mineral identification. minerals have physical properties based on the internal arrangement of atoms...
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MINERAL IDENTIFICATION
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Minerals
• What is a mineral? Naturally occurring (not man-made)
Inorganic (not part of or a product of a (once)living organism )
Solid (not made of liquid or gas) with a definitechemical structure which give it uniquephysical properties.
Minerals• What is a mineral?
Naturally occurring (not man-made)
Inorganic (not part of or a product of a (once) living organism )
Solid (not made of liquid or gas)
Specific chemical composition(molecular formula)
Definite crystalline structure
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Minerals have Physical Properties based on the
INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS
&
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
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Most Minerals can be identified by inspection and or by simple tests.
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Mineral Identification Tests Color Hardness Streak Luster Density Specific Gravity and Known Unique Properties
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Colorfor some minerals color is directly related to the
compositionColor is the least
diagnostic property
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Lusterappearance of a mineral in
reflected lightA mineral that shines like a metal has metallic luster
A mineral that transmits the light has a nonmetallic luster
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TextureHow a mineral feels to the
touch.Examples: smooth, greasy, silky, ragged, rough, soapy,
and glassy
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StreakColor of finely powdered mineral.The streak color and mineral color are not always identical. The streak color is typically constant for a given mineral.
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Hardnesshow easily a mineral can
be scratchedmeasured using Mohs
hardness scale (what can scratch what)
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MohsMohs hardness scale hardness scale
Hardest
10. Diamond 4. Fluorite
9. Corundum 3. Calcite
8. Topaz 2. Gypsum
7. Quartz 1. Talc
6. Potassium Feldspar Softest
5. Apatite
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Reference Materials
--fingernail at 2.5 --old penny (copper) at 3.5 --window glass or typical
knife blade 5.5 --porcelain plate or good steel
file 7.5
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Absolute Hardness1 Talc 72 Orthoclase 3 Gypsum 100 Quartz 9 Calcite 200 Topaz 21 Fluorite 400 Corundum 48 Apatite 1600 Diamond
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Cleavage and FractureInternal Arrangement of
Atoms determines how a mineral will break
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Cleavage- repeatable breaks along definite plane surfaces, At least one Flat Side
Fracture- uneven non repeated breaks,
All rough Sides
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DensityMinerals have a constant
density
Impurities in your sample may cause the density to
vary slightly
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Specific GravityWeightair
(Weightair - Weightwater)
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Known Unique Properties
Examples Acid Test
Refraction/Reflection of LightMagnetic Properties
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Acid TestCalcite (CaCo3) bubbles
(reacts) when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL) is dropped on its surface