile, California, and Arizona. Dioptase is used as a mineral specimen and a minor ore of copper. It is rarely used as a gemstone.

Elbaite

Above: This is a picture of elbaite from Brazil.Below: This image of elbaite shows it’s various colors.

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Elbaite’s chemical formula is Na(Li,Al)3Al6Si6O18(BO3)3 (OH)4 and is a Sodium Lithium Aluminum Boro-Silicate Hydroxide. Its color is red, pink, green, blue, orange, and yellow and it has a white streak. Elbaite’s hardness is 7 -7.5. It has an trigonal crystal system and conchoidal fracture. It appears with a vitreous luster and is fluorescent. Elbaite is a member of the silicates group and got its name because there are high concentrations in Elba, Italy. Some notable locations of deposits are, California, Brazil, Italy, and Sri Lanka. Elbaite is used from both gemstones and ornamental stones.

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Smithsonite

Above: This is a picture of smithsonite found in New Mexico.Below: This image of smithsonite shows it white and blue color.

Smithsonite’s chemical formula is Zn(CO3) and is a Zinc carbonate. Its color is grayish white, dark gray, green, blue, yellow and it has a white streak. Smithsonite’s hardness is 4.5. It has an trigonal crystal system and rhombohedral cleavage. It appears with a vitreous luster and is fluorescent. Smithsonite is a member of the carbonate group and was named after John Smithson, and English mineralogist. A notable location of deposits is England. Smithsonite is primarily used as and ornamental stone.

Torbernite

Above and Below: These are pictures of torbernite from Zaine.

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Torbernite’s chemical formula is Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2-10H2Oand is a Hydrated Copper Uranyl Phosphate. Its color is green and it has a pale green streak. Elbaite’s hardness is 2 -2.5. It has an tetragonal crystal system and basal cleavage. It appears with a vitreous to pearly luster and is radioactive. Torbernite is a member of the phospates group and was named after the Swedish chemist, Tornbern Bergmann. Some notable locations of deposits are North Carolina, Utah, England, Germany, France. Torbernite is used as a minor ore of uranium.

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Works Cited

"Azurite." Glendale Community College of Arizona. Web. 17 Oct. 2010. <http://gccweb.gccaz.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/azurite.htm>.

"Index of Mineral Images." Mineralogy Database. Web. 18 Oct. 2010. <http://webmineral.com/specimens/index.php>.

The Mineral and Gemstone Kingdom: Home. Web. 18 Oct. 2010. <http://www.minerals.net/>.

Mineralogy Database. Web. 16 Oct. 2010. <http://www.webmineral.com/>.

Pages, By Price. Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery. Web. 18 Oct. 2010. <http://www.galleries.com/>.