minerals and their engineering properties · • about 2000 minerals and 100 chemical elements •...
TRANSCRIPT
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Minerals and their Engineering Properties
Engineering GeologyFall 2016
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• Rock = Σ minerals• About 2000 minerals and 100 chemical
elements• Mineral = inorganic crystalline structure • Homogeneous substance, definite chemical
composition, definite internal structure• Under ideal conditions = crystals
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Ten critical elements found in most rocks and soils
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Element Bonding
• Ionic bonds – weak and can be attacked by water molecules Minerals: reactive, soluble, breakdown
• Covalent bonds – strongMinerals: durable and inert
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Paragenesis
• Community of minerals- Igneous- Sedimentary- Metamorphic
• Identification of Minerals- Examination of hand specimen- Examination of thin slices (0.03 mm) using optical properties of minerals
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http://minerals.usgs.gov/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1082/pdf/ofr2014-1082.pdf
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“On an all-in basis, counting everything processed and distilled into those 10 lbs, it weighs as much as 40,000 lbs, and its manufacturers, going all the way back to the mines and wellheads, created huge abuse to Earth through extractive and polluting processes to make it.”
(Ray Anderson, 1998).
Laptop Computer
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Social Structure
Infrastructure
Production-Consumption Model
Resource Extraction, Harvesting
Process, Modify
Resources
Convey, Transport Consume Discard
Resource Recovery
Discarded Materials, Wastes
Extra
ctio
n
Minerals, Metals, Fuels Resources (Non-Renewable)
Harvesting
Ecological Resources (Renewable)
DamagedTreatment, Storage
Not Economically Retrievable
Not Economically Retrievable
Carrying Capacity
UncontrolledDisposal
Adapted from D. Roberts and W. Wallace
Cradle to Grave (Take – Make – Waste)
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Copper
• Base metal• 0.0058% of Earth’s crust by weight• Main rock = Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
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Identification of Minerals
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=minerals+videos&FORM=VIRE13#view=detail&mid=2E1A08DEDCA54D04BA7F
2E1A08DEDCA54D04BA7F
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Crystal symmetry
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Hardness
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Other properties
• Color and streak• Specific gravity• Transparency• Reaction to HCL• Magnetism• Taste
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Silicates
[SiO4]4-
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Olivine
[Mg, Fe]2 SiO4
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Quartz (SiO2)
• Macro-crystalline quartz (different colors due to impurities)
• Silicosis (occupational hazard)https://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/silicacrystalline/index.htmlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtYErK9KjQ8c
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Quartz (SiO2)
• Micro-crystalline quartz (chert, flint, agate, jasper, opal, petrified wood)
• Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)https://www.concrete.org/topicsinconcrete/topicdetail/Alkali%20Aggregate%20Reaction#onlinelearning
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PyroxenesAmphiboles
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Asbestos
Loosely used commercial term for fibrous minerals in heat-resistant fabric, • Chrysotile (White asbestos): sheet structure,
95% of asbestos. Dissolves in lungs (in one year)
• Amphibole asbestos (Blue Asbestos) minerals: Needle structure (crocidolite, Blue asbestos, four other types). Does not dissolve in lungs
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Chrysotile
Blue Asbestos
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Asbestos
• Problem with misidentification of asbestos• Regulations:
- EPA -OSHA (health and safety of workers) http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3507.pdf
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Phylosilicates
• Sheets of tetrahedron units• Micas (Biotite and Muscovite)• Chlorite• Talc• Clay Minerals (swelling and non-swelling)
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Micas
Biotite Muscovite
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Hydrolysis
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Clay Minerals
Tetrahedral
Octahedral
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Clay MineralsKaolinite
Illite
Montmorillonite
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Clay Minerals
• Videos:
(1) https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=swelling+clays+videos&qpvt=swelling+clays+videos&view=detail&mid=5CC835922F54CF71368F5CC835922F54CF71368F&FORM=VRDGAR
(2) https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=house+foundations+on+swelling+clays&&view=detail&mid=F700D4D39556526E54C7F700D4D39556526E54C7&FORM=VRDGAR
(3) https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=swelling+clays+videos&view=detail&mid=CA39BD89DFDEA04A75A6CA39BD89DFDEA04A75A6&FORM=VIRE
(4) https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=swelling+clays+videos&&view=detail&mid=3F6C2C2EC67157A034B13F6C2C2EC67157A034B1&rvsmid=CA39BD89DFDEA04A75A6CA39BD89DFDEA04A75A6&fsscr=-2310&FORM=VDFSRV