minor project nuclear

8/11/2019 Minor Project nuclear

1/35

STUDY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN INDIA

MINOR PROJECT

Submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki VishwavidyalayaTowards Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of

B!"#$%R %F #&G'#R'&G(#le)tri)al * #le)troni)s #ngineering+

GUIDED BY

Md. Firoz

SUBMITTED BY

Ashish Ver!

ELECTRICAL " ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING " SCIENCE

PS ACADEMY NDORE

2014


2/35

ELECTRICAL " ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING " SCIENCE

PS ACADEMY NDORE

CERTIFICATE

,e are -leased to )ertify that the minor -roje)t entitled #STUDY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN INDIA$

submitted by following is a))e-ted.

Ashish Ver! %&%&E'(((%(%

INTERNAL E'AMINER E'TERNAL E'AMINER

Date/ Date/


3/35

A ) * + o , - e d e e + /

't is our great -leasure to e0-ress our -rofound gratitude to our esteemed guide 1d.Firo2 3ssistan)e -rofessor

#le)tri)al and #le)troni)s #ngg. De-t.3 '#S3 'PS )ademy3 'ndore for their valuable ins-iration3 able guidan)e and

untiring hel-3 whi)h enabled us to )arry out and )om-lete this work.

' am grateful to Mr. B. N. Ph!d*e3 Professor and De-artment "ead of #le)tri)al and #le)troni)s #ngineering '#S3

'PS )ademy 'ndore3 for his keenness towards this work and efforts -ut in3 and also for sharing his valuable time to

our -roblems and -roviding useful solutions.

,e e0-ress our sin)ere gratitude to Dr. Ar)h!+! 0eer/i Cho,dh!r13 Prin)i-al3 '#S 'PS )ademy3 'ndore for

e0tending all the fa)ilities during the )ourse of study.

t this jun)ture we also take this o--ortunity to e0-ress our dee- gratitude to all the fa)ulties of #le)tri)al and

#le)troni)s #ngineering De-artment3 for their a--re)iation and moral su--ort.

,e are also thankful to all our friends who hel-ed us dire)tly or indire)tly to bring the dissertation work to the

-resent sha-e.

Date/ shish Verma

A2s/r!)/


4/35

s home to more than a billion -eo-le with one of the fastest growing e)onomies3 'ndia is today taking

brisk ste-s and swift strides as it -rogresses ahead towards be)oming a develo-ed e)onomy. The key and

de)isive fa)tor that will determine the s-eed of this -rogress is energy. 'n a )ountry like 'ndia3 where

around 45 -er )ent of energy is generated through use of )onventional fossil fuels whi)h are de-leting in

su--ly with every -assing year3 there is no doubt about the im-ortant and essential role nu)lear -ower

will -lay in -owering 'ndia6s growth in the ne0t five de)ades. 't is estimated that 'ndia will need an

installed )a-a)ity of 788 G, by 98:9 for an e)onomi) growth rate of 7 -er )ent.

&u)lear energy is a )lean and sustainable sour)e of energy. 't has the -otential and )a-ability to

)ontribute signifi)antly to 'ndia6s ;uest for long


5/35

Ti/-e P!e No.

A2s/r!)/ i4

T!2-e o3 Co+/e+/s 4

Lis/ o3 T!2-es 4i

Lis/ o3 Fi5res 4ii

Lis/ o3 A22re4i!/io+s6 S12o-s 4iii

Ch!7/er ( I+/rod5)/io+ (89

=.= %verview =


6/35

@.@.> !ontrol Rods =4

@[email protected] Shielding =4

@[email protected] Rea)tor Vessel =4

@[email protected] Rea)tor =4

@.> Ty-es of Rea)tor =4.= Pressuri2ed ,ater Rea)tor =5

@.>.9 Boiling ,ater Rea)tor =5.= &u)lear #nergy in 'ndia =?

>.9 Demand of &u)lear #nergy in 'ndia =?

>.: &u)lear Power Generation 98

>.@ !urrent Generation Fa)ilities 98.> Future S)o-e of &u)lear #nergy in 'ndia 9=


7/35

T!2-e Ti/-e P!e +o

9.= State ,ise 'nstalled #le)tri)ity !a-a)ity in 'ndia :

>.= &u)lear Power Generation (9884.@ &u)lear Power Plants Planned in 'ndia 99


8/35

Fi5re Ti/-e P!e No

=.= 'nstalled )a-a)ity of #le)tri)ity in 'ndia =

=.9 Different Sour)es of #le)tri)ity 9

:.= 1undra Thermal Power Station in Gujarat 4

:.9 Tehri Dam in Attrakhand 5

:.: Tara-ur tomi) Power Station in 1aharashtra 7

:.@ Sour)e ,ise Potential of Renewable Power in 'ndia 7

:.> State ,ise #stimated Potential of Renewable Power in 'ndia ?

@.= ,orking of &u)lear Power Plant =8

@.9 &u)lear Fission ==

@.: &u)lear !hain Rea)tion =:

@.@ Fuel ssembly =@

@.> 1oderator =>

@.4 Pressuri2ed ,ater Rea)tor =5

@.5 Boiling ,ater Rea)tor =7

Lis/ o3 A22re4i!/io+s


9/35

BU8Billion Anit

GW8Gigawatt

TWh8Terawatt hour

0Wh8ilowatt hour

S?P8Small "ydro Power Plant

MWe81egawatt #nergy

Me481ega


10/35

Ch!7/er (

I+/rod5)/io+

(.( O4er4ie,

'ndia is one of the fast growing e)onomies in the world. 'n order to sustain and u-lift its growth and

-ros-erity of -eo-le3 strengthening -ower se)tor with a strong -ower -rodu)tion )a-ability is one major

as-e)t.

The ele)tri)ity se)tor in 'ndia had an installed )a-a)ity of 9::.?9? G, as of De)ember 98=:3 the

worldCs fourth largest. &on Renewable Power Plants )onstitute 75.>> of the installed )a-a)ity3 and

Renewable Power Plants )onstitute the remaining =9.@> of total installed !a-a)ity. 'ndia generated

around ?== BA (?==34>9 1A i.e. ?== T,h+ of ele)tri)ity (e0)luding ele)tri)ity generated from renewable

and )a-tive -ower -lants+ during the 98=9E=: fis)al. The total annual generation of ele)tri)ity from all

ty-es of sour)es was =8>:.? Terawatt


11/35

'n terms of fuel3 )oal? of 'ndiaCs installed ele)tri)ity )a-a)ity3 )om-ared to

South fri)aCs ?9 !hinaCs 55 and ustraliaCs 54. fter )oal3 renewable hydro-ower a))ounts for

=53 renewable energy for =9 and natural gas for about ? shown in figure =.9.

(Sour)e/ 1inistry of Power3 'ndia+

Fig.1.2 Different Sources of Electricity

'n De)ember 98==3 over :88 million 'ndian )iti2ens had no a))ess to fre;uent ele)tri)ity. %ver one

third of 'ndiaCs rural -o-ulation la)ked ele)tri)ity3 as did 4 of the urban -o-ulation.

The -er )a-ita average annual domesti) ele)tri)ity )onsum-tion in 'ndia in 988? was ?4 k,h in rural

areas and 977 k,h in urban areas for those with a))ess to ele)tri)ity3 in )ontrast to the worldwide -er

)a-ita annual average of 9488 k,h and 4988 k,h in the #uro-ean Anion. 'ndiaCs total domesti)3

agri)ultural and industrial -er )a-ita energy )onsum-tion estimates vary de-ending on the sour)e. Twosour)es -la)e it between @88 to 588 k,h in 9887E988?. s of 1ar)h 98=93 ))ording to 1inistry %f

Statisti)s nd Programme 'm-lementation3 Government of 'ndia the -er )a-ita total )onsum-tion in 'ndia

was estimated to be 75? k,h.

'ndia )urrently suffers from a major shortage of ele)tri)ity generation )a-a)ity3 even though it is the

worldCs fourth largest energy )onsumer after Anited States3 !hina and Russia.

The 'nternational #nergy gen)y estimates 'ndia will add between 488 G, to =988 G, of additional

new -ower generation )a-a)ity before 98>8.

2


12/35

Ch!7/er 9

E-e)/ri)i/1 Ge+er!/io+

9.( Po,er Ge+er!/io+ i+ I+di!

Power develo-ment in 'ndia was first started in =7?5 in Darjeeling3 followed by )ommissioning of

a hydro-ower station at Sivasamudram in arnataka during =?89.

'ndiaCs ele)tri)ity generation )a-a)ity additions from =?>8 to =?7> were very low when )om-ared to

develo-ed nations. Sin)e =??83 'ndia has been one of the fastest growing markets for new ele)tri)ity

generation )a-a)ity. 'ndiaCs ele)tri)ity generation )a-a)ity has in)reased from =5? T,h in =?7> to =8>:

T,h in 98=9.

The )ountryCs total installed )a-a)ity of ele)tri)ity has in)reased in last 99 years by about =47 G,3

from about 44 G, in =??= to over =88 G, in 988= to 9::.?: G, in 98=:. 'ndiaCs Power Finan)e

!or-oration $imited -roje)ts that )urrent and a--roved ele)tri)ity )a-a)ity addition -roje)ts in 'ndia are

e0-e)ted to add about =88 G, of installed )a-a)ity between 98=9 and 98=5. This growth makes 'ndia

one the fastest growing markets for ele)tri)ity infrastru)ture e;ui-ment. 'ndiaCs installed )a-a)ity growth

rates are still less than those a)hieved by !hina3 and short of )a-a)ity needed to ensure universal

availability of ele)tri)ity throughout 'ndia by 98=5. The table 9.= shows the -resent ele)tri)ity generation

)a-a)ity in 'ndia.

Table 9.=

State wise installed ele)tri)ity )a-a)ity in 'ndia

S/!/e@U+io+

Terri/or1

Ther!- i+MWN5)-e!r

MW

Re+e,!2-e i+ MWTo/!-

MWCo!- G!s Diese- Ther!- ?1de-O/her

Re+e,!2-e

S528To/!-

Re+e,!2-e1aharashtra 9839:?.95 :3@5>.?: < 9:35=>.98 4?8.=@ :3::=.7@ @3547.78 73=88.4@ :93>8>.?7

Gujarat =>35:7.95 @3?57.?? =5.@7 9835:@.5@ >>?.:9 559.88 @398:.84 @3?5>.84 94394?.=9

1adhya

Pradesh73>8:.7? 9>5.=7 < 7354=.85 95:.9@ :399:.44 4@@.:7 :3747.8@ =93?89.:>

!hhattisgarh 43:77.@? < < 43:77.@? @5.>9 =98.88 :87.?8 @97.?8 4374@.?=

Dadra *

&agar "aveli=3499.:> =?4.?= < =37=?.94 997.=@ < < < 938@5.@8

Goa :94.=5 @7.88 < :5@.=5 9>.78 < 8.8> 8.8> @88.89

Daman *Diu

:4.5= @.98 < @8.?= 5.:7 < < < @7.9?

!entralE =3499.:> =?4.?= < =37=?.94 997.=@ < < < 938@5.@8

3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_India


13/35

S/!/e@U+io+

Terri/or1

Ther!- i+ MWN5)-e!r

MW



Re+e,!2-e

S528To/!-

Re+e,!2-e

Anallo)ated

Wes/er+ ;96&==.;( &6=&&.:( (.>& %.%% 6>>.;% =6=9;.(= (6:9. >@?.?5 < ==39:9.?9 ::>.59 =37>?.@> 7@4.@7 9358>.?: =@395@.>5

Rajasthan 5345?.59 55>.8: < 73@>@.5> >5:.88 =3>@7.:9 :3@7:.8> >38:=.:5 =@38>?.=9

"aryana 43879.8: >48.9? :.?9 [email protected]@ =8?.=4 =3:5:.9= =9:.98 =3@?4.@= 739>=.7=

Punjab :35?8.77 977.?9 < @385?.78 987.8@ :389?.>: 9?5.>7 :3:95.== 534=@.?>

Delhi @3>>4.:5 93==4.8= < 43459.:7 =99.87 4?8.:: =4.88 584.:: 53>88.5?

"ima)hal

Pradesh=>9.89 4=.77 :.?9 [email protected]: :@.87 93?>8.?@ 49>.?= :3>54.7> :379@.?4

Attrakhand :88.>8 4?.:> < :4?.7> 99.97 93884.8= =7?.75 93=?>.77 93>77.8=

ammu *

ashmir :9?.:9 :8@.=@ 7.?@ 4@9.@8 55.88 =34>7.8: =@5.>: =378>.>4 93>9@.?4

!handigarh :9.>@ =>.:9 < @5.74 7.7@ >9.77 < >9.77 =8?.>7

!entral < =3945.>@ =9?.78 >[email protected]> < >[email protected]> =3?9=.:?

Nor/her+ :>6;&:.;% ;6%:(.9< (9.== :=6389?.89 =5397>.@7

arnataka 43=>7.:? < 9:@.@9 43:?9.7= 9>@.74 :3>??.78 :34?:.=? 539?9.?? =:[email protected]

erala ?=@.>4 >::.>7 9>4.@@ =358@.>7 ?>.48 =77=.>8 =?:.>9 9385>.89 :375>.98

Pondi)herry 9:8.8? :9.>8 < 949.>? =?.97 < < < 97=.75

!entral7 < < =3:9?.>7 =>8.@7 < < < [email protected]

So5/her+ 9;6=:9.;% >6=.6;9;.:< ;6 =3:5?.5> 73587.79

%disha >3==>.84 < < >3==>.84 < 93=44.?: ??.78 93944.5: 53:7=.5?

DV! 43>>>.48 ?8.88 < 434@>.48 < =?:.94 < =?:.94 47:7.74

harkhand 93:>7.77 < < 93:>7.77 < 988.?: 98.8> 998.?7 93>5?.74Bihar =3?>@.58 < < =3?>@.58 < =9?.@: [email protected] 9@:.@: 93=?7.=:

ssam 48.88 >?7.>9 98.4? 45?.9= < @9?.59 :=.== @48.7: [email protected]@

1eghalaya < 4>.4= 9.8> 45.44 < :>4.>7 :=.8: :75.4= @>>.95

Tri-ura < :@?.7@ @.7> :>@.4? < 49.:5 =4.8= 57.:7 @::.85

Sikkim 79.4= < >.88 75.4= < [email protected] >9.== 994.:7 :=:.??

runa)hal

Pradesh< :9.8> =>.77 @5.?: < ?5.>5 =8:.?= 98=.@7 9@?.@=

1ani-ur < @4.?4 @>.@= ?9.:5 < 78.?7 >.@> 74.@: =57.78

1i2oram < 95.97 >=.74 5?.=@ < :@.:= :4.@5 58.57 =@?.?9

&agaland < :9.7@ 9.88 :@.7@ < >:.:9 97.45 7=.?? ==4.7:

4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland


14/35

S/!/e@U+io+

Terri/or1

Ther!- i+ MWN5)-e!r

MW



Re+e,!2-e

S528To/!-

Re+e,!2-e

!entral@.=4 >>.@8 < =3>8?.>4 < =95.=> < =95.=> =34:4.5=

E!s/er+ 9>6=.&& (6:=&.;% (;=.=> 9 58.@8

$akshadwee- < < ?.?5 ?.?5 < < < < ?.?5

'slands < < 58.89 58.89 < < =8.:> =8.:> 78.:5

TOTAL (:&69(:.:= 9%6:&%.&; (6(==.; (;=6=:.== >6&% :=6&=:.>% 9=6>


15/35

Ch!7/er :

E+er1 So5r)es i+ I+di!

:.( Co+4e+/io+!- So5r)es

'ndia6s energy basket has a mi0 of all the resour)es available in)luding renewables. The dominan)e of

)oal in the energy mi0 is likely to )ontinue in foreseeable future. t -resent 'ndiaCs )oal de-enden)e is

borne out from the fa)t that >@ of the total installed ele)tri)ity generation )a-a)ity is )oal based and

45 of the )a-a)ity -lanned to be added during the == Five year Plan -eriod 9885


16/35

:.(.9 ?1dro Po,er

'n this system of -ower generation3 the -otential of the water falling under gravitational for)e is

utili2ed to rotate a turbine whi)h again is )ou-led to a Generator3 leading to generation of ele)tri)ity. 'ndia

is one of the -ioneering )ountries in establishing hydroth largest nu)lear -ower -rodu)er. &u)lear -ower -rovided : of the )ountryCs total

ele)tri)ity generation in 98==. 'ndia aims to su--ly ? of it ele)tri)ity needs with nu)lear -ower by

98:9.'ndiaCs largest nu)lear -ower -lant -roje)t under im-lementation is at aita-ur3 1aharashtra in

-artnershi- with reva3 Fran)e.

:.9. No+8Co+4e+/io+!- So5r)es

'n 'ndia there is high -otential for generation of renewable energy from various sour)es< wind3 solar3

biomass3 small hydro and )ogeneration bagasse. The total -otential for renewable -ower generation in the

)ountry as on :=.8:.=9 is estimated at 7?55@ 1,. This in)ludes wind -ower -otential of @?=:8 1,

7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arevahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areva


17/35

(>@.5:+3 S"P (small:?? 1, (=5.=>+3 Biomass -ower -otential of

=53>:7 1,(=?.>@+ and >888 1, (>.>5+ from bagasse


18/35

(Sour)e/!entral #le)tri)ity uthority3 'ndia+

Fig.3.* State 'ise Estimated Potential of (enea)le Poerin India

9


19/35

Ch!7/er >

N5)-e!r Po,er E+er1

>.( N5)-e!r E+er1

&u)lear energy3 also )alled atomi) energy is the most -owerful kind of energy known to mankind ever.

,ith a )om-lete )ombustion of nu)lear fuel a--ro0. 7 k,h of heat )an be generated from = kg of )oal3

a--ro0. =9 k,h from = kg of mineral oil and around 9@38883888 k,h from = kg of A9:>.

>.9 N5)-e!r Po,er i+ /he Wor-d Tod!1

The first )ommer)ial &u)lear Power Station started o-eration in the =?>8s. There are now over @:@

)ommer)ial &u)lear Power Rea)tors o-erating in := )ountries3 with :5@3::> 1,e of total )a-a)ity.

They -rovide about =@ of the worldCs ele)tri)ity as )ontinuous3 reliable base.: Pri+)i7-e o3 O7er!/io+ o3 N5)-e!r Po,er P-!+/

(Sour)e/ Google 'mage+

Fig.&.1 'or$ing of +uclear Poer Plant

&u)lear -ower -lants generate ele)tri)ity in mu)h the same way that other thermal -ower -lantsgenerate ele)tri)ity. The )ombustion of a fuel is used to generate heat3 the heat is used to )reate steam3 and

10


20/35

the steam is used to s-in turbines3 whi)h in turn generate ele)tri)ity. The differen)e with nu)lear -ower

-lants is that instead of using the )ombustion of a fuel to generate heat3 they use nu)lear fission to

generate heat. &u)lear fission in sim-le terms is the s-litting of large atoms into smaller atoms this

-ro)ess releases vast amounts of energy.

>.:.( N5)-e!r Re!)/io+

The fuel inside the rea)tor is a metal )alled Aranium. Aranium e0ists as an isoto-e in the form of A 9:>

whi)h is unstable. ,hen the nu)leus of an atom s-lit3 the neutrons released hit other atoms and s-lit them

in turn. 1ore energy is released ea)h time another atom s-lits. This is )alled )h!i+ re!)/io+.

(Sour)e/ tomi)ar)hive.)om+Fig.&.2 +uclear Fission

During the nu)lear fission -ro)ess A9:>s-lits into two fragments of a--ro0imately e;ual si2e. bout

9.> neutrons are released and a large amount of energy (988 1illion ele)tron volt3 1ev+ is -rodu)ed. The

neutrons -rodu)ed move at a very high velo)ity of =.> I =85 mHs and fission other nu)leus of A 9:>. Thus

the fission -ro)ess and release of neutrons take -la)e )ontinuously throughout the remaining material.

&u)lear fission )an o))ur either naturally or be indu)ed. ,hen it ha--ens naturally the -ro)ess is

known as radioa)tive de)ay3 and it is a )ommon -ro)ess. The elements in whi)h this -ro)ess o))urs

naturally are known as radioa)tive isoto-es. These radioa)tive isoto-es are atoms that have an unstable

nu)leus be)ause the nu)leus has an e0)ess amount of energy. This instability will )ause them to

s-ontaneously de)ay or Js-litK into two smaller atoms. These newly formed atoms will be of different

elements from the original radioa)tive isoto-e and their nu)lei will be more stable. 't is not -ossible to

-redi)t when a s-e)ifi) radioa)tive isoto-e will de)ay3 however the average rate at whi)h it will de)ay is

11


21/35

known this rate is referred to as the Jhalf


22/35

(Sour)e/ tomi)ar)hive.)om+

Fig.&.3 +uclear chain reaction

situation where the rate at whi)h neutrons are being released is greater than the rate at whi)h they are

being lost )an also o))ur. This )ould lead to an un)ontrolled rea)tion. 'n order for the rea)tion to be)ome

self atom. To a))om-lish this3 )ontrol rods3 made of neutron absorbing materials3 are used to

)ontrol the rate of the rea)tion3 or to halt it3 by inserting or removing them from the rea)tor )ore. ,hen

the )ontrol rods are inserted3 they absorb more neutrons3 so fewer neutrons are available for absor-tion

into the fuel thus3 there are fewer rea)tions and the -ower generated is redu)ed. Similarly3 withdrawing

the )ontrol rods in)reases the -ower out-ut

>.> Ge+er!- Co7o+e+/s o3 ! N5)-e!r Re!)/or

>.>.( F5e-

The nu)lear fuels whi)h are generally used in rea)tors are ?9A9:>3 ?@Pu

9:?and ?9A9::. mong the three

?9A9:>is naturally available u- to 8.5 in the uranium ore and the remaining is ?9A

9:7. The other two

fuels ?@Pu9:?3 ?9A

9::are formed in the nu)lear rea)tors during the fission -ro)ess from ?9A9:7and ?9Th

9:9

due to the absor-tion of neutrons without fission. The fuel is sha-ed and lo)ated in the rea)tor in su)h

way that the heat -rodu)tion within the rea)tor is uniform. The fuel elements are designed taking into

a))ount the heat transfer3 )orrosion and stru)tural strength.

13


23/35

'n homogenous rea)tors3 the fuel and the moderator are mi0ed to form a uniform mi0ture i.e.3 uranium

and )arbon and then it is used in the form of rods or -lates in the )ore of the rea)tor. 'n heterogeneous

rea)tors3 the fuel is used in the form of rods or -lates and moderator surrounds the fuel elements. This

arrangement is )ommonly used in most of the rea)tors. The fuel rods are )lad with aluminum3 stainless

steel or 2ir)onium alloy to -revent o0idation of uranium.

(Sour)e/ Google image+

Fig.&.& Fuel %ssem)ly

>.>.9 Moder!/or

The moderator material is used to redu)e kineti) energy of the neutrons released during the fission

rea)tion. neutron travels at a s-eed of 8.9> eV or 9988 mHs and this is done in a fra)tion of a se)ond.

The fission )hain rea)tion in the nu)lear rea)tor is maintained due to slow neutrons when the ordinary

uranium is used as fuel. The fun)tion of the moderator is to in)rease the -robability of the rea)tion.

The slowing down of neutrons is effe)tively done by light elements like " 93 D93 &93 %93 ! and Be. The

gra-hite3 heavy water or beryllium )an be used as a moderator with natural uranium. %rdinary water is

also used as a moderator only in enri)hed uranium for the reason stated earlier.

Desirable -ro-erties of a good


24/35

4. 't should have good )ondu)tivity.

(Sour)e/ Google image+

Fig.&.* Moderator

>.>.: Re3-e)/or

't is always ne)essary to )onserve the neutrons as mu)h as -ossible to redu)e the )onsum-tion of

fissile material and to kee- the si2e of the rea)tor small. The neutrons whi)h are released in fission )an be

absorbed by the fuel itself3 moderator3 )oolant or stru)tural materials. Some neutrons may es)a-e from the

)ore without absor-tion and will be lost forever. To redu)e the loss of es)a-e of neutrons3 the inner

surfa)e of the rea)tor is surrounded by a material whi)h refle)ts the es)a-ing neutrons ba)k into the )ore.

The re;uired -ro-erties of a refle)tor are low absor-tion and high refle)tion of neutrons3 high resistan)e

to o0idation. The )ommonly used refle)tors are "9%3 D9% and )arbon.

>.>.> Coo-!+/

The main -ur-ose of the )oolant in the rea)tor is to transfer the heat -rodu)ed inside the rea)tor. Thesame heat )arried by the )oolant is used in the heat e0)hanger for further utili2ation in the -ower

generation. The essential ;ualities for a )oolant are/

=. 't must not absorb neutrons

9. 1ust have high radiation and )hemi)al stability

:. &on


25/35

>.>.;Co+/ro- Rods

Some ty-e of )ontrol is essential to fulfill following fun)tions/

a+ To start a nu)lear )hain rea)tion when the rea)tor started from )old.

b+ The )hain rea)tion should be maintained at steady state )ondition at the re;uired level

)+ To shut down the rea)tor at emergen)y )onditions.

The )ontrol is ne)essary to -revent the melting of fuel rods3 disintegration of )oolant3 and destru)tion of

rea)tor as the amount of energy released is enormous. The materials used for )ontrol rods must have very

high absor-tion )a-a)ity of neutrons. Some )ommonly used materials are )admium and boron or

hafnium.

>.>.< Shie-di+

The rea)tor is a -la)e of intense radioa)tivity and these radiations are harmful to human life. The)ommon radiations from a nu)lear rea)tor areal-ha3 beta and gamma rays. The inner lining of the rea)tor

is made of >8.>. Re!)/or Vesse-

The rea)tor vessel en)loses the rea)tor )ore3 refle)tor and shield. 't also -rovides the entran)e and e0it

-assages for dire)ting the flow of )oolant. The rea)tor vessel has to withstand -ressure as high as 988 bar

or above. The holes at the to- of the vessel -rovided to insert the )ontrol rods. The rea)tor )ore (fuel and

moderator assembly+ is generally -la)ed at the bottom of the vessel.

>.; Di33ere+/ T17es o3 Re!)/or

=. %n the basis of &eutron #nergy

a+ Fast Rea)tor < 'n these rea)tors3 the fission affe)ted by fast neutrons without any use of moderators.

b+ Thermal Rea)tors < 'n these rea)tors3 the fast moving neutrons are slowed down with the use of

moderators. The slow neutrons are absorbed by the fissionable fuel and the )hain rea)tion is maintained.

The moderator is the most essential )om-onent in the rea)tor.

9. %n the basis of fuel used

a+ &atural Fuel < 'n this rea)tor3 the natural uranium is used as a fuel and generally heavy water or

gra-hite is the moderator.

b+ #nri)hed Aranium < "ere the uranium used )ontains > to =8 of A9:>and ordinary water as moderator.

16


26/35

>.;.( Press5rized W!/er Re!)/or PWR

P,R is a light water )ooled and moderated rea)tor uses enri)hed uranium as fuel. The -ressuri2ing

tank in)luded in the )ir)uit maintains )onstant -ressure in the )ir)uit throughout the load range. #le)tri)

heating )oil in the -ressuri2er boils the water to form the steam whi)h is )olle)ted in the dome as shown

here and -ressuri2es the entire )oolant )ir)uit before starting the rea)tor. To redu)e the -ressure3 water

s-ray is used to )ondense the steam. P,R is shown in figure @.4.

(Sour)e/#ngineergarage.)om+

Fig.&., Pressuri-ed 'ater (eactor

The fuel used in P,R is uranium o0ide A%93 it is highly resistant to irradiation damage and is very

ada-ted to high burn


27/35

(Sour)e/#ngineergarage.)om+

Fig.&. /oiling 'ater (eactor

>.< N5)-e!r F5e- C1)-e

&u)lear -ower -lants use uranium as fuel to generate ele)tri)ity. Aranium is a mildly radioa)tive metal

that is very )ommon on the earth6s )rust. Before it )an be used as nu)lear fuel uranium must be

e0tensively -ro)essed. The various stages that uranium goes through in the -ro)ess of generating

ele)tri)ity are known as the nu)lear fuel )y)le. t the front end of the )y)le are the a)tivities related to the

-rodu)tion of nu)lear fuel the servi)e -eriod is when the nu)lear fuel is being used to generate ele)tri)ity

and the ba)k end of the )y)le refers to the storage3 re-ro)essing and final dis-osition of the s-ent nu)lear

fuel.

18


28/35

Ch!7/er ;

N5)-e!r E+er1 i+ I+di!

;.( N5)-e!r e+er1 i+ I+di!

'n 'ndia3 where around 45 -er )ent of energy is generated through use of )onventional fossil fuels

whi)h are de-leting in su--ly with every -assing year3 there is no doubt about the im-ortant and essential

role nu)lear -ower will -lay in -owering 'ndia6s growth in the ne0t five de)ades. 't is estimated that 'ndia

will need an installed )a-a)ity of 788 G, by 98:9 for an e)onomi) growth rate of 7 -er )ent .

;.9 De!+d o3 N5)-e!r E+er1 i+ I+di!

=. t -resent3 )oal and natural gas together suffi)e 47 and =9 of 'ndia6s energy demand

res-e)tively .'f energy )onsum-tion rises at the )urrent trend3 'ndia will soon run out of )oal its

-rimary sour)e of energy in another @8 years

9. #le)tri)ity generation )ontributes about :7 to 'ndia6s total Green "ouse Gas (G"G+ emissions

and >=to its !%9emissions. "en)e3 redu)ing the emission intensity from ele)tri)ity generation is

of -rime im-ortan)e.

:. The greenest sour)es of -ower solar and wind -ower are lo)ali2ed and intermittent as they are

de-endent on weather and sunshine. &u)lear -ower is a lo)ation neutral3 grid )onne)ted

)ontinuous -ower generation sour)e with -otentially large )a-a)ity3 utili2ing minimum and mass

and with the )a-ability of being s)alable.

@. Re;uirement of fuel is small in a nu)lear -ower -lant and it o-erates s at several fold high -lant

load fa)tors3 )om-ared with other renewable ele)tri)ity generation te)hnologies. "en)e3 it is an

e)onomi)ally )om-etitive and -redi)table -ri)e o-tion for ele)tri)ity generation.

>. &u)lear energy is a )lean and sustainable o-tion. 1ost develo-ed nations e0tra)t over :8


29/35

;.: N5)-e!r Po,er Ge+er!/io+

Due to the fa)t that with growing need of industry and domesti) usage a lot of )a-a)ity addition with

the nu)lear energy is -lanned under I' -lan. The total -ower generation )a-a)ity with nu)lear -ower

-lants whi)h are already running in the )ountry is shown in the table >.=3 whi)h indi)ates the growth in

nu)lear -ower generation with high )a-a)ity fa)tor. Due to the in)reasing demand for ele)tri)ity3 only the

sustainable energy o-tion for 'ndian is nu)lear energy3 sin)e great availability of nu)lear resour)es is an

added advantage for fa)ility develo-ment. The )a-a)ity fa)tor of P",R in o-eration is )losely 78 3

whi)h is an e0)ellent -erforman)e that is ahead of international standards.

Table >.=&u)lear Power Generation (9884@. 't has installed fa)ilities a)ross the )ountry to meet @ of

)ontribution to total ele)tri)ity out-ut through nu)lear energy. This has resulted in establishing various

-ubli) se)tor entities like &u)lear Power !or-oration of 'ndia to design )onstru)t and o-erate nu)lear

-ower -lants a)ross the )ountry. For fuel su--ort another o-erational entity )alled Aranium !or-oration

$imited was founded for mining and -ro)essing the fuel3 and fuel )om-le0es were established to su--ort

-ower -lants. Besides these fa)ilities3 'ndustrial "eavy ,ater Board is res-onsible for fa)ilitating light

water and "eavy water. Ander the res-onsibility of the board3 many heavy water fa)ility -lants are

)onstru)ted and o-erating to fa)ilitate -resent rea)tors. To install rea)tor fa)ilities3 government organi2ed

)om-any )alled Bhavani $td3 is res-onsible for all -lant installations. The -resent nu)lear -ower -lants

installed with B,R * P",R that are under o-eration are established by B"V&'3 and they are shown

in the Table >.9.

20


30/35

ll the installations are limited with small )a-a)ity units by )onsidering the limited si2e of the 'ndian

nu)lear -ower -rogramme basedon P",Rs. There does not seem to be any ne)essity for seeking major

)hanges in the already matured and standardi2ed designs of 'ndia6s 998 and >88 1,e P",Rs. The

re;uired R*D su--ort for )urrently o-erating and future P",Rs will however )ontinue3 although the

range and volume of these a)tivities to be )arried out at BR! is likely to -rogressively redu)e. From the

very beginning3-lans for the 'ndian nu)lear -rogram were ambitious and envisaged )overing the entire

nu)lear fuel)y)le. %ver the years3 a-art from nu)lear rea)tors3 'ndia also develo-ed fa)ilities for mining

uranium3fabri)ating fuel3 manufa)turing heavy water3 re-ro)essing s-ent fuel to e0tra)t -lutonium and3

on a somewhat limited s)ale3 enri)hing uranium. 'nvestment in this wide range of a)tivities often was

une)onomi)al. But it was justified on the grounds of self@8 Se- =93 988>

RST"& tomi) Power Station = P",R =88 De) =43 =?5:

RST"& tomi) Power Station 9 P",R 988 De) =4 =?5:

RST"& tomi) Power Station : P",R 998 -ril =3 =?7= RST"& tomi) Power Station @ P",R 998 De) 9:3 9888

RST"& tomi) Power Station > P",R 998 Feb @3 98=8

RST"& tomi) Power Station 4 P",R 998 1ar)h :=3 98=8

1DRS tomi) Power Station = P",R 998 an 953 =?7@

1DRS tomi) Power Station 9 P",R 998 1ar)h 9=3 =?74

'G Generation Station = P",R 998 &ov =43 9888

'G Generation Station 9 P",R 998 1ar)h =43 9888

'G Generation Station : P",R 998 1ay 43 9885

'G Generation Station @ P",R 998 an 983 98==

&R%R tomi) Power Station = P",R 998 an =3 =??9

&R%R tomi) Power Station 9 P",R 998 uly =3 =??9

RPR tomi) Power Station = P",R 998 1ay 43 =??:

RPR tomi) Power Station 9 P",R 998 Se- =3 =??>

(Sour)e/ 'ndian &u)lear Fa)ilities3 '#+

;.; F5/5re S)o7e o3 N5)-e!r E+er1 i+ I+di!

'ndia is adding @788 1w )a-a)ity through its -lants whi)h are under )onstru)tion. "owever3 it is too

low in )om-ared with the future -lans of D#3 adding 9> of -ower )a-a)ity to 'ndia through nu)lear

-ower. The details of nu)lear -ower -lants whi)h are under )onstru)tion and their e0-e)ted o-eration

-eriod are mentioned in the Table below3 whi)h des)ribes full )a-a)ity of o-eration that is -ossible by

98=4. Furthermore3 'ndia has suffi)ient reserves of uranium and thorium reserves su)h that 'ndia has

21


31/35

=3@537?7 tons of uranium reserves estimated by The 1inistry %f S)ien)e nd Te)hnology3 #arth S)ien)es

Division. A.S geologi)al survey des)ribes that 'ndia has the world6s largest reserves of thorium on the

magnitude of :48888 tones (whi)h is easily enough to -ower 'ndia for the ne0t >88 years+ . 'n order to

use these natural strengths in the fields3 'ndia needs to -lan long term -rograms3 whi)h will result in large

)a-a)ity installations and also te)hnologi)al inventions. 'ndia also needs to look for develo-ing

man-ower with the hel- of )onventional university degree -rograms3 as well as )ertified -rofessionals

training other than "B&'3 "omi Bhabha &ational 'nstitute and BR!. Sin)e from the -ast e0-erien)e3 it

is known that )reating man-ower towards 'T se)tor attra)ted a great attention of the world towards 'ndia.

,ith the same format3 we )an design university -rograms to bridge the ga- in terms of man-ower for

&u)lear 'ndustry.

Table >.:&u)lear -ower -lant under )onstru)tion in 'ndia

Proe)/ Lo)!/io+ C!7!)i/1

MW

EH7e)/ed s/!r/ o3

e+er!/io+


32/35

ovvada =*9 ovvada3 ndhra

Pradesh

$,R 9I=>88

(Sour)e/ Department of Atomic Energy3 Govt

of 'ndia+

23


33/35

Ch!7/er

minor project nuclear

Documents