Minerals

one of micronutrient substances .

these elements deposited in the rock ,go to soil, then to plants , animal eat it ,then go to human .

inorganic elements has vital role in human

metabolism { building ,activity ,regulating ,transmitting ,& controlling }

Na ,K [ shift of body water ] Ca ,ph provide structure of

the body framework

Iodine need for thyroid hormone 2% of Ca need to build the skeletal tissue . ** types of minerals : 1- major mineral - found in large amount -seven major minerals ( ca ,Mg ,Na ,K,ph ,sulfur & chloride ) 2- Trace elements : - found in small amount - as iron ,iodine ,zinc ,copper ,Manganese ,fluoride

Major minerals:

@ calcium : 10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed -absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum -** factors increasing ca absorption : 1- vit D hormone : - consider as control agent of ca absorption - vit D carry ca in the duodenum to mucosa of cell then to blood circulation 2- body need : -growth -state of hypocalcaemia -pregnancy -lactation More ca is absorbed 3-diatery protein & CHO : - greater percentage of ca is absorbed when the diet is high in protein -lactose enhances ca absorption through the action of lactobacilli which produce lactic

acid & lower intestinal pH 4- acidity : - acidic media of intestine enhance ca absorption

** factors decreasing ca absorption :

vit D deficiency dietary fat : excess fat

decrease ca absorption fiber & other binding

agent alkalinity : decrease

ca absorption in alkaline media

N.B : in elderly person & post menopausal women the ability to absorb ca is reduced

** ca output : 70-90 % of ca remains to be eliminated in the feces,small

amount of ca may be excreted in the urine - daily requirement of ca 200mg \ day ** ca in the bone : 99% of ca storage in bone & teeth ** ca in the blood : 1% of ca circulate in the blood & other body fluid

**control agent of ca balance :parathyroid hormone :-release PTH to maintain normal level of ca -stimulate intestinal mucosa for ca absorption -stimulate kidney to excrete phosphorous 2- vit D hormone .3-calcitonin : special C cell in the thyroid

gland ,it prevent abnormal rise in serum ca

** functions of ca :bone formation tooth formation general metabolic function blood clotting nerve stimulation muscle contraction & relaxation cell membrane permeability enzyme activation

** clinical problems :tetany : decrease ca rickets osteomalachia osteoporosis hypercalcemia ,renal

stone food source of ca :

milk ,cheese egg ,green vegetables , nut ,grains

** phosphorous :1% of total body weight closely associated with

ca ,called metabolic twin

absorbed in the jejunum

ph found in bone ,blood ,& cells

ph under control of PTH& vit D

** physiological function of ph :bone & tooth formation general metabolic activity absorption of glucose & glycerol transport of fatty acid ,phospholipids energy metabolism ( ATP) buffer system [ control acid –base balance in

the blood

** hypophosphatemia :celiac disease rickets osteomalachia hyperparathyroidism symptom include muscle weakness

** hyperphosphatemia :Renal disease Hypoparathyrodism food source : milk & milk product ,lean meat *sodium :-absorbed through small intestine -excreted through kidney under effect of

aldestrone hormone

** physiological function of Na :water balance .acid base balance cell permeability muscle action food source : salt used in

cooking ,milk ,meat ,egg, carrot

** potassium :-mainly found inside the cell -has significant effect on muscle activity

especially heart muscle -absorbed in small intestine -excreted through kidney

** physiological function of K :water ,acid base balance muscle activity CHO metabolism Protein synthesis Food source : grains ,fruit banana orange ,green

vegetables **manganese :Mg present in all body cell -has role in energy production & build tissue -it also aid in normal muscle action - found in fruit ,nut ,grain

** chloride : out side of the cell help in control water acid –base balance highest concentration in the spinal fluid found in HCL hydro choleric acid