minutes of the joint committee of the senate and …

MINUTES OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE June 23, 1982

The Joint Committee of the Senate and House Judiciary Committees was called to order by Chairman Senator Mike Anderson at 1:40 pm on June 23, 1982 in Room 108 of the Capitol. Co-chairman Representative Kerry Keyser was also in attendance. All Senate Judiciary Committee members were present. All House Judiciary Committee members were present except Representatives Anderson, Eudai1y, Keedy and Shelden, who were absent. Representative Conn was excused. Lois Menzies.and John MacMaster, Staff Researchers, were also present.

CHAIRMAN ANDERSON gave commitee members EXHIBIT A, which is information the committee had requested concerning Ranch/Industry Inmate Employees. EXHIBIT B, a memo from John MacMaster, Legal Researcher, was also presented to the committee. The memo concerns the design capacity of Montana State Prison.

SENATE BILL 5

SEN. VAN VALKENBURG, chief sponsor of the bill, stated this bill would authorize the warden to grant a temporary furlough up to ten days for an inmate already approved for parole, that the inmate had to obtain employment or living arrangements that the inmate was not able to fulfill immediately.

SEN. VAN VALKENBURG stated he was a member of the Prisoner Alternatives Study Committee. In May, that committee received information from the Department of Institutions concerning 62 people in the total responsibility of the Corrections Division who would fit the definition of parole to an approved plan, but who had not actually gone out on parole. The Parole Board wants inmates to have a job before they are allowed out on parole. It is very difficult to obtain a job now days, especially if you are in prison.

There is a coordinator that tries to obtain jobs for inmates outside of the prison. This works well, but SEN. VAN VALKENBURG feels it could work even better if this bill was adopted. This would allow an employer to talk directly to the inmate and perhaps have him work for a day. SEN. MANLEY has used inmates as employees on his ranch before. This became a problem, however. If an inmate could come out for one day and work, the employer could see how well the inmate works and perhaps hire him.

SEN. VAN VALKENBURG stated this bill would give the state a responsible chance to reduce the prison population by 20-30 prisoners. It would also allow the prisoners to look for a job in a more realistic manner.

MI~UTES OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE June .23, 1982

DAN RUSSELL, Administrator of the Division of Corrections, supports the bill. RUSSELL stated that at anyone time there are 20 inmates who could benefit from this bill. If a person cannot go in person to interview for a job, there is not much chance that person will obtain the job.

If the prisoner choo!esnot to return after the furlough is complete, it would be considered a felony escape. This would ruin his opportunity for parole and would probably not happen.

REP. GOULD was also in favor of the bill. He was also a member of the Prison Alternatives Committee. With the safeguards in the bill, he feels it is a good bill.

WARDEN HANK RISLEY stated he is familiar with this type of legislation in other areas. There are built in protections and safeguards. This bill concerns a prisoner who has been approved for parole and is eligible. He would have to report to the parole officer in the community he goes to. He is still considered a prisoner. RISLEY felt this is an excellent program and it does have safeguards. It would have an impact on the prison population.

There were no further proponents.

There were no opponents.

During the question period, SEN. CRIPPEN asked if a convict does go out and is unable to find a job within the ten days, is he assured that he will have another opportunity to go out again at a later date to try to obtain work. SEN. VAN VALKENBURG replied it was not his intention that the person would only have one furlough. He thought the warden could give the person an extension if the warden wanted to.

WARDEN RISLEY stated he would assume that the inmate would have already established interviews to go to. After attending those interviews, he would come back to the prison and set up more interviews.

REP. RAMIREZ questioned the wording of the bill, "or any other condition that is difficult to fulfill". SEN. VAN VALKENBURG replied an example of this would be if an individual has a program at a community mental health center. He felt this wording would provide flexibility in the bill.

REP. BROWN asked the sponsor if he would have objections to strike on line 23, page 1 "a", to which the sponsor replied no. He felt, however, the inmates might be constantly asking the warden for furlough. REP. BROWN replied there will be a number of requests for furlough any way, and the Warden is free to permit or deny


the requests.

In closing of this bill, the sponsor stated that the Parole Board is in favor of the bill.

SENATE BILL 6

SEN. VAN VALKENBURG, chief sponsor, stated this bill is an attempt to bring to the legislature's attention an item that has been discussed in the Prison Alternatives Committee. Although_ it has not been formerly acted upon or recommended in that committee, it would provide a device where the Parole Board could consider inmates for parole up to 90 days prior to their eligibility date for parole.

On page 3 of the bill a provision has been added to a requirement that the prison be in excess of 515 inmates and has exceeded that capacity for a period of more than 30 days.

This bill would terminate on September 30, 1983. The sponsor feels this bill would be a good experimental approach in reducing the prison population in an effective way. It might, however, backfire and cause problems. Therefore, it should have a termination date. When the legislature meets in the regular session, they can change the date if they find the bill has merit. Or, it might be necessary to terminate the bill or to let the bill terminate on its own in September of 1983.

Inmates who might be paroled under this bill are the same inmates who would be paroled three months later. If they are a good candidate for parole, they would also be a good candidate 90 days sooner. The figure 515, the sponsor feels, is a proper population figure for the prison presently. The figure, however, might change during this special session and could be amended. There is an acceptable level of double bunking at the prison and there is also an unacceptable level. Other states have found, including Montana in the last ten years, that parole can reduce the population. There are safe and effective means to do this. Incarceration of an inmate costs the state about $30.00 a day. Parole costs the state only $3.00 a day. The sponsor felt the state has a tough Parole Board that would not let people out that they don't feel are responsible enough to succeed.

Other states that have adopted this type of legislation include Oklahoma, Iowa and Michigan. This bill has a real potential to save the state money.

HANK BURGESS, Chairman for the Montana State Parole Board was in support of the bill. At a meeting of the Prison Alternatives


Committee the members were trying to find some serious ideas that would help reduce the prison population. The idea came up that perhaps there should be some type of a system for release that would not endanger the lives of anyone. Some type of mechanism like this bill would be valuable. Overpopulation presents many dangers in the prison to employees, staff, and the inmates them-selves. ',. ~ "

If the Parole. Board were asked to assume a responsibility like this we would do it. If we were requested to receive inmates earlier we could do it. aURGESS would hesitate, however, to indicate how many they could release because they would have to have some experience doing it. He feels that the prison population could be reduced in about three months. BURGESS stated that whenever extra duties are placed on the Parole Board extra funds are also needed.


There were no.opponents. ~

During the question period, SEN. HALLIGAN felt the number "515" should be changed to 125% design capacity. The sponsor had no objections.

REP. RAMIREZ stated that an inmate that is serving a one year sentence could become elig,ible for parole on his first day. The sponsor agreed, but he felt that usually a prisoner is not sentenced to any time less than three years.

REP. RAMIREZ then asked WARDEN RISLEY about the certainty:..· of sentencing. The Warden replied the sentencing statutes today call for the judge to set the sentence. An inmate who is considered dangerous and has been sentenced for ten years, is eligible for parole in five years. An inmate who is considered nondangerous and has been sentenced for ten year~ is eligible for parole in 2 1/2 years. For the nondangerous inmate, good time is subtracted from the 2 1/2 years. This bill does not remove the certainity of the date which he is eligible for parole. Whether or not he receives parole is not certain. That is the Parole Board's decision. This bill just moves it up 90 days.

The Warden stated that Kentucky also is a state that has this type of legislation. He is familiar with the Michigan system. He feels this would help reduce the prison population, as it would allow the board to review a case earlier. Reducing a person's prison sentence automatically and making him parole eligible, does not impose a danger on the community by throwing out prisoners who are a threat. The decision-making process is still there for the board.


CHAIRMAN ANDERSON asked the Warden what number he felt was adequate that the prison could hold. The Warden replied he does not have a specific number in mind. The facilities have a total capacity figure they are using of 515. The legislature could set a figure above that if they thought it was appropriate. CHAIRMAN ANDERSON stated the legislature was called in for this special session because the number was too high. The Warden replied when he came to work on August 3 the number of inmates was 685, which was too high. The number 515 is without double bunking.

REP. RAMIREZ stated that literature the legislators have received talks about a manageable level of bunking without any new facilities. What is the manageable level of double bunking? The Warden replied there is no manageable level of double bunking from his perspective. If the legislature decides we will live with a certain amount of double bunking that's what we have to go by.

The sponsor of the bill indicated the Department of Institutions provided the Alternatives Prison Task Force a briefing paper which stated 610 was a manageable level. The Legislative Fiscal Analyst took that information and had converted it to an acceptable level of double bunking, which'is printed on page 10 of the Legislative Fiscal Analysis. This would mean double bunking in one of the existing close security units and everything else would be single bunking. It is possible to get down to 610 by opening two new prerelease centers, changes in parole eligibility, and by putting some people in the dairy dormitory. The sponsor felt that 610-625 would be the highest number that should be reached. The Department has said that this is a manageable level.

REP. BENNETT asked what the immediate effect on the population would be if this bill were to pass. DAN RUSSELL replied an impact of 80 people at anyone time would be affected by it.

SEN. MAZUREK asked about the ratio of success in the states that have adopted this type of legislation. The Warden replied that from what he has heard through other professionals, the rate of success or failure on parole for that group that becomes eligible 90 days early is no different then if they would have waited the additional 90 days.

REP. DAILY asked what the annual population increase is, percentagewise. It was replied about 7.1% since 1930. REP. DAILY further asked if the population increase will have an ~effect on this bill. The sponsor replied this is temporary legislation. If the bill is passed it will terminate in September, 1983. It will be an experimental program.

REP. BROWN stated the committee might want to change the bill so that it would state the "design capacity" of the prison, instead of placing a number in the bill. The sponsor replied they might want to define what "design capacity" is and have statutory law stating it.


REP. TEAGUE questioned if this bill would increase the workload of the parole officers a lot. JACK MCCORMICK replied they would be affected. In Montana each parole officer has approximately 75 charges, which is a mixture of probation and parole people. The probation people are easier to handle compared to the parole people.

REP. DAILY asked if there could be a possible discrimination problem concerning an inmate who was number 516 and was paroled and the inmate who was number 515 and was not paroled. The sponsor replied he didn't think so.. Legislators are permited by the courts to differentiate between the classes of people. If there is a legitimate purpose in making the differentiation, he feels that would be upheld. The federal courts are doing this in other states by court order.

There were no further questions or comments on the bill.

SENATE BILL 5 ,

HANK BURGESS, Chairman for the Montana State Parole Board, was allowed to speak on this bill even though it was heard earlier in the meeting.

BURGESS stated he was in favor of the bill. The Parole Board would make the decision and would be competent. This bill would be an advantage to a number of inmates to go to cities to interview for work. Many inmates presently have a difficult time finding work. They must use the telephone or go through the counselor to find work.

REP. HANNAH asked BURGESS if he sees a problem with the Parole Board having to deny people parole because there is no place to put them. BURGESS replied he could see a problem where they would want to be paroled instead of being placed in a prerelease center. The Parole Board would deny a person parole, however, if they had to, because of the inadequacy of the plans of a parolee. The Board would ask that the plans be modified.

HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 4

REP. GOULD, sponsor of the resolution, stated this resolution concerns when a person is revoked from parole, returned to prison, and given a hearing. The person can request a hearing at any time. The rule at the present time is they must have a hearing within one year. The significance of this bill is there is a contract between the Parole Board and the convict that is being released. The Parole Board feels they need a one year "stick". It would be a year before they would look at a parolee again if he violated the parole. This would make the contract more binding.


HANK BURGESS, Chairman for the Montana State Parole Board, was in support of the bill. BURGESS stated he and REP. GOULD were both concerned when a motion was passed in the Prison Alternatives Committee requesting the Parole Board review their rule about people whose parole had been revoked, to serve one year before the case is reviewed again. He tried to defend the present system feeling one year was adequate time. Others felt that if it was moved back to six months there would be a basis to move people out of the prison quicker. At the time he tried to explain it would not work.

. There is a process now that individuals who have parole revoked can make a request to the Warden for an early hearing. If the Warden feels the request has merit, the Board usually honors the request and has an early hearing. The Parole Board would appreciate it to have the one year on annual review parole ratifications.

Presently there is a state statute that covers those who have been turned down for parole stating they cannot return for a full year. BURGESS would like to have the same rule placed on those people who have had their paroles r~voked. It is appropriate they serve additional time.



Ouestions included SEN. BROWN asking if there is any proposed legislation to repeal the rule the Board has. BURGESS stated no, but this would nullify it if any resolution was brought up.

REP. SEIFERT asked if the board has the authority now to make a review prior to the annual review. BURGESS stated they do not have to wait the full year~ they can call someone back or honor a request to have a hearing. The full year would be a full calendar year.

REP. GOULD stated he has spoken to hearing officers about this resolution. Very rarely is a person's parole revoked unless it is a serious offense. It is not revoked for being intoxicated once or twice.

EXECUTIVE SESSION

HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 4

The House Judiciary Committee went into executive session. REP. BROWN moved Do Pass on House Joint Resolution 4.


REP. 'YARDLEY felt the committee was overreacting to the interim committee. He did not feel the resolution was necessary at this time.

Being no further discussion on the resolution a roll call vote was taken. Representatives voting yes on the motion Do Pass were: KEYSER, ABRAMS, BENNETT, BROWN, CURTISS, DAILY, HUENNEKENS, MATSKO, MCLANE, TEAGUE, and RAMIREZ. Representatives voting no on the motion Do Pass were: SEIFERT, HANNAH, IVERSON, and YARDLEY. The motion of Do Pass carried 11 to 4.

SENATE BILL 5

The Senate Judiciary Committee went into executive session.

SEN. HALLIGAN moved Do Pass on Senate BillS. The motion passed unanimously.

SENATE BILL 6

SEN. HALLIGAN moved to amend page 3, line 3, striking "exceeds its design capacity of 515" and to replace it with "is 125% of the design capacity". He felt there is an acceptable manageable level of double bunking.

SEN. BROWN disagreed with the amendment because of the automatic termination date within the bill. The number should be left as it is in the bill and during the regular session of the legislature it could be changed. SEN. HALLIGAN disagreed.

The amendment passed with Senators ANDERSON and CRIPPEN voting no.

SEN. BOB BROWN stated he was against the bill because he thought it was confusing concerning the double bunking. SEN. CRIPPEN stated he was also against the bill because the bill is overlooking the reason the special session was called.

SEN. TVEIT felt it was a good bill on a temporary basis. The January session can change the bill if they want to.

SEN. O'HARA felt by the time the plan is implemented and the regular session is in progress, there will not be enough time to see if the plan has worked or not.

SEN. BROWN felt this is one option that could be used and would be a cheap alternative. It comes down to what is acceptable for a good manageable level.


SEN. HALLIGAN moved Senate Bill 6 DO Pass As Amended. A roll call vote resulted. Those Senators voting yes on the motion were: BERG, S. BROWN, MAZUREK, HALLIGAN and ANDERSON. Those voting no on the motion were: B. BROWN, CRIPPEN, OLSON, TVEIT, and O'HARA. The result was 5 to 5. The bill did not pass as amended.

The Joint Committee of the House and Senate Judiciary Committees then went back into a joint meeting to hear more bills.

HOUSE BILL 15

House Bill 15, sponsored by REP. KITSELMAN, is aimed at the security guards personnel. REP. KITSELMAN stated he visited the Idaho State Prison in Boise. The appearance of the campus there is good. It was easy to determine who the guards were. When visiting the Montana State Prison, however, REP. KITSELMAN stated he had trouble determiningwho: 1.the guards ·were and·.~.who the prisoners were.

This bill addresses the dress code ot the guards and the in service training. Many of the guards at the Montana State Prison are out of shape. The bill would allow them time to get back into shape as part of their regular paid duties. REP. KITSELMAN stated an amendment on line 11 of the bill should be added as follows: "minimum of four hours per calendar month not exceeding ten hours."

REP. KITSELMAN quoted the Supreme Court Case of Kelley v. Johnson, 425 U.S. Supreme Court, 1975, concerning the length of a police officer's hair. EXHIBIT C.

House Bill 15 is based on the safety of the guard and the uniformity they would have.

There were no proponents.


During question time, REP. BROWN asked what the additional cost of the bill would be to the state. REP. KITSELMAN replied it would be $3.50 for a haircut. The uniforms (grey slacks, white shirt and blazer) would not be changed at this time, but he hoped it would be at a later date.

REP. RAMIREZ wondered if there was an additional cost that could not be seen within the bill. For example, the Warden could not free up enough people with present staffing without changing the regular shift. REP. KITSELMAN replied this bill would bring the guards


into shape. It is designed to promote professionalism and would be for their protection. He feels it would have a minimum financial impact. REP. RAMIREZ stated that a guard on duty from 6 pm until 2 am, when would he have time to do the exercises? The sponsor felt that time could be found.

SENATOR CRIPPEN asked for a definition of "correctional personnel", would that include all the staff? The sponsor replied they would look at the entire group of personnel. In the Montana National Guard, they have annual physical fitness tests.

REP. HANNAH asked if the sponsor could see a problem with changing the bill so that the guards could get into shape on their own time and have an annual testing program concerning weight. REP. KITSELMAN replied that would be okay yet he would like to still have a general dress code.

REP. DAILY asked about the money that would have to be appropriated for a new gym. The sponsor replied there is a gym on the facilities that the guards could use, o~ the guards could possibly obtain access to a local school gym.

REP. HUENNEKENS thought the warden could address this issue and save the taxpayers money. The sponsor stated the comparison between the Idaho and the Montana prisons was vast. REP. HUENNEKENS stated that during the tour of the Montana prison, many of the guards were there on a voluntary basis to show the legislators around. The sponsor stated he still had difficulty in determining the guards that were on duty from the prisoners.

There was no further discussion on the bill.

SENATE BILL 4

SENATOR RYAN, sponsor, stated this bill would prohibit judges in justice, city and municipal courts from using the services of probation and parole officers. SEN. RYAN stated he is a parole officer and last month approximately one-half of his caseload was done for lower jurisdictional courts, which demand the same services as the district court. The services are a full case history of a criminal after he has been found guilty or pleads guilty. This entails educational reports, family history, all reports from law agencies on the individual (including out-of-state reports). If all this information is important for lower courts to know, perhaps the case should have been brought into district court instead.

Parole officers and the lower courts do not have the power to limit the convicted person's movement; however in district court, a parole officer can limit the convicted person's movements. The person


cannot travel outside of a designated area without permission. The district court can also limit the person's carrying of firea~s, but the justice court cannot. The lower courts are placing people under a parole officer's supervision that takes the same time and efforts~sa felony-convicted person, yet the parole officer cannot limit his movements anyway. The convicted person knows this.

After this special session, the caseload will probably not go down for parole officers. In adopting this bill, it will free up some of the parole officers time to deal with the inmates out for parole from the prison.



During the question period, REP. SEIFERT asked who would provide the service if it is to be provided. The sponsor replied counties have probation officers that work for them in the juvenile division. In the past, the parole officers have volunteered time to do this when the case was more ipvolved. After awhile, however, the court began to demand it upon eyeryone.

SEN. MAZUREK asked if this is a statewide problem or just in Cascade County. The sponsor stated it is more prevalent in Cascade County but other counties in the state would also pick up on it.

The sponsor also noted that they are Parole/Probation Officers and the wording "parole or probation officers" is incorrect. The "or" should be eliminated from the bill.

SENATOR CRIPPEN was concerned with what the representatives of the. JP system think about the bill since none were in attendance to testify. Who would perform the service? SEN. RYAN replied the service may not be performed at all. Before, the parole officers did the service on an informal basis when the judge had a need for it~ but now 1/2 of his work is done for the JP court.

CHAIRMAN ANDERSON asked if it is meaningful wor~ that is done for the JP Courts, to which the sponsor replied he felt it was a type of delaying tactic.

REP. KEYSER stated it seemed foolish that the JP and lower courts are using the parole officers time in the first place.

REP. YARDLEY stated if the bill was passed the parole officers would not be able to do the work on a voluntary basis. The sponsor stated if the JP had a real need for help with an involved case, they probably could help out.


CHAIRMAN ANDERSON asked what is the biggest impact of the officers by just stopping to do the service. The sponsor he did not think it was worthwhile from what is achieved. belongs with the lower courts.

There were no further comments or questions on the bill.

EXECUTIVE SESSION

SENATE BILL 4

parole replied It

The Senate Judiciary Committee went into executive session on Senate Bill 4.

SEN. CRIPPEN stated he was not comfortable in voting for this bill because the JP courts were not there to give their opinion of the bill. He was concerned with how the bill would tie into the Governor's call. Many bills could be best handled during the regular session.

~

It was asked what type of cases are handled in the lower courts. SEN. MAZUREK mentioned all misdemeanors that the maximum sentence of six months in the county jailor a fine of $500.00 would be in the lower courts. This includes OWls, criminal trespassing, bad checks, and fish and game violations.

CHAIRMAN ANDERSON asked if the bill would tie into the special session by decreasing the workload of the parole officers in order to spend more time with the inmates that would be out on parole. SEN. MAZUREK replied he thought so, or it would at least reduce the number in Cascade County.

SEN. B. BROWN felt the bill should be handled during the regular session.

SEN. O'HARA was concerned with input from the JP courts. SEN. RYAN said during his work he has had contact with them.

SEN. S. BROWN did not feel the bill violated the call of the special session. SEN. OLSON, however, thought that a bill of this magnitude should be discussed when the regular session is held.

SEN. MAZUREK asked if JP courts in other counties use this. It was replied they do, but to get a total picture of the whole state there are 14 people under supervision under JP court status, so it is very few people under supervision. This would still be eight hours minimum for presentence investigation. Many of the proposals in front of the legislature presently would have an impact

MINUTES OF THE JOINT CO~rnITTEE OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE JUDICIARY COm~ITTEE June 23, 1982

on the parole officers.

SEN. l-1AZUREK asked what the department's position is on this bill. JACK ~1CCORMICK stated the department is looking at corrections at such a huge fashion that they didn't really have a position on this bill; however, the department has recommended this bill on previous occasions.

SEN. O'HARA asked why the bill did not pass before if it was proposed during earlier sessions. The sponsor could not remember.

SEN. MAZUREK was concerned with what the JP courts thought and wanted members of the committee to call JP members about the bill. The sponsor stated if JP's were allowed to testify by telephone he would like to be able to hear their testimony about the bill.

The meeting recessed at 4:15 pm to reconvene at the call of the chair.

Kerry Keyser;~o-Chairman ~ /tg~' ~t 01Zvt-h"~~

(xl (j lJ rr /-1

."me )'). 1 ')82

C 1 .1 ~;:~ i. r i I~ a t i on

Hiniflllm I·lt'tl i \t Tn

H.1nch 70

Dairy 16 5 71

Packing Plant 9 14 23

Equi.pment I·laint. 8 3 ) 1

Industries 10 26 36

Tag Plant 18 18

Total 63 66 129

SENATE MEMBERS

PAT M GOODOVER

CHAIRMAN

CARROLL GRAHAM

JOSEPH P MAZUREK

JESSE O·HARA

HOUSE MEMBERS

JOHN VINCENT VICE CHAIRMAN

BURT L HURWITZ

REX MANUEL

BOBBY SPILKER

~nntana 1fiesislatiue {[nun.cil ~tntl' QInpitol

~ell'nn, ~m. 59620

(406) 449·3064

TO: Joint Judiciary Committee

FROM: John MacMaster, Legal Researcher

DIANA S. DOWLING EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR CODE COMMISSIONER

ElEANOR ECK ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT

ROBERTA MOODY

DIRECTOR. LEGISLATIVE SERVICES

ROBERT PERSON DIRECTOR. RESEARCH

SHAROLE CONNELLY DIRECTOR. ACCOUNTING DIVISION

ROBERT C. PYFER DIRECTOR. LEGAL SERVICES

RE: Design capacity and possible capacity of Montana State Prison buildings, and number of inmates, of the type the buildings were designed for, in the buildings.

DATE: June 23, 1982

The last column on the attached table is based on the prison's figures for the day Wednesday, June 23, 1982. The number of inmates in any given building can and does change from day to day, and can change quite a bit from week to week and month to month. This is due to the reclassification of inmates into other levels requiring movement of them into another type of housing. It is also due to movement of previously reclassified inmates into other types of housing when spots open up for them. This is largely the cause of the discrepancy between various studies of inmate population figures by building.

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s,

such

as

din

ing

, la

un

dry

, an

d re

cre

ati

on

, as w

ell

as

the p

riso

n sta

ff.

2Th

is

typ

e

of

bu

ild

ing

, an

d m

ost

o

f it

s cell

s,

is

desig

ned

an

d

use

d m

ain

ly

for

tem

po

rari

ly

ho

use

d p

riso

ners

w

ith

d

iscip

lin

ary

, p

rote

cti

ve,

psy

ch

iatr

ic,

an

d

oth

er

pro

ble

ms.

It is

n

ot

for

perm

an

en

t h

ou

sin

g,

oth

er

than

o

f d

eath

ro

w

inm

ate

s.

Th

us,

th

e

nu

mb

er

of

inm

ate

s in

it

can

an

d o

ften

d

oes

flu

ctu

ate

w

idely

.

3Man

y p

riso

n p

ers

on

nel

beli

ev

e

a rio

t w

ou

ld

be cert

ain

if

th

e

max

imu

m secu

rity

b

uil

din

g

was

d

ou

ble

-bu

nk

ed

.

f

t:Kh;b;+ l1.,

UNITED STATES REPORTS VOLUME 425

CASES ADJUDGED IN

THE SUPREME COURT AT

OCTOBER TERM, 1975

OPINIONS OF MARCH 24 (CONCLUDED) THROUCH (IN PART) JUNE I, 1976

ORDERS OF MARCH 29 THROUGU MAY 27, 1976

HENRY PUTZEL, jr. REPORTER OF DECISIONS

STATE LAW LIBRARY

APR 10 1978

OF MONTANA

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: U7I

For sal. b7 lh. Superintendent 01 DocumenU. U.s. Oonmmenl Prlnllnl Olllce WIJhIDIWIl. D.C. 2Oto:!

Slock No. CJ28.O()I-oo:l9f-o I CI&aloc ~o. JU U4U

'.

, 23

S O

CT

OB

EH

T

En!

\I.

11li5

8~·1

I.,b

lls

425

U.S

.

KE

LL

EY

. ('O~nnSSIONER.

SU

FF

OL

K

CO

UN

TY

P

OL

ICE

DE

PA

RT

ME

NT

ft.

JO

HN

SO

N

CERT

IOIU

nI T

O TH

E l1

NIT

ED ~

TATES

COUR

T OF

AP

PE

ALS

FO

R TH

E S

EC

ON

n

ClR

Ct'

if

No.

i4

-12l

i9.

Ar~l

IC'd

D

I'C'l'm

l)(,f

~,

19i5

-DI'

('id

cd A

pril

5,

1976

11(,1

' sin

('r.

:I SI

:l11'

has

wid

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htitl

illC

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h·

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l'rrn

l in

lere

s'"

in u

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g-r(

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rirt

h'c

r(\Z1

I1a I

ion

.. on

it,

: rm

pl()

y('~

t h:

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il clc

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of

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r"~.

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nrnl

fo

r \:1

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lfo

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'r;:(1

111 1

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r. I'o

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n of

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KE

LL

EY

I'.

JOH

NSO

N

2:l~

O

pini

ol1

or I

h('.

Co

urt

, 239

1)()'~

" p.

24

!l.

~n:"

Es~,

.T.,

lonk

no

pn

rl

in

the

ron:

<jdr

r:lli

on

or

deri

sion

of

thc

rMC

.

Pat

rick

.. 1

. S

IN'C

IIC

Y

argu

ed

the

('a 11

5('

fo

r pe

titi

oner

. W

ith

him

Oil

the

' bri

e'(

\\'a~

I101

l'ard

E.

l'ac!

1mQ

II.

Leo

nard

D.

Wrx

ler

argu

ed t

ht'

('aus

e' (o

r re

spon

dent

. W

ith

him

on

the

hrie

'( w

as R

icha

rd T

. H

ae/e

li.·

Mn.

JU

STIC

F. R

EH

NQ

l'lST

d('lin~rt'd

the

opin

ion

o( t

he

Cou

rt.

Th

e D

ish'

iet

Cou

rt (

or

the

Ea~t

('rt

I D

istr

ict

of X

ew

Yor

k ()

ri~i

llal

ly di~missed r

C's

pond

l'nt's

('o

mpl

aint

5('t

'kin

g de

'c1a

rnto

ry

and

inju

llct

iw

rl'l

id

agni

nst

a re

gula

tion

prolmlt~nh'cl

hy p

etit

.ione

r li

mit

ing

the'

Ie>l

lgth

of

a po

lice

Jlln

n'5

hnil'

. O

il r£

'spo

ndC'

nt'~

app

e'al

to

the'

Cou

rt o

f A

p}le>al~

(or

the>

~e>(

,01\

(1 C

ircu

it.

that

. jl

J(l~

llle

llt.

was

r('\

·e-r

sed.

an

el

on

rC'm

:llld

til

(' D

istr

ict

Cou

rt t

ook

te-s

timol

lY

and

th('r

l'aft

e>r ~r

nnte

d th

e' re

-liC'

( so

ught

by

resp

onde

nt.

The

C

ourt

of

;\ppC

'ats

aff

irm

NI.

and

We'

~ral1ter1

ce-r

tiora

ri.

421

F. ~.

O~i

(1

0i5

). t

o ro

n~id

<'r

the>

cons

titu

tion

al d

octr

ine

cmbo

cli(

'd

in

the'

ruli

ngs

of t

h£'

Cou

rt o

( A

ppea

ls.

We

rc\'e

-l'se

. I

III

10

il rl'~pond('

nt.'

5 Pl

'<,c

l(·C

l'~5

0r.

illd

h'id

uall

y an

d as

pl

'(,l'i

de'll

t of

thl

' :;'

"ITo

lk C

oull

ty P

:ltro

hlll'

II'5

Bl'l

H'\'o

le>l

lt A

!,5\w

in t i

nti.

hl'oll

~h t

this

art

iOIl

u nd

t'r t

he C

i\' il

H ijl

;h t.s

A

ct o

( lS

i 1.

42 1

-. ~,

C.

~ H

lS:l.

agl

\ill

~t pe

-titiO

lH'r'

s pr

cd

el~(

'SS(

)r.

th£'

('ol

1l11

1iss

ione

>r o

f ti

lt'

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olk

CO

llllty

Pol

ice

J)£'

pnrt.

Il\l'I

lt..

TIl

(' CO

\llm

i~~i

oll(

'r h

nd )

lrom

ulgn

te'd

Qrd

er.

Xu,

iI

-I.

whi

ch

('~t3hlislH'd

hair-

l!TO

-

-np

plJe

3llie

' to

mal

e-lll

e'm

he'rs

of

the

polic

e fo

rce.

' T

he

·Jnm

(·.(

l·n

"ll.

Sl'

rill

ga f

iled

n br

it'f

fur

Ihe

Jllt

rrnn

liol

l:!l

Bro

th('r

ho

od \

If P

oli"

r Ol

lire

~ nl

' anr

iCII$

ru

ria

r ur

Jtin

Jt a

llirm

:1I1

rc.

IOrd

!'r

1\0.

il-

1

(19

i1),

nll1

rllrli

lllt

Ch

aplr

r 2

of I

he H

l1lt~

:ll1d

I'r

llr,'(

hm':<

. )'o

li,'"

nl'p

arll

1l1'

nt.

C(\l

1\1I

~' I

If :":

I1IT

olk,

~.

Y ..

pro\

'it\e

d:

'·2/;

!l.(

) l\l

elllh

l.'r,;

of

thr

Fll

rl'C

all

d })

C'I':

lrtll1

C'1I

1 sh

all

b(' I

Icat

:ln

d

f f

('

I"

, (

, (

240

OC

TO

BE

R T

ER

M,

19i5

Opi

nion

of

the

Cou

rt.

425

U.S

.

denl

\ nt

al\

tim

es w

hile

on

du

ty.

Mnl

e pe

rson

nel

shnl

l co

mpl

y w

ith

I he

follo

win

J,t g

room

ing

st:m

dnrd

s un

less

('x

clud

('d b

y t

he P

olic

e C

om

mi~~

ion(

'r d

ue t

o sp

('('in

l as

sign

men

t:

"2/7

5.1

HA

IR:

Hni

r sh

nll

be

n<'ll

t, rl

ron,

tri

mm

ed,

nnd

pres

ent

a I!

TOom

rt\

appc

arnn

('('.

Hai

r w

ill

not

tOU

l'h

the

rnrs

or

th

e co

llar

r"

crp!

. Ih

r r1

05('l

y ru

t hn

ir o

n th

e b

ark

of

thr

nerk

, H

air

in f

ront

w

ill h

e gr

oom

rd l

OO t

hnt

it d

oc;;

not

fnll

belo

w t

he b

nnd

of p

rop(

'rly

w

orn

hr:\ll~r:lT.

In n

o ca

se w

ill t

he b

ulk

or

leng

th o

f th

e h

air

inte

rfe

Tr

wil

h th

e p

rop

er

w('a

r of

an

y nu

thor

izrd

hr

adge

:lr.

T

he

:lcl

'rpt

:lhi

lity

of

a m

rmb

cr's

hni

r st

yle

will

he

basr

d up

on t

he

crit

eria

in

thi

;; P:

H:lI

!:T:lp

h an

d n

ot u

pon

the

styl

e in

whi

ch h

e ch

oose

s to

wea

r hi

s hn

ir.

"2,.

75.2

~IDEBl'RNS:

If :

\11

indi

\'idu

nl

choo

srs

to

wrn

r fi

de

burn~.

t hry

will

br

ncat

ly t

rim

mrd

:1Ilc

\ tn

prre

d in

the

l':l

me

m:l

Ilne

r n~

hi"

h:llT

C'lI

t. ~idrburn

s w

ill

not

rxtc

nd b

rio\

\' th

e lo

\\'c

st

par

t of

th

e I'x

tl'ri

or r

:H o

l)('n

inJ!

;, w

ill

he o

f e\

'Cll

,wid

th (

not

fi:u

rd),

an

d w

ill

(·nd

wil

" :1

rl

r:tI

H;J

\a\'(

'n h

oriz

ontn

llin

('.

"2/;;

;.:1

~lt.

·ST:

\CJI

ES:

A s

hort

an

d nr

atly

tri

mm

ed

mm

:tnr

he

may

bl'

wor

n. h

ut

shal

l no

t rx

tenc

\ O

\'rr

the

top

of t

h('

up

per

lip

or

twyo

nd I

hl'

('orn

l'rs

of t

he

mO

llth

. ·'2

/i.'U

B

EA

nn

S '

" GOAl'EF.~:

Th

e fa

re w

ill b

r rl

l'an-

!'h:w

('n

olh

rr

Ih:lI

I th

r w

('ari

ng

of

the

:\('l'

l'pt:l

bll'

mu~t

:lrh

l'

or

sill

rbur

ns.

nl':

HlI~

:ln

d I:o

nl('(

'>'

UI'

pro

hihi

t('tl

, l'x

rl'p

t tll

llt :

1 P

olkl

! :;;

mgc

'On

mny

I!:

r:lIIt

a w

ni\'(

·r f

or t

he

wra

ring

of

:\ bc

':ml

fur

ml'(

Jirn

l rr

Mon

s w

ith

thl'

appr

o\':!

1 of

tI

ll'

J'ol

ire

Com

mi!l

l<io

ller.

Whe

n a

Sur

ltco

n Il

rl'

~rril)('s

Ihnt

a

mem

brr

not

. "h

a\'I

', th

r be

nrd

will

he

kt'p

t tr

imm

rd

"Yll

lmf'l

rirn

lly

and

nil

hl':m

l hn

irs

will

be

k(')l

l Ir

imm

ell

!'O th

:!t

they

do

lin

t pr

nlru

dl'

mor

l' th

nn o

nl'·h

nlf

inrh

fro

m t

he :c

kin

!lur

far!

' of

the

f:l':

(' .

"2/;

;;.'1

\\,I(;~;

Wilt

!! o

r hn

ir p

ir(,1

'8 \

\'i\1

not

be w

orn

on d

llty

in

unif

ornl

l',

,('rp

t fo

r ro

:.:nw

tir

rr;\

~OIl

S to

('O

\'rr

nntl

lml

b:1I<

1l1rs.

,o;

or

plaY

";(':!

1 disfi~ura'ioll.

If n

ndl'r

thN

'!' r

ondi

tion

s. 1

\ w

ilt o

r h:

lir

piec

e i~

\\'

flrn

. it

will

ro

nfo

nn

to

depa

rtm

('nt

sta

ndnr

ds."

A

pp.

Si-

58.

I I

\ I

, I

, •

KE

LL

EY

v.

JOH

NS

ON

•

, 2

4(

238

Opi

nion

of

the

Co

urt

prot

ecti

on u

nder

the

Fou

rtee

nth

Am

endm

ent.

in

that

it

was

"n

ot

bas(

'd u

pon

the

gene

rall

y ac

cept

ed s

tand

ard

of

groo

min

g in

th

e co

mm

ulll

ty"

and

plac

ed

"an

un

due

rest

rict

ion"

upo

n hi

s ac

tivi

ties

the

rein

. T

he

Cou

rt o

f A

ppea

ls h

eld

that

cas

es c

hnrn

ct<>

rizin

g th

e un

jfor

n)cd

ci

yj1i

an

serv

ices

8S

upara.mi]jtor?~

H

and

sus

tain

ing

hair

reg

ulat

ions

on

that

bas

is,

wer

e no

t so

undl

y gr

ound

('d h

isto

rica

lly.

: It

said

th

at t

he f

act

that

a p

olic

e fo

rce

IS o

rgan

ized

"w

ith

a ce

ntra

lize

d ad

min

istr

atio

n an

d

a. di

scip

line

d ra

nk

and

file

for

effi

cien

t co

nduc

t of

it

s af

fair

s"

did

not

for(

'clo

se r

espo

nden

t's c

laim

, b

ut

inst

ead

bore

onl

y up

on "

the

exis

t('n

c(' o

f a

lrgi

tim

atr

stat

e in

ter

est

to b

e rc

ason

ably

ndv

anc(

'd b

y th

e re

glli

atio

n."

Dw

en

Y. B

arr

y, 4

83 F

. 2<

1 11

26.

1128

-112

9 (1

973)

. T

h('

Cou

rt

of A

ppea

ls w

ent

on

to d

ecid

e th

at "

choi

cr o

f pe

rson

al

'apl

X'n

rnnc

c IS

an

in

gr('

dien

t of

an

indi

vidu

al's

p('

rsol

~ li

bert

.Y"

3 an

d is

pr

ot('c

tect

by

t.h

e F

ourt

eent

h A

men

dm

ent.

It

fur

ther

hel

d th

at t

he p

olic

e de

part

m£'

nt h

ad

~d t

o m

ake

t.he

slig

htes

t sh

owin

g of

the

rt'l

at.io

nshi

p bl

'twcc

n it

s r£

'gul

ntio

n an

d th

e I(

'Jriti

mat

c in

tcr(

'st

it

soug

ht t

o pr

omot

c."

Id ..

at 1

130-

1131

. O

n th

e ba

sis

of t

his

rC'a

soni

ng i

t co

nclu

ded

t.hat

n('i

th('r

dis

mis

sal

nor

sUll

lmar

y jll

<lgm

(,llt.

in

th('

Dis

t.ric

t C

ourt

was

app

ropr

int<

>, s

il1('(

' th(

' d('

part

men

t "h

as t

he b

urde

ll o

f es

tabl

ishi

ng

: E.

fl.,

Str

ad

/f!/

,'.

A,l

drr

$fl

l. 4i~

F.

2d

ISS

tC'A

S 1!

'173

); G

ree

n.

wal

d ,'.

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40 A

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Dh·

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. 33

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2(1

225

(19i

2). a

f!"d

w

itho

llt

opin

ion,

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~.

Y.

2"

862,

2!lf

l N

. E

. 21

1 S!

I;)

(W7

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T

he

J)i~

1 ri

rt.

Cou

rt 's

c1i~mi~~:

l1

WM

' ba

sed

Oil

ra

!'c'S

II )

lhol

diug

th

e di

"l're

ti

ounr

y p

ow

rr

of

thl'

mil

it:l

ry

:lnd

~ntion:ll

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rd

to

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e a

sold

irr'

s h:

lir

Il'u

ltth

. SC

'(' Gi

fJll

atn.

.~i(

l ,'.

Wh

ytr

, 42

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. 2

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hill

' it

r(,I

'ogn

izl'd

thl

' di

,:ti

nrti

on l

ll'tw

CI'n

ci

tiz!'n

,: :11

111

IIni

forn

1l'c1

rm)llo~'N'S o

f po

lir(

' an

d f

irr

rlep

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ml'l

lts,

the

C

ourt

of

Apl

'r:!l

;t "I

atN

I th

:lt

thr

indh

'idun

l's ~

tntu

;; d

id n

ot

bm

r on

th

e I'x

istl

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hi;;

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ht h

ut 0

11 w

hrl

hrr

thl

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wns

out

wl'i

ghl'<

i b

y

:t l

egit

imat

r Il

tntr

in

lrrr

st.

ld.,

at

1130

11.9

.

.:

r r

(~

f f

, •

t'

242

OC

TO

BE

R TER~I,

1975

Opi

nion

of

the

Cou

rt

425

U.S

.

a ge

nuin

e pu

blic

nee

d fo

r th

e re

gula

tion

."

ld.,

at 1

131.

T

here

aft.

er t

he D

istr

ict

Cou

rt,

unde

r th

e co

mpu

lsio

n of

the

rem

and

from

th

e C

ou

rt o

f A

ppea

ls,

took

tes

tim

ony

on t

he

ques

tion

of

whe

ther

or

no

t th

ere

was

a.

"gen

uine

pu

blic

nee

d."

Th

e so

le w

itne

ss w

as t

he

Dep

uty

Com

m

issi

oner

of

the

Suf

folk

Cou

nty

Pol

ice

Dep

artm

ent,

pet

.iti

oner

's s

ubor

dina

te,

who

tes

tifi

ed a

s to

the

pol

ice

depa

rt

mrn

t's

conc

ern

for

the

saf

v of

the

at

rolm

he

ne

e or

som

e st

a.nd

ards

of

unif

orm

ity

in a

ppea

ranc

e!

TIH

' D

istr

ict

Cou

rt.

h('ld

th

at "

[n]o

pro

of"

was

off

ered

to

supp

ort

nny

cbim

of

the

need

for

the

pro

tect

ion

of t

he

polic

e of

fice

r, a.

nd

that

whi

le "

prop

er g

room

ing"

is

an

ingr

edie

nt

of

a go

od

poli

ce

depa

rtm

ent's

es

prit

de

• O

n rr

m:m

d. t

he

rorn

pb

int

W:\

5 ap

prop

riat

ely

amen

ded

to r

efle

ct

1 hl'

in

teri

m

rrnl

lmbc

ring

:m

d m

odif

iC'a

tion

of

the

hfli

r-gr

oom

ing

rrJ:

uhtj

on.

Th

e fo

rmrr

sec

tion

s 2/

75.0

-2/7

5.3,

see

n.

I, '

"pT

a, w

ere

moc

hfil'

d to

pro

drl

e as

fol

low

::;:

'·:'\[

l'mbl

'r,:

of I

hr

Fo

rer

will

b

e ne

at a

mI

.. 11':1

11

nt a

ll ti

ml's

whi

le

on

dtll~·.

:'\b

le p

r,""

olln

f'l

will

co

mpl

y w

ith

the

follo

win

g J:

room

ing

q~lI

d:\T

(I~

tllllr,.~

rxd

url

rd b

y th

l' P

olic

e C

omm

i1'.c

ionl

'r du

e to

!'p

rcia

l :l

. ..; .... jl!

nmf't

\!:.

:

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ir

will

bl

' nf

'a!.

rl

f':lll

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mnl

oCl

nnd

prc.

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t. a

~roo

med

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lllr

('

Hai

r w

ill

1I0t

~o

helo

w

the

car~

o

r th

e ro

llnr

exc

ept

Ih('

r·\n.

.;('\Y

rt

lt

hai

r on

Ih

r hn

l'k

of

thl'

nrr

k.

Pon

,·

tail:

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e pr

ohih

j,.·

d.

In 1

10 ":

I~r

will

Ih

r. h

ulk

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n~lh

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int

erfe

re

wjl

h II

." l

'rn

prr

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lr of

:ln

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1II1

horiz

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hrnt

iltf

':lr.

'.1

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~ m

rmh

rr "

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l 10

W

('ar

sirl

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thrr

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lle

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lrimlJII

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~jdr

hllr

n,:

will

nol

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low

th

e lo

we'S

! p

art

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he

ear.

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hurl

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hI'

flar

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th a

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. f:

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t co

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ith

the

•

ml1

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h".

D ·

"C'.

:\

n":ll

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I rim

m('d

1I

l1l~

larh

l'

111:

1\'

lw

wor

n."

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hnd

l'T1,...·dllr'·~.

I'oli(

'('

Tlt

'Jla

rtm

rnt,

('lI

llll

ly

of ~

llfTolk,

N.

Y.,

2/,2

.16

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r,·il

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nlll\

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lm('

!I).

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n-:.

!/il

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n.

1, '

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('rl'

sim

ply

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brrr

o :.

~

:.!. :

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}w

\lll

ty C

lIllIl

Ili!'.

..:iO

llt'r

H.IJ

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; I,

·.tim

llIlY

111

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'man

rl W

:l" r

lirr

rlrd

to

tht

, rt

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nil

mod

ifir

·,1.

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prr

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t (l

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PO

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:oI,

tI

lt, dit

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nc~

aTe

irnl

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trri

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.

f I

\,

,,

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t, . '.

,-

~. ',',

I t

t ,

• •

I

241

KE

LL

EY

t'.

JO

HN

SO

N

238

Opi

nion

of

the.

Cou

rt

corp

s.

pcti

tiQ

ucr·

s sf

? Il

th re

i s d

id lH~t

@E

'hl>

];sh

?

p!!b

lic

need

bec

ause

the

y ul

tim

atel

y ]:g

du"g

g tg

"[

u]n

ifo

rmit

y

l2.r

uni

form

ity'

s sa

ke."

5 T

he

Dis

tric

t C

ourt

gra

nted

th

e

G l1

1ust

r:lt

ing

one

s.'\f

rty

prob

lem

. R

np

p s

how

ed

tbnt

nn

~nt

coul

d th

row

nn

of

fice

r of

f bn

lnnc

e bv

gr

abbi

ng

hi;;

hnir

fr

om

tbe

rrn

r an

d le

\'er

ill~

ng

ains

t th

e at

rolm

nn'~

..

Aft

er n

otin

g th

at

t. le

pr

ohi

ltlO

n ng

ains

t "p

onyt

ail;

;"

Wfll

I th

us

a p

rop

er

one,

th

e D

istr

ict

Cou

rt s

tnte

d:

rrit

iln

trd

rx

cr

t. as

it

in

te

ro

er

,,"ro

r of

an

y

alit

lo

med

lC

':ldc

:ear

.' T

hu

s th

e r~

lIln

tion

wou

ld p

enn

it b

ulk

y a

nd

le

nl!:

lhy

hnir

on

the

top

of

the

hror

l.

thrr

rby

pr

e:::

rnti

ng

the

ver

y

pro

hlr

m

that

w

ns

drm

on

strn

trd

. In

th

e rr

mai

ning

f:

ubdi

\"is

ions

. si

drlm

rns.

mus

tnch

rs a

nd

witt

s fi

re r

r~ulatrd :

l1ld

bea

rd!:

nre

bar

red

. N

o pr

oof

was

otT

rred

10

sup

port

an

y c

!:lim

of

the

nrr

o f

or t

he

pro

te

('tio

n of

th

r po

lice

off

i('e

r in

th

e pr

rtin

rnt.

rrgulation~."

Pet

. fo

r C

ert.

ia.

Th

l' D

islr

irt

('O

urI

'll f

iJ\(

lin·

~,;

wit

h rr

"pr(

't to

thl

' rl

'l:tt

ioll

ship

bctw~n

Illo

ra Il

' :ln

el I!:

room

in~

sl:l1

lda

rrlll

n re

as

foll

ows:

"T

he

hiJ:

h m

ornl

<l

of p

olil

'r p

er~nnel

is

a m

ntt

rr o

f gr

n\"e

con

cr

m

10

thr

drp

nrl

ml'

nt.

l'

rop

t'r

I/:ro

nmin

l!:

i"

nll

ingr

edie

nt

of

thl'

espr

it.

ele

corp

.;; o

f fI

~ood I:t

w e

nfor

rrtn

cnt

orgn

niza

tion

. T

hr

self

l'!

'trrl

ll e

:rnr

mtN

i ill

th

r in

di\'i

cluf

ll an

d t

hr

rl'<'

}1cc

t ('o

mm

:lnd

rd f

rom

ih

r pl

lhli

l' it

!'en

·r!'

pnl

lllo

tr:i

(,i

rl t

hr

l'mrirnl'~·

of

the

orga

niz:

ltio

n's

wor

k.

lIow

t'\·t

'r.

wit

h th

e rX

t'rpt

ioll

of

lhr

Itrn

eral

rr.

quir

rmf'n

t. th

nt

hair

. si

drbu

rn;:

an

d m

u,>

tarh

es l~

nrnt

ly t

rim

med

. th

r r~ulations d

o no

t· pr

ovid

e standnrd~

for

pro

prr

gro

omin

l!:.

Hfl

thf'r

. th

e st

:lnd

:lfd

g do

nol

hinl

t m

orr

th

nn

drm

nnd

unif

orm

ity.

t·

nif

orw

ity

for

uni

form

it

y's

sak

e do

rll

not

esb

bli

sh a

pu

hlir

. n(

'C(\.

D

efen

dan

t of

frrr

o no

pr

oof

that

br

flrd

~. go

n\('

e~.

hflir

I't

ylC

!l th

at r

xtc

nd

bel

ow

the

rMS

or

roll

ar.

or

!'itlrhurn~

that

('x

trnd

hf'l

ow t

h('

low(':;

Of.

pn

rt o

f th

e rn

r o

r bc

yond

2"

in

wid

t h

nnd

do

no

t en

d w

it h

1\

e1c,

,\n ... c

;h,w

rn

hori

zo

ntnl

Ii

n('

:.tT

rrt.

thr

mor

alr

of t

h('

ml'm

hf'r

s of

th

e po

lice

df'

pnrt

tn

f'nt

or

l':\

nl

the

di.c

rt'~

p('(

't

of

thr

publ

ic."

Id

., n

t in

-Sa.

Whi

lr

noti

ng

Rap

p's

t~tilllon~·

tlm

t lII~iformit,·

wpc

rc

olljr

('(1

for

iden

tifi

cnti

on,

the

Dis

trir

t C

ou

rt s

tatr

o:

"It

wou

ld n

ppr:

lr.

how

e\'e

r,

-

•

*-

f

" ('

I

f r

, ,

244

OC

TO

mm

TIm

:\l,

19i

5

Opi

nion

of

the

C'o

urt

425

U.S

,

reli

d

prny

('d

for

by

re

spon

dent

, an

d on

pe

titi

oner

's

app(

'al

that

ju

dg

men

t w

as a

ffir

med

wit

hout

opi

nion

by

th

e C

ou

rt o

f A

pp('a

ls.

508

F.

2d 8

36.

II

Sec

tion

1 o

f th

e F

ourt

<-(

'nth

All

l('n

dmrn

t to

th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s C

onst

itut

ion

prov

id('s

in

pert

inen

t p

art:

"~o

~tAt

c ::h

all

. .

. .de

prh·

c an

y pe

rson

of

lif

e,

lib(

'rty

. o

r pr

op('

rty,

wit

hout

due

pro

cess

of

law

." --

Thi

:: s

t.'ct

ion

affo

rds

no

t on

ly a

pr

oced

ural

gua

rant

ee

agai

nst

tht'

r]l'p

rh'a

tiol

l o

f "l

ibcr

ty."

bu

t li

kew

ise

pro

tl'c

ts :

:ub

stan

tiw

asp

('ct

s of

lib

('rty

aga

inst

unc

onst

itu

tion

al

rest

rict

ions

hy

th

t' S

t.at(

'. B

oard

of

Reg

en.ts

v.

R

oth.

40~ 1

'. S.

;;()

4. ;

);2

f Ifl

i2):

Gri

swol

d v.

Con

nect

icut

, a~

l l'.

R 4

;!1.

;'>0

2 (l

06

:n

(\\'

HIT

F.,

.T..

conc

urri

ng).

T

he

"lih

erty

" in

trr(

'st

clai

mrd

hy

r('s

ponu

ellt

her

e, o

f ro

ursl

'. is

dis

till

~uis

hahl

r fr

om t

he i

ntrl

'rst

s Pl

'Otl'

ctec

l b

y

till

' C

Ollr

t in

Rill

' ".

Wad

C'.

410

r. S

. 11

3 (I

Oi3

): E

iscl

l,r

:tfld

t Y

, B

aird

. 40

;'; F

. ~. 4

38 (

10

;2);

Stn

llic

y Y

. Il

lil/o

is,

·HI.;

{'

, S

. (;

4.;

(Hli2

):

Gri.

t;ll'o

ld "

. C

(ll/lI

et·ti

cut .

. <;u

pra;

n

il"

.'fl

ycr

", .

\'c[,

rn.r

:/m.

262

p'.

,~. :

~on

(02

3).

E

ach

of

thos

l' ra

s('s

i",

'oh

wl

a su

bsta

ntia

l cl

nim

of infrill~rm('nt

on t

h('

indi

\'idl

lal's

frr

l'r]o

m o

f ch

oice

wit

h rrs

\>('C

't. to

rer

tn

in

basi

c Il

latt

l'rs

of

pror

r('n

tiol

l. I

Ilnr

riag

r. a

nd

fnm

ily

lift',

B

ut.

whr

tiH

'r t

ill'

riti7.

C~nry

at, Int

'~c h

as s

onl<

' so

rt o

f "I

ihl'r

ty'"

ill

tl'r(

'st

wit.

hin

the

Fou

rt('

rnth

Am

endm

ent

in

Illa

ttt'r

s o

f )l

l'l'so

nnl

npp(

'arn

nc('

is n

qll

('sti

on o

n w

hich

th

is C

ou

rt's

rns

('s o

fTl'r

lit

t1r,

if

nny,

gui

danc

e.

,,~c

can,

Il

l'\·f

'rtlw

\('s

s. a

SSltl

llC n

il

nffi

rmat

h'('

Rn

SW

('f

fOI'

pllr

l'osc

s of

t11

'('idi

l\~ t

his

cas<

" h(

'('n

u~ w

c fi

nn

thnt

ns.

c;lIm

ptio

ll in~

lIfIi(

'ient

tn (

'3rr

y th

(' d

ny f

or r

('sp

ondr

nt's

cln

im.

n('~JlonrJ('nt h

as s

()uf1

;h t

th!'

prot

<'c

tion

· of

thr.

F

ou

r-

th:\

t th~

unif

orm

(is

. .. u!'d

h~'

thl'

dep,1ftm~nt) s

uppl

ies

the

ll~cC1

'S.'ry

itl

l'lIt

iliC'

s t io

n fo

r po

lice

wor

k,"

I I

\

U

,~'j.i

;: .

. ~ .

. . "

~ , ,

.. " ...

~

, .i

'

. ,

..

I I

• I

I'

• •

{ K

EL

LE

Y v

. JO

HN

SON

24

5

238

Opi

nion

of

the

Cou

rt

teen

th A

men

dmen

t, n

ot

as a

mem

ber

of t

he

citi

zenr

y at

larg

e, b

ut

on t

he

cont

rary

as

an e

mpl

oyee

of

the

poli

ce

dep

artm

ent

of S

uffo

lk C

ount

y, a

sub

divi

sion

of

the

Sta

te

of N

ew Y

ork.

W

hile

th

e C

ou

rt o

f A

ppea

ls m

ade

pass

ing

refe

renc

e to

thi

s di

stin

ctio

n, i

t w

as t

her

eaft

er a

pp

aren

tly

ig

nore

d.

We

thin

k,

how

ever

, it

is

hi

ghly

si

gnif

ican

t.

In P

icke

ring

v,

Boa

rd 0

/ E

duca

tion

, 39

1 U

. S.

563

, 56

8 (1

968)

, af

ter

noti

ng t

hat

sta

te e

mpl

oym

ent

may

no

t b

e co

ndit

ione

d on

th

e re

linq

uish

men

t o

f F

irst

Am

endm

ent

righ

ts,

the

Co

urt

sta

ted

th

at "

[alt

th

e sa

me

tim

e it

can

n

ot

be g

ains

aid

that

th

e S

tate

has

int

eres

ts a

s an

em

pl

oyer

in

re

gula

ting

th

e sp

eech

of

its

em

ploy

ees

that

di

ffer

sig

nifi

cant

ly f

rom

tho

se i

t po

sses

ses

in c

onne

ctio

n w

ith

regu

lati

on o

f th

e sp

eech

of

the

citi

zenr

y in

gen

eral

."

Mo

re

rece

ntly

, w

e h

ave

sust

aine

d co

mpr

ehen

sive

an

d

sub

stan

tial

re

stri

ctio

ns

upon

ac

tivi

ties

of

bo

th

fede

ral

and

sta

t~ e

mpl

oyee

s ly

ing

at

the

core

of

the

Fir

st A

men

dm

ent.

C

SC

v.

Lct

ter

Car

ricr

s,

413

U.

S. 5

48

(197

3);

Bro

adri

ck v

. O

klah

oma,

413

U.

S. 6

01

(197

3),

If s

uch

stat

e r(

'gul

atio

ns m

ay s

urvi

ve c

hall

enge

s ba

sed

on

the

expl

icit

lan

guag

e of

th

e F

irst

Am

endm

ent,

the

re i

s su

rely

ev

cn

mor

e ro

om

fbr

rest

rict

ive

regu

latI

ons

of

stat

e em

ploy

ces

whe

re t

he c

laim

im

plic

ates

onl

y th

e m

ore

gen

eral

con

tour

s of

th

e su

bsta

ntiv

e li

bert

y in

terc

st p

rote

cted

b

y t,

he F

ou

rtee

nth

Am

endm

ent,

T

he

hnir

-lcn

glh

rcgu

lat.i

on h

ere

touc

hes

res

nd

ent

as

an.

emp

0

ce 0

·l

e co

un

t' n

n m

ore

arti

cula

rl

po

Ice

man

. R

espo

nden

t's

empl

oyer

has

, in

w

ith

its

wel

l-es

tabl

ishe

d d

uty

to

kce

th

e m

'ri

ad d

eman

ds u

>on

t

(' m

em

rs o

f e,

du

ti('

s w

,ich

hav

e no

co

un

terp

art

wit

h re

spec

t to

th

e p

ub

hc

at

larg

e,

Res

pond

ent

mu

st w

ear

a st

and

ard

uni

fo

rm,

spec

ific

in

each

det

ail.

' W

hen

in u

nifo

rm h

e m~st

'Ru

les

:md

Pro

cedu

res

4/1

.0-4

/1.3

.

•

r ,

(W

I I

( I

I

246

OC

TO

BE

R TEn

~l,

19i5

Opi

nion

of

thc

Cou

rt.

425

U.S

.

saill

tc t

he f

lag.

: H

e Il

lay

no

t ta

ke a

ll a

ctiv

e ro

le i

n lo

cal

)olit

-ica}

a.fl

'airs

by

way

of

beIn

g a

par

ty d

eleg

ate

or c

on-

t.rib

utin

or

so

)0 1

lca

co

n ·1'

1 ut

lOllS

" e

may

.l!

ot

smok

e in

pu

blic

.~

All

of t

hese

an

d ot

her

regu

la

tion

s In

of

the

Suf

folk

Cou

nty

Pol

ice

Dep

artm

ent

infr

inge

on

res

pond

ell t

's f

reed

om

of c

hoic

e in

pe

rson

al m

atte

rs,

and

it w

as a

pp

aren

tly

the

vie

w o

f th

e C

ourt

of

App

eals

th

at t

he

burd

en i

s on

the

Sta

te t

o pr

o .... e

a "

genu

ine

publ

ic

need

" fo

r ea

ch a

nd

eve

ry o

ne o

f th

ese

regu

lati

ons.

T

his

"iew

was

bas~d u

pon

the

Cou

rt o

f A

ppea

ls'

rea

soni

ng t

hat

tht

' "u

niqu

e ju

dici

al d

efer

ence

" ac

cord

ed b

y th

e ju

dici

ary

to r

egul

atio

n of

mem

bers

of

the

mil

itar

y w

as

inap

plic

able

' be

caus

e th

ere

was

no

hist

·ori

cal

or f

unct

iona

l ju

st.if

icat

ion

for

the'

ch

arac

te'ri

zati

on

of

the

poli

ce

as

·~nr

a-mi

lita

ry."

B

ut

the

eonc

lusi

on

that

su

ch

case

s ar

c in

app~

site

. ho

we\

'er

corr

ect,

in

no w

ay d

etra

ct.s

fro

m

the

dder

ellc

e du

e S

uffo

lk C

ount

y's

choi

ce o

f an

org

aniz

ati

onal

st

ruct

ur('

fo

r it.

s po

lice

fo

rce.

H

ere

the

coun

ty

has

chos

en a

mod

e of

org

aniz

atio

n w

hich

it

undo

ubte

dly

d{'e

llls

the

mO!

-lt. e

ffic

ient

in

enab

ling

its

pol

ice

to c

arry

ou

t th

e du

ti('

s as

sign

ed t

o th

em u

nder

st.a

te a

nd l

ocal

law

. l1

Suc

h a

('hoi

ce n

ec('s

sari

Iy g

ives

\';'e

'igh

t to

the

ove

rall

nee

d fo

r di

scip

linC

'. ('s

prit.

de

rorJ

l!-l,

and

1IIli

form

it.y.

T

h('

CO

\lllty

'!-l

choi

r('

of

an

orga

niza

tion

al

stru

ctur

e,

t.hrr

pfor

e'. do

('~

not

d,.P

PIH

! fo

r it

s co

nsti

ttlt

.iona

l va

lidi

ty

on

nny

rioc

trill

(, o

f hi

~tor

irnl

pre

srri

ptio

n.

Nor

, in

deed

, ha

s r('

~polld

('nt.

I1l:H

!C' a

ny s

He'h

cla

im.

His

arg

umen

t doe

s

: ld

., 6/

'2.2

. S

id .•

2/2

.. ".

'ld

., 2

/.'U

I" ~('

c. c.

g.,

id ..

2/14

.0 (

I "0

1. (

Cod

n of

Elh

irs)

. II T

ill' C

ourl

of

:\pp(,

:lL~

ilsr

lf f

onnd

Ihl

lt "'

hill'

Ihe

rc W

:lS n

o de

sire

01

1 !h

e p:

lrt

of 1

0(':11

go

vrrn

ml'n

ls l

ike

Su/T

olk

Cou

nly

10

rrc:

ltc

11 "m

ilit

ary

for"

e:'

"[tJ

hc

usc

of

surh

or

jt:ln

iznt

ion

c\'o

l\'C

d ns

a

pra

rtir

fli

aa

mill

i.d

rati

l"·

.~olul

io/l .... "

483

F. 2

d, n

t 11

28-1

129

I (,lIlph:l~i;: nd

dl:'d

). .

f I ,

-' ii·'

...

' :i.

. :.,:

~ -,1

• I

I I

I •

, 24

1 K

EL

LE

Y v

. ,1

0HN

SO

N

238

Opi

nion

of

the

Cou

rt

no

t ch

alle

nge

the

cons

titu

tion

alit

y of

the

org

aniz

atio

nal

stru

ctur

e, b

ut

mer

ely

asse

rts

that

t.h

e pr

esen

t ha

ir-l

engt

h re

gula

tion

in

frin

ges

his

asse

rted

li

bert

y in

tere

st u

nder

th

e F

ou

rtee

nth

Am

endm

ent.

W

e be

liev

e, h

owev

er,

that

th

e ha

ir-l

engt

h re

gula

tion

can

no

t be

vie

wed

in

isol

atio

n,

bu

t m

ust

be

rath

er c

onsi

dere

d in

the

con

text

. of

the

coun

ty

's c

hose

n m

ode

of o

rgan

izat

ion

for

its

poli

ce f

orce

. T

he

prom

otio

n of

saf

ety

of

pers

ons

and

prop

erty

is

unqu

esti

onab

ly a

t th

e co

re o

f th

e S

tate

's p

olic

e po

wer

, aY

{d

virt

uall

y al

l st

.ate

and

loc

al g

over

nmen

ts e

mpl

oy a

lUii

fQrm

ed p

olic

e fo

rce

to a

id i

n th

e ac

com

plis

hmen

t of

thl!o

t pu

rpos

e.

Cho

ice

of o

rgan

izat

ion,

dre

ss.

and

equ

ipm

ent

for

law

enf

orce

men

t. p

erso

nnel

is

a de

cisi

on e

ntit

led

to t

h

.me

sort

of

pres

um

tlOn

of

Ie

Isla

b\'e

val

id'

are

stat

e ch

oice

s (e

slgn

ed t

o pr

omot

e ot

her

aim

s w

ithi

n th

e co

gniz

ance

of

the

Sta

te's

pO

hce

pow

er.

Day

-Bri

te L

ight

in

g, /

l1C

. v.

Mis

sour

i, 34

2 U

. S.

421

,423

(19

52);

Pri7

u;e

v.

M a

ssac

hw;e

tts,

321

U.

S. 1

58,

168-

1iO

(19

44);

Ols

en v

. .V

ebra

ska,

313

U.

S. 2

36

,24

6-2

4;

(194

1).

Hav

ing

reco

gni

zed

in

ot.h

er ro

nt~x

ts

the

wid

e la

titu

de a

ccor

ded

the

gove

rnm

ent.

ill

t.he

"dis

patc

h of

it.s

ow

n in

tern

al a

ffai

rs,"

C

afet

eria

Wor

kers

v.

lll'r

t..lr

oy,

367

U.

S. 8

86,

896

(196

1),

we

t.hin

k S

uffo

lk

Cou

nty'

s po

lice

re

gula

tion

s in

volv

ed

here

arc

ent

itle

d to

sim

ilar

wei

ght.

T

hu

s th

e qu

esti

on

is l

Iot·,

n!l

the

Co

urt

of

:\pp<

.>al

s cO

llcch

'ed

it. t

o be

, w

heth

er

the

Stnt

.e c

an "

esta

hlis

h" a

"gC

'nui

ne p

ubli

c ne

ed"

for

the

spec

ific

reg

ulat

ion.

It.

is w

heth

er r

espo

nden

t ca

n de

mon

st

rate

th

at t

here

is

no r

atio

nal

conn

ecti

on b

etw

een

the

regu

lat.i

oll,

bnse

d as

it

is o

n th

e ro

un

ty's

met

hod

of o

rga

nizi

ng

it·s

poli

ce

forc

e.

nnd

the

prom

otio

n of

saf

ety

of

pers

ons

and

prop

erty

. U

llit

ed P

ubli

c fJ

'orA

'ers

v.

Mit

ch

ell,

330

U.

S. i

5.

100-

101

(Hl4

i);

Jaco

bson

v.

Mas

sach

use

tts,

10;

U. S

. 11

,30-

31. 3

5-3

; (1

905)

. 'V

e th

ink

the

answ

er h

ere

is s

o cl

ear

that

the

Dis

tric

t C

ou

rt w

as q

uite

rig

ht

in t

he f

irst

ins

ta.n

ce t

o h

ave

dis-

•

r f

( ,

r f

f f

248

OC

TO

BE

R T

ER

M,

1975

Opi

nion

or

the

Cou

rt

425

U.S

.

mis

sed

resp

onde

nt's

co

mpl

aint

. N

eith

er

this

C

ourt

, th

e C

ourt

of

A

ppea

ls,

nor

the

Dis

tric

t C

ourt

is

in

a

posi

tion

to

wei

gh t

he p

olic

y ar

gum

ents

in

favo

r of

and

ag

ains

t a

rule

reg

ulat

ing

hair

styl

es a

s a

part

of

regu

la

tion

s go

\"er

ning

a u

nifo

rmed

civ

ilia

n se

rvic

e.

The

con

sti

tuti

onal

iss

ue t

o be

dec

ided

by

thes

e co

urts

is

whe

ther

pe

titi

oner

's d

eter

min

atio

n th

at s

uch

regu

lati

ons

shou

ld b

e en

act~

d is

so

irra

tion

al

that

it

may

be

bran

ded

"arb

itr

ary,

" an

d th

eref

ore

a de

priv

atio

n of

res

pond

ent's

"Ji

ber

ty"

inte

r('s

t in

fr

eedo

m

to c

hoos

e hi

s ow

n ha

irst

yle.

W

illia

mso

n v.

Le

e O

ptic

al C

o.,

348

U.

S. 4

83,

487-

488

(19.

55).

T

he o

verw

helm

ing

maj

orit

y of

sta

te a

nd l

ocal

po

lice

of t

he p

rese

nt d

ay a

re u

nifo

rmed

. T

his

fact

it

self

tes

tifi

es t

o th

e re

cogn

itio

n by

tho

se w

ho d

irec

t th

ose

opcr

atio

ns,

and

by t

he p

eopl

e of

the

Sta

tes

and

loca

liti

es

who

dir

ectl

y or

ind

irec

tly

choo

se s

uch

pers

ons,

th

at s

im

ilar

ity

in a

ppea

ranc

e of

pol

ice

offic

ers

is d

esir

able

. T

his

choi

ce m

ay b

e ba

sed

on a

des

ire

to m

ake

polic

e of

fice

rs

read

ily

r('c

ogni

zabl

e to

the

mem

bers

of

the

publ

ic,

or a

de

5ire

for

the

esp

rit

de c

orps

whi

ch s

uch

sim

ilar

ity

is f

elt

to i

n('u

lcat

~ w

ithi

n th

e po

lice

fore

e it

self

. E

ithe

r on

e is

a

suff

icie

ntly

rat

iona

l ju

stif

icat

ion

for

regu

lati

ons

so a

s to

de

feat

re

spon

dent

's

clai

m

base

d on

th

e li

bert

y gu

aran

tee

of t

he F

ourt

eent

h A

men

dmen

t. T

he C

ourt

of

App

eals

rel

ied

on G

arri

ty v

. N

ew J

erse

y,

385

U.

S. 4

03 (

1007

), a

nd a

miC

1ls

in i

ts b

rief

in

supp

ort

of r

espo

nden

t el

abor

ates

an

argu

men

t ba

sed

011

the

lan

guag

e in

Gar

rity

th

at "

poli

cem

en,

like

tea

cher

s an

d la

w

y('rs

, ar

e no

t re

lega

ted

to

n w

at.e

red-

dow

n vc

rsio

l\

of

cons

titu

tion

al r

ight

s."

Id.,

at 5

00.

Gar

rity

, of

cou

rse,

im

'olv

cd t

hr.

prot

ecti

ons

affo

rded

by

the

Fif

th A

men

dm

ent

to t

he U

nite

d S

tate

s C

onsH

tuti

on a

s m

ade

appl

ica

ble

to t

he S

taw

s by

the

Fou

rtee

nth

Am

endm

ent.

Mal

lo

y \'.

Hog

an,

378

P.

S. 1

(19

64).

C

erta

inly

its

lang

llng

e ca

nnot

be

take

n to

sug

gest

th

at t

he c

laim

of

a m

embe

r

, ;~1.'"

.. J!1

~

, ';

~ .,':

~' .

,

t .

l

r \ (

r f"

f

NI"

KE

LL

EY

v.

JOH

~ON ,

f' ..

.. J(

238

lVlA

nslu

LL,

J.,

diss

enti

ng

of

a un

ifor

med

ci

vili

an

sen'

ice

base

d on

th

e "l

iber

ty"

inte

rest

pro

tect

ed b

y th

e F

ourt

eent

h A

men

dmen

t m

ust

nece

ssar

ily

be

trea

ted

for

cons

titu

tion

al

purp

oses

th

e sa

me

as

a si

mil

ar c

laim

b

y a

. m

embe

r of

th

e ge

nera

l pu

blic

. T

he

regu

lati

on

chal

leng

ed

here

di

d n

ot

viol

ate

any

righ

t gu

aran

teed

re

spon

dent

by

th

e F

ourt

eent

h A

men

dmen

t to

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Con

stit

utio

n, a

nd t

he

Cou

rt o

f A

ppea

ls w

as

ther

efor

e w

rong

in

reve

rsin

g th

e D

istr

ict

Cou

rt's

ori

gina

l ju

dgm

ent

dism

issi

ng t

he

acti

on.

The

jud

gmen

t of

the

Cou

rt o

f A

ppea

ls is

R

ever

sed.

l\IR

. Jt

'ST

ICi:

STEV

ENS

took

no

par

t in

the

con

side

rati

on

or d

ecis

ion

of t

his

case

.

l\IR

. JU

STIC

E P

OW

F.L

L,

conc

urri

ng.

I co

ncur

in

t.h

e op

inio

n oC

t,h

e C

ourt

and

w

rite

to

m

ake

clra

r t.h

at,

cont

rary

to

th

e co

ncer

n ex

pres

sed

in

t.he

disS

<'nt

, I

find

no

nega

tive

im

plic

atio

n in

the

opi

nion

w

it.h

resp

ect

to a

Hbe

rty

intr

rest

wit

hin

the

Fou

rtee

nth

Am

endm

ent

as t

o m

atte

rs o

f pe

rson

al n

ppea

ranc

e.

See

Poe

,'.

Fll

mal

l, 36

7 U

. S

. 4!

l7,

541-

543

(106

1)

(Har

lan,

J.

, di

ssen

ting

).

Whe

n th

e S

tate

has

an

inte

rest

in

regu

la

ting

on(

's p

erso

nnl

appc

.'nrn

nce.

as

it. r

E'rt

ninl

y do

cs i

n th

is

rusc

. th

l'r('

mll

st h

l' n

wei

ghin

g of

th

e dr

grec

of

infr

inge

lll(

'nt

of t

he i

ndh'

idun

l's l

ibrr

ty i

ntc.

'rest

. ag

ains

t th

e Ilt

'ecl

for

t.he

r('g

ulnt

ion.

T

his

pror

css

of a

naly

sis

just

ifie

s th

r np

plic

ntio

n of

a r

en~ollab]e

regu

lnti

on t

o a

unif

orm

ed

polic

e C

oree

th

at w

ould

be

nn

impe

rmis

sibl

e in

trus

ion

upon

lib

('rty

in

a di

ffer

ent.

ron

text

.

~In .

.In:

nCE

1\

IAR

slJ.

\LL

, w

ith

who

m

MR

. Je

sTIC

E

BIU~NNAN jo

ins,

dis

sent

ing.

The

('o

urt

tod

ay u

phol

ds t

ht'

cons

titu

t.io

nali

ty o

f S

uf

folk

Cou

nty'

s rr

guln

tion

lim

itil

lg t

he l

rngt

h of

a p

olic

e-

,

( r

( I

• ,

I ,

2.;0

O

CT

OR

F.R

TEn~I, 19

;5

1\hll~II.\T.L,

,T.,

di. ... "

'cllli

llg

425

U.S

,

llla

n'~

hair

. W

hile

t.hC

' C

ourt

onl

y as

sum

es f

or p

urpo

ses

of i

t~ o

pini

on t

hnt.

:"ih

C' '

citi

zcn

ryat

In.rg~

has

som

e so

rt

of

'\ilw

l't,y

' il1

t.('l'

~~t.

wit

hin

t.he

J"b\

,~tc

cilt

h A

men

dmel

lt

.•

, I

', .•

in m

ar,tr

l'::-

of

11I'1

':-lIl

Ial

a\lp

('a

rnllt

'(··

. ' ..

," a

/lte

;: a

t '24

4, I

th

ink

it.

clC

'ar

t,h.at<'lho/i~olll'tc('lIth

Alt1

flldm

C'll

t do

cs

illc\

t'('(l

Pl'o

tC'o

t ri~

~il{$t

, com\lr('h(w~i"~

I:~~ttintion o

f .w

hat

riti7

.<'ll

s m

n.y

or

ina

)' no~

w('a

r> '~

~A';C1

.. t fin

ct.

t·hilt,

tH

e rn

.tiol

lnlC

's of

T('n

'd

by"

th~~

fcOl

lft

to

jlls

tify

' n,e

rC

'gll

bti

on

in

th

is c*

';irc

; :hl

~l\f

fici

cnt.

to·

'cl\-

moJ

1strn

tc

its

. t.··

':'. "

cons

titu

tion

alit

y, ..

Aee

ol'd

illgl

y, I

tcs

pcct

full

y di

sscn

t,.

I

As

t hC'

('O\ll

't· l

'C'co

glli7

.C's.

t.h

e FO

Ul't

('cnt

h A

mcl

ldm

cnt's

gu

arnn

t('C

' ng

nills

t. tIl

<'

d<'p

ri\'a

tion

of

libc

rty

"pro

tC'c

ts

suhs

t:lI1

tiw'

nspC

'ris

of

libC

'rtr

agni

nst

unco

nsti

tllt

iona

l r{'~tl'i

cti(

)llS

h~'

thC'

~ttltC',"

..tll

fe,

nt 2

44.

Alld

\\'C

' hn

\'C'

()l)~(,I'\'('d

that

. "f11ihC'l't~·

111l

d('r

In\\'

('x

1cnd

s to

th

e fu

ll rallgt~

of r

Olld

ll('t

whi

ch t

hC'

il\(l

h'ie

hwl

is f

l'C'C'

to

Plll'

SllC

'."

Uol

lil1f

l \',

Sha

r/'f'

, 3

4i

F.

f'. 4

fli.

40f

l (1

054)

. SC

'C' n

lso

Poe

",

F

ilm

al/,

3G

i P

. ~,

4

0i.

543

(l

OG

!)

(Hnl

')nn.

,J.,

di

"~ll

till

l!),

t It

~(

'('m

~ t.o

11

1('

Il1nn

if('st

th

nt t

.hat

"fu

ll

rn Il

j!('

of

conc

lu('t

" ml

1~t

(,II

CO

I1l\

':i&

C::

nllc

's il

1tC'

l'C'st

in

dl'C

'~s:

il7

g n(

'C'u

rdin

g to

hi~

ow

n tn

st·C'

, A

n in

cliv

idun

l's p

Cl's

onnl

up

pt'n

.J'nl

lCI'

Jll:l~

' 1'C

'11<'c

1. sl

Istn

in,

filld

nO

llrls

h Ill

!;;

)CI'8

0n

...

no

o,

'"n

.. "'n

IC'

II~

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:lS

n l

11('a

llS o

f cxprc8~ing hi

s

t \\

,,,

haw

Iw

ltl

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ll;;I

itntio

u'",

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ot!'r

liol

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liI

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p

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ill

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nh'

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lld

thri

r rh

iltl

rrn

to p

ri\''

'I!'

liS

w

rll

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plll.

1i,'

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l1l,,

, P

i,',.

", \

', $0

.';1'

/11

of ,"

is/fT

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2GS

ll,~

, 51

0, !

i3~1

-535

(l

!l·'!.

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ill't'r

f':<1

of

I'il

izcn

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tra

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illJ!

; ab

rO:\l

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re.,:

t of

a W

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all

in ,

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ding

wJu

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r fir

lilt

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0

'('rm

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pl'

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nlll

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KE

LL

EY

I',

.TO

HN

SON

2;

,\1

'; f

23~

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HI,

L •

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rli~

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ll] e

S (I

I, )

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:H' \

' 8(

'11-

tiler

1t1t

\' il

l! to

n I)

III Y

, an

d p

er,.§Q

n a 1

ill

tk.p:r

it~"ih

:1t. 1

hn\~,

c al\\

,'nys

ass

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r1 t

Ilt' C

OlI

stltl

ltiol

l w

as

dC'5

i~ll

('(l

to

Jl

rot;·

c.t.

~'('

H

oc

\'.

Wad

e,

410

U,

S.

1l:-J

I (1

973)

; S

talll

ey \

-. G

eorg

ia,

394

U.

8. 5

57,

564

09

(9);

G

ri.s

ll'ol

d \'.

C()

/I/I

crti

cut,

:~8

1 U

. S

. 47

0, 4

8.5

(196

5);

Olm

st

ead

v. U

1Il't

ed S

tate

s, 2

7i U

. S,

438

, 47

8 (1

928)

(B

ran

deis

.. J..

dis

sC'n

ting)

. If

lit

tlc

('nil

he

foun

d in

pa

st r

nses

of

this

Cou

rt o

r i n

dc'('(

l i 1

\ th

C' :

\ a t i

on's

his

tory

011

t h

c sp

C'ci

fic i

ssu(

' of

a

citiz

C'Il

's rig

ht.

t4.1

choo

sC'

his

0\\'

11 p(

'f~o

llal

np

pt'nl

"aIlC

'C',

it

is

olll

~'

lWC'

:lus('

th

C'

I'igh

t hn

s hC

'C'1l

so

clea

r as

to

he

bc

yond

qu

C'st

.ion,

W

hen

the

righ

t hn

s b(

,(,11

men

t.i

ollC

'd. i

ts c

xist

('ncC

' hn

s si

mpl

y be

en t

akcn

for

gra

ntcd

. fo

r in

stan

cC'.

thC'

as

sum

ptio

n th

at

the

righ

t ex

ists

is

rl'

I1t.'

ckd

in

tIl('

1789

('o

ngre

ssio

nal

debn

tes

over

w

hich

gu

nran

h't's

sho

uld

bt.'

exp)

i('it

ly a

rtic

ulnt

C'd

in

thC'

Bill

of

Rig;

ht~,

1.

Bm

nt.

Tht

' B

ill

of

Rig

ht::;

5

3-6

7

(lOG

;")),

Thc

rC'

was

('o

llr--i

dC'm

blC'

d(

·hnt

C'

O\'C

'I' w

hC'th

C'r

thC'

ri

ght

of m

~~C'lllhly

slUlu

l,1 I

x-C'

xpl'

essl

~'

111C

'ntio

l\ed.

C

ongr

ess

mal

l BC

'Il!"o

ll of

NC'

w Y

ork

nrgu

C'ci

th

at i

ts i

nclu

sion

was

I\C

'C('s

snQ

' to

n~!"

\II'C' t

hnt

thC'

rig

ht.

wou

ld n

ot b

c in

frin

!!:c

d hy

t J

u'

g:o\

'('1'I1

1ll<

'nt.

In

rc!"

pons

(',

('ollg

rC'ss

ma 1

1 S

edg

wic

k of

Mn!

"snc

huSt

'tts

ilHlic

att'd

:

"If

tIl('

('ol1

ll1lit

t('C

' w

crc

go \'(

'1'1

\ cd

hy t

hat

gen

cral

: \\,

hil(

' th

e l'a

rlit

''; .

Iid

Illlt

:uld

rl''''

'' :l

ily

F

ir,I

,\m

l'llIl

l11(

'1)'

i",~

ul>l

'

ill :

lll~'

111'1

:Iil

ill

I h~.

('

ollr

l, 1

;0\'(

'rtlll

ll'llI

al

fl'!!:

l,l:rt

inn

of a

ri

tizr

ll's

pr

r,:on

:,1

:rPI'(

':Ir:t

IlI'('

m:l~'

in

!'Oll1

r ri

rrll

ll1~

l:ll

lr\'

;:

IInl

onl~

' dt

'pri

\'c

him

(I

f Ji

hl'r

l~'

IIno

.'r

thl'

Fou

rlN

'lllh

A

mrn

dlll

rlll

b

ut

viol

ate

hill

Fir,:

1 A

Illf>

lIthl

h,,'

ri~h

tl'

:\,.

wrl

l, 1

'illl:

cr \

. D

", .1

loi/l

I·,<

Scho

ol D

i,.t.,

:~

!I;J

U,

S, 5

0;J

(1 ~6

!l)

,

I

I f

252

( f

, I

r r

OC

TO

BE

R T

ER

M,

1975

MA

RS

H.'L

L,

J.,

diss

cnti

ng

425

U.S

.

prin

cipl

e ... t

hey

mig

ht h

ave

decl

ared

th

at a

man

sh

ould

hat

'e a

rig

ht t

o we

a·r

his

hat

if h

e pl

ease

d ..

. b

ut

[1]

wou

ld a

sk t

he g

entl

ema.

n w

heth

er h

e th

ough

t it

nec

essn

ry t

o en

ter

thes

e tr

ifle

s in

a d

ecla

rati

on o

f ri

ghts

. in

a G

over

nmen

t w

here

non

e of

them

wer

e in

te

nded

to

be

inf

ring

ed."

Id

., at

54-

55

(em

phas

is

adde

d).

Thu

s, w

hile

the

y di

d n

ot

incl

ude

it i

n th

e B

ill o

f R

ight

s,

SC'd

gwic

k an

d hi

s co

llea

gues

cle

arly

bel

ieve

d th

ere

to b

e Po

ri

ght

in o

ne's

per

sona

l ap

pear

ance

. A

nd,

whi

le t

hey

may

h:.w

e re

gard

ed t

he r

ight

as

a tr

ifle

as

long

as

it w

as

hono

rC'd

. th

ey c

lear

ly w

ould

not

· ha

ve s

o re

gard

ed i

t if

it

w~rr

. in

frin

ged.

T

his

Cou

rt,

too.

has

t.a

ken

as a

n ax

iom

th

at t

here

is

a ri

ght

in o

nc's

}X

'rsol

lnl

nppC

'nrn

ncc.

' In

deed

, in

19

58

we

usC'

d th

e C

'xis

tellc

e of

th

nt

righ

t as

sup

port

for

oU

t' rC

'<'o

gniti

on o

f th

c ri

ght

to t

rave

l:

"Th

e ri

ght

to t

rave

l is

a p

art

of t

he 'l

iber

ty' o

f w

hich

th

e ci

tize

n ca

nnot

be

depr

ived

wit

hout

due

pro

cess

of

law

und

er th~

Fif

th A

men

dmen

t. .

..

It m

ay b

e as

cl(l

se t

o tlt

e he

art

of t

M in

dit,i

dtta

l as

the

cho

ice

, T

her!

' h:l!

; I>

<'cn

II !

'ubs

tlll

ltin

i nm

ount

of

low

l'r-r

ourt

Iit

igat

ioll

rO

ilce

rtli,

,:: 1

hl'

ron:

:l it

lit io

nalit

y o

f h:

lir-

ll'n

gth

lind

drrs

s-ro

dc r

t"gu

lal i

ons

:\.~

:I\1p

lil'\l

to

!w

hofl

lrhi

ldl'(

'n.

SO

IllC

or

t.h

e CI

U'Nl

h:

we

fOlln

t! th

c ra

liflll

ak.c

off

l'rl'd

for

I'II

('h r

t'l:ul:ltion~

to h

I' !'u

ffir

icnt

, to

su

pp

ort

the

ir

cun;

:lit

utio

n:ll

ity.

8r

e, r

. g .

• K

illg

v. Sad

dlrb

a('~

' JI

II/io

r C

ollr

gl!

Dis

!.,

4-15

F.

21

\ 9:

l2

(CA

9) ,

cert

. dc

nied

, 40

4 U

. S

. 9i

!)

(19

il);

G

fdl

\'. /

lirk

rlm

ml .

.... 1

F.

2d 4

·'·'

(CA

G 1

971)

; /<

'rrrc

il v.

Dal

la.,

In-

I

a"pt

llr/

r"t

&h

oo

l D

id.,

:l9

2 F

. 2d

6!

li

(CA

S),

rc

rt.

dl'll

iC{l

. 30

3 U

. S.

S;

;fi

(Hl6

S).

O

ther

r:\S

r.s

have

fou

nd !

'imil

ar r

rltl\lalio\l~

lin

l·on~t

itl\

li()

llri

l.

SC<',

t.

g.

, R

irha

rds

v.

1'hu

r.'to

ll,

42-1

F

. 2

" 12

Sl

(C,\

1 l

')i(

); n

ran

\'.

Ka

M,

-119

F. 2

<110

34

(CA

7 19

(9),

crr

t. r

\eni

ed,

:)~.

~ e.

~.

9:l

i (l

DiO

).

Non

e of

the

cn!

'cs,

how

c\'c

r, h

.wc

indi

ralr

o th

rlt

lhl'

COJ~<;till\tio

ll

may

off

l'r

no

prot

ecti

on a

t al

l II

ltllin

st

com

pr

chl'l

I!'i\

"1'

rcgu

btio

ll o

f th

e pc

rson

a\ a

p}le

arnl

lCC

of

thc

citi

zrnr

y n

t b

rge.

, I

\,

I 238

, •

• I

KE

LL

EY

v.

JOH

NS

ON

MA

RS

HA

LL

, J.

, di

ssen

ting

I I

2!

of w

hat

he e

ats,

or

wea

rs, o

r re

ads.

" K

ent

v. D

ulle

s,

357

U.

S.

116,

12

5-12

6 (1

958)

(e

mph

asis

add

ed).

To

my

min

d, t

he r

igh

t in

one

's p

erso

nal

appe

aran

ce i

s in

extr

icab

ly

boun

d up

wit

h th

e hi

stor

ical

ly

reco

gniz

ed

righ

t of

"ev

ery

indi

vidu

al t

o th

e po

sses

sion

an

d c

ontr

ol

of h

is o

wn

pers

on,"

Uni

on P

acifi

c R

. C

o. Y

. B

otsf

ord,

141

U

. S.

250

, 25

1 (1

891)

, an

d, p

erha

ps e

ven

mor

e fu

nda

men

tall

y, w

ith

"th

e ri

gh

t to

be

let

alo

ne-t

he m

ost

com

pr

ehen

sive

of

righ

ts a

nd t

he r

ight

mos

t va

lued

by

civ

ili

zed

men

."

Olm

stea

d v.

U

'1ite

d St

ates

, Stt

]>Ta

, at

478

(B

rand

eis,

J.,

diss

enti

ng).

In

an

incr

easi

ngly

cro

wde

d so

ciet

y in

whi

ch i

t is

alr

eady

ext

rem

ely

diff

icul

t to

mai

nta

in o

nc's

ide

ntit

y an

d pe

rson

al

int£

'gri

ty,

it w

ould

be

dist

r£'ss

ing,

to

sa

y th

e le

ast,

if

th

e go

vern

men

t co

uld

regu

late

our

per

sona

l ap

pear

ance

unc

onfi

ned

by

an

y c

on

stit

utio

nal

stri

ctur

es w

hnt-

soev

er.'

4 H

isto

ry i

s do

tted

wit

h in

stan

ces

of g

O\'e

rnm

ents

reg

ulat

ing

the

pen:

on:u

app

t'ara

ncc

or t

hci

r ci

tizcl

l!'.

Fo

r in

stan

cc,

in a

n e

ffor

t to

st

inm

lalc

hi

s co

untr

ymen

to

nd

opt

n m

odem

Ii

rest

yle,

P

eter

th

e G

rcat

is

sued

3

.Il

edic

t in

16

9S

regu

!ati

ng

the

wea

ring

of

be

ards

t.h

roug

hout

Rus

sia.

W

. &

A.

Du

ran

t, T

hc

Age

or

Lou

is X

IV,

p. 3

98

(196

3).

Any

one

who

wan

ted

to g

row

a b

eard

h:l

d to

pay

an

annu

al

t.'1X

of

from

One

kop

ek f

or a

pen

s:m

t to

one

hun

dred

rub

les

for

n ri

ch

mer

ch:l

nt.

Ibid

. O

f th

osc

who

('o

uld

not

affo

rd

the

"bca

rd t

n:t,"

th

ere

wcr

e m

:1I1

Y "w

ho,

nCtN

hav

ing

thei

r br

:lrd

s !'h

n\'e

d of

f, sa

n-d

them

pr

eeio

m:ly

, in

or

dcr

to

h:\\"

e th

l'm

pl:1

red

in

thei

r co

ffin

s,

rrar

ing

that

th

ey

wou

ld

no

t bc

nl

low

ed

to e

nte

r h(

':l\'e

n w

itho

ut

them

."

J. U

obin

son,

!tr

adin

gs i

n E

urop

ean

His

tory

390

(1

906)

. T

herc

nrc

mor

c re

emt

inst

:mcr

s, t

oo,

or g

o\·c

rnm

clll

s re

gula

ting

th

e pc

rson

al n

ppt'a

ranc

e of

thc

ir c

itiz

ens.

Se

e, t

. g.

, N

. Y

. T

imes

, F

cb.

18,

19i4

, p.

22,

col

. 4

(Cze

ch p

olic

c st

op

lon

g-ha

ired

you

ng m

en,

tcl1

ing

them

to

get

hn

ircu

ts);

id.

, Ju

ly 2

3, 1

9i2,

p.

4, r

ol.

1 (L

ibya

n G

o\'C

rnm

rnt.

tell

s yo

uths

to

tri

m h

:,ir

lind

\\"

mr

mor

e so

ber

clot

hes

or

!'ubm

it t

hrm

sc\n

'S f

or t

rain

ing

in t

hc

arm

y);

itf.

, Ju

ly 7

, 19

i1,

p.

22,

ro\.

S (

o\'c

r 1,

000

youn

g m

en r

ound

ed u

p a

nd g

iven

hai

rcut

s b

y

Sou

th K

orro

n po

lice

in

whn

t w

as d

escr

ibed

by

gov

crnm

ent

offi

cial

s as

n "

sodn

l )l

urif

ient

ion"

cam

pnig

n);

id.,

Oct

. 13

, 19

iO,

p. 1

1, c

ol.

1 (p

olic

c ro

rcc

mor

c th

An

1,40

0 S

outh

V

ietn

ames

c yo

uths

to

cu

t

,

I~

r ('

f'

I I

, I

2M

OC

TO

BE

R T

ER

M,

1975

?\l!

.nsH

AL

L,

J.,

diss

('ntin

g 42

5 U

.S.

II

Art.

in~

on i

ts a

ssum

ptiu

ll t

hat

the

Four~enth A

men

dm

ent d

oes eneompa~ a

rig

ht, i

n on

e's

pers

onal

app

eara

nce,

tl

H'

Cou

rt j

m:;t

ifir

s th

e ch

alle

nged

hni

r-Ie

ngth

reg

ulat

.ion

on t

.hl.'

grou

nds

that

. su

eh r

rgul

at.io

ns m

ay "

be b

ased

on

a d

rsir

r to

mak

e po

lire

off

icrr

s rr

adil

y re

cogn

izab

le t

o th

e m

rmhf

'rs

of t

he

publ

ic,

or a

des

ire

for

the

espr

it d

e co

rps

whi

rh s

uch

sim

ilar

ity

is f

elt

to i

ncul

rntc

wit

hin

the

poli

ce

forc

r i t

"rl f

." A

nte,

at

248.

W

hile

ful

ly a

ccep

ting

th

e ai

ms

of

"ide

ntif

inhi

lity

" nn

d m

aint

enan

ce o

f es

pri

t de

eo

rps.

I

fin(l

no r

atio

nal

rela

tion

ship

bet

wee

n th

e ch

8ol

]f'll

geri

rr~u]ation

and

th

esc

goal

~.~

As

for

the

firs

t ju

st.if

icat

ion

offe

red

by t

he

Cou

rt.

I si

mpl

y do

no

t se

e ho

w r

equi

ring

pol

icem

en t

o m

aint

ain

hair

of

lInd

rr a

cer

tain

lrn

gth

eoul

d ra

tion

ally

be

nrgu

ed

to c

on tr

ibut

e to

mak

ing

them

idr

ntif

inbl

e to

th

e pu

blic

as

pol

irrl

TIf

'lI.

Sur

rly,

th

e fn

ct t

hn

t a

unif

orm

ed t

)olic

e of

ficf'r

is

wra

ring

his

hai

r be

low

his

col

lnr

will

mak

e hi

m

tlw

ir h

:tir

).

It i

s il1

('oll(

'('i\'

nhle

to

mc

thnt

the

Con

stitu

liol1

wou

ld

ofT

rr

nn

I'ro

lrrl

ioll

\\

'hnt

~ol"

\'l"

r :lg

:lio!

'. Ih

l' c:

lrry

ing

oul

of s

imil:

tr

:lrt i

on.

hy l

'itlH

'r ou

r FI

'(\(,r

:l1 o

r S

inle

Go\

·('rm

llcnt

s.

~;\

poli(

,I'm

nl1

do('!

; no

t !'u

rr('n

drr

his

righ

t in

hi~

OWI1

prfl

'olln

l :lp

p<>a

r:l!lr

f' l'i

rnpl

y h

y j

oini

lllt

thl'

polir

c' f

orre

. St

'e T

i"kr

r ".

Drs

.'1

nj"

,·s

Scho

ol

Di .•

t.,

:l9:1

tT

. R

, nt

· !jO

G.

I I1

grr.l

' w

ilh

the

Com

! of

ApI

"':'\.

< Ih

:lt t

hr

"!'IIIIII~ o

f th

r in

di\'i

dll:t

l m

i,:ill

lt th

" r!

:tim

"f

':lr-

fllll

l 01

1 Ih

r ('x

i;:te

llrc

of t

he r

ilth

l, hi

lI r

lllh

rr]

Oil

Ih

(' fll

I(,:'!

tio

ll of

wlw

lhrr

th"

rilt

ht

i~ ol

llwei

Jthr

d by

n I

rgili

mnl

(' :-:

tlll('

illl

('r

C"!

'\."

4>;'1

F

. 2d

, :I

t 11

:10

II.

9.

TI\I

I~,

thl'

nred

to

('\

'nlll

llle

Ihe

£o\·r

rnm

enl:

tl

illt('

f('!'

I. nl

lll

the

ronn

(,l't

ion

bel\\

,(,(,1

1 it.

:ll

1d

Ihe

• rh

:tllp

lHtrl

l I!

n\'('

rnm

rnl:

tl :

tl'ti

on i

ll 1\.

<1;

prC'

!'<'nl

wh

(,11

Ihe

par

ty' \

\'h(

).~c

ri

l!ht

" h:

\\,('

:tllrl!pr!I~·

1)('(

'1\

"io\

:tt('r

l i!l

II

puhl

ir

rm)J

loyl

'c

:I~

whl

'll

hr

i;: :I

I'

th':l

le f

'mpl

oy('C

'. ~r

e C

SC "

. 1"

,ttrr

Car

n'a

s, 4

1:1

1'.

R

5-l.I

l , .')

1)4-

56i

(Ifl

i:l)

. T

o h

olr!

th

:lt

rili7

.I'Il!

l "o

Oll'

how

Il\I

tom

lltil'

ally

!t

in'

lip

rO

Il~t

itll

lion

:t1

rid,!!

,! by

b(,l

'om

illl!:

pu

blic

rm

plo)

,el'S

w

Olll

d 11

1(~'

\n

t hilI

:lh

no."1

15

m

illio

n A

tnf'r

ir:1l

1 ri

lizrn

l!

nm

rurr

(,lIt

1y

nff(

'c\I'I

1 b

y h

:l\'

ill~

"('x

p(,lI

t('II

" !'u

rh "

:l\It

olll:

tlic

wai

\'rrs

."

. St:l

tislil

':l1

Ah,

trac

t of

the

tT

nite

d S

t:lt

al 1

975,

p. 2

72.

r

i I ,

I I

I I

I I

• {

KE

LL

EY

t',

JOH

N80

N

255

238

MA

Rt'H

.\L

L,

,J.. .

diss

rnti

ng

no

less

id

enti

fiab

le

as

a po

lict:'

man

, A

nd

one

cann

ot

eMil

y im

agin

r a

plai

nclo

th{'

s of

fice

r be

ing

read

ily

iden

ti

fiab

le

as s

uch

sim

ply

brca

use

his

hair

doe

s n

ot

exte

nd

bene

ath

his

coll

ar,

As

for

the

Cou

rt's

sec

ond

just

ific

atio

n, t

he f

act

that

it

is t

he

pres

iden

t of

the

Pat

.roh

ut:'I

l's B

t:'ne

vole

nt A

ssoc

ia

tion

, in

his

off

icia

l ca

paci

ty,

who

has

cha

llen

ged

the

regu

la

tion

her

e w

ould

see

m t

o in

dica

te t

hat

the

reg

ulat

ion

wou

ld i

f an

ythi

ng,

decr

('ase

rat

her

th

an i

ncre

ase

the

po

lice

forc

e's

espr

it d

e co

rps.

" A

nd e

ven

if o

ne a

ccep

ted

the

nrgm

nent

th

at s

ubst

anti

al ~im

i1ar

it~r

in

appe

ar8o

nc('

wou

ld

incr

ease

n f

orce

's (

'spr

it d

e' co

rps,

I s

impl

y do

no

t un

der

st.a

nd

how

im

plem

enta

tion

of

th

is

rt:'g

ulat

ion

coul

d be

ex

pcct

{?d

to c

r('a

te a

ny

illC

rrll1

rnt

in s

imil

arit

y of

app

ear

ance

am

ong

mem

bers

of

a. un

ifor

med

pol

ice

forc

e,

W..h

ile

the

regu

latiQ

Il n

rohi

bits

hai

r he

low

the

car

s or

th

e co

llar

nn

d lim

its t

.he

leng

th

of s

ideb

urnl

' jt

allo

ws

the

mai

nha

n a

pony

tail

.

G K

or,

to ~

!ly

th('

1(,lI

llt,

is th

e ~J

lrit

lIe

('(lrp~ ;H~UnH~l1t

bols

tere

d h

y

the

f:wt

Ih:lt

Ih

(' In

l(,fI

l:tlio

l1:t1

H

roth

l'rho

od

of P

olir

e Of

fice

r~.

II 2.

'i.OO

O-ll

Irllll

ll'T

IIni

on

fI'p

n':'(

'nl i

ng

IIni

ftlr

nu'It

pl

llire

otli

crr:<

, h:

ls

filp

" a

hri(

'f :1.

" nll1i(,/

I.~

curi

nc a

rl!lIi

nj:!

I hal

Ih

l' ('h

allr

n!l:r

d r(

,~11

:t1 i

on

i!: I

II1(,O

lll'ti

tlllin

n:11

. 1

Tit!.

' n'

l:lIl

:!lil

lll

it'-:(

'\f ('

~rhe

\\'!

t w

h:!1

w

ould

Ilp

p<':l

r to

be

a

I<'!"~

in

l n1~

in'

1ll(

,:lI

Ill

of I

lrhi('

\"in

lt ~i

l1li

\ari

ty i

n th

l" h

:tit

"'n~th

of o

n-rl

uty

()1lirl'~.

Arrl

1rdi

n~

10

the

re~tl:lli(ln.

a po

lirl'l

ll:lI

I ('m

lllot

. ('o

llll'l

y w

ith

Ih('

hnir

-I('

It~t

h rr

llllin

'I1ll'

111"

h

)'

w(,:

Iril1

l: a

wil!

w

ilh

h:tir

of

I he

prtl

p('r

l«'n

~1 h

whi

ll' 0

11 d

ill y

. T

hl'

rl'l!u

!:tt i

OIl

proh

ibit

s t h

(' W

{'.

'H

ing

of w

ig~

or h

:tiTpil'(,l~ "

011

dlll~'

in

unif

orm

('X

~('p

l fo

r ro

,..:m

rtir

rea:

:on~

10

('O

\'rr

nalu

r:ll

1>:1

1«11

1""'"

or \

,hy~i(':,1

disf

igur

atio

n."

..tll

te,

:If

~4(1

11.

1.

Thl

l",

whi

l" t

I\(' r

l'l:u

!:tlio

l1 i

n It'

TIll'

: :1

l'l'li

t':' I

II Itru(lmjn~

sl:m

ti:lI

'Ils

of

PO\i(

,I'1ll1

"1I

whi

h'

011

dlll

~·,

t h('

hair

-Iel

lltth

pr

o\'i8

ioll

cfrc

eti\"

c1y

rOlll

rols

bO

lh

Oil-

duty

an

d of

f-du

ty

IIpp

c:ua

nr{'

.

•

,¥ f

( r

f f

f I

256

OC

TO

RE

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•

minutes of the joint committee of the senate and …

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