mineral properties and identification - geoscirocks · mineral properties and identification ...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mineral Properties andMineral Properties andIdentificationIdentification
http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/mineral_id/index.html
Introductory Geology LabIntroductory Geology Lab –– GEOL 101GEOL 101Ray Rector - Instructor
![Page 2: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
I. What are Minerals?I. What are Minerals? How do minerals form?
Where are minerals found?
What types of minerals are there?
The common rock-forming minerals?
II. The Physical Properties of MineralsII. The Physical Properties of Minerals
III. Determining the Identify of a MineralIII. Determining the Identify of a Mineral
The most important properties? How do you determine these properties?
MINERAL INQUIRYMINERAL INQUIRY
![Page 3: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What are Minerals?Definition:Definition: any naturally-occurring,homogeneous solid that has a distinctiveinternal crystalline structure, a definitechemical composition and a set of uniquephysical properties. Minerals are usuallyformed by inorganic processes.
A mineral’s crystal structure andchemical composition togetherdetermine the mineral’s uniquephysical properties
What Makes Each Mineral Unique?
![Page 4: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1)Crystallization from acooling magma or lava
2) Crystallization fromaqueous solutions
3) Crystallization frompreexisting minerals
How do Minerals Form?
![Page 5: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1) Igneous Rocks
2) Sedimentary Rocks
3) Metamorphic Rocks
4) Sediment
Where are Minerals Found?Short Answer = Everywhere!
![Page 6: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Various Types of Minerals Over 4000 Species
Grouped into Categories
Silicate group is by far thelargest and most importantmineral group
Only about 20 mineralsmake up 95%+ of all rocks
Minerals are identified bytheir Chemical and PhysicalProperties
![Page 7: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Common Rock-Forming Minerals
![Page 8: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Common Rock-Forming Minerals
![Page 9: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CommonCommonSilicate MineralSilicate Mineral
GroupsGroups1) Tetrasilicates Olivine and Quartz
2) Pyroxenes Augite most common
3) Amphiboles Hornblende most common
4) Phylosilicates Micas and Clays
5) Feldspars K-feldspar and Plagioclase
![Page 10: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mineral and Rock Reference Samples
![Page 11: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CommonCommonRockRock--FormingForming
MineralsMinerals1) Plagioclase2) K-Feldspar3) Quartz4) Muscovite5) Calcite6) Gypsum7) Halite8) Biotite9) Hornblende10) Pyroxene11) Olivine12) Tourmaline13) Garnet14) Magnetite15) Hematite16) Kaolin
![Page 12: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1) Luster
2) Streak
3) Color
4) Hardness
5) Cleavage
6) Other properties• Reaction to acid
• Magnetic
• Taste
Important Mineral ID Properties
![Page 13: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mineral Luster
• http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/web%20minerals/minerals%20lab.html
Defined: The quality ofreflected light emitted by amineral crystal
Luster can divided into twouseful categories:
Metallic and Nonmetallic
Nonmetallic lusters can befurther subdivided into:
Glassy, Pearly, Waxy, and Dull
Luster is useful for mineral ID
![Page 14: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mineral Streak
• http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/grocha/mineral/mineral.html
Defined: The color of thecrushed powder of a mineralleft on a porcelain plate
Only for determining the
metallic minerals
Only works is mineral haslower hardness than thestreak plate
![Page 15: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mineral Color
• http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/web%20minerals/minerals%20lab.html
Defined: The hue and shade ofthe reflected light emitted by amineral crystal
Mineral color can divided intotwo useful shade categories:
Dark-colored and Light-colored
Color can also divided into thehue categories:
White, Gray, Black, Red, Orange,Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple, etc.
Color is useful for mineral ID
![Page 16: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mineral Hardness
Mohs Hardness Scale
Identify Mineral byTesting for Hardness
Doing the Scratch Test
Other Testing Objects
![Page 17: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mineral CleavageDefined: Geometric planesof inherent weakness througha mineral crystal
Each mineral has a uniqueidentifying cleavage property
A mineral has either none,one, two, four, or six sets ofcleavage
Cleavage is observed asshiny parallel planes on thesurfaces of a mineral crystal
![Page 18: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mineral CleavageQuality
Cleavage is observed as shinyparallel planes on the surfacesof a mineral crystal Quality: Variation in degree of
smoothness of cleavage surface.
Each mineral has a uniquecleavage quality
A mineral has either excellent/perfect, good, poor, or none
![Page 19: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Determining Mineral Cleavage
One Set of Cleavage
Two Sets of Cleavage
90 degrees
Example = Augite
Two Sets of Cleavage
120 & 60 degrees
Example =Hornblende
No CleavageExample =Quartz
Example = Muscovite
![Page 20: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Determining Mineral Cleavage
Three Sets of Cleavage
90 degrees
Example = Halite
Three Sets of Cleavage
120 & 60 degrees
Example = Calcite
![Page 21: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
CommonCommonRockRock--FormingForming
MineralsMinerals1) Plagioclase2) K-Feldspar3) Quartz4) Muscovite5) Clay6) Calcite7) Gypsum8) Halite9) Biotite10) Hornblende11) Pyroxene12) Olivine13) Tourmaline14) Garnet15) Magnetite16) Hematite
![Page 22: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Distinguishing BetweenDistinguishing BetweenKK--Feldspar and PlagioclaseFeldspar and Plagioclase
Potassium FeldsparPotassium Feldspar Plagioclase FeldsparPlagioclase Feldspar Salmon pink to cream colored
Wavy “flame-like” streaks
Dark grey to off-white colored
Sets of thin, straight, groove-likestriations on some cleavage faces
![Page 23: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mineral Identification ProcedureStep #1Step #1 Mineral Luster?Mineral Luster? – Metallic or Nonmetallic?
MetallicMetallic NonmetallicNonmetallic
Step #2Step #2 Mineral Hardness?Mineral Hardness? Mineral Color?Mineral Color? –– Light orLight or DarkDark
Step #3Step #3 Mineral Hardness?Mineral Hardness?Mineral Streak?Mineral Streak?
Step #4Step #4
Step #5Step #5
Other Properties?Other Properties?
Step #2Step #2
Step #3Step #3
Step #4Step #4
Step #5Step #5
Mineral Cleavage?Mineral Cleavage?
Other Defining Properties?Other Defining Properties?
Step #6Step #6 Mineral Name?Mineral Name?
Mineral Name?Mineral Name?
![Page 24: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
UnknownUnknownMineralsMinerals
1) Pyroxene2) K-Feldspar3) Garnet4) Biotite5) Gypsum6) Olivine7) Plagioclase8) Hornblende9) Muscovite10) Magnetite11) Calcite12) Quartz13) Tourmaline14) Halite
![Page 25: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Next Weeks Lab TopicNext Weeks Lab TopicIgneous RocksIgneous Rocks
– Define– Origin and Importance to Formation of Igneous Rocks– Classification – Igneous Rock Groups– Physical Properties– Identification of Hand Specimens
PrePre--lab Exerciseslab Exercises Read Mineral and Igneous Chapter in Lab Book
Complete the Pre-lab Worksheet Section
![Page 26: Mineral Properties and Identification - Geoscirocks · Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab – GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050917/5ad0e54e7f8b9a4e7a8e773e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mineral Web ReferencesMineral Web References
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/grocha/mineral/mineral.html
http://www.union.edu/PUBLIC/GEODEPT/COURSES/geo-10/mineral.htm
http://www.cobweb.net/~bug2/mineral.htm
http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/mineral_id/index.html
Common Minerals in Igneous RocksMineral Hardness TestingMineral Identification – Physical PropertiesMINERAL PROPERTIES, USES, & IDENTIFICATIONIndex of minerals in thin-sectionWHAT IS CRYSTAL CLEAVAGE?PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/web%20minerals/minerals%20lab.html