Ministry of Communication Transport Post and Construction

Department of Roads

Poverty and Environmental Nexus on Road Case Study

In Kaluem and Ngot Ou District of Lao PDR

Vientiane, 1-2th, August 2005

Presented by: Somsanouk Vongsomphou

Contents of Case Study

• Introduction

• Objectives

• Methodology of Study

• Profile of Study Area

• The Result of Study Area

• Comparison between Villages have Road and no Road Access

• The Linkage between Environment, Poverty and Road Access

• Conclusion and Suggestion

• PEN phase I, completed in October 2002: the finding showed a strong linkages between poverty and environment the following indicators: deforestation, fragile land, outdoor and indoor air pollution, access to clean water and sanitation which this work had mainly driven by immediate research objectives by the World Bank

• PEN II work has to be undertaken at the disaggregated/local levels like district, village and households in order to clarify poverty environment linkages

• This case study mostly relevant data/information and policy guideline for the National and Provincial Committee on Poverty Eradication through the access to roads and other services

Introduction:

• Because on above reasons, this case study have to find the relationship between the Environmental, poverty on Road Development.

• NGPES: Investment in infrastructure particularly road, it continue to be an essential component in promoting economic growth nation wide, comprehensive infrastructure is essential to help farmers access improved services and local, national and regional market.

- The - The Objectives:Objectives:

+ To study the natural resources status (NTFP) in the villages + To study the natural resources status (NTFP) in the villages with road access and without road access.with road access and without road access.

+ To study the livelihood of poor villages and household with + To study the livelihood of poor villages and household with the road access and without.the road access and without.

+ To study the decline of NTFP between villages with road and + To study the decline of NTFP between villages with road and without road accesswithout road access

+ This case study implemented in 2 poorest districts + This case study implemented in 2 poorest districts (Representative of first priority of the 47 poorest Districts: (Representative of first priority of the 47 poorest Districts: Kaluem and Yot Ou)Kaluem and Yot Ou)

- Methodology:- Methodology:

- Main contents of questionnaire:Main contents of questionnaire:

+ Poverty status in villages with road and without road + Poverty status in villages with road and without road

+ NTFP status in villages with road and without + NTFP status in villages with road and without

+ Types of transportation use in 2 districts + Types of transportation use in 2 districts

+ Questionnaires were used for interviewing in Villages chief and + Questionnaires were used for interviewing in Villages chief and households households

+ Observation in the field+ Observation in the field

+ Group discussion in Provinces, Districts and villages+ Group discussion in Provinces, Districts and villages

- Data Analysis:- Data Analysis:

+ Secondary data was used: road network, maps, books, + Secondary data was used: road network, maps, books, reports, Govn. Policy documents.reports, Govn. Policy documents.

- Villages selection:- Villages selection:

+ Selected the villages with road and without road (6 villages in + Selected the villages with road and without road (6 villages in Kaleum “ 3 Villages o road access” and 4 villages in Ngot Ou “ Kaleum “ 3 Villages o road access” and 4 villages in Ngot Ou “ 1 villages no road and 1 village with new road”).1 villages no road and 1 village with new road”).

Selected new and focal villages.Selected new and focal villages.

Selected 142 households for 2 districts (kaluem = 70 HH, Selected 142 households for 2 districts (kaluem = 70 HH, Ngot Ou = 72 HH)Ngot Ou = 72 HH)

+ SPSS and Excel software was used for data interpretation.+ SPSS and Excel software was used for data interpretation.

Profile of Study Profile of Study AreasAreas

Ngot Ou Ngot Ou DistrictDistrict

Lamam

Vietnam

Dakchym

Saravan

Kaluem Kaluem DistrictDistrict

National Road Network

Ban Tak

Ban Hat PaeBan Yorn

Ban Pakxai

Ban Chale

Ban Vak Nuea

Lamam

Vietnam

Dakchym

Saravan

Kaluem MapKaluem Map

DistrictName

  

National

Road

Provincial

RoadDistrict Road

Urban Road

Rural Road

Tracking Road

Special Road

Total

Kaleum 0 8.6 0 3.8 71 265 0 83.4

Kaluem District located in the southern part of Sekong Province, Land cover 351,750 Km2 = 95% is mountainous areas, population of 12, 053 of which 6,300 are women,

Kaluem District

Forest covered 323,400 ha, and agriculture and livestock land there is 2,330 ha of all district area. The paddy field there is 181.57 ha and shifting cultivation area is 699.5 ha within district area. and rainy season started early from April to October, it cause of flooding but some time it was drought. Most of population live along the Sekong River, remote and mountain areas

mainly 8 ethnic groups namely Katou, Ngey, Chatong, Ta Oy, Ta Lieng, Pako, Alak and Lao Loum.

Road Statistic

Ban Long Thang

Ban Cheow ChaiBan Som Heung

Ban La

Ngot Ou Ngot Ou MapMap

Ngot Ou District

Ngot Ou District is located in the north-western part of the Phonsali Province, is the sole district the provinces sharing a border with China and Vietnam

It occupies an area of 3,318 km2; there are 91 villages, with population of 27, 235 people and 13, 400 women, 4,328 households

population composes of mainly 11 ethnic groups such as Lie, Ho, Yao, Khea, Kor, Tainea, Sida, Yang, Lolo, Hagy and Phounoy

The forest covered 70% of whole area, paddy field there were 2,323. 3 ha occupied 38% of paddy field in Province, irrigated paddy field covered about 563.8 ha, shifting cultivation covered 1,153.68 ha about 10% of whole shifting cultivation in Province

DistrictName National

RoadProvincial Road

District Road

Urban Road

Rural Road

Special Road Total

Nhot Ou 98.000 0 0 28 0 126.0

Road Statistic

+ Population+ Population

Viallges Name Ethnic Minority

Ban Yorn Ta Oi

Ban Pakxai Ta Oi

Ban Tak Ngae

Ban Hatpae Ngae

Ban Chale Ngae

Ban Vakneau Ngae

Ban La Lue

Ban Somheuang Kuer

Ban Cheowchai Tai Nuea

Ban Longthang Cida

Population in Study Areas

16 22 44 46 31 35 88 92 2815298

165 187 243169

254

466 504

150

915

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Ban Y

orn

Ban P

akxa

i

Ban T

ak

Ban H

atpa

e

Ban C

hale

Ban V

akne

au

Ban L

a

Ban S

omhe

uang

Ban C

heow

chai

Ban L

ongt

hang

Village Name

Nu

mb

er

of

po

pu

lati

on

& H

H

Status of Pady field

115

0.3 016

38

63.37

17.825

38.7

0 0 0 018

0 0 0 01 1 0

28

88

3448

8

35

2028

0

20

40

60

80

100

Yorn

Pakxa

iTak

Hatpa

e

Chale

Vak N

eua La

Somhe

ung

Cheaw

Cha

i

Long

Tha

ng

Name of Villae

Nu

mb

er

of

Pa

dd

y f

ield

Areas of paddy field Paddy field with irrigated HH with paddy field

+ Agriculture land+ Agriculture land Villages Name 

Area of paddy fields

Paddy fields with irrigated

HH with paddy field

Yorn 1 0 1

Pakxai 15 0 20

Tak 0.3 0 1

Hatpae 0 0 0

Chale 16 8 28

Vak Neua 38 18 35

La 63.37 0 88

Somheung 17.8 0 34

Cheaw Chai 25 0 28

Long Thang 38.7 0 48

Result from study areasResult from study areas

Number of Big Animal in HH

79

215

50 940 38 0 33 2 0

950 20 020

10038

289

50

179

510

240

90012

2131 34 30 55

0100200300400500600

Yorn

Pakxa

iTak

Hatpa

e

Chale

Vak N

eua La

Somhe

ung

Cheaw

Cha

i

Long

Tha

ng

Villages Name

Nu

mb

er

of

An

ima

l

Number of buffaloes Number of cows Number of pigs

Village Name

Number of buffaloes

Number of cows

Number of pigs

Yorn 12 0 20

Pakxai 31 38 100

Tak 21 0 38

Hatpae 34 33 289

Chale 30 2 50

Vak Neua 79 0 179

La 215 95 510

Somheung 50 0 240

Cheaw Chai 55 20 90

Long Thang 94 0 0

+ Big Animals

District Village Name Village located by all season

road

Village has access road (accessible by truck)

Kaluem Yorn No Yes

Pakxai No Yes

Tak No No

Hatpae No No

Chale No Yes

Vak Neua No No

Yot Ou La No Yes

Somheung Yes Yes

Cheaw Chai Yes Yes

Long Thang No No

+ Road Condition+ Road Condition

Distance of Villages to Main Road in Dry season (walking's hrs)

21 1

3

810

3

0.05 0.15

2.5

02468

1012

Villages Name

Wal

kin

g H

r

Ban VaknueaBan Vaknuea Ban LongthangBan Longthang

Yes, 99.3%

No, 0.7%

Total, 100%

0102030405060708090

100

Number of Responding

Yes No Total

Answer

The important of forest

Yes

No

Total

The understanding of Local The understanding of Local people in Natural Resourcespeople in Natural Resources

The reasons of Natural The reasons of Natural Resources preservationResources preservation

+ Forest and people + Forest and people understandingunderstanding

Item

The reasons for natural use

No. of respondence Percent

1 No responding 7 4.9

2 To preserve river 10 7

3Sources of food and timber 1 0.7

4Sources of food product 41 28.9

5 Sources of income 5 3.5

6

Sources of material to build house, boat, fence, fuel wood 78 54.9

  Total 142 100

• The Reasons for NTFP Collection in The Reasons for NTFP Collection in villagesvillages

NTFP collection in Village there is road access

yes = 64%

No= 36%

NTFP Collection in Village there is no road Access

yes= 59%

no= 41%

• NTFP Status NTFP Status

Type of NTFP using in Village there is no road

HH use &selling = 61% Selling = 12%

HH use = 27%

Type of NTFP using in village there is road

Selling = 21%

HH use &selling = 79%

Comparison between villages have road and no Comparison between villages have road and no roadroad

• The Place of NTFP SellingThe Place of NTFP Selling

Place of NTFP Selling in Village there is road

Market(district) =69%

In Village = 31%

Place of NTPF Selling in Viallage there is no road

Market(district)=55%

In Village, = 45%

Natural Resources and Poverty in Natural Resources and Poverty in villagesvillages

The Activities of Local did when they get in forest (with Road)

2 511

1913 9 12

5 5 2 3 2 0 05 518 23

11 60

68

71

17

01020304050607080

Name of Village

Nu

mb

er o

f res

po

nd

ing

Paddy field &shifting Hunting NTFP collecting

The activities of local did when they get in forest (no road)

24

19

25

25

0

75

7

0

12

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Ban Tak Ban Hat Pae Ban Longthang Total

Name of Village

Nu

mb

er o

f re

spo

nd

ing

Paddy field &shifting Hunting NTFP Collecting

Road Density

Kaluem= 39%

Ngot Ou = 61%

0 8.6 0 3.8

71

0 0

83.498.00

0 0 0

28

0

126.0

020406080

100120140

Nation

al R

oad

Provin

cial R

oad

Distric

t Roa

d

Urban

Roa

d

Rural

Road

Track

ing R

oad

Specia

l Roa

d

Total

leng

th o

f actu

al ro

ads

Classification of road

Le

ng

th, K

m

Kaluem

Ngot Ou

Poverty and Road AccessPoverty and Road Access

Facilities Equipment in villagesFacilities Equipment in villages

Villages there are no road

18310

4

29

83

8

20

05

101520253035

Hapae Tak Vak Nuea Longthang

Facilities Equipment

3 75 6 61 6 4

55

1 2 1

60

43

5

30

1 313 8 3 8

12 5

010203040506070

Yorn Pakxai Chale La Somheung Cheow Chai

The linkage between Env., Poverty and Road AccessThe linkage between Env., Poverty and Road AccessItem Factors Status Problem

1 Population increasing No flat land to do the farm Shifting cultivation

2 No irrigation No irrigation in dry season for farm Shifting cultivation

3 Big Animal Do not know how to use animal for farmTo kill animal for spirit praying when they illSome animals were died

Shifting cultivationIncrease poorNot enough time to travel to villages cause constraint of road access

4 No road access to villages No job opportunity, during rainy, dry season they stay in villages.No high education, no teacher to teach in their village

Increasing fuel wood for using in that time,Disconnect to district and province

5 Forestry They provided for food, timber to build house, fence, fuel wood

They use only for villages consumption

6 NTFP (villages without road)

NTFP collecting for HH use =13%, selling= 12% It is provided for food, medicine

7 NTFP (villages within road)

NTFP collecting for HH use and selling =26%, selling= 21%

For additional income

8 Place of NTFP selling (No road access)

Villages 45%, Market = 55% They use for food, exchange for clothes

9 Place of NTFP selling (with road access)

Villages=31%, Market = 69% NTFP increase to sell in market but not much

10 Forestry and poverty (there is no road access)

People go to forest for NTFP collecting = 12, paddy field = 25, hunting =7They collect also collect fuel wood for using during the rainy and dry season

It was used for HH

Item Factors Status Problem

11 Forestry and poverty (there is road access)

People go to forest for NTFP collecting = 68, paddy field = 71, hunting =17

It was increased cause additional income, increase product

12 Road density(Kaluem)

There is no district road, urban road is limited but high the tracking road, no national road

People still spend the time to walk to district, living of standard is not improve, people still poor

13 Road density(Ngot ou)

There is high national road but there is no district, urban road but there some rural road

There is not enough of rural road it is the main constraint to improve living of standard

14 When people has road access to their villages

People has more facilities equipment like tractor (Ban La), TV, CD player, Tap record

More traveling time to district and province

15 When people has no road access to their villages

People has limited facilities equipment to use in HH They do not have much time and money to go to district and province

The linkage between Env., Poverty and Road Access The linkage between Env., Poverty and Road Access (Continue)(Continue)

ConclusionConclusionPopulation increase in rural area then they increase their shifting Population increase in rural area then they increase their shifting cultivation cause they has limited paddy field and opportunity to cultivation cause they has limited paddy field and opportunity to go to outside for jobgo to outside for job

People collect NTFP for their household using only but some time People collect NTFP for their household using only but some time they sell it for additional income, when the road access to their they sell it for additional income, when the road access to their village they may increase a little bit harvesting village they may increase a little bit harvesting

Local people has limited facility equipments to use in their HH Local people has limited facility equipments to use in their HH cause they have not much chance to go to district and province cause they have not much chance to go to district and province particularly in rainy seasonparticularly in rainy season

Local people use forest for house’s material building, fence Local people use forest for house’s material building, fence making and fuel wood usingmaking and fuel wood using

During the planning of road construction should involve with other During the planning of road construction should involve with other sectors for natural resources management in national, province, sectors for natural resources management in national, province, district and villagesdistrict and villages

SuggestionSuggestion

Rural road is very important and it is the main factor for poverty Rural road is very important and it is the main factor for poverty eradication like mention on NGPES (to improve the arterial eradication like mention on NGPES (to improve the arterial network, to facilities for po0rest districts, giving them year round network, to facilities for po0rest districts, giving them year round access to basic service, market and new opportunity)access to basic service, market and new opportunity)