minerals needed for emerging green technologies …minerals needed for emerging green technologies...
TRANSCRIPT
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MINERALS NEEDED FOR EMERGING GREEN
TECHNOLOGIES AND CRITICAL MINERALS
Virginia T. McLemore New Mexico Bureau of Geology and
Mineral Resources New Mexico Tech
Socorro, New Mexico
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Schedule • project presentations on May • Final and project report due May
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The US is 80% dependent for supply of 31
minerals.
This dependency
implies criticality.
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Essential for industry and emerging technologies and few or no
substitutes exist • All minerals have the
potential to be critical • Essential in use and
subject to supply risk • Differs over the short
term, moderate term, and long term
http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
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Strategic minerals
• National security and military needs or requirements during national emergencies
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DOD • REE • U • Be • Cr • Co • Mn • Ge • PGM • Ta • Sn • W • Zn • Al • Bi • B • Cd • Cu • F • Ga • Hf • In • Pb http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12028
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Green minor metals—basis for cleaner technology innovation
• Indium • Germanium • Tantalum • PGM • Tellurium • Cobalt • Lithium • Gallium • REE
http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1202xPA-Critical%20Metals%20and%20their%20Recycling%20Potential.pdf
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Minerals required for clean energy technologies
• Lithium • Cobalt • Gallium • REE, Y • Indium • Tellurium
http://www.energy.gov/news/documents/criticalmaterialsstrategy.pdf
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European Union
• Antimony • Beryllium • Cobalt • Fluorspar • Gallium • Germanium • Graphite • Indium • Magnesium • Niobium • PGM • REE • Tantalum • Tungsten
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/files/docs/report-b_en.pdf
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WHAT ARE GREEN TECHNOLOGIES?
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What are green technologies?
• Environmental technologies or clean technologies • Future and existing technologies that conserve
energy and natural resources and curb the negative impacts of human involvement, i.e. environmental friendly (modified from Wikipedia) – Alternative power (wind turbines, solar energy) – Hybrid and electric cars – Batteries – Magnets
• Other technologies – Water purification – Desalination – Carbon capture and storage
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WHAT MINERALS ARE USED IN THESE GREEN
TECHNOLOGIES?
Beryl
beryllium tuff (USGS OF 98-524)
Kernite http://www.borax.com
Monazite http://mineral.galleries.com
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Common minerals
• Cement/concrete • Copper • Steel • Aluminum • Titanium
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Cell phones
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http://www.epa.gov/osw/education/pdfs/life-cell.pdf
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Light Bulbs
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CD/DVD
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Automobiles
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http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
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http://www.reitausa.org/storage/Challenges%20Facing%20New%20Global%20Rare%20Earth%20Separation%20Plants.pdf
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http://www.molycorp.com/hybrid_ev.asp
Toyota Prius 2.2 lbs Nd in magnets 22-33 lbs La in batteries
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Batteries • Primary (immediate current, disposable)
vs secondary (must be charged) • Types
– Wet cell – Dry cell – Molten salt – Reserve
• Dependent upon use – Computers, cell phones – Solar power system
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Other materials
• Zinc • Carbon • Chloride • Manganese • Nickel • Lithium • Copper
• Silver • Cadmium • Lead • REE • Iron • mercury
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http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
Aerospace
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Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
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Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
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Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
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Indium in solar panels • 50 metric tons required for enough solar
panels to provide 1 gigawatt of energy • $500/kg in 2009 • 2008—US used 800 megawatts of energy
by solar panels connected to the grid (0.1% total US energy)
• 600,000 metric tons reserves in the world in 2009 – Zinc sulfide deposits – Tin-tungsten veins – Porphyry copper deposits
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Permanent Magnets
• Automotive • Electronics • Appliances • Medical • Military • Aerospace • Automation • Wind turbines
• Fe • Sm-Co • Nd-Fe-B • Cu-Ni-Fe • Fe-Cr-Co • Al-Ni-Co
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Wind turbines
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Engines
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Beryllium • Nuclear industry
– Fuel rods – Shielding
• Telecommunications • Modules for engine control
computers, including in hybrid automobiles
• Solar industry in energy focusing assembly and storage units
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Graphite
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WHERE ARE THESE MINERALS FOUND?
Mountain Pass carbonatite, CA
Sanastee beach placer sandstone,San Juan County, NM
Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração (CBMM), open pit mine for Nb,
Minas Gerais, Brazil http://www.us.cbmm.com.br/english/sources/mine/operat/f_operat.htm
Chino, NM
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WHERE ARE THESE MINERALS FOUND?
• Minerals are found in specific mineral deposits containing predominantly one or more of the minerals—Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, PGM, Fe, Mo, REE, Be, U, etc.
• Minerals are found as a by-product or trace element in another type of mineral deposits and would be recovered only if metallurgical technologies are available and economically feasible—Cd, Se, Mo, Te, Au, Ag, etc.
• Minerals are extracted from the material remaining after refining of metals (anode slimes, refinery wastes)—Ga, Ge, In, etc.
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Mining districts and
areas in New
Mexico that contain
REE deposits
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Porphyry copper deposits • Current
– Gold – Silver – Molybdenum
• Possible – Tellurium – Gallium – Germanium – Indium – Others
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Germanium
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Germanium
• German chemist Clemens Winkler in 1886 in the silver sulfide mineral argyrodite from Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
• greyish-white, metallic in appearance, and metallic
• Atomic number 32 • Main source is sphalerite
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Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
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Germanium—uses
• 35%: Polymerisation catalysts (plastics) • 25%: Infrared optics • 20%: Fiber-optic systems • 12%: Electronics/solar electrical
applications • 8%: Other uses (e.g., phosphors (in
fluorescent lamps), metallurgy and chemotherapy (toxic effects against certain microorganisms)
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Germanium—growth
• thin-film application for solar panels • digital video discs • SiGe chips • Ge-based semiconductors • other electronic devices
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Germanium
http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/special/mining/minedock/id/id4-ger.pdf
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Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
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Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
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Minerals
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Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
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Germanium—types of deposits • Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) Cu–Zn(–
Pb)(–Ba) deposits • Porphyry and vein–stockwork Cu–Mo–Au deposits • Porphyry and vein–stockwork Sn–Ag deposits • Vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn(–Cu) deposits • Sediment-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) Zn–Pb–
Cu(–Ba) deposits • Carbonate-hosted base metal deposits • Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn–Pb–Fe(–Cu)(–
Ba)(–F) deposits • Coal and lignite • Fe oxide deposits
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Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
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Indium
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Indium
• In • 0.05 ppm crust • 0.072 ppm oceanic crust • Silver-white, malleable, ductile metal • High plastic properties even at freezing • coat glass, forming a mirror surface with
equally good reflective properties and more corrosion resistance than silver
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Uses
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Indium
• Solar panels • Flat screens (LCDs) • Solders and alloys • Semiconductors
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Indium in solar panels
w 50 metric tons required for enough solar panels to provide 1 gigawatt of energy
w $500/kg in 2009 w 2008—US used 800 megawatts of energy by solar
panels connected to the grid (0.1% total US energy) w 600,000 metric tons reserves in the world in 2009
• Zinc sulfide deposits • Tin-tungsten veins • Porphyry copper deposits
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Production
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Production
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/indium/mcs-2013-indiu.pdf
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Companies
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Production
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Price
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Mineralogy
• indit (FeIn2S4) • roquesit (CuInS2)
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1209/2005-1209.pdf
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Geology • Base metal deposits
– Chalcopyrite – Sphalerite – Stannite
• Tin and tungsten vein deposits – Difficult to recover
• Volcanic massive sulfide deposits
• Porphyry deposits • Skarn deposits
• Bauxite deposits • Zinc deposits • Black shale deposits • Coal • Mississippi-valley
type deposits • Pegmatites • Sandstone-hosted
base-metal deposits
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Geology
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1209/2005-1209.pdf
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Porphyry copper deposits w Current
• Gold • Silver • Molybdenum
w Possible • Tellurium • Gallium • Germanium • Indium • Others
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/of2009-1034_text.pdf
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http://geology.com/articles/indium.shtml
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GENERAL COMMENTS • Many of these minerals do not require the tonnages we
are used to mine for metals like Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn—i.e. smaller deposits
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Commodity
US production 2009 mt
World production 2009 mt
consumption 2009 mt Price 2009
World reserves 2009 mt
Cu 1,190,000 15,800,000 1,660,000 $2.3/lb 540,000,000
Au 210 2,350 170 $950/oz 47,000
REO 0 124,000 7,410 varies 99,000,000
Be 120 140 140 $120/lb 15900+
Sb 0 187,000 22,400 $2.3/lb 2,100,000
As 385 52,500 3,600 $0.92/lb 1,070,000
Bi 100 7,300 1,020 $7.4/lb 320,000
Ga 0 78 20 $480/kg 1,000,000
Ge 5 14 5 $950/kg 450+
Te W W $145/kg 22,000
cement 71,800,000 2,800,000,000 73,800,000 $100/mton
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GENERAL COMMENTS • Many of these minerals do not require the tonnages we
are used to mine for metals like Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn—i.e. smaller deposits
• Some of these minerals are economically found in only 1-3 deposits in the world
• Some of these minerals are found in areas of the world that may not be economically unstable or particularly friendly to the U.S. – Minerals that provide major revenue to armed fractions for
violence, such as that occurring in the Democratic Republic of Congo (GSA, Nov. 2010)
• Some of these minerals come only from the refining of metal deposits and are dependent upon that production – Many Cu and Au deposits utilize heap leach technology, which
leaves other potential minerals unrecovered in the heap leach
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Competing industries/uses
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http://www.slideshare.net/Tehama/john-kaiser
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Comment • Analytical labs are swamped (i.e., too
long) and expensive • There is a need for relatively quick,
inexpensive methods to delineate drill hole targets
• Developing a procedure using a portable X-ray fluorescent instrument to use in stream sediment and soil surveys to aid in exploration
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SOME OF THE CHALLENGES IN PRODUCING THESE
TECHNOLOGIES
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http://www.slideshare.net/Tehama/jack-vancouverjan2011
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http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
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Criticality Index
http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
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Some of the challenges in producing these technologies
• How much of these minerals do we need? • Are there enough materials in the pipeline to
meet the demand for these technologies and other uses?
• Can any of these be recycled? • Are there substitutions that can be used? • Are these minerals environmental friendly—
what are the reclamation challenges? – REE and Be are nearly always associated with U
and Th and the wastes from mining REE and Be will have to accommodate radioactivity and radon
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Bottlenecks • Risk and timing of investment
– Unpredictable – Rapid change in demand – Engineering/design/production of these products is
faster then the exploration/mining/processing • Extraction
– Supplies – Economically feasible in a timely manner
• Refining – Technically feasible – Economical
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FUTURE GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
• Need for understanding the mineralogy and distribution of these minerals in known ore deposits – Geologic mapping (lithology, structure, alteration) – Geologic deposit models – Mineralogy/chemistry
• Are there additional geologic sources for some of these minerals?
• What are the potential environmental consequences of mining these minerals and how do we mitigate them?