minoan pre-palatial sealstones intheir economic andsocial...
TRANSCRIPT
Minoan Pre-palatial Sealstones in theireconomic and social context.
A study based on the new material fromArchanes-Phourni
Vol. 2: Appendices
Dissertation submitted for thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy
Alexios KarytinosDepartment of Archaeology and Prehistory
Date of submission: 19th of December 1997Date of acceptance: 1st of October 1994
TEXTCUT OFF IN THE
ORIGINAL
TEXT BOUND CLOSE TO THE SPINE INTHE ORIGINAL THESIS
ORIGINAL COpy TIGHTLY BOUND
PAGEMISSING
INORIGINAL
Appendix A
Distribution of each material on various sites on the island
Table1: steatite
Table 2: bone
Table 3: ivory (ivory hippo)
Table 4: ivory/white paste
Table 5: ivory/bone
Table 6: boar's tusk
Table 7: white paste
Table 8: chlorite
Table 9: serpentine
Table 10: clay
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Appendix B
Correspondence Analysis
Cataloeue of materials:
1. steatite
2. bone
3. ivory (or hippo ivory)
4. ivory/white paste
5. ivorylbone
6. boar's tusk
7. white paste
8. chlorite
9. serpentine
10. clay
11. other materials
Cataloeue of sites:
1. Aghia Triadha
2. Aghios Onouphrios
3. Kalathiana
4. Koumasa
5. Platanos
6. Marathokephalo
7. Porti
8. Siva
9. Lendas
10. Kaloi Limenes
11. Moni Odhigitirias
12. Trapeza
13. Mochlos
14. Knossos
15. Viannos
16. Gournes
17. Myrtos Four. Kor.
18. Mallia
19. Phaistos
20. Other sites
21. Archanes
Symmetric Plot
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TABLE !
Simple Correspondence Analysis
Analysis of Contingency TableAxis Inertia Proportion Cumulative Histogram
1 0.2832 0.3344 0.3344 ******************************2 0.1812 0.2139 0.5484 *******************3 0.1281 0.1512 0.6996 *************4 0.0918 0.1084 0.8080 *********5 0.0648 0.0766 0.8845 ******6 0.0354 0.0418 0.9263 ***7 0.0321 0.0379 0.9642 ***8 0.0147 0.0173 0.9816 *9 0.0087 0.0103 0.9919
10 0.0069 0.0081 1.0000Total 0.8469Row Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Carr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 0.921 0.273 0.139 -0.463 0.498 0.207 -0.364 0.307 0.2002 Row2 0.919 0.154 0.176 0.920 0.875 0.460 0.117 0.014 0.0123 Row3 0.861 0.232 0.095 -0.079 0.018 0.005 0.423 0.518 0.2294 Row4 0.122 0.009 0.071 -0.902 0.116 0.025 -0.191 0.005 0.0025 RowS 0.451 0.148 0.084 -0.226 0.107 0.027 -0.194 0.079 0.0316 Row6 0.352 0.015 0.036 0.270 0.037 0.004 0.295 0.044 0.0077 Row7 0.537 0.075 0.089 0.373 0.139 0.037 0.367 0.134 0.0568 Row8 0.950 0.012 0.192 2.299 0.384 0.221 -2.624 0.500 0.4509 Row9 0.700 0.019 0.043 0.078 0.003 0.000 0.056 0.002 0.000
10 Row10 0.063 0.017 0.040 -0.235 0.028 0.003 0.055 0.002 0.00011 Row11 0.188 0.045 0.036 -0.270 0.108 0.012 0.233 0.080 0.014
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 0.223 0.116 0.1062 Row2 0.171 0.030 0.0353 Row3 -0.335 0.325 0.2034 Row4 0.046 0.000 0.0005 RowS -0.356 0.265 0.1476 Row6 -0.737 0.272 0.0647 Row7 0.516 0.265 0.1568 Row8 -0.948 0.065 0.0839 Row9 1.141 0.695 0.19710 Row10 0.257 0.034 0.009
11 Row11 -0.003 0.000 0.000Column Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 0.609 0.106 0.045 0.026 0.002 0.000 0.165 0.076 0.0162 Column2 0.284 0.018 0.047 -0.584 0.156 0.022 -0.204 0.019 0.0043 Column3 0.674 0.011 0.014 0.202 0.037 0.002 0.485 0.213 0.0144 Column4 0.574 0.040 0.035 -0.590 0.472 0.049 -0.270 0.099 0.0165 ColumnS 0.678 0.117 0.036 -0.368 0.523 0.056 0.051 0.010 0.0026 Column6 0.641 0.020 0.052 -0.137 0.009 0.001 0.887 0.363 0.0897 Column7 0.255 0.020 0.033 -0.533 0.208 0.021 0.020 0.000 0.0008 Column8 0.742 0.009 0.006 -0.578 0.552 0.010 -0.293 0.142 0.0049 Column9 0.990 0.068 0.231 1.224 0.518 0.358 -1.117 0.432 0.46610 Colum10 0.073 0.056 0.057 -0.071 0.006 0.001 0.237 0.066 0.01711 Columll 0.969 0.125 0.158 0.741 0.511 0.242 0.393 0.144 0.10712 Colum12 0.287 0.017 0.017 -0.409 0.201 0.010 -0.065 0.005 0.00013 Colum13 0.673 0.010 0.010 -0.370 0.163 0.005 0.261 0.081 0.00414 Colum14 0.428 0.009 0.009 -0.493 0.268 0.007 -0.178 0.035 0.00215 Colum15 0.218 0.005 0.004 -0.028 0.001 0.000 -0.100 0.015 0.00016 Colum16 0.300 0.011 0.014 0.203 0.036 0.002 0.548 0.263 0.01817 Colum17 0.352 0.009 0.031 -0.599 0.119 0.011 -0.258 0.022 0.00318 Colum18 0.750 0.016 0.022 -0.704 0.423 0.028 -0.586 0.293 0.03119 Colum19 0.552 0.004 0.008 -0.647 0.262 0.006 -0.655 0.269 0.01020 Colum20 0.933 0.183 0.094 -0.462 0.492 0.138 -0.317 0.232 0.10221 Colum21 0.426 0.146 0.077 0.248 0.137 0.032 0.344 0.265 0.096
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 -0.434 0.530 0.1572 Column2 0.489 0.110 0.0343 Column3 -0.684 0.424 0.0394 Column4 -0.045 0.003 0.0015 ColumnS -0.194 0.145 0.0346 Column6 -0.765 0.269 0.0937 Column7 -0.251 0.046 0.0108 Column8 -0.170 0.048 0.0029 Column9 -0.339 0.040 0.061
10 Colum10 0.042 0.002 0.00111 Colum11 0.580 0.313 0.32712 Colum12 -0.258 0.080 0.00913 Colum13 -0.602 0.430 0.02714 Colum14 0.336 0.125 0.00815 Colum1S -0.364 0.202 0.00616 Colum16 -0.000 0.000 0.00017 Colum17 0.799 0.212 0.04318 Colum18 0.203 0.035 0.00519 Colum19 -0.185 0.021 0.00120 Colum20 0.301 0.209 0.12921 Colum21 -0.105 0.025 O.013
Appendix C
Correspondence Analysis
Cataloeue of materials:
1. steatite
2.bone
3. ivory (or hippo ivory)
4. ivorylbone
5. boar's tusk
6. white paste
Cataloeue of sites:
1. Aghia Triadha
2. Koumasa
3. Platanos
4. Lendas
5. Kaloi Limenes
6. Moni Odhigitrias
7. Archanes
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Analysis of Contingency TableAxis
12345
Total
Inertia0.21920.10210.05830.04220.00560.4275
Proportion0.51270.23890.13640.09880.0132
Cumulative0.51270.75160.88800.98681.0000
Histogram*******************************************************
Row Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 0.895 0.218 0.172 0.380 0.428 0.143 0.311 0.287 0.2062 Row2 0.970 0.236 0.295 -0.691 0.893 0.514 0.137 0.035 0.0443 Row3 0.312 0.274 0.080 0.177 . 0.252 0.039 0.085 0.058 0.0194 Row4 0.948 0.155 0.216 0.510 0.436 0.184 -0.485 0.395 0.3575 RowS 0.697 0.022 0.049 0.114 0.013 0.001 0.416 0.179 0.0376 Row6 0.978 0.095 0.188 -0.521 0.322 0.118 -0.600 0.428 0.337
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 -0.247 0.181 0.2282 Row2 0.151 0.043 0.0923 Row3 0.014 0.002 0.0014 Row4 0.264 0.117 0.1855 RowS 0.700 0.505 0.1826 Row6 -0.437 0.227 0.313
Column Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 0.994 0.175 0.095 0.281 0.337 0.063 -0.184 0.145 0.0582 Column2 0.933 0.067 0.156 0.709 0.504 0.153 0.522 0.273 0.1783 Column3 0.944 0.171 0.124 0.518 0.865 0.210 0.054 0.010 0.0054 Column4 0.377 0.094 0.099 -0.324 0.231 0.045 0.010 0.000 0.0005 ColumnS 0.980 0.086 0.159 0.227 0.066 0.020 -0.818 0.849 0.5666 Column6 0.999 0.191 0.273 -0.749 0.919 0.489 -0.037 0.002 0.0037 Column7 0.695 0.216 0.093 -0.144 0.113 0.021 0.300 0.489 0.191
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 0.345 0.511 0.3582 Column2 -0.395 0.157 0.1793 Column3 -0.148 0.070 0.0644 Column4 0.257 0.145 0.1065 ColumnS -0.226 0.065 0.0766 Column6 -0.218 0.078 0.1557 Column7 0.131 0.093 0.063
Appendix D
Distribution of materials in the tholoi of Koumasa, Platanos,
Lendas
Table 1: Koumasa tholoi A and B
Table 2: Platanos tholoi A and B
Table 3: Lebena tholoi I, II, Iia
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~III III III III III III III III III III III III III IIII I I I I I I I I I I I I It-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t"' t-< t-< t-< t"' t"' t"' t-<(1) (1) Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb (1) Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb (11
::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l0.0. 0. 0. 0. 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.III III III III III III III III III III III III III IIIUl Ul Ul Ul !II !II Ul Ul !II !II !II Ul !II Ul
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~......................................................................::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::l ::lIII III III III III III III III III III III III III III
rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rtp-p-p-p-p-p-p-p-p-p-p-p-p-p-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01-' ..........1-'1-'1-'1-'1-'1-'1-'1-'1-'1-'1-'0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ul Ul Ul !II Ul !II !II !II Ul !II !II !II !II !II
H H H H H H H H H H H H H HH H H H H H H H H H H H H H
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rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt~Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb
t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t1 t10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ::sr: r: r: r: r: r: r: r: r: r: r: r: r: r: ~1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~.~. ~. ~. ~. ~.~PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PII I I I I I I I I I I I I I
t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-<Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::10. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.PI III III PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1
t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-< t-<Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb<: <: <: <: <: <: <: <: <: <: <: <: <: <:~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~.::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1 ::1PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI
rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt::r- ::r ::r- ::r ::r-::r-::r- ::r- ::r ::r-::r::r::r- ::r-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0I-' I-' I-' I-' 1-'1-'1-' I-' I-' 1-'1-'1-'1-' I-'0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 III III 1/1 1/1 III 1/1 1/1 1/1
H H H H H H H H H H H H H HH H H H H H H H H H H H H HPI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI
0" 0" 0" III 1-'. Cl 0" 0" III Cl ~. Cl 0" 0" f0 0 0 rt <: ::r 0 0 rt ::r <: ::r 0 0::s PI ::s Cb 0 I-' ::s ::s Cb I-' 0 I-' ::1 ::1 ~Cb t1 (1) PI t1 0 Cb Cb PI 0 t1 0 Cb Cbrt'< t1 rt t1 '< t1 ....... t1
III 1-'........ 1-'. 1-'. 1-'........ ~. ~ ....rt 0" rt rt rt 0" rt ::r t!.rt Cb 0 Cb (1) (1) 0 Cb 1-'.
r: .. ::s .. ::s rt1/1 Cb Cb (1)
~ 0" 0"...... t1 '0PI 0 PICl ~
1/1~ rt
Cb
Cl Cl Clt1 t1 t1000III 1/1 IIIIII 1/1 1/1I I I::r::r::rPI PI PIrt rt rtCl Cl Cl::r::r::r~. 1-'. 1-'.::s ::1 ::1IQIQIQ.....................0"0"0"000::1 ::; ::sCb Cb Cb
Appendix E
Correspondence Analysis
Catalo~ue of materials in Lendas tholoi:
1. steatite
2.bone
3. ivory
4. ivory/bone
5. boar's tusk
6. chlorite
Cataloeue of Lendas tholoi:
1. Tholos I
2. Tholos II
3. Tholos IIA
TABL€ :{
Simple Correspondence Analysis
* NOTE * Fewer components than requested
Analysis of Contingency TableAxis
1Total
Inertia Proportion Cumulative Histogram0.0872 1.0000 1.0000 ******************************0.0872
Row Contributions
----Component 1----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 1.000 0.559 0.302 0.217 1.000 0.3022 Row2 1.000 0.294 0.394 -0.342 1.000 0.3943 Row3 1.000 0.118 0.005 0.059 1.000 0.0054 Row4 1.000 0.029 0.300 -0.943 1.000 0.300
Column Contributions
----Component 1----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 1.000 ·0.471 0.529 0.313 1.000 0.5292 Column2 1.000 0.529 0.471 -0.278 1.000 0.471* ERROR * Wrong axes pair specified
Simple Correspondence Analysis
* NOTE * Fewer components than requested
Analysis of Contingency TableAxis
1Total
Inertia0.17230.1723
Proportion cumulative Histogram1.0000 1.0000 ******************************
Row Contributions
----Component 1----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr1 Rowl 1.000 0.288 0.181 -0.329 1.000 0.1812 Row2 1.000 0.048 0.002 -0.095 1.000 0.0023 Row3 1.000 0.308 0.510 0.534 1.000 0.5104 Row4 1.000 0.019 0.041 0.608 1.000 0.0415 RowS 1.000 0.192 0.001 0.023 1.000 0.0016 Row6 1.000 0.029 0.053 -0.563 1.000 0.0537 Row7 1.000 0.010 0.018 -0.563 1.000 0.0188 Row8 1.000 0.106 0.194 -0.563 1.000 0.194
Column Contributions
----Component 1----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 1. 000 0.240 0.760 0.738 1.000 0.7602 Column2 1.000 0.760 0.240 -0.233 1.000 0.240
* ERROR * Wrong axes pair specified
Symmetric Plot
1.5-
4•
:5: .,,
1.0-
C\I+'"c: :3~ 0.5- i·o 'a. 'E :o '() 6 ,. ,0.0 - -------------r---------------1- -- - - - - - - - - -- - -2- - - - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - --
2 :.• : 1, .
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-0.5-3•
I-0.5 I0.0 I0.5 I1.0
I1.5
Component 1
Simple Correspondence Analysis
Analysis of Contingency Table
Axis12
Total
Inertia0.26110.11570.3767
Proportion0.69300.3070
Cumulative0.69301.0000
Histogram*******************************************
Row Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 1.000 0.167 0.098 -0.465 0.978 0.138 -0.071 0.022 0.0072 Row2 1.000 0.500 0.273 0.439 0.939 0.369 -0.112 0.061 0.0543 Row3 1.000 0.042 0.051 -0.242 0.128 0.009 -0.631 0.872 0.1444 Row4 1.000 0.062 0.131 0.369 0.172 0.033 0.809 0.828 0.3545 RowS 1.000 0.021 0.134 0.071 0.002 0.000 1.557 0.998 0.4376 Row6 1.000 0.208 0.313 -0.751 0.995 0.450 0.053 0.005 0.005
Column Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 1.000 0.417 0.328 0.492 0.817 0.387 -0.233 0.183 0.1962 Column2 1.000 0.292 0.453 -0.740 0.934 0.611 -0.196 0.066 0.0973 Column3 1.000 0.292 0.218 0.036 0.005 0.001 0.529 0.995 0.707
AppendixF
Distribution of materials in the tholoi and burial buildings of
Phourni-Archanes
Table 1: Tholos E lower level
Table 2: Tholos E upper level
Table 3: Tholos C
Table 4: BB5
Table 5: BB6
Table 6: BB9
Table 7: between BB8 and 9
Table 8: BB 18
Table 9: BB 19
Table 10: Area of rocks
Table 11: BB7
Table 12: BB16
Table 13: BB3
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Appendix: G
Correspondence Analysis
Catalolue of materials from Archanes-Phoumi:
1. steatite
2.bone
3. ivory (hippo)
4. ivorylbone
5. boar's tusk
6. white paste
7. clay
8. Other materials
Cataloeue of tholoi and burial buildinls in Phoumi-Archanes:
1. Tholos E, lower level
2. Tholos E, upper level
3. Tholos C
4. Burial Building 5
5. Burial Building 6
6. Burial Building 9
7. Between Burial Buildings 8 and 9
8. Burial Building 18
9. Burial Building 19
10. Area of the Rocks
11. Burial Building 7
12. Burial Building 16
13. Burial Building 3
Symmetric Plot
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Simple Correspondence Analysis
Analysis of Contingency TableAxis Inertia Proportion Cumulative Histogram
1 0.3626 0.3445 0.3445 ******************************2 0.2722 0.2586 0.6031 **********************3 0.2290 0.2175 0.8206 ******************4 0.0878 0.0834 0.9041 *******5 0.0533 0.0506 0.9547 ****6 0.0282 0.0268 0.9815 **7 0.0195 0.0185 1.0000 *
Total 1.0526
Row Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 0.656 0.161 0.084 -0.282 0.145 0.035 -0.224 0.092 0.0302 Row2 0.863 0.250 0.126 -0.314 0.185 0.068 0.445 0.372 0.1823 Row3 0.273 0.355 0.059 -0.018 0.002 0.000 0.201 0.233 0.0534 Row4 0.942 0.048 0.230 2.112 0.892 0.595 0.331 0.022 0.0195 RowS 0.874 0.032 0.126 1.759 0.752 0.275 -0.673 0.110 0.0546 Row6 0.635 0.048 0.074 -0.190 0.022 0.0.05 -0.103 0.007 0.0027 Row7 0.949 0.040 0.192 -0.432 0.037 0.021 -1.544 0.475 0.3538 Row8 0.775 0.065 0.109 -0.034 0.001 0.000 -1.140 0.733 0.308
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 0.478 0.418 0.1612 Row2 -0.403 0.306 0.1783 Row3 0.081 0.038 0.0104 Row4 -0.375 0.028 0.0305 RowS 0.226 0.012 0.0076 Row6 0.989 0.606 0.2077 Row7 -1. 481 0.437 0.3868 Row8 0.272 0.042 0.021
column Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 0.361 0.065 0.033 -0.320 0.190 0.018 -0.125 0.029 0.0042 Column2 0.932 0.105 0.123 0.012 0.000 0.000 -0.677 0.371 0.1763 Column3 0.923 0.073 0.042 0.145 0.035 0.004 0.621 0.640 0.1034 Column4 0.979 0.089 0.152 -0.396 0.087 0.038 -0.941 0.492 0.2885 ColumnS 0.684 0.137 0.038 0.203 0.142 0.016 0.395 0.539 0.0786 Column6 0.883 0.089 0.039 -0.293 0.186 0.021 0.524 0.596 0.0897 Column7 0.796 0.048 0.050 -0.357 0.117 0.017 0.697 0.445 0.0868 Column8 0.521 0.129 0.080 0.456 0.321 0.074 -0.360 0.200 0.0619 Column9 0.506 0.032 0.010 -0.262 0.201 0.006 0.298 0.260 0.011
10 Colum10 0.692 0.024 0.066 -0.569 0.112 0.022 -0.845 0.247 0.06411 Colum11 0.590 0.129 0.055 -0.359 0.287 0.046 0.284 0.180 0.03812 Colum12 0.593 0.056 0.045 -0.196 0.045 0.006 0.069 0.006 0.00113 Colum13 0.955 0.024 0.267 3.312 0.943 0.732 -0.007 0.000 0.000
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 0.278 0.143 0.0222 Column2 0.832 0.561 0.3173 Column3 -0.386 0.248 0.0474 Column4 -0.849 0.401 0.2795 ColumnS 0.029 0.003 0.0006 Column6 -0.215 0.101 0.0187 Column7 -0.505 0.234 0.0548 Column8 -0.018 0.000 0.0009 Column9 0.124 0.045 0.00210 Colum10 -0.980 0.332 0.10111 Colum11 0.235 0.123 0.03112 Colum12 0.678 0.542 0.11313 Colum13 -0.365 0.011 0.014
Appendix: H
Shapes and materials, according to Yule and Krzyszkowska
Table 1
BONE METAL BOAR'S IVORY WHITE SOFT HARD
TUSK PIECES STONES STONES
arch- *incised
bottles * * * *buttons * * * *
concave- *cony. plat.
conoids * '" * *discs * * *
epomia *gables * * * *hemi- * * * *
cylind.
pyramids * *rectang. * * * *plates
rings * * *signets * * * *cylinders * * *zoomorphs * * * * *stamp * *
cylinders
miscellan. * * * *
hemisph. * * *plain-conv. * * *buttons
anthrop. * * * *cubes *
pyramidals * *scarabs * * * *reels * *
scaraboids * * *foliate * * *
backs
cushions * *discoids * *four-sided * *prisms
three-sided * *prisms
quatrefoils *Table 1: Main Minoan seal-shapes found in each material in the pre- and
proto-palatial periods.
Appendix I
Shape typology according to Sbonias
Table 1:
EMIl 36. Half-cylinder.
1. EMIl shapes of soft stone 37. Half-spherical.
(Sub-classes: a)conoids, b) flat
cylinder, c) half-spherical, d)
stamp-cylinders, e) pyramidoids, f)
stab, g)rectangular plate with
handle, h) foot, i) round plate, j)
buttons with handle).
2. Rings, bone. 38. Plain-convex buttons.
3. Conical buttons with handle, 39. Bi-convex spool.
bone.
4. Bottles, bone 40. Cylinders.
(Sub-classes: a)bottIes, ivory which
are dated in EMIIB-EMIII, b)
bottles, bone which belong to the
Old-palace period)
5. Hollow-cylinders, bone. 41. Animal front parts?
6. Conical stamp seals with 42. Cube.
tongue-shaped handle, bone.
7. Zoomorphic, bone 43. Gable-shaped.
(Sub-classes: a) massive animal
heads, b) bottles with animal
heads as handle, c) animal front
parts, d) miscellaneous shapes
from bone, e) leg, f) foot, g)
zoomorphirianthropomorphic,
bone, later tradition (MMIA-
MMIB)
8. Epomia, bone. 44. Button-shaped with handle.
9. Concave-convex plates, bone. 45. Crouching animals.
EMIII-MMIA 46. Animal-heads.
10. Seals with grooved body, bone. 47. Scarabs and scaraboids.
11. Stamp-cylinders, ivory
(Sub-classes: a) with straight sides, Shapes made of soft stone
b) with concave sides, c) short and (hard stones are also included)
plump, d) with one sealface, often
elliptical, e) with elliptical
sealfaces
12. Half-sphericals/conoids 48. Zoomorphic and
(Sub-classes: a) large half- anthropomorphic
spherical and conoids, ivory, b) (Sub-classes: a) bottles with
medium-large conoids, ivory, c) animal heads as handles, b) front
conoids with torsion grooves, d) animal parts, steatite, c) front
small conoids, mostly bone, e) long animal parts, hard stone, d)
conoids, mostly tooth or bone. anthropomorphic seals, steatite, e)
animal leg, steatite, f) paw, hard
stone, g) miscellaneous
zoomorphic, steatite).
13. Half-cylinders, ivory. 49. Gabled shaped seals.
14. Wedge-shaped, bone/ivory. 50. Discs
15. Zoomorphic and 51. Bottles
anthropomorphic, ivory. (Sub-classes: a) simple, b) with
torsion grooves, c)with ring
shaped loop, d) miscellaneous, e)
hard stone bottles
16. Conical stamp-seals with 52. Conoids
tongue shaped handle, ivory. (Sub-classes: a) torsionally fluted,
b) torsionally fluted, mostly soft
stone, c) perforated, d) bell-shaped,
e) ladder incised, f) simple, g) long
conoids
17. Spherical/half-spherical with Classes same as Yule's
projected seal-plate, ivory.
18. Stamp-pyramids, mostly ivory. 53. Pyramidoids
(Sub-classes: a) trapezoidal, b)
scalene, c) triangular).
19. Massive rings, mostly ivory. 54. Buttons with four parts
(quatrefoils ).
20. Conical stamp-seals with 55. Stamp-cylinders
handle, ivory and bone. (Sub-classes: a) with straight sides,
b) with concave sides, c) irregular,
d) from hard stone).
21. Button-shaped with handle, 56. Rectangular plates.
IVOry.
22. Cylinder, ivory 57. Half-spherical with grooved
base.
EMIII-MMIA-MMIB 58. Cube.
23. Plain-convex buttons, bone. 59. Half-cylinders
(Sub-classes: a) soft stone, b) hard
stone.
24. Cube. 60. Spools.
25. Rectangular plates 61. Three-sided prisms
(Sub-classes: a) ivory, b) bone) (Sub-classes: a) soft stone, b) hard
stone, c) miscellaneous).
26. Step-pyramids, ivory and bone 62. Stamp seals (signets)
(Sub-classes: a) plate signets, b)
miscellaneous shapes, c) scalloped,
d) pyramidal).
MMIA late-MMIB 63. Discoids
(Sub-classes: a) soft stone, b) hard
stone, c) lenticular, d) plump).
27. Quarter-ovoids, bone. 64. Four-sided prisms
(Sub-classes: a) soft stone, b) hard
stone).
28. Half-cylinders, bone. 65. Buttons
( Sub-classes: a) soft stone, b) hard
stone, c) miscellaneous).
29. Stamp-cylinders, bone. 66. Scaraboids
(Sub-classes: a) soft stone, hatched
backs, b) hard stone, c)
miscellaneous).
30. Half-spherical with grooved 67. Petschafts
base, bone. (Sub-classes: a) soft stone, b) hard
stone, c) miscellaneous, d) metal).
31. Discs, bone. 68. Cushion-shaped
32. Gable-shaped, bone and boar's 69. Cylinders
tusk.
33. Square-cuboid, bone 70. Scarabs, hard stone.
Shapes made ofwhite paste 71. Amygdaloids
(Sub-classes: a) soft stone, b) hard
stone, c) miscellaneous).
34. Discs 72. Rings, metal.
35. Half-ovoids. 73. Stamp-cylinder, metal.
74. Seals made of clay.
75. Imported seals
(Sub-classes: a) cylinders, b)
scarabs, c) scaraboids).
Table 1: Shape classification according to Sbonias (1995).
AppendixJ
Distribution of each style group on various sites on the island
Table 1: Soft Stone EMIl Group
Table 2: Cross-hatchinglbone Compo
Table 3: Group with Cycl.lHell. par.
Table 4: Epomia Group
Table 5: Lion-Spiral Group
Table 6: Spiral Group
Table 10: Group ofWhite Pieces
Table 11: Archanes Script Group
Table 12: Soft Stone MMINMMIB
Complex
Table 13:None/Conc. Circles Group
Table 14: NonelUndistinguishable
Table 7: MeanderlWavy Band Group Table 15: None/Imported
Table 8: Leaves/Ivory Group Table 16:NonelLater
Table 9: LeavesIBone Group Table 17: None
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Appendix K
Correspondence AnalysisCatalo,ue of Style ,roups:1. Soft Stone EMIl Group
2. Cross-hatchingIBone Complex
3. Group with Cycladic/Helladic parallels
4. Epomia Group
5. Lion/Spiral Group
6. Spiral Group
7. MeanderlW avy Band Group
8. Leaves/Ivory Group
9. LeavesIBone Group
10. Group of White Pieces
11. Archanes Script Group
12. Soft Stone MMIAIMMIB Complex
13. None/Concentric Circles Group
14. NonelUndistinguishable
15. None/Imported
16. NonelLater
17. None
18. later pieces of the above groups
Cataloeue of sites:
1. Aghia Triadha
2. Aghios Onouphrios
3. Kalathiana
4. Koumasa
5. Platanos
6. Marathokephalo
7. Porti
8. Siva
9. Lendas
10. Kaloi Limenes
11. Moni Odhigitirias
l2.Trapeza
13. Mochlos
l4.Knossos
15. Viannos
16. Gournes
17. Myrtos Four. Kor.
18. Mallia
19. Phaistos
20. Other sites
21. Archanes
Symmetric Plot
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TABLf 1.
Simple Correspondence Analysis
Analysis of Contingency TableAxis Inertia Proportion Cumulative Histogram1 0.2219 0.2708 0.2708 ******************************
2 0.1586 0.1936 0.4644 *********************3 0.1175 0.1434 0.6077 ***************4 0.0885 0.1080 0.7158 ***********5 0.0656 0.0800 0.7958 ********6 0.0512 0.0625 0.8583 ******7 0.0362 0.0441 0.9024 ****8 0.0219 0.0267 0.9292 **9 0.0161 0.0197 0.9489 **10 0.0138 0.0169 0.9657 *11 0.0121 0.0147 0.9805 *12 0.0069 0.0085 0.988913 0.0035 0.0043 0.993214 0.0027 0.0033 0.996515 0.0018 0.0022 0.998716 0.0009 0.0011 0.999817 0.0002 0.0002 1.0000Total 0.8193
Row Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----10 Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Rowl 0.898 0.100 0.126 -0.600 0.348 0.162 -0.019 0.000 0.0002 Row2 0.734 0.184 0.095 0.136 0.044 0.015 -0.523 0.644 0.3173 Row3 0.566 0.010 0.048 0.994 0.245 0.043 0.297 0.022 0.0054 Row4 0.341 0.035 0.048 -0.069 0.004 0.001 -0.451 0.184 0.0465 RowS 0.552 0.069 0.046 0.204 0.076 0.013 0.347 0.220 0.0526 Row6 0.214 0.055 0.031 0.284 0.174 0.020 0.112 0.027 0.0047 Row7 0.509 0.035 0.070 0.307 0.059 0.015 -0.760 0.359 0.1298 Row8 0.469 0.037 0.026 0.382 0.254 0.024 0.332 0.191 0.0259 Row9 0.413 0.057 0.039 0.475 0.403 0.058 0.070 0.009 0.00210 Row10 0.195 0.080 0.089 -0.025 0.001 0.000 -0.365 0.145 0.06711 Row11 0.732 0.027 0.046 0.967 0.671 0.113 0.269 0.052 0.01212 Row12 0.886 0.222 0.132 -0.551 0.619 0.303 0.275 0.155 0.10613 Row13 0.225 0.013 0.017 0.327 0.099 0.006 0.271 0.068 0.00614 Row14 0.899 0.017 0.045 1.234 0.707 0.118 0.540 0.136 0.03215 RawlS 0.137 0.015 0.014 0.184 0.046 0.002 0.227 0.070 0.00516 Row16 0.595 0.019 0.058 0.743 0.226 0.048 0.926 0.350 0.10517 Row17 0.397 0.020 0.044 -0.295 0.049 0.008 0.692 0.270 0.06218 Row18 0.721 0.005 0.027 1.433 0.502 0.050 0.860 0.181 0.025
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Carr Contr1 Row1 0.754 0.549 0.4842 Row2 0.141 0.047 0.0313 Row3 1.097 0.299 0.0994 Row4 -0.411 0.153 0.0515 RowS -0.373 0.255 0.0826 Row6 -0.079 0.013 0.0037 Row7 -0.383 0.091 0.0448 Row8 -0.116 0.023 0.0049 Row9 0.025 0.001 0.00010 Row10 -0.213 0.049 0.03111 Rowl1 0.112 0.009 0.00312 Row12 -0.234 0.112 0.10313 Row13 -0.248 0.057 0.00714 Row14 0.349 0.056 0.01815 RawlS -0.125 0.021 0.00216 Row16 0.216 0.019 0.00817 Row17 0.370 0.077 0.02418 Row18 0.395 0.038 0.007
Column Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Carr Contr Coord Carr Contr1 Column1 0.636 0.106 0.079 0.288 0.135 0.040 -0.553 0.501 0.205
2 Column2 0.465 0.018 0.034 -0.442 0.129 0.016 0.421 0.117 0.0203 Column3 0.345 0.011 0.037 0.532 0.101 0.014 -0.784 0.219 0.0424 Column4 0.500 0.040 0.032 -0.503 0.385 0.045 0.275 0.115 0.0195 ColumnS 0.677 0.117 0.055 -0.187 0.091 0.018 0.164 0.070 0.0206 Column6 0.239 0.020 0.049 0.442 0.100 0.018 0.050 0.001 0.0007 Column7 0.227 0.020 0.021 0.068 0.005 0.000 -0.301 0.107 0.0128 Column8 0.348 0.009 0.008 -0.489 0.300 0.009 -0.108 0.015 0.0019 Column9 0.640 0.068 0.067 0.017 0.000 0.000 -0.429 0.226 0.07910 Colum10 0.414 0.056 0.048 0.061 0.005 0.001 -0.512 0.369 0.09211 Colum11 0.444 0.125 0.043 0.102 0.036 0.006 -0.337 0.401 0.09012 Colum12 0.196 0.017 0.022 -0.317 0.097 0.008 0.116 0.013 0.00113 Colum13 0.263 0.010 0.020 0.108 0.007 0.001 0.472 0.133 0.01414 Colum14 0.457 0.009 0.026 -0.613 0.152 0.015 0.087 0.003 0.00015 Colum15 0.139 0.005 0.011 0.026 0.000 0.000 -0.476 0.132 0.00816 Colum16 0.085 0.011 0.047 0.379 0.040 0.007 0.194 0.011 0.00317 Colum17 0.768 0.009 0.078 -1.193 0.192 0.055 0.175 0.004 0.00218 Colum18 0.477 0.016 0.038 -0.558 0.163 0.023 0.769 0.309 0.06019 Colum19 0.282 0.004 0.011 -0.575 0.165 0.006 -0.451 0.101 0.00620 Colum20 0.921 0.183 0.087 -0.568 0.822 0.265 0.192 0.094 0.04321 Colum21 0.994 0.146 0.187 0.829 0.656 0.453 0.556 0.295 0.285
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 -0.004 0.000 0.0002 Column2 -0.575 0.219 0.0523 Column3 -0.263 0.025 0.0064 Column4 0.016 0.000 0.0005 ColumnS -0.445 0.516 0.1976 Column6 -0.520 0.138 0.0477 Column7 -0.311 0.115 0.0178 Column8 -0.164 0.034 0.0029 Column9 0.581 0.414 0.19510 Colum10 -0.169 0.040 0.014
11 Colum11 -0.045 0.007 0.00212 Colum12 0.300 0.087 0.01313 Colum13 -0.452 0.122 0.01714 Colum14 0.866 0.303 0.05515 Colum15 -0.108 0.007 0.00116 Colum16 -0.347 0.034 0.01117 Colum17 2.060 0.572 0.31118 Colum18 -0.094 0.005 0.00119 Colum19 0.182 0.017 0.00120 Colum20 0.041 0.004 0.00321 Colum21 0.211 0.043 0.056
AppendixL
Correspondence Analysis
Catalo~e of Style aroups:
1. Soft Stone EMIl Group
2. Cross-hatchingIBone Complex
3. Group with CycladicJHell. par.
4. Epomia Group
5. Lion/Spiral Group
6. Spiral Group
Cataloaue of sites:
1. Aghia Triadha
2. Koumasa
3. Platanos
4. Lendas
5. Kaloi Limenes
6. Moni Odhigitrias
7. Archanes
7. MeanderIW avy Band Group
8. Leaves/Ivory Group
9. LeavesIBone Group
10. Group ofWhite Pieces
11. Archanes Script Goup
12. Soft Stone MMIAIMMIBCom.
Symmetric Plot
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Analysis of Contingency TableAxis Inertia Proportion Cumulative Histogram1 0.1626 0.3512 0.3512 ******************************
2 0.1354 0.2924 0.6436 ************************3 0.0798 0.1723 0.8159 **************4 0.0623 0.1344 0.9504 ***********S 0.0192 0.0415 0.9919 ***6 0.0038 0.0081 1.0000Total 0.4631Row Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Rowl 0.306 0.086 0.070 -0.165 0.073 0.015 0.107 0.031 0.0072 Row2 0.953 0.234 0.139 -0.449 0.732 0.290 -0.138 0.069 0.0333 Row3 0.516 0.016 0.088 0.114 0.005 0.001 -1.087 0.471 0.1414 Row4 0.799 0.045 0.043 -0.149 0.050 0.006 0.566 0.720 0.107S RowS 0.918 0.079 0.072 0.596 0.850 0.173 -0.032 0.002 0.0016 Row6 0.580 0.067 0.031 0.266 0.326 0.029 -0.219 0.220 0.0247 Row7 0.331 0.041 0.058 -0.430 0.284 0.047 0.094 0.014 0.003S RowS 0.940 0.045 0.043 0.414 0.386 0.048 -0.339 0.2S8 0.0389 Row9 0.902 0.070 0.054 0.092 0.024 0.004 -0.496 0.689 0.12810 RowlO 0.973 0.094 0.157 -0.475 0.291 0.130 0.291 0.109 0.05911 Rowll 0.902 0.043 0.076 0.431 0.227 0.049 -0.740 0.668 0.17512 Row12 0.999 0.178 0.168 0.436 0.436 0.2'08 0.466 0.498 0.286
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Rowl -0.276 0.202 0.0822 Row2 -0.204 0.151 0.1223 Row3 -0.316 0.040 0.0204 Row4 0.115 0.030 0.007S RowS 0.166 0.066 0.0276 Row6 -0.087 0.034 0.0067 Row7 -0.147 0.033 0.011S RowS 0.363 0.297 0.0759 Row9 0.260 0.190 0.06010 Row10 0.667 0.573 0.52211 Row11 0.073 0.007 0.00312 Rowl2 -0.169 0.065 0.064Column Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 0.581 0.169 0.149 -0.348 0.298 0.126 -0.158 0.061 0.0312 Column2 0.708 0.067 0.114 0.510 0.327 0.106 0.395 0.196 0.0773 Column3 0.911 0.184 0.183 0.480 0.500 0.260 0.434 0.409 0.2564 Column4 0.579 0.108 0.139 -0.414 0.288 0.114 -0.114 0.022 0.0105 ColumnS 0.951 0.090 0.097 -0.435 0.382 0.105 0.341 0.235 0.0786 Column6 0.904 0.198 0.082 -0.279 0.404 0.095 0.090 0.042 0.0127 Column7 0.996 0.184 0.236 0.414 0.288 0.193 -0.629 0.665 0.537
ID ----Component 3----Name Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 -0.301 0.222 0.1922 Column2 -0.383 0.185 0.1233 Column3 -0.028 0.002 0.0024 Column4 -0.401 0.270 0.218S ColumnS 0.407 0.334 0.1876 Column6 0.297 0.458 0.2197 Column7 0.160 0.043 0.059
AppendixM
Distribution of style groups in the tholoi of Koumasa, Platanos, Lendas
Table 1: Koumasa tholoi A and B
Table 2: Platanos tholoi A and B
Table 3: Lebena tholoi I, II, Iia
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AppendixN
Correspondence Analysis
Catalogue of Style groups in Lendas tholoi:
1. Soft Stone EMIl Group
2. Cross-hatchingIBone Complex
3. Group with CycladiclHelladic Parallels
4. Spiral group
5. LeaveslIvory group
6. MeanderlWavy Band Group
Catalogue of Lendas tholoi:
1. Tholos I
2. Tholos II
3. Tholos IIA
7. LeaveslBone Group
8. Group of White Pieces
9. Archanes Script Group
10. Soft Stone MMIAIMMIB Complex
11. NonelUndistinguishable
12. None/Imported
TABlE !
Simple Correspondence Analysis
* NOTE * Fewer components than requested
Analysis of Contingency TableAxis
1Total
Inertia Proportion Cumulative Histogram0.4718 1.0000 1.0000 ******************************0.4718
Row Contributions
----Component 1----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr1 Rowl 1.000 0.176 0.139 -0.609 1.000 0.1392 Row2 1.000 0.088 0.029 0.393 1.000 0.0293 Row3 1.000 0.029 0.070 1.061 1.000 0.0704 Row4 1.000 0.088 0.014 -0.275 1.000 0.0145 RowS 1.000 0.147 0.277 -0.943 1.000 0.2776 Row6 1.000 0.029 0.070 1.061 1.000 0.0707 Row7 1.000 0.059 0.111 -0.943 1.000 0.1118 Row8 1.000 0.382 0.290 0.598 1.000 0.290
Column Contributions
----Component 1----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 1.000 0.471 0.529 0.729 1.000 0.5292 Column2 1.000 0.529 0.471 -0.648 1.000 0.471* ERROR * Wrong axes pair specified
TAel£ 2
Simple Correspondence Analysis
* NOTE * Fewer components than requested
Analysis of Contingency TableAxis
1Total
Inertia Proportion Cumulative Histogram0.2076 1.0000 1.0000 ******************************0.2076
Row Contributions
----Component 1----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 1.000 0.044 0.000 0.046 1.000 0.0002 Row2 1.000 0.110 0.014 0.164 1.000 0.0143 Row3 1.000 0.077 0.006 0.130 1.000 0.0064 Row4 1.000 0.165 0.249 0.560 1.000 0.2495 RowS 1.000 0.055 0.203 0.876 1.000 0.2036 Row6 1.000 0.055 0.043 0.402 1.000 0.0437 Row7 1.000 0.022 0.043 0.639 1.000 0.0438 Row8 1.000 0.396 0.330 -0.416 1.000 0.3309 Row9 1.000 0.033 0.048 -0.548 1.000 0.04810 Row10 1.000 0.033 0.048 -0.548 1.000 0.04811 Row11 1.000 0.011 0.016 -0.548 1.000 0.016Column Contributions
----Component 1----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 1.000 0.231 0.769 0.832 1.000 0.7692 Column2 1.000 0.769 0.231 -0.250 1.000 0.231* ERROR * Wrong axes pair specified
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I-0.5
I0.5
I0.0
I1.0
I1.5
Component 1
T~l.c 3
Simple Correspondence Analysis
Analysis of Contingency Table
Axis12
Total
Inertia0.31640.23380.5502
Proportion0.57510.4249
Cumulative0.57511.0000
Histogram****************************************************
Row Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 1.000 0.187 0.118 -0.518 0.775 0.159 -0.279 0.225 0.0622 Row2 1.000 0.375 0.112 0.363 0.803 0.156 0.180 0.197 0.0523 Row3 1.000 0.083 0.163 -0.648 0.389 0.111 -0.812 0.611 0.2354 Row4 1.000 0.042 0.106 1.115 0.888 0.164 -0.397 0.112 0.0285 RowS 1.000 0.021 0.092 -0.357 0.053 0.008 1.517 0.947 0.2056 Row6 1.000 0.021 0.053 1.115 0.888 0.082 -0.397 0.112 0.0147 Row7 1.000 0.042 0.054 -0.796 0.888 0.083 0.283 0.112 0.0148 Row8 1.000 0.021 0.092 -0.357 0.053 0.008 1.517 0.947 0.2059 Row9 1.000 0.021 0.053 1.115 0.888 0.082 -0.397 0.112 0.014
10 Row10 1.000 0.125 0.069 -0.405 0.537 0.065 0.376 0.463 0.07511 Rowll 1.000 0.021 0.053 1.115 0.888 0.082 -0.397 0.112 0.01412 Row12 1.000 0.042 0.035 -0.060 0.008 0.000 -0.673 0.992 0.081
Column Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Columnl 1.000 0.417 0.326 0.627 0.914 0.518 -0.192 0.086 0.0662 Column2 1.000 0.292 0.368 -0.695 0.696 0.445 -0.459 0.304 0.2633 Column3 1.000 0.292 0.307 -0.201 0.070 0.037 0.733 0.930 0.671
Appendix 0
Distribution of style groups in the tholoi and burial buildings of Phoumi-
Archanes
Table 1: Tholos E lower level
Table 2: Tholos E upper level
Table 3: Tholos C
Table 4: BB5
Table 5: BB6
Table 6: BB9
Table 7: between BBB and 9
Table 8: BB18
Table 9: BB19
Table 10: Area of rocks
Table 11: BB7
Table 12: BB16
Table 13: BB3
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AppendixP
Correspondence Analysis
Catalogue of Style groups from Archanes-Phourni:
1. Soft stone EMIl Group
2. Cross-hatchingIBone Complex
3. Group with CycladiclHelladic parallels
4. Lion/Spiral Group
5. Spiral Group
6. Meander/Wavy Band Group
7. LeaveslIvory Group
8. Leaves/Bone Group
9. Group of white Pieces
Catalogue of tholoi and burial buildings in Phourni-Archanes;
1. Tholos E, lower level 8. Burial Building 18
2. Tholos E, upper level
3. Tholos C
4. Burial Building 5
5. Burial Building 6
6. Burial Building 9
7. Between Burial Buildings 8 and 9
10. Archanes Script Group
11. Soft Stone MMIAIMMIB Complex
12. None/Concentric Circles Group
13. NonelUndistinguishable
14. NonelImported
15. None/Later
16. None
17. later pieces of the above groups
9. Burial Building 19
10. Area of the Rocks
11. Burial Building 7
12. Burial Building 16
13. Burial Building 3
4 14: ~23 •• i \516• '4 .9l 10 :. sa. : .0- ----------------------------------------------------------------:--------------------------
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Simple Correspondence Analysis
Analysis of Contingency TableAxis Inertia Proportion Cumulative Histogram1 0.5842 0.2515 0.2515 ******************************2 0.3525 0.1518 0.4033 ******************3 0.3254 0.1401 0.5434 ****************4 0.2899 0.1248 0.6682 **************5 0.2200 0.0947 0.7629 ***********6 0.1785 0.0768 0.8398 *********7 0.1419 0.0611 0.9009 *******8 0.0975 0.0420 0.9428 *****9 0.0614 0.0264 0.9693 ***10 0.0359 0.0155 0.9847 *
11 0.0255 0.0110 0.9957 *12 0.0100 0.0043 1.0000Total 2.3228Row Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 0.775 0.032 0.143 -2.810 0.767 0.436 0.253 0.006 0.0062 Row2 0.785 0.089 0.100 -0.744 0.211 0.084 -0.986 0.370 0.2453 Row3 0.646 0.040 0.062 -1.434 0.575 0.142 0.331 0.031 0.0134 Row4 0.351 0.105 0.025 0.209 0.080 0.008 0.249 0.113 0.0185 RowS 0.229 0.081 0.101 0.541 0.100 0.040 0.085 0.002 0.0026 Row6 0.164 0.008 0.023 0.589 0.051 0.005 -0.472 0.033 0.0057 Row7 0.670 0.081 0.041 0.254 0.054 0.009 -0.721 0.435 0.1198 Row8 0.424 0.113 0.054 0.539 0.262 0.056 -0.400 0.144 0.0519 Row9 0.480 0.032 0.041 0.540 0.098 0.016 1.065 0.381 0.10410 Row10 0.890 0.097 0.102 0.302 0.037 0.015 -0.448 0.082 0.05511 Row11 0.626 0.081 0.053 0.498 0.163 0.034 0.813 0.434 0.15112 Row12 0.191 0.024 0.047 0.585 0.076 0.014 -0.308 0.021 0.00613 Row13 0.603 0.065 0.071 -0.876 0.299 0.085 0.881 0.303 0.14214 Row14 0.165 0.024 0.020 -0.086 0.004 0.000 0.524 0.143 0.01915 Row15 0.149 0.065 0.060 0.376 0.066 0.016 0.418 0.081 0.03216 Row16 0.369 0.032 0.018 0.538 0.228 0.016 0.326 0.084 0.01017 Row17 0.342 0.032 0.038 -0.653 0.157 0.024 -0.496 0.090 0.023
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Row1 -0.167 0.003 0.0032 Row2 0.731 0.204 0.1463 Row3 -0.382 0.041 0.0184 Row4 0.294 0.158 0.0285 RowS 0.608 0.127 0.0926 Row6 0.733 0.080 0.0137 Row7 0.465 0.181 0.0548 Row8 -0.139 0.017 0.0079 Row9 -0.028 0.000 0.00010 Row10 -1.374 0.771 0.561
11 Row11 0.208 0.028 0.01112 Row12 -0.654 0.095 0.03213 Row13 -0.022 0.000 0.00014 Row14 -0.186 0.018 0.00315 Row15 -0.081 0.003 0.00116 Row16 0.270 0.057 0.00717 Row17 -0.506 0.094 0.025
Column Contributions
----Component 1---- ----Component 2----ID Name Qual Mass Inert Coord Corr Contr Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 0.862 0.065 0.161 -2.220 0.848 0.544 0.172 0.005 0.0052 Column2 0.299 0.105 0.092 0.454 0.102 0.037 0.603 0.179 0.1083 Column3 0.708 0.073 0.112 -0.532 0.079 0.035 -1.239 0.427 0.3164 Column4 0.350 0.089 0.074 -0.622 0.200 0.059 0.507 0.133 0.0655 ColumnS 0.353 0.137 0.042 0.205 0.059 0.010 -0.376 0.201 0.0556 Colurnn6 0.316 0.089 0.056 0.520 0.183 0.041 -0.353 0.084 0.0317 Column7 0.810 0.048 0.080 0.300 0.023 0.007 -0.715 0.133 0.0708 Column8 0.405 0.129 0.063 0.451 0.180 0.045 -0.280 0.070 0.029
9 Column9 0.193 0.032 0.091 0.600 0.055 0.020 0.212 0.007 0.00410 Colum10 0.709 0.024 0.056 -1. 932 0.689 0.155 0.083 0.001 0.00011 Colum11 0.621 0.129 0.063 0.220 0.043 0.011 0.803 0.565 0.23612 Colum12 0.231 0.056 0.061 0.522 0.108 0.026 0.520 0.107 0.04313 Colum13 0.791 0.024 0.048 0.498 0.054 0.010 -0.727 0.115 0.036
----Component 3----ID Name Coord Corr Contr1 Column1 -0.233 0.009 0.0112 Column2 -0.191 0.018 0.0123 Column3 0.852 0.202 0.1624 Column4 -0.183 0.017 0.0095 ColumnS -0.257 0.093 0.0286 Column6 0.268 0.049 0.0207 Column7 -1. 583 0.653 0.3738 Column8 0.418 0.155 0.0699 Column9 0.928 0.131 0.08510 Colum10 0.317 0.019 0.00711 Colum11 0.122 0.013 0.00612 Colum12 0.197 0.015 0.00713 Colum13 -1. 687 0.621 0.211
Appendix Q
Funerary Rituals and Religious Activities in the Pre-Palatial
Sealstones and Funerary Rituals
Apart from seals and amulets other items with possible religious
significance are figurines, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic vessels, stone
vessels, some clay vessels, and in slightly later times double axes and horns
of consecration. All these can be manifestations of an every day religion, and
may also have a place in communal funerary ritual and belief. Rituals seem to
have taken place inside and outside the tholoi during the funerals. Small fires
in bowls, torches, libations and meat, fruit, or bread left in the tomb, are
possibly part of the ritual inside. Outside the tholos, in the antechamber, small
numbers of people participated in toasting rituals. When toasts had been
drunk, the cups were placed on the ground in a uniform position. At the time
of burial another ritual must have been performed, in the room in front of the
antechamber, with depositions of votives on altars and the pouring of
libations. Probably few people participated in the inner ceremony (because of
lack of space) and they could have been the religious authorities or village
elders or more possibly the close relatives of the dead, with other members of
the population outside. The frequent construction of outer chambers is also
suggestive of post-funerary rites with votive offerings and secondary burials
(Branigan 1970b: 92-93).
Furthermore many cemeteries had bounded courtyard areas, often
with a specially laid pavement or surfacing. Boundary walls and areas of
paving are found at Platanos, Koumasa, Kamilari. Aghia Kyriaki. Apesokari
and Moni Odhigitrias. At Platanos the paving was found south of the
boundary wall and immediately in front of the rectangular chambers of tholos
B. Exactly how these enclosed and surfaced areas were used is not certain
but two suggestions may be made. First that offerings and perhaps libations
were made in the open air at these sites, for there are altar-like structures at
Apesokari, Aghia Kyriaki and elsewhere (Branigan 1993: 129). Vessels in the
shape of "goddesses", bulls, birds, jugs with humans clinging to the necks,
were found at Koumasa testifying to public rituals of this sort (Marinatos 1993:
16), while some Pyrgos Ware chalices that came to light at Aghia Photia, in
the area in front of the tombs, could also have been used for ritual purposes
(libations), according to Davaras (Davaras 1971: 394). The ritual use of the
EMI Pyrgos chalices is also accepted by Haggis, who considers them an
"exotic", prestige good for the EMI period (Haggis 1997: 297, 298).
Additionally, they are so large that they appear to be "communal" drinking
vessels.
The second purpose of the pavements and surfaced areas could be
dancing. A clay model from Kamilari, with four figures in circle with arms
linked shoulder to shoulder, on a low wall around, seems to represent exactly
this ritual dance. Branigan (1993: 133) suggests that these could be fertility
rituals, to bring fertility to the soil or the people and that there could be an
association with ritual dances performed in the central and west courts of the
first palaces. Marinatos (1993: 22) suggests another explanation for the
Kamilari model: treading on grapes to produce wine used for pouring and
libations. That such an occasion should be linked with the dead "can be
explained by principles similar to those delineated above: vegetation is
juxtaposed to death, merrymaking to grief and desolation" (Marinatos 1993:
22).
There is no evidence whether a kind of elite took part in these rituals or
organized them. But this is certainly a first step towards communal ritual.
Death and the rituals associated with it, are of importance and significance
both to the living population as a whole and to specific parts of it, the family,
the kin-group, the village. "The death of an individual temporarily damages
the social fabric of the community as well as that of the family and kin-group.
The funerary process is a means of repairing that damage, and of restating
the communality and the stability of the society" (Branigan 1993: 119).
Sealstones were probably related to these funerary rituals and beliefs.
The vast majority were found in tombs, accompanying their owners, along
with other personal belongings. They could be part of their identity, means to
identify their status and position in society, something they would need in the
"after" life. This would mean a belief in the existence of the soul after the
death of the body. Sealstones in the shape of birds could be important in this
respect, maybe representing the soul flying away from the body (Marinatos
1993: 29). Of course the whole practice could simply be explained as a way
to prevent the souls of the dead from coming back to haunt their houses. The
fear of the dead could have made their living relatives put their personal
belongings in the tomb, so they did not come back for them (Branigan 1993:
75). Whichever the explanation, seals seem to have played a role in the
funerary ritual. But is communal religion visible only in funerary rites?
Communal religion
Discussion about religion in pre-palatial Crete has concentrated on
funerary practices, as in this field there is enough evidence available. On the
contrary communal religion has been considered non-existent in these early
stages. The purpose of this section is to examine if the above statement is
correct and if there is any evidence of communal religion in pre-palatial Crete.
Also, to examine if sealstones played any role in this respect.
Caves have been used as cult places in Crete from the Neolithic, along
with being used as houses and cemeteries. This according to Dietrich (1974)
could be a practice imported from Anatolia. "...the Anatolian cult, which in all
likelihood had once been practiced in the caves of the Taurus Mountains, had
some features in common with what we know of Cretan practice" (Dietrich
1974: 108). Caves have been studied by Watrous (1996) and Tomkins
(1996), as sanctuary sites. However, no signs of common rituals and beliefs
have been identified in the pre-palatial period. Although in a number of these
caves early Minoan material was found (Tomkins 1996: 65, 66, 67), none of
this material is considered to be the result of ritual, but represents seasonal or
daily occupation, according to both Tomkins (1996: 25) and Watrous (1996:
57,58,75).
Therefore, it has been accepted up to date, that the first ritual signs
appear with the peak sanctuaries, in MMIA, connected with the foundation of
the palaces and the newly-formed central authority. Peak sanctuaries have
been a subject of study by many scholars (Peatfield 1983; 1987; 1992;
Karetsou 1981; 1984; Rutkowski 1972; 1988; 1991; Nowicki 1994; Rutkowski
and Nowicki 1996; Watrous 1995; 1996), concerning their topography, the
rituals taking place there, architecture and study of artifacts like figurines.
Other researchers, like Cherry (1978; 1986) argued for a relationship
between the appearance of the palaces and of the peak sanctuaries, with the
latter being a means of consolidating communal authority.
Peak sanctuaries were situated on high ground, with closed rooms and
a temenos around, and figurines of humans and animals and tall cylindrical
vessels as the main votive items found in them. The frequent traces of fire
(ashes) and large number of figurines suggest that the votives were thrown
perhaps into a fire as part of the ritual. The uniformity in date, situation,
design and use demonstrates the emergence of communal religion (Branigan
1969a: 1-22). The multiplicity of figurines of cattle, sheep and goats suggests
that the sanctuaries were to relieve the fears of the shepherds and the
owners of cattle (Rutkowski 1972).
The differences in the distribution of peak sanctuaries between East
and Central Crete (larger number in East Crete, fewer and more centralized
in Central Crete) are due to topographical and political reasons. In East Crete
with its fragmented and mountainous landscape, independent small
communities were the norm, while in Central Crete the territories involved
were larger, for geographical and political reasons, with large centers like
Knossos and Phaistos (Nowicki 1994; Watrous 1996: 75-76).
As has already been said peak sanctuaries are generally accepted to
be dated to MMIA onwards (Watrous 1995: 394). However, some scholars
have suggested that some were founded earlier. Branigan (1969b: 35-38)
was the first in this direction, followed by Faure (1972: 402) and Warren
(1978: 144), but these views were not generally accepted. Peatfield, though,
based on his excavations at Atsipades, concluded that peak sanctuaries were
in use at least at EMIII-MMI. EMil pottery has also been reported at luktas
(Peatfield 1992: 71), and at Atsipades two complete Neolithic cups were
deposited, while a third peak sanctuary, the one of Petsofas, was dated to
EMili by both Branigan (1970: 103) and Warren, based on the painted
patterns of some female figurines, characteristic of EMili pottery, and on the
type of daggers carried by the male figures, which are of a type used in EMili
(Branigan 1994: 281). As these are ritual and not daily life findings, it is
acceptable, in the author's opinion, to assume that some peak sanctuaries
were used for ritual purposes during the EM period, at least in Central Crete,
and this could also be true for all or some of the caves mentioned above that
presented only traces of daily life occupation. Could this be indicative of
political organization, in the same way as it is assumed for the proto-palatial
period (see above)? Taking into account the general context in the pre-
palatial period (see chapters 6, 7, 8), this seems at least possible.
At the same time Branigan (1994) identified several other sites of ritual
significance, which he called Open-Air shrines. Five of them were located in
the Aghiofarango valley during the survey of this area, and three more are
mentioned by Branigan in Tartari (east of the Aghiofarango), Khalepa (west of
Mesara) and Myrtos Fournou Korifi. The sites in the Aghiofarango were on
prominent hill tops, some with traces of platforms, walls, or flights of steps
and pottery sherds from EM, MM and LM (Blackman and Branigan 1977: 41-
43, 44, 59, 61, 63). Tartari, also on a little knoll, produced EM and MM pottery
and fragments of pithoi (Hood et. al. 1964: 91-92). In 1896 Evans recorded
the purchase of a steatite libation vessel from a knoll called Tartari,
strengthening this association (Evans 1921: 630). Khalepa was also a rocky
knoll from which EM and MM sherds were recovered together with a stone
pounder (Hood et. al. 1964: 78). Finally at Myrtos Fournou Korifi an arc of
walling was built over the destruction of the EM II settlement, open to the east.
Inside it was a low stone platform, fronted by a bench or step, and an area of
white earth flooring (Warren 1972a: 92). The interpretations of the structure
as dwelling, store, shelter or tomb can be rejected because of its position,
shape and open form. Therefore, according to Branigan (1994: 282) the most
possible explanation is that of an Open-Air sanctuary or shrine, an idea that is
accepted by Watrous, as in these hill-top shrines pebbles seem to have been
used for the rituals (Watrous 1995: 393-394), as it is the case in peak
sanctuaries (Nowicki 1994).
All these sites have been found on small hills and knolls which are
locally prominent by reason of elevation, shape and/or colour, they are
unsuitable for domestic occupation and do not reveal evidence of craft or
burial activities. EM pottery 'along with pithoi, querns and heavy stone tools
occur in nearly all the sites, along with one or more other features: prominent
rock formations, libation holes, enclosure walls, built steps, a platform and
bench/step or semi-circular platforms with remains of pots (Branigan 1994:
286). It is suggested that these shrines were each related to a kin group plot
of land (Blackman and Branigan 1977: 72; Watrous 1995: 394), or related
specifically to arable land, in contrast to the pastoral significance of the peak
sanctuaries (Bintliff 1977: 82). The items found in them could be associated
with the processing and storage of crops, and some kind of ritual concerned
with these products could have taken place in these locations.
Another possible sign of organized religion in the pre-palatial period
should be mentioned. A large number of large communal vessels, highly
decorated, were discovered in the EMI palace well at Knossos (Hood 1990a:
369-370). The large pedestal bowls, jugs and basins were broken and
deposited down the well and could be associated with rituals, maybe
concerning eating and drinking. Equally Day and Wilson have suggested that
there are other deposits at Knossos, mainly consisting of cups and smaller
bowls which may represent communal drinking/feasting. Hamilakis (1995) has
talked about the ritual significance of eating and drinking in the later palatial
eras (and this could also be true for the pre-palatial period, based on this
discovery). A similar deposit from Aghia Triadha, dominated by ring-based
two handled tankards, black burnished, could also be associated with rituals
(libations?) and as Day and Wilson believe it is safe to assume a ritual
character for them.
One can conclude from all these that the evidence for communal
religion in pre-palatial Crete is not as scarce as it is generally believed. The
use of Open-Air shrines for' agricultural rituals, the first signs of the use of
peak sanctuaries for pastoral rituals, and settlement rituals associated with
libations and drinking show that funerary rituals and cult of the dead were not
the only organized religious activities in this period.
Whether sealstones played any role in these activities is something
that can not be answered with the evidence we have until now. It is possible
that particular materials, shapes (e.g. anthropomorphic or zoomorphic) or
motifs had some religious connotations. A large number of seals with
representations of leaves, branches or plants from many sites in Crete, and
particularly from Archanes-Phourni (Cat. Nr. 15, 24, 3D, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37,
40,41,44,48,51,55,59,60,63,64,67,68,69,72,73,85, 89, 91, 95, 97,
108, 113, 116, 119) and an example from Phourni again with the
representation of a wheat? seed (Cat. Nr 56), could have been linked with
agricultural rituals of a kind. Also motifs like fish (Cat. Nr. 31, 54, 87) could
have been associated with rituals about fishing, and various quadrupeds
(horse?, wild goats, lions, unrecognizable ones, e.g. Cat. Nr. 33, 34, 35, 43)
could have something to do with pastoral rituals (for example concerning the
safety of domestic animals or wild ones used for food, from carnivorous ones,
or thrying the help of the deity for the hunting of animals). Finally motifs like
snakes and scorpions (Cat. Nr. 33, 34, 45), could also have religious
connotations, connected with the Snake or Household Goddess
(epiphanies?). Davaras believes that we must talk about a chthonic divinity
and not a household one (Davaras 1992: 31-37), associated with mysteries
and an element of fertility. Whether this could be related to the "fertility?
dances" on the cemetery pavements of Mesara is a matter that needs further
investigation. Double-axes, bulls and horns of consecration, as well as bird
models were probably associated with the Snake Goddess, and appear in
Crete from EMI. The Snake Goddess appeared at least from the end of the
pre-palatial era, associated with older symbols, showing a continuation of
religion in the later MM and LM periods (Branigan 1988: 108-113).
Considering the increasing evidence of rituals and religion within the
general context of exchanges, economic organization, manufacture and
technology (see Chapters 6, 7, 8), along with the clear evidence of funerary
rituals and the amuletic use of seals and pendants, it seems possible that
communal religion was exercised in the pre-palatial period. Pre-palatial
populations may have been more active ritually than we thought until recently,
not only in the sphere of personal every day religion but also in communal
rituals. It is also possible that these rituals were organized by a group of
people with such responsibilities, or with a prestigious position in the society.
We can not talk about priesthood and temples in the example of Egypt or
Mesopotamia, as the evidence is of a much simpler organization. But social
hierarchy and inequality must have been reflected in religious activities. Elites
may have exercised their authority and gained prestige by taking part in
communal rituals, as a way to retain and safeguard their status and power.
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