mis final project by hassan 1

8/7/2019 MIS FINAL PROJECT BY HASSAN 1

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE

Prepared by:

Hassan Raza Haider

ID: 52847


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What is intelligence?

It is a term describing a property of the mind includingrelated abilities, such as the capacitiesfor reasoning, planning, problem solving, communication,and learning.

What is AI ?

A field of science and technology based on disciplines such

as computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics,mathematics, and engineering to enable Computers withthe ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the humanbrain.


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Why do AI ?

Two main goals of AI:To understand human intelligence better. We test theoriesof human intelligence by writing programs which emulateit.

To create useful smart programs able to do tasks thatwould normally require a human expert.

Artificial intelligence systems

The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, andknowledge needed to develop computer systems andmachines that demonstrate the characteristics ofintelligence


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Overview of Artificial Intelligence

Intelligent behavior

Learn from experienceApply knowledge acquired from experience

Handle complex situationsSolve problems when important information is missingDetermine what is importantReact quickly and correctly to a new situationUnderstand visual imagesProcess and manipulate symbolsBe creative and imaginativeUse heuristics


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Major Branches of AI (1)

Perceptive system

A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feelsobjects

Vision system Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures

Robotics

Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks withhigh precision

Expert system

Stores knowledge and makes inferences


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Major Branches of AI ( 2)

Learning system Computer changes how it functionsor reacts to situations based onfeedback

Naturallanguageprocessing

Computers understand and react tostatements and commands made ina natural language, such asEnglish

Neural network

Computer system that can act likeor simulate the functioning of thehuman brain


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Artificial intelligence

Robotics

Vision

systemsLearning

systems

Natural language

processing

Neural networks

Expert systems


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Branches of AI


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Artificial Intelligence

There are several programming languages that are known asAI languages because they are used almost exclusively forAI applications. The two most common are :

LISP (Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol )

Prolog


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Intelligent Agents

A software surrogate foran end user or a processthat fulfills a stated needor activity

Uses its built-in andlearned knowledge base

To make decisions andaccomplish tasks in a waythat fulfills the intentions

of a user

Also called software robotsor bots


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Overview of Expert Systems

Can

Explain their reasoning or suggested decisions

Display intelligent behavior

Draw conclusions from complex relationships

Provide portable knowledge

Expert system shell

A collection of software packages and tools used to develop expertsystems


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Limitations of Expert Systems

Not widely used or tested

Limited to relatively narrow problems

Cannot readily deal with mixed knowledge

Possibility of error Cannot refine own knowledge base

Difficult to maintain

May have high development costs

Raise legal and ethical concerns


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Capabilities of Expert Systems

Explore impact of strategic goals

Impact of plans on resources

Integrate general design principlesand manufacturing limitations

Provide advise on decisions

Monitor quality and assist in findingsolutions

Look for causes and suggestsolutions

Strategic goal setting

Decision making

Planning

Design

Quality control and monitoring

Diagnosis


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When to Use an Expert System

Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduceddownside risk

Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise

Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at thesame time or in a hostile environment that is dangerous tohuman health

Provide expertise that is expensive or rare

Develop a solution faster than human experts can

Provide expertise needed for training and development toshare the wisdom of human experts with a large number ofpeople


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Components of an Expert System (1)

Knowledge baseStores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, andrelationships used by the expert system

Inference engineSeeks information and relationships from the knowledgebase and provides answers, predictions, and suggestionsin the way a human expert would

RuleA

conditional statement that links given conditions toactions or outcomes


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Components of an Expert System (2)

Fuzzy logicA specialty research area in computer science thatallows shades of gray and does not requireeverything to be simply yes/no, or true/false

Backward chainingA method of reasoning that starts with conclusions andworks backward to the supporting facts

Forward chainingA method of reasoning that starts with the facts and

works forward to the conclusions Explanation facility

A part of the expert system that allows a user or decisionmaker to understand how the expert system arrived atcertain conclusions or results


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Knowledge Acquisition Facility

Knowledge acquisition facility

Provides a convenient and efficient means of capturing and storingall components of the knowledge base

Knowledgebase

Knowledge

acquisitionfacility

Joe Expert


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Inference

engine

Explanation

facility

Knowledge

baseacquisition

facility

UserinterfaceKnowledge

base

Experts User

Components of an Expert System


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Expert Systems Development

Determining requirements

Identifying experts

Construct expert system components

Implementing results

Maintaining and reviewing system

Domain

The area of knowledge

addressed by the

expert system.


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Participants in Expert Systems Development and

Use

Domain expertThe individual or group whose expertise and knowledge iscaptured for use in an expert system

Knowledge userThe individual or group who uses and benefits from theexpert system

Knowledge engineerSomeone trained or experienced in the design,

development, implementation, and maintenance of anexpert system


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Expert

system

Knowledge engineerDomain expert Knowledge user


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Advantages of Expert Systems

Easy to develop and modify

The use of heuristics

Development by knowledge engineers and users.

Increase in the productivity of performing manytasks.

helps in handling information overload by

summarizing or interpreting information.assists in searching through large amounts of data.


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Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial

Intelligence

Credit granting Information management and retrievalAI and expert systems embedded in productsPlant layoutHospitals and medical facilitiesHelp desks and assistanceEmployee performance evaluationLoan analysis

Virus detectionRepair and maintenanceShippingMarketingWarehouse optimization


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Is artificial intelligence a threat ?

Over dependence is dangerous ?

conscious" artificial entity.

Fiction or Reality ?

Predictions about destruction ofman kind in movies like:

Terminator (T-1000 )

I Robot ( Sonny ) Eagle Eye (ARIIA )

Surrogates


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Claim by Stephen Hawking

"In contrast with our intellect, computers double theirperformance every 18 months," says Hawking. "So thedanger is real that they could develop intelligence and takeover the world."


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Thank you

mis final project by hassan 1

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