mining the metals of the future - alkane resources ltd · rare earths/metals *lanthanide series...
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ImprovinghealthoutcomesEarly diagnosisand treatmentof a range of medicalconditions arenow possible.
High-techproductsAs technology advances,society demands faster, smaller, lighter andlonger-lasting devices.
Cleanenergy &reducingemissionsA green worldwith lower CO2emissions relieson miningnecessary materials to provide green technologies.
Renewable energy technologiesWind turbines and solar cells contain rare earths to operate and/or improve their power efficiency. A modern 3MW wind turbine uses 600kg of rare earths.
Hybrid & electric carsA typical hybrid car contains approximately 28kg of rare earths, including 1kg in the motor and 10-15kg in the battery.
Fluorescent light bulbsThese energy efficient lights are mandated in Australia and in the US. Rare earths are used in fluorescent lights (to create white light) and in LEDs.
Catalytic convertersRare earths are used in catalytic converters in the exhausts of all modern cars. Newer rare earth and zirconium oxides provide increased performance and higher temperature stability to reduce car exhaust emissions.
MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging is used to scan medical patients, to determine the severity of injuries. An average MRI machine contains 700kg of rare earth metals.
Diagnosis and treatment Rare earth based PET imaging agents are used to detect cancer. Rare earth based drugs are providing treatments for lung, prostate, breast and bone cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.
Tablets, smartphones and ipodsThese miniaturised computers require rare earths for better components with reduced weight and increased efficiency.
Rechargeable batteriesThese batteries power many electronic products, including electric cars. Approximately 25% of the nickel-metal hydride battery are rare earths.
ElectronicsRare earths are essential for electronic devices for computer components, global positioning systems (GPS), sonar, defence systems and lasers.
CommunicationsThe unique optical properties of rare earths are crucial to the latest fibre optic technologies that power the internet and telephone communications.
Mining the metals of the future
We rely on rare earths every day
www.alkane.com.au
What are they?
REE demand 2017 by application World production
Mining the metals of the future
Rare earths/metals
www.alkane.com.au
*Lanthanide series
**Actinide series
Rare metals
Heavy rare earths
Light rare earths
Bromine35
Br79.904
Krypton36
Kr83.798
Aluminium13
Al26.982
Silicon14
Si28.085
Phosphorus15
P30.974
Sulfur16
S32.06
Chlorine17
Cl35.45
Argon18
Ar39.948
Lithium3
Li6.94
Sodium11
Na22.990
Potassium19
K39.098
Rubidium37
Rb85.468
Caesium55
Cs132.905
Francium87
Fr223.02
Radium88
Ra226.03
Barium56
Ba137.327
Strontium38
Sr87.62
Calcium20
Ca40.078
Magnesium12
Mg24.305
Beryllium4
Be9.012
Scandium21
Sc44.956
57 -70
*89 -102
**
Yttrium39
Y88.906
Titanium22
Ti47.867
Vanadium23
V50.9415
Chromium24
Cr51.996
Manganese25
Mn54.938
Iron26
Fe55.845
Cobalt27
Co58.933
Nickel28
Ni58.693
Copper29
Cu63.546
Zinc30
Zn65.38
Gallium31
Ga69.723
Germanium32
Ge72.63
Arsenic33
As74.922
Selenium34
Se78.96
Boron5
B10.811
Carbon6
C12.011
Nitrogen7
N14.07
Oxygen8
O15.999
Fluorine9
F18.998
Neon10
Ne20.180
Helium2
He4.0026
Zirconium40
Zr91.224
Niobium41
Nb92.906
Molybdenum42
Mo95.95
Technetium43
Tc97.91
Ruthenium44
Ru101.07
Lawrencium103
Lr262.11
Rhodium45
Rh102.91
Palladium46
Pd106.42
Silver47
Ag107.87
Cadmium48
Cd112.41
Indium49
In114.82
Tin50
Sn118.71
Antimony51
Sb121.760
Tellurium52
Te127.60
Iodine53
I126.90
Xenon54
Xe131.29
Lutetium71
Lu174.97
Hafnium72
Hf178.49
Tantalum73
Ta180.95
Tungsten74
W183.84
Rhenium75
Re186.207
Osmuim76
Os190.23
Iridium77
Ir192.217
Platinum78
Pt195.08
Gold79
Au196.967
Mercury80
Hg200.59
Thallium81
Tl204.38
Lead82
Pb207.2
Bismuth83
Bi208.98
Polonium84
Po209
Astatine85
At210
Radon84
Rn222
Rutherfordium104
Rf265.12
Dubnium105
Db268.13
Seaborgium106
Sg271.13
Bohrium107
Bh272
Hassium108
Hs277.15
Meitnerium109
Mt276.15
Darmstaditum110
Ds281.16
Roentgenium111
Rg280.16
Copernicium112
Cn285.17
Flerovium114
Fl289
Lanthanum57
La138.91
Cerium58
Ce140.116
Praseodymium59
Pr140.907
Actinium89
Ac227.03
Thorium90
Th232.04
Protactinium91
Pa231.04
Uranium92
U238.03
Neptunium93
Np237.05
Plutonium94
Pu244.06
Americium95
Am243.06
Curium96
Cm247.07
Berkelium97
Bk247.07
Californium98
Cf251.08
Einsteinium99
Es252.08
Fermium100
Fm257.10
Mendelevium101
Md258.10
Nobelium102
No259.10
Neodymium60
Nd144.242
Promethium61
Pm144.91
Samarium62
Sm150.36
Europium63
Eu151.96
Gadolinium64
Gd157.25
Terbium65
Tb158.92
Dysprosium66
Dy162.50
Holmium67
Ho164.93
Erbium68
Er167.259
Thulium69
Tm168.93
Ytterbium70
Yb173.05
Hydrogen1
H1.008
Ununqadium115
UUp289.19
Alkane
Rare earths/metals are specialty metals, critical metals or boutique metals; they are in essence all new age metals. They are not rare, but usually require specialised recovery techniques.
Markets are often limited. However, they are critical to modern industrial applications, particularly for energy efficiency, electronic miniaturisation and emission minimisation.
Material produced DZP World market (2017)Zirconium materials (Zr02) 16,000tpa 175,000tpaRare earth oxides 6,000tpa 175,000tpaFerroniobium (FeNb) 3,000tpa 90,000tpa
Brazil85% of niobium
China70% of zirconium
chemicals
China90% of rare earths
5%
5%8%
18%
6%
12%
16%
27%
Catalysts
Glass
Polishing
Metal Alloys
Magnets
Phosphors
Ceramics
Other