misconduct a wicked problem cope 2016
TRANSCRIPT
Navigatingthewatersaround“wickedproblems”:Perspectivesonmisconductfrom
COPE
CharonPiersonClinicianandacademicfor40years
Nursepractitioneringeriatricsfor30years
PhDinmedicalsociology
Journaleditorfor20+years
MemberofCOPEsince2009
ElectedtoCOPECouncil2012
ElectedsecretaryofCOPETrusteeBoard2015
Investigated2casesofmisconductthatresultedinretractions
RequestedamisconductinvestigationagainstanauthorviaUniversityandORI
IndependentcontractortoAANPtoeditourjournalpublishedbyWiley
Noothercompetingintereststodeclare
COPEaims
AboutCOPEBeganinLondonin1997assmall,informalgroupofjournaleditorstodiscussissuesrelatedtopublicationethicsRegisteredCharityandCorporationunderUKlaw
Todaywehavemorethan10,000membersfrom103countriesfromAlgeriatoZimbabweMembershipisinternationalinscopeandfullyinclusiveinsubjectmatter
COPECouncilstrategydayretreatJune16,2016
18Councilmembers3staff
COPEaims
COPEAims
ProvidepracticalresourcestoeducateandsupportourmembersProvideleadershipinthinkingonpublicationethicsProvideaneutral,professionalvoice
“Researchisiterativeandnecessitatesaclean“pool”ofknowledge.“Whatdidwelearnyesterday?HowdoesCOPEthinkabouttheseproblems?
Whatdoesawickedproblemlooklike?
KnownasWickedProblem(HorstRittle)
IllstructuredProblem(IanMitroff)
SocialMess(RobertHorn)
Toseethismapinfulldetailgoto<www.macrovu.com/GMUnknownterritory.html>
HorstRittle’s original10characteristics
1.Thereisnodefiniteformulationofawickedproblem.2.Wickedproblemshavenostoppingrules.3.Solutionstowickedproblemsarenottrue-or-false,butbetterorworse.4.Thereisnoimmediateandnoultimatetestofasolutiontoawickedproblem.5.Everysolutiontoawickedproblemisa"one-shotoperation";becausethereisnoopportunitytolearnbytrial-and-error,everyattemptcountssignificantly.
6.Wickedproblemsdonothaveanenumerable(oranexhaustivelydescribable)setofpotentialsolutions,noristhereawell-describedsetofpermissibleoperationsthatmaybeincorporatedintotheplan.7.Everywickedproblemisessentiallyunique.8.Everywickedproblemcanbeconsideredtobeasymptomofanother[wicked]problem.9.Thecausesofawickedproblemcanbeexplainedinnumerousways.Thechoiceofexplanationdeterminesthenatureoftheproblem'sresolution.10.[Withwickedproblems,]theplannerhasnorighttobewrong.
Rittel &Webber,1973,Dilemmasinageneraltheoryofplanning,PolicySciencesMagazine.
Whatisa“wickedproblem”?ComplexDifficulttodefineNoeasysolutionCandidatesolutionscreateevenmoreproblemsMultiplestakeholdersinvolvedMultiplecompetinginterestsNoclearindicationasolutionhasbeenreachedaftermuchdiscussion
Howcomplexistheproblem?
• Newmodelsofpublishingandaccessinginformation• Increasingnumberofjournalsinwhichtopublish• Increasingstrainonpeerreviewerstoreviewthescience• Increasinglycomplexanalytictechniquesbeingused• Incentivizedtopublishmorearticleswithoutregardtoquality• Academicsincentivizedtopublishinhighimpactjournals• Institutionalreputationtiedtopublishingvolumeandmetrics• Institutionalsilos
Howistheproblemdefined?
• Non-reproducibilityofscience• Pushtodo“safe”research• Pushtopublishquicklybeforeeverythingisproperlyvetted• Unintentionalerrorsnotcaughtinpeerreview• Intentionalerrorsdifficulttocatch• Scientificintegrityisatstake• Averagepersondoesnottrustscience• Researchersdonottrustjournalarticlesandwanttoseedata
• Journaleditorsdonothaveresourcestoconductinvestigations
Whatsolutionshavebeentriedandfailed?
• Namingandshaming• Criminalprosecution• Sanctionsonfuturegrantapplications• ComplaintstoCOPEtoadjudicatethescienceratherthantheprocess• Institutionalinvestigationsinsomecases• WebsitesforcommentarylikePubMedCommons andPubPeer• Bloggersnotedforcriticalcommentary• Whistleblowers
Whatnewproblemshavebeencreated?
• Requiringsubmissionofdatawithamanuscript• Journalshavetochangeprocesses• Datahavetobesecuredandmanaged
• Reputationalriskforinnocentparties• Juniorscientiststakingthe“fall”forproblems• Sophisticatedtechnologiestofakeallkindsofthings
• Peerreview• Figures,data• Work-aroundstothwartplagiarismdetectionsoftware
• Programsthatgenerategibberishpapers• Companiessupplyingnewarticlescompletewithdataformoney
Whoarethemultiplestakeholders?
• Funders• Publishers• Journaleditors• Academicinstitutions• ResearchIntegrityOffices• Legalsystem• Lawyersspecializeinrepresentingwhistleblowersorthosebeinginvestigated
• Politicalsystems• Thepublicwhouseandrelyonscience
Whatarethemultiplecompetinginterests?
• Authorsbeingpaidtopublishinhigh-impactjournals• Publicationinreputablejournalsisthe“coinoftherealm”inacademiaandresearchinstitutions• Highlycitablearticlesboostjournal/publisherreputation• Being“first”topublishbreakthroughresearch• Authorship– whoisanauthorandwhoisnamedanauthor?• Dataownership- whoownsthedata?• Computerhacking,systemmanipulation• Openaccessvspaidaccess
Howwillweknowwhenwehaveasolution?
• Accommodationforalternativeoptions• Bettercommunicationamongstakeholders• Dialoguemapping,knowledgemapping
• Improvedcollaborationamongthoseequippedtohandletheproblem• Everyone“owns”theproblem• Flexibility– i.e.,changeswithchangingenvironments• Ongoingcommitment– problemisnotnecessarilysolvedbuteveryone“remainsinthemess”(Horn)
KnowledgeMap– frommapitknowit.wordpress.com
DialogueMap– fromCogNexus Institute
Lookingtowardthefuture
• Generateavisualmaporrepresentationofthesolutionspace• Generateasharedunderstandingoftheproblemspace• Increasedownershipoftheproblemamongstakeholders• Attentiontoimprovingcommunicationabouttheproblem• Increaseawarenessofinfrastructuretosolveproblems• Increasedattentiontoperverseincentivesthatfueltheproblem• Moresharingofeducationaloptionstoearlycareerresearchers• Morepeopleworkingtoincreasetransparencyinconductingandpublishingresearch
Whatdoweneedtoconsiderinsolutions?
• Don’tgeneratenewproblemswithsolutions• Getbuy-infromkeystakeholders• Embraceeffortsinclusiveofcurrentandfuturepossibilities• Promoteeducationofallinvolved• Collaboratewithmultiplegroups• Goalsneedtoembraceconceptofchangingtheclimateintheconductofresearchandpublication
Criterion10:“Plannersareliablefortheconsequencesoftheactionstheygenerate.”H.Rittel
ViaTwitterfrom@boomerang
References
• ConklinJ.(2005).DialogueMapping.JohnWileyPublishing:Chichester,England• Horn,R.(2001).KnowledgeMappingforComplexSocialMesses.Apresentationtothe“FoundationsintheKnowledgeEconomy”attheDavidandLucilePackardFoundation.• Mapit– Knowithttps://mapitknowit.wordpress.com/• RitcheyT.(2013).WickedProblems:Modellingsocialmeses withmorphologicalanalysis.Acta Morphologica Generalis,2(1);1-8.• Rittel,H.,andWebber,M.(1973).“DilemmasinaGeneralTheoryofPlanning”.PolicySciences,Vol.4,pp155-169.ElsevierPublishing:Amsterdam.