Mineral Supplementation forBeef, Goats & Sheep

Mineral Supplementation forBeef, Goats & Sheep

Short-termvs.

Long-termEffects

Short-termvs.

Long-termEffects

Mineral nutrition important for optimum production

Mineral nutrition important for optimum production

Macro & Micro MineralsMacro & Micro Minerals

• Macro• Salt (NaCl)• Calcium (Ca)• Phosphorous (P)• Magnesium (Mg)• Potassium (K)• Sulfur (S)

• Macro• Salt (NaCl)• Calcium (Ca)• Phosphorous (P)• Magnesium (Mg)• Potassium (K)• Sulfur (S)

• Micro• Copper (Cu)• Selenium (Se)• Zinc (Zn)• Manganese (Mn)• Cobalt (Co)• Iron (Fe)• Chromium (Cr)• Molybdenum (Mo)• Iodine (I)• Nickel (Ni)

• Micro• Copper (Cu)• Selenium (Se)• Zinc (Zn)• Manganese (Mn)• Cobalt (Co)• Iron (Fe)• Chromium (Cr)• Molybdenum (Mo)• Iodine (I)• Nickel (Ni)

Legal?Legal?

• Amount

• Formula

• Feed Mixing Mineral

• Free-choice

• Label claims

• Ingredient

• Amount

• Formula

• Feed Mixing Mineral

• Free-choice

• Label claims

• Ingredient

Legal?Legal?

• Selenium

• Antibiotics

• Rumensin

• Chelates

• Organic selenium

• FEB-200

• Selenium

• Antibiotics

• Rumensin

• Chelates

• Organic selenium

• FEB-200

Many feed companies and many different

complex formulas equals

confusion

Many feed companies and many different

complex formulas equals

confusion

Major minerals in

% Micro (trace) minerals %,

mg/kg or ppm

Major minerals in

% Micro (trace) minerals %,

mg/kg or ppm

Don’t get confused…Don’t get confused…

• mg/kg equals ppm

• Percentage to mg/kg (ppm) – Move decimal 4 places to the right

e.g. 0.3% = 3,000 ppm

• mg/kg equals ppm

• Percentage to mg/kg (ppm) – Move decimal 4 places to the right

e.g. 0.3% = 3,000 ppm

General Functions of MineralsGeneral Functions of Minerals

• Nutrient Metabolism

• Reproduction

• Immune Function

• Nerve Function

• Nutrient Metabolism

• Reproduction

• Immune Function

• Nerve Function

DeficienciesDeficiencies

•Difficult to assess. May be lower weight gains, reduced milk and/or decreased repro without visable signs. Also decreased immune function.

•Difficult to assess. May be lower weight gains, reduced milk and/or decreased repro without visable signs. Also decreased immune function.

Factors Influencing Mineral Utilization from Forage

Factors Influencing Mineral Utilization from Forage

• Dry matter intake

• Forage mineral content

• Forage mineral availability

• Antagonists

• Dry matter intake

• Forage mineral content

• Forage mineral availability

• Antagonists

Beef Cow Req vs. Fescue (%)Beef Cow Req vs. Fescue (%)

Req Fescue

Na .06-.08 .03

Ca .2-.3 .4

P* .15-.19 .30

Mg** .12-.20 .20

K .6-.7 2

S .15 .18

*Varies with production** High risk grass tetany (22 g/d)

Beef Cow Req vs. Fescue(ppm or mg/kg)

Beef Cow Req vs. Fescue(ppm or mg/kg)

Req Fescue*

Cu 10 6

Se .1-.3 .06

Zn 30 19

Mn 40 119

Co .1 .2

Fe 50 100

*CHAPA, 1996

Availability from ForageAvailability from Forage

%

Ca 50-68

Mg 10-45

P 65-70

Cu 5-15

Se 28-32

Fe 30-70

Mn 3-4

Availability in SupplementAvailability in Supplement

Element Source Bioavailability

Copper Copperlysine High

Copper proteinate High

Copper carbonate High

Copper sulfate High

Copper oxide Low

Mineral AntagonistsMineral Antagonists

• Feed

• Water

• Mineral supplement

• Feed

• Water

• Mineral supplement

Mineral ReviewMineral Review

• A look at individual minerals and their importance to cattle

• A look at individual minerals and their importance to cattle

Salt (NaCl)Salt (NaCl)

Electrolyte balanceNeed for sodium

(they will consume minerals to meet the need for salt)

Electrolyte balanceNeed for sodium

(they will consume minerals to meet the need for salt)

Calcium (Ca)Calcium (Ca)

Least likely to be deficient in forageLegumes contain high levelCheapDon’t use high levels in supplement for

grazing cattle

Least likely to be deficient in forageLegumes contain high levelCheapDon’t use high levels in supplement for

grazing cattle

Phosphorous (P)Phosphorous (P)

May be def. esp. w/high productionForage content decreases w/maturityGrain is high in PExpensive

May be def. esp. w/high productionForage content decreases w/maturityGrain is high in PExpensive

PasturePasture

Higher Ca (esp. Clover); Lower PHigher Ca (esp. Clover); Lower P

Ca:P ratioCa:P ratio

Dietary ratio 1:1 to 7:1In supplement –

3:1 to 2:1 grass 2:1 – 1:1 mixed 1:2 clover

Dietary ratio 1:1 to 7:1In supplement –

3:1 to 2:1 grass 2:1 – 1:1 mixed 1:2 clover

Magnesium (Mg)Magnesium (Mg)

Associated with Grass tetanyHigh K and N reduce absorption

Associated with Grass tetanyHigh K and N reduce absorption

Potassium (K)Potassium (K)

Weaned or newly received calves need short term suppl.

Weaned or newly received calves need short term suppl.

Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe)

Assoc with RBC (hemoglobin)Anemia unlikely unless parasite, diseaseHigh levels can interfere with other

minerals.

Assoc with RBC (hemoglobin)Anemia unlikely unless parasite, diseaseHigh levels can interfere with other

minerals.

Sulfur (S)Sulfur (S)

Levels above 0.25% can be antagonistic to Copper

Levels above 0.25% can be antagonistic to Copper

What about the water?What about the water?

•Consider mineral levels in water – especially antagonists

Sulfur Iron

•Consider mineral levels in water – especially antagonists

Sulfur Iron

Micro (Trace) Minerals

Micro (Trace) Minerals

Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu)

Supplementation is needed Affected by Mo, S, Fe, breed Necessary for growth, repro, immunity Varying availability in supplement Simmental/Charolais have higher req.

Supplementation is needed Affected by Mo, S, Fe, breed Necessary for growth, repro, immunity Varying availability in supplement Simmental/Charolais have higher req.

Copper deficiencyCopper deficiency

Physical appearance Reddish appearance on black animals – behind

shoulders and lower qtrs. White ring around eyes

Liver biopsy best to assess

Physical appearance Reddish appearance on black animals – behind

shoulders and lower qtrs. White ring around eyes

Liver biopsy best to assess

Copper SupplementationCopper Supplementation

Source

Cu Oxide Cu Sulfate Cu Proteinate

% Pregnant 85 92 92

Suggested Copper Levels (3-4 oz/da) Gill, UT

Suggested Copper Levels (3-4 oz/da) Gill, UT

Forage Mineral

Cu, ppm S, % Cu,ppm

No known Problems 10 0.20 700 - 1,000

Some rough hair coat

8 0.25 1,000 – 1,200

Rough hair, some open cows

6 0.30 1,500 – 2,000

Rough hair, significant problems

<6 >.31 2,000 – 3,000

Selenium (Se)Selenium (Se)

Need in supplementSe/Vit E interrelatedRegulated (3 mg/hd/da)Increased sulfur will increase req.

Need in supplementSe/Vit E interrelatedRegulated (3 mg/hd/da)Increased sulfur will increase req.

Selenium DeficiencySelenium Deficiency

Increase in early, embryonic deathRetained placentasWeak calves at birthCompromised immune system

Increase in early, embryonic deathRetained placentasWeak calves at birthCompromised immune system

Manganese (Mn)Manganese (Mn)

Very poorly absorbedInvolved in enzyme systemsHigh Ca and P can increase req.Deficiency

– Deformed calves “knuckle-over”– Increase in cystic ovaries– Abortions, delayed estrus

Very poorly absorbedInvolved in enzyme systemsHigh Ca and P can increase req.Deficiency

– Deformed calves “knuckle-over”– Increase in cystic ovaries– Abortions, delayed estrus

Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)

Enzyme functionEffects repro; esp. males

– Late stage spermatozoa

Enzyme functionEffects repro; esp. males

– Late stage spermatozoa

Iodine (I)Iodine (I)

Component of thyroid hormones Goitrogenic compounds may increase

need Foot Rot

Component of thyroid hormones Goitrogenic compounds may increase

need Foot Rot

ConsumptionConsumption

Salt level (don’t feed separately)MgO levelWater in forageLocationMan!

Salt level (don’t feed separately)MgO levelWater in forageLocationMan!

FAQ’sFAQ’s

• Do they need minerals on grass?• Is white salt adequate?• Is “red” salt better?• Should I mix my own?• What “extras” are needed? (vitamins, additives,

chelates)• What should I feed?

• Do they need minerals on grass?• Is white salt adequate?• Is “red” salt better?• Should I mix my own?• What “extras” are needed? (vitamins, additives,

chelates)• What should I feed?

FAQ’s AnswersFAQ’s Answers

FAQ’s AnswersFAQ’s Answers

• Is mineral supplementation needed on grass?– YES

• Is mineral supplementation needed on grass?– YES

FAQ’s AnswersFAQ’s Answers

• Is white salt adequate?– NO

• Is white salt adequate?– NO

FAQ’s AnswersFAQ’s Answers

• Is “red” salt better?– NO

• Yellow salt?– NO

• Is “red” salt better?– NO

• Yellow salt?– NO

FAQ’s AnswersFAQ’s Answers

• Can I mix my own?– Probably not! (Dealing

with parts per million.)

• Can I mix my own?– Probably not! (Dealing

with parts per million.)

FAQ’s AnswersFAQ’s Answers

• What extras are needed?– Vitamins? A– Additives? Maybe– Chelates? Maybe

• What extras are needed?– Vitamins? A– Additives? Maybe– Chelates? Maybe

“Organic” vs. Inorganic Minerals

“Organic” vs. Inorganic Minerals

• Absorbed by a different system

• Use in the presence of antagonists

• Better at immune stimulation

• Absorbed by a different system

• Use in the presence of antagonists

• Better at immune stimulation

FAQ’s AnswersFAQ’s Answers

• What should I feed for grazing beef cattle?• What should I feed for grazing beef cattle?

Beef FormulaBeef Formula

• Not intended for– Goats– Sheep– Dairy (especially Jerseys)

• Not intended for– Goats– Sheep– Dairy (especially Jerseys)

Basic (3 oz Intake)

 Gestating Cow Requirement @

11kg intake

Fescue Analysis

(%)

Amount (g) in 11

kgForage

Availability, %

Total Available

from Fescue

Ca 30 0.39 42.9 60 25.74

P 18 0.23 25.3 65 16.445

Mg 13.2 0.22 24.2 45 10.89

K 66 1.95 214.5 50 107.25

S 16.5 0.22 24.2 50 12.1

Fe 0.55 0.0103 1.133 50 0.5665

Mn 0.44 0.0126 1.386 3 0.04158

Zn 0.33 0.0018 0.198 50 0.099

Cu 0.11 0.0005 0.055 10 0.0055

I 0.0055 0 0 50 0

Se 0.0011 0.000005 0.00055 30 0.000165

Co 0.0011 0 0 50 0

Basic (3 oz Intake)

Supplemental Mineral Analysis (%)

Amount (g) in 85 g (3

oz.)Total Mineral

Intake (g)%

Requirement

Ca 12 10.2 35.94 119.80

P 6 5.1 21.545 119.69

Mg 2 1.7 12.59 95.38

K 0.5 0.425 107.675 163.14

S 0.8 0.68 12.78 77.45

Fe 0.1 0.085 0.6515 118.45

Mn 0.45 0.3825 0.42408 96.38

Zn 0.32 0.272 0.371 112.42

Cu 0.16 0.136 0.1415 128.64

I 0.0065 0.005525 0.005525 100.45

Se 0.0035 0.002975 0.00314 285.45

Co 0.0015 0.001275 0.001275 115.91

Pre and Early Lactation - Mag (4 oz)

  Cow Requirement @

11kg intake

Fescue Analysis

(%)

Amount (g) in 11

kg

Forage Availability,

%

Total Available

from Fescue

Ca 36 0.39 42.9 60 25.74

P 24 0.23 25.3 65 16.445

Mg 22 0.22 24.2 45 10.89

K 66 1.95 214.5 50 107.25

S 16.5 0.22 24.2 50 12.1

Fe 0.55 0.0103 1.133 50 0.5665

Mn 0.44 0.0126 1.386 3 0.04158

Zn 0.33 0.0018 0.198 50 0.099

Cu 0.11 0.0005 0.055 10 0.0055

I 0.0055 0 0 50 0

Se 0.0011 0.000005 0.00055 30 0.000165

Co 0.0011 0 0 50 0

Pre and Early Lactation - Mag (4 oz)

Supplemental Mineral Analysis (%)

Amount (g) in 113 g (4 oz.)

Total Mineral Intake (g)

% Requiremen

t

Ca 12 13.56 39.3 109.17

P 6.5 7.345 23.79 99.13

Mg 15 16.95 27.84 126.55

K 0.5 0.565 107.815 163.36

S 0.8 0.904 13.004 78.81

Fe 0.1 0.113 0.6795 123.55

Mn 0.35 0.3955 0.43708 99.34

Zn 0.3 0.339 0.438 132.73

Cu 0.14 0.1582 0.1637 148.82

I 0.005 0.00565 0.00565 102.73

Se 0.0026 0.002938 0.003103 282.09

Co 0.001 0.00113 0.00113 102.73

Cow/Herd Mineral SupplementCow/Herd Mineral SupplementBasic (3 oz) Pre & Early

Lactation (4 oz)

Ca 12 12

P 6 6.5

Mg 2 15

K 0.5 0.5

S 0.8 0.8

Fe 0.1 0.1

Mn 0.45 0.35

Zn 0.32 0.3

Cu 0.16 0.14

I 0.0065 0.005

Se 0.0035 0.0026

Co 0.0015 0.001

CTC ??CTC ??

• Only one approved formula for free-choice feeding - an outside company owns the rights to that

• Anaplaz - use commercially available products

• Only one approved formula for free-choice feeding - an outside company owns the rights to that

• Anaplaz - use commercially available products

Minerals for Meat GoatsMinerals for Meat Goats

Minerals Minerals

[(Ca, P) (Cu, Zn, Se)][(Ca, P) (Cu, Zn, Se)]

Vitamins Vitamins

(A, D, E)(A, D, E)

Minerals Minerals

[(Ca, P) (Cu, Zn, Se)][(Ca, P) (Cu, Zn, Se)]

Vitamins Vitamins

(A, D, E)(A, D, E)

Mineral Requirements for Mature Meat Goat

Elements Gestation Lactation

Calcium, % DM .25 .30

Phosphorus , % DM .12 .18

Magnesium , % DM .12 .20

Potassium , % DM .60 .70

Sodium , % DM .06 - .08 .10

Sulfur , % DM .15 .15

Based on Nutrient Requirements of Goats NRC, 1981, 1986 Beef NRC, Goat Medicine, Smith, M. C., Sherman, D.M. 1994

Trace Mineral Requirements for Mature Meat Goat

Elements Gestation Lactation

Cobalt, ppm .10 .10

Copper, ppm 10 10

Iodine, ppm .50 .50

Iron, ppm 50 50

Manganese, ppm 40 40

Selenium, ppm 0.3 0.3

Zinc, ppm 30 30

Based on Nutrient Requirements of Goats NRC, 1981, 1986 Beef NRC, Goat Medicine, Smith, M. C., Sherman, D.M. 1994

Trace mineral Formulation for Mature Meat Goat

Grazing Tall Fescue

Estimated Daily Intake One Ounces Two Ounces

Cobalt, ppm 22

Copper, ppm 2062

Iodine, ppm 109

Manganese, ppm 7700

Selenium, ppm 52

Zinc, ppm 4511

Based on Nutrient Requirements of Goats NRC, 1981, 1986 Beef NRC, Goat Medicine, Smith, M. C., Sherman, D.M. 1994

VitaminVitamin

• A – 400,000 IUs/lb

• D – 400 IUs/lb

• E – 400 IUs/lb

• A – 400,000 IUs/lb

• D – 400 IUs/lb

• E – 400 IUs/lb

Copper Toxicity In GoatsCopper Toxicity In Goats

Meat goats may be more susceptible than dairy goats.

Meat goats may be more susceptible than dairy goats.

Toxicity: Levels of Dietary IntakeToxicity: Levels of Dietary Intake

• Cattle dietary levels > 100 ppm

• Goats (?)

• Sheep dietary levels 20-25 ppm

• Cattle dietary levels > 100 ppm

• Goats (?)

• Sheep dietary levels 20-25 ppm

Toxicity: SymptomsToxicity: Symptoms

• Acute anorexia• Severe hemolytic anemia (brownish

blood)• Respiratory distress• Jaundice (yellowing eyes and

membranes• Dark and pasty fecal material animal

may look dirty• “Ok yesterday, but dead today”

• Acute anorexia• Severe hemolytic anemia (brownish

blood)• Respiratory distress• Jaundice (yellowing eyes and

membranes• Dark and pasty fecal material animal

may look dirty• “Ok yesterday, but dead today”

Types of ToxicityTypes of Toxicity

• Acute – – usually mistake in feed or mineral mix– goats found old bag of Cu-pesticide

• Chronic -– Occurs due to slow accumulation for 2

weeks to 1 year

• Acute – – usually mistake in feed or mineral mix– goats found old bag of Cu-pesticide

• Chronic -– Occurs due to slow accumulation for 2

weeks to 1 year

How does this happen?How does this happen?

• Fat, over fed goats are most susceptible

• Complete feeds based on 2.5 lbs/day intake– 2.5 lbs = 90 ppm– 50% absorption 45 ppm/d

• But they eat more than that + mineral (fc)

• Fat, over fed goats are most susceptible

• Complete feeds based on 2.5 lbs/day intake– 2.5 lbs = 90 ppm– 50% absorption 45 ppm/d

• But they eat more than that + mineral (fc)

Minerals for SheepMinerals for Sheep

• Specifically for sheep

• Free-choice, year-round

• Specifically for sheep

• Free-choice, year-round

Minerals for SheepMinerals for Sheep

• Spring & Summer (high quality clover)– Trace Mineral Salt (TMS) w/ Selenium

• Rest of Year– Complete mineral mix

• Spring & Summer (high quality clover)– Trace Mineral Salt (TMS) w/ Selenium

• Rest of Year– Complete mineral mix

Minerals for SheepMinerals for Sheep

Concern: Copper Toxicity

• Sheep more sensitive than cattle

• Result of accumulation in liver over time

• Generally Sheep require about 5 ppm Copper (Cu) in diet; toxicity at levels above 25 ppm in diet

• Cu:MO ratio is important

• If MO is low (<1ppm) sheep are more susceptible

Concern: Copper Toxicity

• Sheep more sensitive than cattle

• Result of accumulation in liver over time

• Generally Sheep require about 5 ppm Copper (Cu) in diet; toxicity at levels above 25 ppm in diet

• Cu:MO ratio is important

• If MO is low (<1ppm) sheep are more susceptible

Minerals for SheepMinerals for Sheep

Problem:

Distiller’s grains and Soybean Meal (SBM) can be variable in Cu

Problem:

Distiller’s grains and Soybean Meal (SBM) can be variable in Cu