mineral systems in the tasmanides: the global ... - smedg
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A color enhancement of an ultraviolet photograph of the spectrum of the upper atmosphere of the Earth and geo-corona. The bright horizontal line is far ultraviolet emission of hydrogen extending 40,000 miles either side of the Earth. UV camera was operated by Astronaut John W. Young on the Apollo 16 lunar landing mission
Mineral Systems in the Mineral Systems in the TasmanidesTasmanides: : The Global PerspectiveThe Global Perspective
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Bedding
20cm
CleavageWoodlawn Rock
Track of the talk:Track of the talk:
••Record in the mantle for Record in the mantle for hydridic fluid fluxhydridic fluid flux
••Track record of Earth degassing Track record of Earth degassing as recorded by Earthas recorded by Earth’’s oceans s oceans
/sedimentary record/sedimentary record
••Implications for giant mineral Implications for giant mineral resources Archaean, resources Archaean,
ProterozpocProterozpoc & & TasmanidesTasmanides
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Graphite / Diamondnot stable
-15 -10 -5 0 5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Dep
th ( k
m)
ΔQFMlog fO2
SiCstable
COHfluidonly
max graphite / diam
ond stability limit
"Q"IF
(fo90)IW
graphite / diamondstable
a ski
= 10
-5
= 10
-3=
10-2
- S. African peridotite (Woodland & Koch, 2003)
FMQ
IW
“Q”IF
2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si3O4(gt) = 4Fe2SiO4(ol) + 2FeSiO3(px) + O2; Gudmundsson & Wood,1995 Ed Mikucki, 2006
CO2
H2O
CH4
H2
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-15 -10 -5 0 5
Xi
XH2OXCO2XCH4XCOXH2
IW "Q"IF(fo90)
ΔQFMlog fO2
z = 646.8 kmT = 1553oCP = 220.5 Kbar
diamond / graphitestable
SiC stable COH
fluid
-15 -10 -5 0 5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Dep
th (k
m)
ΔQFMlog fO2
SiCstable
COHfluidonly
max graphite / diam
ond stability limit
"Q"IF
(fo90)IW
graphite / diamondstable
a ski
= 10
-5
= 10
-3=
10-2
Di Pierro et al, 2003
Si FeSi2Fe3Si7CaSi2Si2N2OFe-Ti silicides REE silicates
Hydrogen flux Hydrogen flux from Earthfrom Earth’’s cores core
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metasomatisingmantle wedge
HH22O Domain O Domain
plate
COCO22 ±± HH22O O ±± melts melts Domain Domain
HH2 2 ±± CHCH44 Domain Domain
10km10km
100 km100 km
1000 km1000 kmHH2 2 fluxflux
sealseal
sealseal
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Nature of gas flux through Earth history?Nature of gas flux through Earth history?It is possible to identify:It is possible to identify:
epochs of high rates of H2 diffusionepochs of high rates of H2 diffusion
epochs of epochs of advectiveadvective loss of reduced, CH4loss of reduced, CH4--rich gases rich gases
epochs of epochs of advectiveadvective loss of oxidized CO2loss of oxidized CO2--rich gases rich gases
These epochs relate to the These epochs relate to the flux of hydridic fluids flux of hydridic fluids from the Earthfrom the Earth’’s core.s core.
Hydridic fluid flux drive Hydridic fluid flux drive redoxredox--relate processes relate processes EarthEarth’’s mantle, crust, s mantle, crust, hydrosherehydroshere, atmosphere, atmosphere
Williams & Hemley (2001);Okuchi T (1997); Larin (1993)
FeH
Fe e.g. mass extinction& metallogenesis …….
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Paleo - Proterozoic Neo -Meso -
COCO22atmos atmos COCO22sw + Hsw + H22 CHCH44 + H+ H22O: O: methanogenesismethanogenesis
CHCH44 fixed as organic matter/methane clathrate fixed as organic matter/methane clathrate
Major Epochs of H2 DiffusionMajor Epochs of H2 Diffusion
Defined by positive deviations in Defined by positive deviations in δδ1313C seawater C seawater
δδ1212C C CHCH4 4 and COand CO22sw enriched in sw enriched in δδ1313CC
δ13 C
Sea
wate
r(‰
)
Ga1.52.5 2.0 1.0 0.5 0
12
0
-4
8
4
Sources of data Holland (2005)Melezhik et al. (2005)COCO22type type methanogensmethanogens: H: H22 flux fuels flux fuels methanogenesismethanogenesis
Paleoproterozoic Neo-Meso- Phanerozoic
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δ13 C
Sea
wate
r(‰
)
Ga
Sources of informationMelezhik et al. (2005), Holland (2005), Kaufman et al (1997), Veizer et al. (1999), Saltzman & Young (2005)
1.52.5 2.0 1.0 0.5 0
12
0
-4
8
4
Overall draw down in greenhouse gases leads to Earth coolingOverall draw down in greenhouse gases leads to Earth cooling: Kaufman et al. (1997) : Kaufman et al. (1997)
Ice Ages
Positive Positive δδ1313C C excursions commonly predate cooling/glaciationexcursions commonly predate cooling/glaciationNeoproterozoicNeoproterozoic & & PhanerozoicPhanerozoic
Ice Ages & Epochs of H2 DiffusionIce Ages & Epochs of H2 DiffusionPaleoproterozoic Neo-Meso- Phanerozoic
HH22 flux fuels flux fuels methanogenesismethanogenesis & reduction of greenhouse gases & reduction of greenhouse gases
Mass Extinction 440Ma
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Sources of informationMelezhik et al. (2005), Canfield (2005), Holland (2005) & references therein
0.1
0.3
10
0
-10
0
10
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.53.5 2.5 1.5
δ13 C
swδ3
3 Ssw
Band
ed I
ron
Form
atio
n
CO2 fluxCH4 flux H2 flux
Epochs of CHEpochs of CH44 & CO& CO22 Flux Flux
Define high CODefine high CO22 ±± SOSO2 2 flux from distribution of banded iron formation flux from distribution of banded iron formation
Defined high CHDefined high CH44 ±± HH2 2 ±± HH22SS by negative deviations in by negative deviations in δδ1313C seawater; C seawater; δδ3333Sanomalies; global anoxiaSanomalies; global anoxia
Ga
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Metal transport with deep Metal transport with deep –– Earth Earth hydridic fluidshydridic fluids
FeH
Fe
AuCr, Ni PGEsPb, ZnU
H2S, N, CHalogensNa, Li
3000 km
Complexes of halides, chlorides, amines,carbonyls, cyanides
Williams & Hemley (2001); Okuchi T (1997); Larin (1993)
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Cr, Ni, PGEs, Au
Pb, Zn; Cu
Bushveld; Sudbury; Komatiitic Ni
800-1000 ºC; Magmatic Conditions
100- 200 ºC; Sedimentary/basin environment
500-600ºCHydrous
Anhydrous Challenger; formed with melt
Porphyry Cu deposits
Deep –fluidsInfluencepH, redox, salinitytemp
Broken Hill (BHTs)
Au
Most Au depositsPb-Zn sedimentary deposits
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Magmatic deposits: Silicate melts act as trap medium for metals in hydridic fluids; not transport medium
BushveldBushveld ComplexComplex
ReefsReefs
PotholesPotholes
Sink not source ???
Hydridic fluids (metals)
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Q: What is the mechanism Q: What is the mechanism of advection of COof advection of CO22±±CHCH44through the crust through the crust
A: Transient, A: Transient, DeepDeep--lithosphericlithospheric blasts blasts of gas, of gas,
or or VerneshotsVerneshots
J. Phipps Morgan et al, EPSL 217 (2004) 263-284
Sufficient energy to produce shocked quartz & shattercones
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VerneshotsVerneshots in major in major mineral provincesmineral provinces
VredefortVredefortDomeDome
Johannesburg
Witwatersrand BasinKlerksdorp
CarswellCarswell structurestructure
Archaean
Proterozoic
Sudbury “Impact”
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CrossCross--Arc StructuresArc Structures& Lachlan Tectonic & Lachlan Tectonic ZoneZone
PathwaysPathwaysfrom the from the mantle ???mantle ???
Squire &Miller, 2003
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Bass Canyon
Cross-Arc Structures
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200km
Mt Isa
11001100
35003500
Tracking pathways of deepTracking pathways of deep--EarthEarth
Fluids: Mt Fluids: Mt IsaIsa Cu OrebodiesCu Orebodies
NS
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-25.00
-15.00
-5.00
5.00
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Depth (m)
δ13C
Positive deviation δ13C– H2 reducing CO2 DDH
Graphite
Carbonate
Ccpore zone
pyriteHW
poFW
H2 Flux
CO2 + 4H2 = CH4+ 2H2O
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Clues from Clues from ArchaeanArchaeanAu & Ni? Au & Ni? depositsdeposits
Geological Geological map of the map of the St. Ives gold St. Ives gold campcampYilgarnYilgarnWAWA
Perth
KalgoorlieKambalda
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A
Stone et al, 2005
B
A
B
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KSL
DCB
DFD
KAM
DCB
SO
DCB
DFD
A B
Repulse Fault
Nautilus Shear
DCB
DCB
PBS
Local domains of intense biotite± anhydrite
Anhydrite± biotite± epidote± quartz± carbonate
Best pyrite Au (>1ppm)+Pyrite
0 400 m
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δ13C
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 10 20 30 40
δ18O
CO2 - SO2 – CH4Anhydrous Domain
Hydrous Domain
CH4
SO2
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δ13C
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 10 20 30 40
δ18O
3CH4 + 4SO2 = 3CO2+ 2H2O + 4H2S
Negative deviation δ13C– SO2 oxidizing CH4
CH4
SO2
CH4 +H2O
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δ13C
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 10 20 30 40
δ18O
3CH4 + 4SO2 = 3CO2+ 2H2O + 4H2S
Negative deviation δ13C– SO2 oxidizing CH4
CH4
SO2
CH4 +H2O
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δ13C
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 10 20 30 40
δ18O
CO2 + 4H2 = CH4+ 2H2O
Positive deviation δ13C– H2 reducing CO2
CH4
SO2
CH4 +H2O
H2 +H2O
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00000000000
-10 +8 ‰
SO2
δ34S pyrite Au deposits
H2
(H, Na, N, C, Cl, metals)
10km10km
100 km100 km
1000 km1000 km
HH2 2 fluxflux
sealseal
Melts & Melts &
COCO22--SOSO2 2 fluidsfluids
Metal Province
Aqueous domain
δ34S variationin volcanic hosted Ni?
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Oxidizedpathways
Reducedpathways
Extreme reductionof magmatic sulphate in the sodic alteration zone
Ridgeway
Wilson et al., 2004
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Oxidizedpathways
Reducedpathways
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Cadia & environs: Redox mapping in porphyry environment
Aid to near mine exploration
Po
Py-Asp
Bn-Ccp-Py
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pH 1.8 3.2 4.6 6.0 8.0 10.5log sumS -3.4 -3.3 -2.2 -1.5 -0.47 + 0.7
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-2.5-2.3-2.1-1.9-1.7-1.5-1.3-1.1-0.9-0.7-0.5-0.3-0.1log KCl/NaCl
log
fO2
Chlorite
Tourmaline
Biotite
Amphibole+
Biotite
Epidote
py
po
hmmt
pymt
hm
mt
mt po
am
am am
CO2 aqCH4 aq
Oxi
dize
d400°C
G G’A
lbite
Quartz+
Albite
Anhydritesaturation
HSO4 –
H2S aq
H2S
aq
HS
-
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CIM Toronto, April 2005
??
??
??
??
??
?? ??
??
??
Ni?Ni?
A
100 km
█ ~1590 Ma: Gawler Range Volcanics (bimodal, mainly felsic)
█ ~1590 Ma: Gawler Range Volcanics (bimodal, mainly felsic)
faults
█ ~1595-1575 Ma: Hiltaba Suite granitoid and mafic intrusions;
█ ~1595-1575 Ma: Hiltaba Suite granitoid and mafic intrusions;
IOCG crustal settingIOCG crustal setting
▌~1590-1575 Ma: Olympic Cu-Au province;
▌~1590-1575 Ma: Olympic Cu-Au province;
??
??Palaeoprot.orogenic belt
Seismic& MT lineSeismic& MT line
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CIM Toronto, April 2005
SN
5
0twt, secs
10
15
50 km V:H=1
Coloured MT image courtesy R. Gill, G. Heinson, N. Direen at The University of Adelaide, and published in Thiel et al., (2004).MT image overlays GA-PIRSA seismic data with early interpretive linework by GA-PIRSA-UofA.
High conductivity (Prot?)High conductivity (Prot?)
Low conductivityLow conductivity
Low conductivity (e.g. Archaean gneiss)Low conductivity (e.g. Archaean gneiss)
Crustal architecture of the Olympic Dam region:magneto-telluric transect along seismic line
Crustal architecture of the Olympic Dam region:magneto-telluric transect along seismic line
OD
Track GRAPHITE through the crustTrack GRAPHITE through the crust
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0
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.5
Earth H
istory
Au
AuAu
1.0
Potential to explain
•Time scales
• Length scales
• Province scale alteration
• Build genuinemineral system models
EarthEarth--system modelssystem models