mineral nutrition. nutrients 1. definition 2. categories 3. essential versus non-essential 4....
TRANSCRIPT
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Mineral Nutrition
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Nutrients1. Definition2. Categories3. Essential versus Non-Essential4. Evidence
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Fig 37.2
Julius Sachs 1860’s
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Mineral Nutrition - Overview1. Some minerals can be used as is:
e.g. K+ ions for guard cell regulation
2. Some minerals have to be incorporated into other compounds to be useful:
e.g. Fe+ in the cytochrome complex of the light reactions
3. Some mineral compounds have to be altered to be useful:
NO3- must be converted to NH4
+ inside the plant
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Chemical composition of plants
1. 80–85 % of an herbaceous plant is water.
2. Water is a nutrient since it supplies most of the hydrogen and some oxygen incorporated into organic compounds by photosynthesis.
3. But > 90% of the water absorbed is lost by transpiration.
4. Water’s primary function is to serve as a solvent.
5. Water also is involved in cell elongation and turgor pressure regulation
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1. 95% “organic” – C, H, O from air & water, assimilated by photosynthesis
2. 5% inorganic minerals
Chemical composition of plants: dry weight
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1. Nutrients that are required for a plant to grow from a seed and complete its life cycle.
2. 2 types: macronutrients & micronutrients
Essential Nutrients
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1. Elements required by plants in relatively large amounts.
Macronutrients
CHOPKNS Ca Mg
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Macro-nutrient
Form available to plants
Major functions
Carbon CO2 Organic compounds
Hydrogen H20 Organic compounds
Oxygen CO2 (air), O2 (soil)
Organic compounds
Phosphorus H2PO4-, HPO4
2- Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP
Potassium K+ Water balance (stomata), protein synthesis
Nitrogen NH4+, NO3
- Proteins, nucleic acids, hormones, chlorophyll
Sulfur SO42- Proteins
Calcium Ca2+ Cell walls & membranes, enzyme activation
Magnesium Mg2+ Chlorophyll, enzyme activation
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Micronutrients
1. These elements are required by plants in relatively small amounts (<0.1% dry mass).
2. Major functions:
A. cofactors of enzymatic reactions
B. Light reactions of photosynthesis
C. Optimal concentrations highly species specific
Fe, B, Cl, Mo, Cu, Mn, Ni, & Zn
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Table 37.1
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dependent on:
1. the role of the nutrient in the plant
2. its mobility
Mineral Deficiencies
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Immobile Nutrients
1. Once they have been incorporated into plant tissue, they remain (can’t return to phloem).
2. Boron, calcium, and iron
3. Growth = normal until the mineral is depleted from soil; new growth suffers deficiency and thus youngest tissues show symptoms first.
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Mobile Nutrients
1. can be translocated by phloem to younger (actively growing) tissue.
2. Cl, Mg, N, P, K, and S
3. When mineral is depleted, nutrients translocated to younger tissue.
4. Thus older tissues show deficiency & then die
What is the adaptive value of nutrient mobility?
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Mineral Deficiency1. Not common in natural populations. Why?
A. Plants have adapted to soil components2. Common in crops & ornamentals. Why?A. Human selection for biggest, fastest plants.
Need more nutrients than the soil providesB. Crop growth depletes the soil because no organic
matter return3. Deficiencies of N, P, and K are the most
common.4. Shortages of micronutrients are less common and
often soil type specific.5. Overdoses of some micronutrients can be toxic.
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Mineral Deficiency Symptoms
1. Chlorosis – leaves lack chlorophyll: yellow, brittle, papery. Typically lack of N or Fe.
2. Necrosis – the death of patches of tissue
3. Purpling – deficiency of N or P, causes accumulation of purple pigments
4. Stunting – lack of water, N
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Fig 37.4
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Soils
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Soil Formation
1. Forces
2. Horizons
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3. Orders
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4. Locations
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Soils
1. What do soils give to plants??
A. minerals
B. nitrogen–fixing bacteria
C. mycorrhizal fungi
D. water
E. oxygen
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Soil properties influence mineral nutrition1. Chemistry – determines which minerals are present
and available, thus affecting plant community composition
2. Physical nature – affects porosity, texture, density of soil, which affects #1
3. Soil organisms – A. decomposition & mineral returnB. Interact with roots to make nutrients availableC. Nitrogen! The only mineral that the plant can
ONLY get from reactions mediated by soil organisms.
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Large, spaces for water & air
Small, more SA for retaining water & minerals
Soil texture & composition
1. Soil is created by weathering of solid rock by: water freeze/thaw, leaching of acids from organic matter, carbonic acid from respiration + water.
2. Topsoil is a mixture of weathered rock particles & humus (decayed organic matter).
3. Texture: sand, silt, clay
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More about topsoil…..1. Bacteria, fungi, insects, protists, nematodes,
& Earthworms! Create channels for air& water, secrete mucus that binds soil particles
2. Humus: reservoir of nutrients from decaying plant & animal material
3. Bacterial metabolism recycles nutrients
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Availability of soil nutrients1. Cations in soil water adhere to clay particles
(negatively charged surface)
2. Anions do not bind; thus they can leach! (NO3, HPO4, SO4)
3. Cations become available for root uptake by cation exchange – H+ displaces cations on the soil particle surface
4. H+ from carbonic acid – formed from water + CO2 released from root respiration
5. Humus – negatively charged & holds water & nutrients. Thus very important in the soil!!!!!
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Thus soil pH is important!
1. Low pH = high H+ concentrationA. More cations released
B. Too much acid – cations leach…..mineral deficiency
2. High pHA. Not enough H+ for cation release….mineral
deficiency
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Fig 37.6
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Soil conservation1. Natural systems: decay recycles nutrients2. Agricultural systems: crops harvested, depleting
soil of nutrients & water3. Thus irrigation & fertilizer4. Fertilizers: N:P:K
A. Synthetic: plant-available, inorganic ions. Faster acting.a. Problem: b. leaching, acidifying the soil
B. Organic: slow release by cation exchange, holds water, thus less leaching
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1. Use of plants to extract toxic metals from soil
2. Benefits: easier to harvest the plants than to remove topsoil!
Phytoremediation
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NITROGEN
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Why nitrogen?
1. Air is 80% Nitrogen, but…..
2. Macronutrient that is most often limiting. Why?Is almost always taken up as anions (NO3
-)
3. What’s it used for?Proteins (AAs), nucleic acids, chlorophyll production
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The Nitrogen Cycle
Organic NNH4
NO3Decomposit
ion
N2
Ammonification Nitrification
Immobilization
Uptake
Leaching
Denitrification
N2 fixation
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Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants
1. Steps:A. N fixation – conversion of N2 to NH3
B. Ammonification – conversion of NH3 or organic N into NH4
+
C. Nitrification – conversion of NH4+ to NO3
-
D. N reduction – conversion of NO3- back to
NH4+ within plant.
E. N assimilation – incorporation of NH4+ into
AAs, nucleic acids of the plant
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But N is also lost….
1. Leaching – loss of NO3- by soil water
movement
2. Denitrification – conversion of NO3- back
to N2
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Fig 37.9
All steps within the soil are mediated by bacteria!!!!
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A. Nitrogen FixationThis process is catalyzed by the enzyme
nitrogenase, requires energy (ATP), and occurs in three ways:
a. Lightening – converts N in air to inorganic N that falls in raindrops
b. Non-symbiotic – certain soil bacteria
c. Symbiotic
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c. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
* Legumes: peas, beans, alfalfa
*The legume/bacteria interaction results in the formation of nodules on roots
*Plant – gets ample inorganic N source
*Bacteria – gets ample carbon source
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Fig 37.10
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d. Fixation in Nonlegumes
* Here in the NW: alder
* Azolla (a fern) contains a symbiotic N fixing cyanobacteria useful in rice paddies.
* Plants with symbiotic N fixers tend to be first colonizers. Why?
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a. Unfortunately NH4+ is a highly desirable resource
for free–living bacteria, oxidizing it to NO3-.
b. Consequently the predominant form of N available to roots is NO3
-.
C. Nitrification
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A. NO3- must be reduced back to NH4
+ in order to be incorporated into organics.
B. This process is energetically expensive but required.
D. Nitrate Reduction
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a. The actual incorporation of NH4+ into organic
molecules in the plant body.
b. Process similar to that of an electron transport chain:
c. Reduced N passes through a series of carriers that function repeatedly but in the long run are unchanged.
d. Usually in roots
E. Nitrogen Assimilation
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Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
1. Parasitic Plants
2. Carnivorous plants
3. Mycorrhizal relationships
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1. Parasitic plants
A. Extract nutrients from other plantsa. Ex. Mistletoes on Douglas Fir & Ponderosa pine
b. Ex. Indian pipe – parasite on trees via mycorrhizae
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Fig 37.15
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http://www.nofc.forestry.ca/publications/leaflets/mistletoe_e.html
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http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/diseases/az1309/
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2. Carnivorous plants
A. Digest animals & insects – why?
a. Grow in soils lacking an essential nutrient
B. Motor cells!
C. Trap insects & secrete digestive juices
Ex. Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, Darlingtonia
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Figure 37.16
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3. Mycorrhizal relationshipsA. Fungus & plant rootsB. Fungus gets carbosC. Plants get greater SA for water & phosphorus
uptakeD. Almost all plant species!E. 2 types:
a. Ectomycorrhizae – hyphae form dense sheath over root; extend into cortex & out into soil. Thickened roots of woody plants
b. Endomycorrhize – microscopic, more common.
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Fig 37.12
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