Atoms to Minerals

MATTER: "anything that has mass and volume"3 Phases Solid / Liquid /Gas

Elements: can not be separated naturally into smaller partsC carbonN nitrogenO Oxygen

Compounds: Compounds: a chemical substance formed from 2 or more elements.

Water (H2O) Halite (NaCl) Chemical Formulas

Calcite (CaCo3)

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Electrons have a (e-) chargeProtons have a (+) charge Neutrons have a (Ø) neutral

charge

An atom contains an electron cloud surrounding a nucleus composed of a proton and neutron.

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The atomic number =

The number of protons in a nucleus. It determines the chemical properties of an

element

The mass number=

Number of protons + number of neutrons

The number of Protons is equal to the number of Electrons

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Covalent “Sharing” Bonds

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Ionic “Borrowing” Bonds

BeforeAfter

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There are seven orbital paths that an electron can travel in.

The 1 st orbital path can only hold two electrons.The 2nd can hold 8 e'The 3rd can hold 18e'The 4th can hold 32 e'The 5th can hold 21 e'The 6th can hold 9 eThe 7th can hold 2 e'

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Most minerals crystallize from MAGMA or LAVA,

Molten material is a liquid mixture of freely moving crystals.

As molten material cools crystalline solids form.

Water can also produce minerals by evaporation and chemical precipitation.

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The type of mineral formed depends on two factors.

1. Types of element in the magma….2. The melting point of each mineral….

Minerals with high melting point will crystallize first.

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Slow cooling promotes large crystals

Fast cooling promotes fine grained or small crystals

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Minerals and Rocks 

A. Minerals "The building blocks of rocks” 1. Defined as… a.   Naturally Occurring

b.   Crystal Structure c.   Inorganic (nonliving) d.   Have a specific internal

arrangement of atoms

2. Chemical composition of Minerals a. can be a single element ex. (Au) Gold (Ag) Silver b. can be a compound ex. Calcite CaCo3

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3. Rocks can be…

a.  Polyminerallic: Composed of two or more minerals

ex. Granite  

MicaQuartzFeldspar

b.  Monominerallic: Composed of one mineral ex. Quartzite

Quartz

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B . Minerals can be identified on physical or chemical properties

“Determined by their specific arrangement of atoms.”

1. Physical Characteristics a. Colo e. Cleavage b. Streak f. Specific Gravity c. Hardness g. Crystal Structure d. Luster

a.     Color "outside color of mineral"Impurities discolor a mineral

 

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b.    Streak "powdered form of mineral true color"

streak or no streak

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c.     Hardness "Scratch Test" Used to Identify minerals by the process of elimination.

Moh's Scale of Hardness

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d.     Luster: Looks like a metal or not. MetallicNonmetallic (Glassy Pearly Earthy)

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e. Crystal Structure: Minerals that grow in ideal conditions have a crystalline shape that is determined by their I.A.A.’s

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Geometric Figure w/ 4 faces. Silicon at the center oxygen on the corners. Crystals with Tetrahedrons are called Silicates.

Silicon Tetrahedron

Silicon = AtomsOxygen =

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3. ESRT Common Minerals & Elements Most abounded elements in the lithosphere

-Oxygen -Silicon

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Combine to form chains or sheets.Mr. Thompson's Earth Science Class

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F. Cleavage: Mineral will split along a flat surface of weakness

– Due to internal arrangement of atoms - Halite

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Mica

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Conchoidal Fracture: Breaks into a chunk.

Opal

Quartz

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g. Specific Gravity (Density)

-Arrangement of atoms and packing determines the density

  

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2. Chemical & Special Properties

Acid Test: Minerals Bubble (Calcite)

Taste (Halite)

Double Refraction: (Calcite)

Magnetism (Magnetite)

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SummaryThe Chemical and Physical Properties of a

mineral are determined by the internal arrangement of atoms.

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