mitiaro island, cook islands energy survey...
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Mitiaro Island, Cook Islands Energy Survey Report
Final Version – 28 March 2012
Prepared by
Thomas Lynge Jensen1 Environment and Energy Specialist
UNDP Pacific Centre (PC)
1 The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), its Executive Board or its members states.
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Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 4
1. Background ................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Methodology for Household Survey ............................................................................................... 5
2.1 Information Available to Cross Reference Survey Results .................................................................. 5
2.2 Surveyor Training ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.3 Survey Design and Scope..................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Survey Size ........................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Survey Implementation ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.6 Data Entry ............................................................................................................................................ 7
2.7 Data Analysis, Report Writing and Survey Quality .............................................................................. 8
3. Key Survey Results and Conclusions ............................................................................................. 10
4. Key Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 13
4.1 Concerning Project Identification, Planning and Design ................................................................... 13
4.2 Concerning Future Household Energy Surveys ................................................................................. 13
Annex A: Survey Results, Question by Question ............................................................................... 14
A.1 Roof of Main House .......................................................................................................................... 14
A.2 Walls in Main House ......................................................................................................................... 14
A.3 Number of Buildings in the Compound ............................................................................................ 14
A.4 Ownership of the House ................................................................................................................... 14
A.5 Travel Time in Minutes to the Market .............................................................................................. 15
A.6 Main Means of Getting to the Market .............................................................................................. 15
A.7 Number of People living in the House most of the Year .................................................................. 16
A.8 Number of People Living in the House in Each Age Group ............................................................... 16
A.9 Is the House Occupied by about the same Number of People all year around? .............................. 17
A.10 Number of Weeks a Year the House is Typically Vacant with no one at Home ............................. 17
A.11 Relatives that do not live with you but send Money from Time to Time ....................................... 17
A.12 Monthly Household Income ........................................................................................................... 17
A.13 Use of Electricity to Make Money ................................................................................................... 18
A.14 Regularity of Monthly Income ........................................................................................................ 21
A.15 Monthly Expenditure Pattern ......................................................................................................... 22
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A.16 Electric Lights (main-grid) in all Structures of the Household ........................................................ 23
A.17 Number of Electric Lights (main-grid) that are on most of the Time after dark every Day and the Period of Time they are on ...................................................................................................................... 23
A.18 Electrical Appliances that are connected to the Electricity Grid and used in the Household ........ 25
A.19 Average Monthly Expenditure for Electricity .................................................................................. 26
A.20 Most Important Electrical Appliances in Household Currently ...................................................... 28
A.21 Next Electrical Appliance Aspire for ................................................................................................ 29
A.22 Kerosene Wick Lamps used regularly ............................................................................................. 29
A.23 Kerosene Pressure Lamps used regularly ....................................................................................... 29
A.24 Cooking Fuels .................................................................................................................................. 30
A.25 Accessibility of Main Cooking Fuel .................................................................................................. 31
A.26 Affordability of Main Cooking Fuel ................................................................................................. 31
A.27 Number of Disposable batteries used in Battery Operated Electrical Appliances ......................... 32
A.28 Disposable batteries bought in a month ......................................................................................... 32
A.29 Importance of Electricity to the Family ........................................................................................... 33
A.30 Reliability of Current Normal Electricity Supply .............................................................................. 33
A.31 Quality of Current Normal Electricity Supply .................................................................................. 33
A.32 Importance of 24-hours Electricity ................................................................................................. 33
A.33 Perceived Positive Aspects of having Electricity in the Village ....................................................... 34
A.34 Perceived Negative aspects of having Electricity in the Village ...................................................... 35
A.35 Comparison of before and after the power system ....................................................................... 36
A.36 Preferred institutional set-up for Power Supply ............................................................................. 36
A.37 Main Source of Drinking Water ...................................................................................................... 36
A.38 Sanitary Facilities ............................................................................................................................ 37
Annex B: Survey Questionnaire........................................................................................................ 38
References ...................................................................................................................................... 49
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Acknowledgements The author would first and foremost like to acknowledge the surveyors and their work over the period the survey was undertaken in Mitiaro. Therefore a special thank you goes to: i) Mr. Fredrick Tereva, Mayor for Mitiaro; ii) Mr. Tangi Tereapii, Director, Renewable Energy Development Division, Office of the Prime Minister, Government of the Cook Islands; and iii) Mr. Maara Kimiora, Energy, Mitiaro Island Administration. The energy survey in Mitiaro, including the household survey questionnaire and this report, has benefitted significantly from recent United Nations (UN) supported household surveys in Vanuatu, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Samoa, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and the Cook Islands. A draft version of this report was sent to key stakeholders from the Mitiaro Island Administration and the Government of the Cook Islands for comments. Mr. Joseph Mayhew, Development Manager – Energy, New Zealand Aid Programme, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of New Zealand provided comments, which is appreciated. Some of the comments have been incorporated; however the views expressed in this final version are those of the author.
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1. Background In May 2011 the Government of the Cook Islands requested the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to provide technical assistance for a scoping mission for a planned renewable energy power project on Mitiaro Island. The Director, Renewable Energy Development Division, Office of the Prime Minister, Government of the Cook Islands, the Chief Executive Officer, Te Aponga Uira (TAU) and the Energy and Environment Specialist, UNDP Pacific Centre undertook the scoping mission to Mitiaro from 27 June to 1 July 2011 with the following objectives: i) to consult with key local stakeholders including Island Council, Mayor and Island Secretary; and ii) to gather information including undertaking a comprehensive energy survey. Planned deliverables from the scoping mission included: i) mission report; ii) energy survey report (which is this report); iii) technical report on power system including generation, distribution, and financial and administration matters; and iv) a detailed project proposal. The costs associated with the Mitiaro energy survey were co-financed by the Government of New Zealand,2 the Government of the Cook Islands,3 the Mitiaro Island Administration4 and UNDP.5
2. Methodology for Household Survey
2.1 Information Available to Cross Reference Survey Results In 2004 as part of a UNDP and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) supported power sector study on Mitiaro a limited household energy audit and appliance use survey was carried out as well as identification of non-domestic loads.6 This survey covered 55 households, 6 commercial customers and 4 churches, meeting hall and school consumers. However, in addition to being limited in scope (i.e. household level appliances and major non-domestic loads) it should be noted the 2004 survey was undertaken in just one day and that ‘…on the day of survey many households were vacant with the residents either engaged in activities elsewhere on the island or off island’.7 With regard to other information that can be used to cross-reference findings, information on some aspects of Mitiaro’s demographic situation as well as sources of energy for cooking and lighting is available in the report Cook Islands Population Census 2006 – Analytical Report from 2011. Unfortunately the Cook Islands 2005-2006 Household Expenditure Survey (HES) ‘...excluded questions on income...due to the poor response from respondents’8 and in addition Mitiaro was not included in the HES. Furthermore electricity billing records were made available by the Mitiaro Island Administration.
2.2 Surveyor Training The 28 June 2011 one training session of approximately 2.5 hours including detailed walk-through of the questionnaire was undertaken by the author in Mitiaro. This training was based on an interviewer
2 The following components: i) return air ticket Rarotonga-Mitaro for Mr. Tangi Tereapii, Mr. Apii Timoti and Mr. Thomas Lynge Jensen; and ii) per diem on Mitiaro for Mr. Tereapii, Mr. Timoti and Mr. Jensen for the period 27 June to 1 July 2011. 3 The time of Mr. Tangi Tereapii to assist with the preparation and implementation of the energy survey. 4 The time of Mr. Fredrick Tereva and Mr. Maara Kimiora to assist with the implementation of the energy survey. 5The following components: i) return air ticket Suva (Fiji)-Rarotonga; ii) the time of Mr. Jensen to assist with the preparation and
implementation of the energy survey; and iii) the time of Mr. Jensen for data entry and to prepare this report. 6 Clay, 2004, p. 6 7 Clay, 2004, p. 26 8 Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands, 2007, p. 7
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protocol that was prepared by the author for a UNDP supported household energy survey in RMI in 2008.9
2.3 Survey Design and Scope The household questionnaire is available at Annex B. The questionnaire has 51 questions some of which included sub-questions.10 Different aspects were covered in the questionnaire including: the ownership and use patterns of electrical lighting and appliances; other energy sources for household use; the relative importance to the recipients of lightning, refrigeration, video, and other common uses of electricity; the income and expenditure patterns for the households; the use of electricity for income generation at household levels; priorities for the future purchase of electrical appliances; reliability and quality of the current power supply; and perceived benefits and disadvantages of having electricity. The household questionnaire was based on those used successfully in earlier UN supported Pacific household energy surveys, specifically in Fiji (2005), Solomon Islands (2006), Samoa (2007/2008), RMI (2008), Vanuatu (2010) and Cook Islands (2011). Thus this survey including the design benefitted significantly from the experiences gained in the preparations, delivery and analysis of these earlier surveys, but a number of minor changes were made to fit the situation in Mitiaro. The questions used must be in the local language as this will assist all questions be asked in the same manner, which will reduce surveyor bias and increase overall accuracy.11 12 Therefore the questionnaire prepared for the energy survey undertaken in Rakahanga in February 2011 was used.13
2.4 Survey Size A general rule for small randomly based surveys is that no less than 15% of the total number of units, or 20 units, whichever is larger, should be surveyed.14 According to the latest available census results15 from 2006 there were 61 households on Mitiaro.16 Therefore initially it was planned that 20 households were to be surveyed. However to be on the safe side it was decided that all households were to be included in the survey. In addition all non-household consumers (including commercial, government and churches) were also surveyed, but the information was limited to recording the number and types of lights as well as number and types of electric appliances. When the team arrived on the island, electricity billing records made available by the Mitiaro Island Administration showed that as of May 2011 there were a total of 129 connections. However during the survey it was discovered that at eight consumers were disconnected (temporally or permanently). With regard to households a total of 65 were surveyed with the following composition:
9 Jensen, June 2008 10 Question 25 (Method of payment?) turned out to be redundant since all payment is done using meters. 11 UNESCO, 2003, p. 39 12 Surveyors should not do an on-site translation which can be a disaster as this increases the risk of inaccuracy in the survey. If each surveyor on the spot have to translate each of the questions then we are open to biases and incorrect or at least inconsistent understanding of the questions. 13 This questionnaire was first prepared in English and subsequently each question was translated into the Rakahanga-Manihiki dialect of the Cook Islands Maori. 14 UNESCO, 2003, p. 37 15 A Census of Population and Dwellings was undertaken in December 2011 however detailed results on number of households are not yet available. 16 Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands, December 2011, p. 61
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Household Category Number of Households
Occupied 57 Vacant (temporary or permanently) 8
Total 65 Note that for vacant households the information was limited to recording the number and types of lights as well as number and types of electric appliances. Overall it appears that all consumers connected to the power grid in Mitiaro have been surveyed. Thus in this case it is not a sample, but an ‘all-inclusive’ survey.
2.5 Survey Implementation The survey was carried out during the period 28 June to 8 July 2011. The survey team consisted of five people: three surveyors were responsible for the household survey component and two surveyors (including the author) were responsible for non-household consumers. During the period 28 June to 1 July 2011 the author functioned as survey supervisor including checking ‘on the spot’ and after each working day all the household questionnaires including whether they were completed, readable, showed consistency in responses, etc. In several cases these inspections lead to a second visit to respondents. The time spent on household interviews was recorded for 57 questionnaires and the average time spent interviewing was 34 minutes (ranging from 5 minutes for the shortest to 65 minutes for the longest).17 All the households that were approached agreed to participate in the survey. During the survey period the weather ranged from sunshine to rain, but overall the weather appears to have had minimal influence on the survey.18
2.6 Data Entry The survey data was entered by the author taking a total of 2.5 work days into a Microsoft Excel spread sheet. The template was based on the data entry template that was prepared by the Samoa Electric Power Corporation (EPC) as part of the comprehensive household survey that was undertaken in 2007/2008. As part of the data entry several issues were identified. Among others:
• Many times boxes were left blank, although all answer boxes were to have an entry (which was stressed during the surveyor training);
• Under household expenditures one of the surveyors did not follow the coding (which had to be rectified during the data entry); and,
• Many instances were identified where although the surveyors clearly meant ‘0’, ‘x’ was recorded instead.19
17 As a comparison using basically the same questionnaire in Rakahanga in February 2011 on average the time spent on an interview was 25 minutes ranging from 15 minutes for the shortest to 45 minutes for the longest. 18 E.g. if there is heavy rain for extended periods of time there is a risk that the communication between the surveyor and the person being interviewed will be affected negatively due to excessive noise (in particular on houses with iron roofs).
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2.7 Data Analysis, Report Writing and Survey Quality Data analysis and report writing were undertaken by the author taking a total of five work days. No dedicated software (such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used. With regard to survey quality several aspects should be noted:
§ Experience with rural energy and other types of survey in many developing countries indicates that the least-biased survey interviews are usually obtained by sending a young (under 20) male/female team to each location and having the male surveyor interview the men of the household and the female surveyor interview the women.20 In this survey all the surveyors and the supervisor were middle aged or older men.
§ The survey team in question included four government representatives: one from central government and three from the local government. This could possibly have led to biases from respondents as well as surveyors. Concerning response to national government officials from outside the community in some cultures such are viewed as ‘gift givers’, i.e. there is a tendency to inflate needs and to overstate the desire to receive development projects.21 With regard to local government officials recommended use is in arranging the logistics of a survey, not as surveyors.22 This is due to factors such as: a possible personal bias when relating to various subgroups within the local community; people being surveyed often having very positive or very negative biases towards local officials; and a ‘self-interest problem’ where an increase in the level of development will increase the power and responsibility of local government officials.23
§ Only one relatively short surveyor training session was undertaken. In hindsight more
comprehensive training would have been beneficial including a refresher session.
§ In the list of grid-connected electrical appliances ‘power tools’, ‘coconut grater’, and ‘electric oven’ respectively were not mentioned as dedicated categories. However as many households under ‘Other’ informed that they had such appliances – in particular power tools - it is possible that the numbers were underreported.
§ As part of the data analysis few data ‘outliers’ (data items that clearly are wrong and are far
from the cluster) were identified. However one such example was average monthly expenditures for electricity where in two cases the estimated average monthly electricity bill was higher than the estimated average monthly income.
§ Concerning consistency among responses - which can be checked by comparing answers to
overlapping or related questions24 – although an statistical analysis was not undertaken (i.e. correlation) based on observations and spot-checks during data entry overall it seems to be acceptable. However an issue was identified with regard to the question if relatives working
19 “0” means that the corresponding figure is of relevance, but having magnitude of 0 level, whereas ‘x’ is entered in the following cases: a) if the respondent does not know the answer; b) if the respondent does not answer for some reason; or c) if the question does not apply to that household. 20 UNESCO, 2003, p. 37 21 UNESCO, 2003, p. 36 22 UNESCO, 2003, p. 36 23 UNESCO, 2003, p. 36 24 For instance as part of question 19 compare the response on monthly expenses on kerosene with response to question 36 ‘how much do you think you pay each month for kerosene?’
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elsewhere send money home from time to time (Q12). Several of houses informed that this was the case, but this income was not reflected as Monthly Household Income (Q15).
All in all it is the conclusion of the author that the survey quality is acceptable.
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3. Key Survey Results and Conclusions Refer to Annex A for the detailed findings. The main findings from the survey in Mitiaro include:
§ According to the preliminary results from the latest census undertaken in December 2011 the total population on Mitiaro are 189.25 In June/July 2011 as part of the survey a total of 190 people were recorded as living on Mitiaro most of the year - thus consistent findings between the census and the survey.
o Nevertheless over time the trend is clear: the population is decreasing (e.g. in 1996 it was 318, in 2001 it was 226, in 2006 it was 193 and in 2011 it was 189).
§ The overall average monthly household income is NZ$537 (ranging from NZ$60-1,900). Household income comes mainly from being a public employee and fishing.
o The majority of the households surveyed have regular income levels however around 1/3 experience that the level of income various throughout the year.
§ 18.5% of the surveyed households responded that they use electricity some way or other for
income generation. The cottage businesses26 on Mitiaro where electricity is an input for income generating activities includes carving, hat making and sewing, tourist accommodation, baking and handicraft.
o This finding is in line with results from UN supported household surveys in Fiji (2005), the Solomon Islands (2006), Samoa (2007/2008), RMI (2008), Vanuatu (2010) and Cook Islands (2011) where the percentages ranged from 0-20%, i.e. it seems that a limited number of cottage businesses in PICs use electricity for income-generating activities.
o Furthermore the formal business sector on Mitiaro is small, which among others is reflected in the electricity load predominantly being by non-commercial entities: only three (or 2.3%) out of the total 129 customers are actually commercial.
§ The major household expenditure items are food, transport, ‘church and community’, ‘telephone, mail & miscellaneous’ and LPG. Expenditures for electricity are also substantial.
§ There are no expenditures for kerosene and very limited for candles.
o These are very positive findings since using kerosene and candles, e.g. for lighting, is less efficient than using electricity, i.e. with kerosene rural low-income villagers pay more for substandard illumination. In addition kerosene lamps as well as candles pose health and safety risks.
§ Concerning electricity the reported average monthly expenditure is NZ$79 (ranging from NZ$7-
200). On average in Mitiaro an estimated 14.7% of the household income is used to pay for electricity.
o While a detailed poverty analysis is outside the scope of this survey report some initial assessment has been undertaken: several households’ use 25% or more of their income to pay for electricity. The data indicate that there to some extent is a relationship between the level of income and the percentage a household use of its income to pay for electricity - specifically it seems that low-income groups on Mitiaro tend to use a bigger share of their income on electricity than high-income groups.
25 Homepage of the Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands 26 One definition of cottages business is a ‘…industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based’. Refer to http://www.investorwords.com/1163/cottage_industry.html#ixzz1noTKTsGK
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§ At the household level, a total of 317 fluorescent and 231 incandescent lights were recorded.
o Over 82% of the households use at least two florescent lights and 44% of the households do not use any incandescent bulbs.
o Over 75% of the households have 1-2 lights on every day after dark. Approximately 75% of households have lights on between 1-4 hours every day after dark.
§ For all consumers on Mitiaro there are a total of 553 fluorescent, 266 incandescent and six spot
lights.
§ At the household level there is a relative abundance of electric home appliances. There are a total of 989 electrical home appliances.
o The most important electrical appliances currently in the households are light and freezer.
o The most desired next electrical appliance is a washing machine.
§ For all consumers on MItiaro there are a total of 1,214 electric appliances. o At the non-household level there are several electric appliances with substantial electric
requirements such as power drills, welding machine, the island water pump, the island cyclone warning siren and concrete mixer.
§ The majority of households use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as the main cooking fuel however
around 1/3 use wood as the main cooking fuel. Around 87% of households use a second cooking fuel of which the most frequent is wood, followed by gas and electricity.
o On Mitiaro multiple cooking fuels are common. Thus a large number of households simultaneously use a variety of cooking fuels; one household use as many as five (5) different cooking fuels.
o That the majority of households use LPG as the main fuel is a very positive finding as LPG overall is a convenient, energy-efficient, safe and clean cooking fuel.
§ Around half of the households reported that access to their main cooking fuel is a problem and
77% of the households reported that the price associated with their main cooking fuel is a problem.
§ 85% of the surveyed households have portable battery operated lights and 13% have portable
battery operated radios. In total the households on Mitiaro use around 284 disposable batteries a month. 66% of households buy between 1-9 batteries a month.
§ The majority of households identify some reliability issues associated with the current electricity
supply.
§ The majority of households identify some issues with the current power quality.
§ 97% of households responded that 24-hours electricity is ‘very important’.
§ All households responded that electricity is ‘very important’ to the family. o Many positive aspects of having electricity on Mitiaro were mentioned by the
respondents. To summarize they cover the following energy services: illumination;
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communication and entertainment; mechanical power; income generation; refrigeration (i.e. storage of food) and, cooking.
o However at the same time several negative aspects of having electricity in the village were mentioned including: increasing high cost of electricity; safety issues; power cuts/unreliable power supply; and, suboptimal power quality sometimes damage electrical appliances.
§ 68% of the respondents prefer someone else than the Island Council to be in charge – either the
national government or TAU. o Currently in the Cook Islands the responsibility for power supply in the outer islands is
the Island Administration in question. While there is very significant financial support from the central government to the local governments including for the power sector at an operational level basically involvement from central government is limited to providing maintenance services associated with major overhaul of diesel generators. It should be noted that option of TAU to be responsible for power supply in the outer islands is currently under consideration by the Government.
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4. Key Recommendations
4.1 Concerning Project Identification, Planning and Design § Where appropriate reflect the findings from the energy household survey in the planned Mitiaro
renewable energy power project. § For all outer power projects in Cook Islands (and elsewhere) undertake comprehensive energy
surveys including at household level. The primary use of a user survey is to determine what energy is being used and to help in determining how much of this energy can reasonably be replaced by electricity.27 Furthermore such surveys in addition to other types of consultations with community stakeholders will provide critical information on the top development priorities of the communities in question. E.g. the need for proper sanitation facilities and clean and safe drinking water vis-à-vis the need for (very costly) main grid quality power supply.
4.2 Concerning Future Household Energy Surveys While the questionnaire overall seemed to work satisfactorily the following recommendations are made for future surveys in Cook Islands (covering electrified households) using the current questionnaire as a basis:
§ List of grid-connected electrical appliances. Include ‘power tools’, ‘coconut grater’, and ‘electric oven’ as categories. As mentioned (in section 2.7) due to such categories being absent it is possible that these home appliances were underreported;
§ Lights (grid powered). If power not is supplied at night (i.e. from midnight) exclude the question ‘How many lights are left on all night on a regular basis?’, and,
§ Method of payment. If payment method is known before the survey are undertaken then exclude this question.
In addition comprehensive training of the surveyors should be undertaken. Among others the interviewer protocol that was prepared for a UNDP supported household energy survey in RMI in 2008 could be considered to be made available to all the surveyors prior to the surveyor training. Finally if possible the surveyors should be young and consisting of male/female teams.
27 Under the best of conditions, a user survey carried out prior to electrification will provide a good basis for predicting the minimum use of electricity after electrification. Refer to UNESCO, 2003, p. 44.
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Annex A: Survey Results, Question by Question Below are reported the results from most of the questions included in the survey. For several of the questions results are summarized and in addition comments are provided on what the author considers particularly interesting ones.
A.1 Roof of Main House Construction of Roof Per cent of
Households Wooden 1.5% Thatched 0% Iron 90.5% Concrete 0% ‘x’ or blank 8% Result Nearly all roofs in the main house are iron.
A.2 Walls in Main House Construction of Walls Per cent of
Households Wooden 26% Thatched 0% Iron 4% Concrete 62% Open 0% ‘x’ or blank 8% Result The majority of the houses surveyed have concrete walls in the main house, but a significant portion has walls made of wood. The latter could be due to limited income - or a willingness to live a more traditional lifestyle.
A.3 Number of Buildings in the Compound Number of Buildings Per cent of
Households 1 43% 2 42% 3 6% 4 0% 5 0% ‘x’ or blank 8% Result The majority of households consist of one or two buildings.
A.4 Ownership of the House Ownership Per cent of
Households Owned by occupants 86%
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Lent by relatives of friends (no payment)
6%
Rented 0% ‘x’ or blank 8% Result Nearly all of the surveyed people in Mitiaro own the house they live in.
A.5 Travel Time in Minutes to the Market Travel Time in Minutes
to a Market to Sell Goods
Per cent of Households
0-10 38% 11-30 51% 31-60 0% ‘x’ or blank 11% Result All informed that traveling to ‘the market’ takes less than 30 min. However during the survey it was informed that in the traditional sense there no longer is a local market place in Mitiaro. There used to be weekly market (every Friday) where local produce such as chicken, fish, carry, arrowroot, etc. were traded. Thus possibly ‘market’ now is understood as the store on the island (i.e. Pa’s Store). Comment Since market access is a key to profitability for a business the longer the time it takes to go to a market to sell goods the lower probability of being able to use electricity for ‘productive uses’,28 i.e. for income generation. The nearest major market is in Rarotonga, which is approximately 260 kilometres from Mitiaro. Basically there are only two ways to get to Rarotonga, the first very time consuming and the other relatively expensive: i) infrequent inter-island shipping provided only on demand basis by a private company (i.e. no regular schedules); or ii) an approximately 40 min trip to Rarotonga by air in a small 9-seater airplane that are scheduled twice a week. Thus effectively market access seems restricted. As such Mitiaro provides an example of some of the major challenges facing a small and relatively isolated island community including limited market access as reflected in long distances and few, infrequent and relatively expensive transport options. Refer to A.13 for more information on the issue of use electricity for income generation.
A.6 Main Means of Getting to the Market Main Means of Getting to
the Market Per cent of Households
Motorcycle 55% Other person’s car/truck 0% Own car/truck 4% Walking 29% Bicycle 0% Boat 0% Other 0% ‘x’ or blank 12%
28 Wade et al, 2008, p. 50
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Result This question is a follow-up question to the question before that focused on how long time it takes to travel from the household to a market where goods that are produced by the household can be sold. As can be seen around half use motorcycle ‘to travel from the household to a market where goods that are produced by the household can be sold’. 29 However as mentioned above there no longer is a weekly market, thus likely they mean is that they use a motorcycle to get around the island including when they go to the local shop (i.e. Pa’s Shop) to buy goods.
A.7 Number of People living in the House most of the Year Number of People Living in the House Most of the Year
Per cent of Households
1 24% 2 19% 3 22% 4 10% 5 10% 6 8% 7 2% 8 5% 9 0% 10 0% 11 0% Result According to the preliminary results from the latest census undertaken in December 2011 the total population on Mitiaro are 189.30 In June/July 2011 as part of the survey a total of 190 people were recorded as living on Mitiaro most of the year - thus consistent findings between the census and the survey. Nevertheless over time the trend is clear: the population is decreasing (e.g. in 1996 it was 318, in 2001 it was 226, in 2006 it was 193 and in 2011 it was 189).31
A.8 Number of People Living in the House in Each Age Group Number of
Persons Per cent 0-
10 years old
Per cent 11-18
years old
Per cent 19-35
years old
Per cent 36-50
years old
Per cent 51-65
years old
Per cent over 65
years old 0 58% 32% 31% 41% 31% 23% 1 24% 39% 38% 18% 39% 54% 2 15% 27% 31% 41% 30% 23% 3 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
29 It also may be interpreted as meaning travel to any market whether to buy or to sell goods. 30 Homepage of the Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands 31 Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands, 2011, p. 6
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A.9 Is the House Occupied by about the same Number of People all year around?
Same Occupants all Year
Per cent of Households
No 5% Yes 93% ‘x’ or blank 2% Result The majority of the households surveyed expect to have the same occupants most of the time. This indicates that majority of households surveyed are not a temporary residence. The ones that answered ‘no’ informed that this was due to children attending school off-island.
A.10 Number of Weeks a Year the House is Typically Vacant with no one at Home
Same Occupants all Year
Per cent of Households
Always occupied 95% 1 week 0% 2 weeks 0% 3 weeks or more 2% ‘x’ or blank 3%
A.11 Relatives that do not live with you but send Money from Time to Time Relatives send Money
from Time to Time Per cent of Households
Yes 20% No 80% ‘x’ or blank 0% Result 1/5 of the respondents reported that they receive money from relatives living elsewhere. Unfortunately it has not been possible to cross-check this survey finding on remittances with recent census and household income and expenditure surveys (HIES) as: i) the 2006 census does not include such information; and ii) as the Cook Islands 2005-2006 Household Expenditure Survey (HES) ‘...excluded questions on income...due to the poor response from respondents’.32 It should also be noted this income was not reflected in Monthly Household Income (Q15).
A.12 Monthly Household Income 57 of 59 households provided estimates on total monthly household income. It should be noted that an issue was identified with regard to the question if relatives working elsewhere send money home from time to time (Q12): 20% of households informed that this is the case, but this income was not reflected under Monthly Household Income (Q15). 32 Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands, 2007, p. 6
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Result The overall average monthly household income is NZ$537 (ranging from NZ$60-1,900). Household income comes mainly from being a public employee and fishing. As mentioned above the Cook Islands 2005-2006 Household Expenditure Survey (HES) ‘...excluded questions on income...due to the poor response from respondents’ and therefore unfortunately it has not been possible to cross-check income figures. In addition for the 2006 census, results on labour market status are not reported for Mitiaro, but only for all of the Southern Group.33
A.13 Use of Electricity to Make Money Regularity of Monthly
Income Per cent of Households
Someone in household uses electricity to make money
18.5%
No one in household uses electricity to make money
70.5%
‘x’ or blank 11%
33 Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands, 2011, pp. 49-57
Public employee44%
Private employee or own business
5%Causal worker
5%0%
Selling crops, fruit or coconuts
products 2%
Selling chickens, pigs and
other animals
2%
Make handicrafts for sale
1%
Fishing 29%
Retired with pension
4% Other 8%
Source of Household Income
19
Result 18.5% of the surveyed households informed that someone in the household uses electricity (some way or the other) for income generation. Below are included all the comments provided by respondents as to how the household uses electricity for income generating activities:
§ 'Light for carving' § 'Shell for making hat' § 'Carver tools' § 'Electric stove to bake bread' § 'Weaving and sewing at night' § 'Mixer for baking' § 'Power tools for handicraft' § 'Light at night for craft’ § 'Craft tool'
In addition two privately owned guesthouses uses electricity for various appliances (and some new private guesthouses were under construction when the survey was done in June/July 2011). Thus cottage businesses on Mitiaro where electricity is an input for income generating activities included carving, hat making and sewing, tourist accommodation, baking and handicraft. There is one household based shop – Pa’s Store – that use lights and various electric appliances for the business. Furthermore there are two other key commercial activities that use electricity on the island: telecommunications and banking. Telecom Cook Islands (TCI) offer fixed phone and broadband internet services - and mobile coverage is planned by Easter 201234 - and the Bank of Cook Islands (BKI) has a branch on Mitiaro. Nevertheless, overall the level of commercial activities is relative limited on Mitiaro. An indicator is how many is paying the ‘commercial’ electricity rate (of NZ$0.75/kWh): by the end of June 2011 only nine (or 7%) out of the total 129 connections recorded by the Island Administration paid the commercial rate. However it should be noted that of these six (6) actually are non-commercial entities, i.e. police, Island Administration, Workshop Infrastructure, Environment, ‘Education Admin’ and the hospital. Thus in reality only three (or 2.3%) out of the total 129 connections are commercial, i.e. BCI, TCI and Pa’s Store. Comment It should be noted that this survey was not specifically designed to assess income generation and surveyed only households. However that 18.5% of the surveyed households informed that they use electricity some way or the other for income generation is in line with results from UN supported household surveys in Fiji (2005), the Solomon Islands (2006), Samoa (2007/2008), RMI (2008), Vanuatu (2010), and the Cook Islands (2011), i.e. it seems that a limited number of households in PICs uses electricity for cottage business based income-generating activities. These surveys have had percentages ranging from 0-20%, with details as follows: 35 36 37
34 Telecom Cook Islands homepage: http://www.telecom.co.ck 35 Jensen, 2009, pp. 3-4 36 Wade, Herbert & Kenneth Bulhite, 2006, p. 65 37 Jensen, 2011, p. 9
20
§ Very remote atoll in Cook Islands (Rakahanga) with access to limited hours of main grid quality power = 12.5% of households uses electricity for income-generating activities;
§ Rural village in Vanuatu (Port Olry) with access to limited hours of main grid quality power = 20% of households uses electricity for income-generating activities;
§ Different rural areas in Samoa with access to 24-hours of main grid quality power = less than 10% of households uses electricity for income-generating activities;
§ Different rural areas in Fiji: i) areas with access to 24-hours of main grid quality power = 12-18% of households uses electricity for income-generating activities; ii) areas with access to limited hours of diesel based main grid quality power = less than 5% of households uses electricity for income-generating activities; and iii) areas with access to 24-hours DC power from solar photovoltaic (PV) stand alone home systems (SHSs) = close to 0% of households uses electricity for income-generating activities;
§ Two urban areas in RMI (Majuro and Ebeye) with access to 24-hours of main grid quality power = 11.5% of households uses electricity for income-generating activities;38 and,
§ Two rural villages in Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands (Sukiki and Makaruka) that used to have access to 24-hours DC power from solar PV SHSs = 18% of households uses electricity for income-generating activities.39
Thus in PICs it is not clear that the provision of modern energy sources increases wealth (defined in a strictly monetary sense).40 Although it is obvious that the provision of modern energy sources can increase the opportunities for wealth generation, other factors such as poor market access, lack of available capital, low skill levels, etc. often prevent the development of income generating activities that take advantage of newly available energy sources. In other words access to modern or improved energy services is necessary but is far from sufficient to move people out of hardship/poverty - without the other essential factors of market access, capital availability, business skills and associated resources there is a very high probability that the opportunities are lost. Thus it takes a mix of activities to make economic development happen. Furthermore this indicates that in rural and/or remote areas in PICs the provision of modern energy sources in general and electricity in particular should not be justified primarily in the expectation of income generation. However this is not a problem per se as there are many other entry points for provision of modern energy services as legitimate as income generation, such as being a critical component in provision of basic social services, improving the standard of living/quality of life and addressing local health and safety issues particularly for women and children associated with the use of traditional biomass for cooking and liquid fuels (such as kerosene) for lighting. However while rural electrification has the potential to increase the wellbeing of rural and remote dwellers and to help support economic and social development it also tends to increase the flow of cash out of such communities due to the need to pay electric bills and to buy and maintain the appliances that make the electricity useful. 41 Although providing electrical services does reduce the cash outlay for kerosene for lighting and for batteries (in radios and other appliances) providing electricity access almost always results in increased cash outlay for the community compared to the un-electrified condition unless the energy is heavily subsidised. This problem of cash flowing out of the community due to the addition of rural electricity is generally understood by the international development
38 Majuro = 13.2% and Ebeye = 8.3% 39 A total of 73 households were covered in the survey and according to the survey summary in Annex B ’13 respondents said yes, 24 said no’ to the question ‘When the solar was working, did you use the electricity to make money?’(Wade, Herbert & Kenneth Bulhite, 2006, p. 65). 40 This paragraph is taken from Jensen, 2009, p. 4 41 UNDP, 2005, p. 28
21
community and their response has been to try to associate energy delivery projects with the development of income generating activities (usually called “productive use” activities) that can pay the cost of the energy supply and even result in increased cash income relative to the pre-electricity conditions. 42 43
A.14 Regularity of Monthly Income Regularity of Monthly
Income Per cent of Households
About the same every month
61%
Typically a few months with much less than average income
29%
Typically a few months with big income and many small
5%
‘x’ or blank 5% Result The majority of the households surveyed have regular income levels however around 1/3 experience that the level of income various throughout the year. Below are some of the specific comments by respondents as to why household income varies:
§ 'Seasonal harvest for maire' § 'When maire order increase or less' § 'Selling crops is only during certain months of the year' § 'Availability of products on sale' § 'Market no longer operating' § 'Weather wise which contribute to the sales of handicraft' § 'When on leave without pay' § 'Limitation of craft sales'
Thus for several households income is seasonal and irregular.
42 UNDP, 2005, p. 28 43 In context of such income generation activities a Pacific energy expert states that such ‘...has been largely unsuccessful’. In this context an interesting paper has been written by Francis X. Hezel: Pacific Island Nations – How Viable Are Their Economies? (See ‘References’ at the end of this report).
22
A.15 Monthly Expenditure Pattern 59 households provided estimates on total monthly household expenditure. With regard to monthly electricity bill this was covered in a separate question (where 49 households provided estimates), the results of which (refer to A.19) are included below under ‘Mains electricity’.
Amount
Expenditure Categories and Percentage of Respondents for Each Category
Wat
er
Food
Tran
spor
t fue
l or f
ares
Scho
ol F
ees
Clot
hes
Hea
lth
Kero
sene
Batt
erie
s
Toba
cco
Chur
ch a
nd c
omm
unity
Gift
s to
rela
tives
&
frie
nds
Taxe
s
Tele
phon
e, m
ail &
m
isce
llane
ous
Rent
or h
ouse
/lan
d pa
ymen
t
Char
coal
Liqu
efie
d pe
trol
eum
ga
s (L
PG)
Cand
les
Mai
ns e
lect
ricity
Oth
er44
NZ$0 100 5 7 64 33 94 100 24 57 12 76 97 19 97 100 11 88 0 94 NZ$<5 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 NZ$5-10 0 0 3 0 5 2 0 8 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 2 NZ$11-20 0 0 3 0 8 0 0 15 2 2 0 0 5 0 0 2 2 0 0 NZ$21-30 0 0 8 0 19 0 0 22 0 12 3 0 12 0 0 3 0 2 0 NZ$31-40 0 2 7 0 5 0 0 12 5 8 0 0 10 0 0 8 0 10 0 NZ$41-50 0 2 2 0 12 0 0 8 5 7 7 0 10 0 0 5 0 8 0 NZ$51-60 0 3 5 0 2 0 0 2 2 3 3 0 3 0 0 8 0 10 0 NZ$61-70 0 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 3 0 2 0 0 17 0 10 0 NZ$71-80 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 2 27 0 NZ$81-90 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 6 2 NZ$91-100 0 2 3 3 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 12 0 Over NZ$100 0 84 48 3 7 2 0 7 17 38 8 3 32 3 0 36 2 12 2
Result The major household expenditure items are food, transport, ‘church and community’, ‘telephone, mail & miscellaneous’ and LPG. Expenditures for electricity are also substantial. With regard to energy additional findings include that there are no expenditures for kerosene and very limited for candles. Concerning no recorded expenditures on kerosene this is corroborated by other survey findings - refer to A.22, A.23 and A.24. Comment Concerning the findings that there are no expenditures for kerosene and very limited for candles these are positive for several reasons including:45
§ People in hardship pay more for energy services because using kerosene for lighting is less efficient than using modern fuels. In some PICs, surveys suggest that rural low-income villagers pay more for substandard energy services including kerosene for lighting (and batteries for radios) than it would cost to provide basic electrification; and,
§ The use of liquid fuel for lighting is common in those PICs with largely un-electrified rural areas. Although these fuels including kerosene are cleaner than biomass (which is still widely used for lighting in PNG and some other rural areas of Melanesia) they still pose health and safety risks. Apart from exposure to the fumes from inefficient kerosene (and benzine) appliances, e.g. in rural Melanesia, wick-type kerosene lighting and cooking appliances have caused many household fires and resulted in serious injuries and burns. Women and children are the main sufferers.
44 Include the following items: fishing gear, perfume, air freight and beer. 45 UNDP, 2007, p. 12, 19, 25 and 38
23
A.16 Electric Lights (main-grid) in all Structures of the Household At household level a total of 317 fluorescent and 231 incandescent lights were recorded. The breakdown is as followers:
Number of Lights
Per cent of Households with
Fluorescent Lights
Per cent of Households with Incandescent
Bulbs 0 18 44 1 3 1 2 12 6 3 15 6 4 6 12 5 8 8 6 3 1 7 8 1 8 9 8 9 5 5 10 6 0 11 3 5 12 0 3 13 0 0 14 1 0 15 2 0 16 1 0 In addition to households, electric lights were also recorded for non-household consumers including commercial, government and churches. For non-household consumers a total of 236 fluorescent and 35 incandescent lights were recorded. Finally a total of six (6) spotlights were recorded. Result On Mitiaro a total of 553 fluorescent, 266 incandescent and six spot lights were recorded (household as well as all other consumers). Over 82% of the households use at least two florescent lights and 44% of the households do not use any incandescent bulbs.
A.17 Number of Electric Lights (main-grid) that are on most of the Time after dark every Day and the Period of Time they are on
Number of Lights on After
Dark
Percentage of Households
0 5 1 39 2 39 3 7 4 5 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 1 9 0 10 0
24
11 0 12 1 ‘x’ or blank 3
Hours lights are switched
on
Percentage of Households
0 8 1 35 2 5 3 17 4 17 5 0 6 2 7 0 8 2 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 2 13 2 24 2 ‘x’ 8 Result Over 75% of the households have 1-2 lights on every day after dark. Approximately 75% of households have lights on between 1-4 hours every day after dark.
25
A.18 Electrical Appliances that are connected to the Electricity Grid and used in the Household
Number
Percentage of Surveyed Households using the named Electrical Appliances (i.e. not Battery Operated)
Radi
o
TV
Vide
o/D
VD
Refr
iger
ator
Dee
p fr
eeze
r
Was
hing
mac
hine
Ster
eo, C
D o
r cas
sett
e pl
ayer
Com
pute
r
Gam
e
Mus
ical
inst
rum
ent
Air
Cond
ition
er
Mic
row
are
oven
Rice
coo
ker
Iron
Elec
tric
al k
ettle
or w
ater
boi
ler
Ceili
ng fa
n
Sew
ing
mac
hine
Tabl
e or
floo
r sta
nd fa
n
Mob
ile p
hone
Elec
tric
fryi
ng p
an
0 25 17 34 29 9 58 63 71 84 89 99 55 51 14 6 90 63 53 88 34 1 72 78 64 59 84 39 37 26 15 11 1 45 48 80 81 6 34 31 12 61 2 3 3 3 12 6 3 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 6 12 3 3 11 0 5 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Total Number of Electrical Appliances in Mitiaro Households Number 51 59 45 53 68 33 22 23 12 7 1 29 33 60 71 12 30 52 8 45
Note that a category ‘Other’ was include in the questionnaire, but is not reflected in the table. A total of 275 appliances were recorded in this category and included the following electric appliances: air pump/air compressor, water pump, grinder, electric oven, glue gun, power tools (saw, drill, planner, etc.), coconut grater, soldering iron, electric massager, hair dryer and vacuum cleaner and kitchen ware (toaster, egg beater, bread maker, etc.). In addition the survey also recorded the electric appliances for non-household consumers including commercial entities, churches, and various government offices. The results are available below:
Electric Appliance Number Recorded in commercial
entities, churches, and various government offices and buildings
Computer 89 Printer/fax 13 Nebuliser 3 Fan 49 Refrigerator 3 Sterilizer 2 Vaccine Fridge 1 VHF Radio 1 Rectifier 1 Freezer 7 Microwave 1 Water pump 1 Scanner 1 Photocopier 1 Modem 3 TV 2 DVD 1
26
TV transmitter 1 Electric water kettle 8 Compressor 2 Welding machine 1 Dental drill 1 Operating light 3 Suction instrument 1 Humidifier 1 Iron 1 Coconut grader 1 Keyboard instrument 2 Mixing console 2 Cyclone warning siren 1 VCR 1 Video decoder 2 Amplifier 1 DATA link 2 Water dispenser 1 Radio 1 Boom box 1 Laminator 1 UPS 1 Grinder 2 Drop saw 1 Concrete mixer 1
Total 225
Result At the household level there is a relative abundance of electric home appliances. There are a total of 989 electrical home appliances in Mitiaro and the key energy services provided by these are food preservation (refrigeration and freezing), entertainment (radio, TV, DVD and stereo), cooling (fans), and cooking (rice cooker and water boiler). At the non-household level there are a total of 225 electric appliances including several with substantial electricity requirements such as power drills, welding machine, the island water pump, the island cyclone warning siren and concrete mixer.
A.19 Average Monthly Expenditure for Electricity Result Concerning electricity the reported average monthly expenditure is NZ$79 (ranging from NZ$7-200). As mentioned in A.12 the estimated overall average monthly household income is NZ$537. Thus on average an estimated 14.7% of the household income on Mitiaro is used to pay for electricity. However it should be stressed that such average figure obviously can hide big differences between households. While a detailed poverty analysis is outside the scope of this survey report some preliminary assessment has been undertaken. 50 of surveyed households provided information both on income and electricity bills46 and several households’ use 25% or more of their income to pay for electricity. Based on income data and monthly electricity bills the following shatter-plot was produced:
46 However for the analysis two (2) datasets were disregarded as the estimated average monthly electricity bill was higher than the estimated average monthly income.
27
These results indicate that there to some extent is a relationship between the level of income and the percentage a household use of its income to pay for electricity - specifically it seems that low-income groups on Mitiaro tend to use a bigger share of their income on electricity than high-income groups.47 Comment In 1998 a ADB funded technical assistance project in Cook Islands concluded that in a developing country context ‘...with regards to rural and small island rural type populations, tariffs for electricity supply may be regards as affordable if levels of expenditure on electricity represents about 5% of a household income’.48 As mentioned above on average an estimated 14.7% of the household income on Mitiaro is used to pay for electricity (with several households’ using 25% or more of their income). Thus if such a 5% threshold is accepted possibly the current domestic tariff level of NZ$0.55 overall can be considered to be ‘not affordable’.49 50
47 It should be stressed that the data is limited, i.e. only 48 datasets. However the R-square value is 0.2726. The R-square value is an indicator of how well the model fits the data (e.g., an R-square close to 1.0 indicates that we have accounted for almost all of the variability with the variables specified in the model). In other words we have explained around 27% of the original variability, and are left with 73% residual variability. Ideally, we would like to explain most if not all of the original variability. 48 ADB, 1998, p. 224 49 During the scoping mission the Mitiaro Island Administration informed that an increase in tariffs in the near future was considered - domestic rate to increase from the current of NZ$0.55 to NZ$0.75 and commercial rate to increase from the current NZ$0.75 to NZ$0.95. 50 Also it could be noted that if converted to solar, the cost of generation will be expected to be higher than with diesel.
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Mon
thly
Hou
seho
ld E
lect
rict
y Ex
pend
itur
e as
a
Perc
enta
ge o
f Tot
al M
onth
ly In
com
e
Monhly Household Income in NZ$
28
A.20 Most Important Electrical Appliances in Household Currently
Result The most important electrical appliances currently in the households are light and freezer.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lights TV Electric Kettle Refrigerator Freezer
Perc
enta
ge
The Most Important Electric Appliance in the Households
0
5
10
15
20
25
Perc
enta
ge
The Second Most Important Electric Appliance in the Households
29
A.21 Next Electrical Appliance Aspire for
Result The most desired next electrical appliance is a washing machine.
A.22 Kerosene Wick Lamps used regularly Number of
Kerosene Wick Lamps
Percentage of Households
0 100% Result No households use kerosene wick lamps regularly.
A.23 Kerosene Pressure Lamps used regularly Number of Kerosene Pressure
Lamps
Percentage of Households
0 100% Result No households use kerosene pressure lamps regularly.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Perc
enta
ge
Next Electic Appliance Aspired for
30
A.24 Cooking Fuels
Cooking Fuels
Percentage of Surveyed Households
Mai
n fu
el
Seco
nd fu
el
Third
fuel
Four
th fu
el
Fift
h fu
el
Six
fuel
Wood 27 38 12 1 0 0 Charcoal 0 1 1 0 0 0 Kerosene 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gas 62 20 7 0 0 0 Coconut husks/ shells
0 8 19 14 0 0
Electricity 8 20 32 19 1 0 ‘x’ 3 13 29 66 99 100 Result The majority of households use LPG as the main cooking fuel however around 1/3 use wood as the main cooking fuel. Around 87% of households use a second cooking fuel of which the most frequent is wood, followed by gas and electricity. In an ESMAP study from 2003 it is stated that ‘Evidence from a growing number of countries is showing multiple fuel to be fairly common…Thus a large number of households simultaneously use a variety of cooking fuels… Fuel use better resembles a menu choice in which households choose both high-cost and low-cost items depending on their budget, preferences, and needs’. 51 This is the case in Mitiaro where one household use as many as five (5) different cooking fuels. Comment That the majority of households use LPG as the main cooking fuel this is positive finding for several reasons including:
§ LPG can provide many households with a first modern alternative to traditional cooking fuels, enable access to modern conveniences, contribute to a better quality life and reduce time spent collecting fuel wood – in particular for women and children; 52
§ LPG is well-suited as an indoor fuel because it is inherently clean, burns without smoke or residual particulate matter and it is virtually free of toxic gases..53 A shift from cooking with wood to charcoal reduces the overall health risk by a factor of more than four. 54 55 A shift to
51 ESMAP, 2003, p. 11 52 IEA, 2002, p. 367 53 UNDP & WLPGA, 2003, p.1 54 IEA, 2002, p. 368 55 It should be noted that the ventilation has a lot to do with this. If the cooking is done in an open sheltered area outside (as is the case in many islands in the Pacific) then it is less of a problem. However if cooking is done in a closed room then it is a big problem.
31
kerosene results in a reduction by a factor of six. Using LPG reduces the overall health risk by a factor of more than 100; 56 and,
§ LPG can be stored and easily transported.57 58
On the other hand there are disadvantages as well including: § Access to the fuel on a relatively remote island; § Cost - wood and coconut husks/shells are there for the taking; and, § Carbon emissions are neutral for wood but positive for LPG.
A.25 Accessibility of Main Cooking Fuel
Access to the main cooking
fuel a problem
Percentage of Households
Yes 51 No 49 ‘x’ 3 Result Around half of the households reported that access to their main cooking fuel is a problem.
A.26 Affordability of Main Cooking Fuel
Price of the main cooking
fuel a problem
Percentage of Households
Yes 77 No 20 ‘x’ 3 Result 77% of the households reported that the price associated with their main cooking fuel is a problem.
56 IEA, 2002, p. 368 57 UNDP & WLPGA, 2003, p.1 58 It should be noted that so can wood and charcoal. E.g. in the Solomon Islands wood is moved from rural areas to urban areas where it is stored for cooking. Charcoal is a major stored and transported cooking fuel in South and South-East Asia. Perhaps LPG’s main storage advantage is that it has low bulk (which is due to its energy efficiency) and is in a self-contained container.
32
A.27 Number of Disposable batteries used in Battery Operated Electrical Appliances
Number of Batteries
Percentage of Surveyed Households using the named Battery Operated Appliances
Port
able
ligh
ts
Radi
os
Cass
ette
pla
yer
CD/M
PG3
play
er
Toys
and
gam
es
Mus
ical
in
stru
men
ts
Oth
er
Oth
er
0 15% 87% 99% 99% 100% 96% 97% 99% 1 1% 1% 0% 1% 0% 4% 3% 0% 2 1% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4 58% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 5 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6 7% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 7 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 9 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 11 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 12 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 13 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 14 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Result 85% of the surveyed households have portable battery operated lights and 13% have portable battery operated radios. Concerning the former solar PV lanterns could be considered to greatly reduce this use and the problem of disposal of spent batteries in a small, remote island.
A.28 Disposable batteries bought in a month
Amount of Disposable Batteries
Percentage of
Surveyed Households
0 23% 1-4 29% 5-9 37% 10-14 9% 15-19 2% Result Households on Mitiaro use around 284 disposable batteries a month. 66% of households buy between 1-9 batteries a month.
33
A.29 Importance of Electricity to the Family Importance of electricity to the family Percentage of
Households Having electricity is very important to us 100% We like having electricity but it is not really required 0% It is not important to us 0% Result All households responded that electricity is ‘very important’ to the family.
A.30 Reliability of Current Normal Electricity Supply Reliability of Current Normal Electricity Supply Percentage of Households
Electricity is always available 20% Most of the time electricity is available 73% Most of the time electricity is not available 7% Electricity is never available 0% Result 73% of the households responded that ‘most of the time electricity is available’. Thus the majority of households identify some reliability issues associated with the current electricity supply.
A.31 Quality of Current Normal Electricity Supply Quality of Current Normal Electricity Supply Percentage of
Households High quality – there are never any brownouts or voltage fluctuations that cause electrical appliances to malfunction or to be destroyed
3%
Tolerable quality – there are very rarely brown-outs or voltage fluctuations that cause electrical appliances to malfunction or to be destroyed
29%
Unacceptable quality - there are frequent brown-outs or voltage fluctuations that cause electrical appliances to malfunction or to be destroyed
25%
‘x’ 1% Result 29% of the households responded that current power supply is of ‘tolerable quality’ - i.e. there are very rarely brown-outs or voltage fluctuations that cause electrical appliances to malfunction or to be destroyed. However 25% responded that there are frequent brown-outs or voltage fluctuations that cause electrical appliances to malfunction or to be destroyed. Thus the majority of households identify some issues with the current power quality.
A.32 Importance of 24-hours Electricity Importance of
24-hours Electricity Percentage of Households
Very important 97% Nice but not very important 1% It is not important to us 1% ‘x’ 1%
34
Result 97% of households responded that 24-hours electricity is ‘very important’.
A.33 Perceived Positive Aspects of having Electricity in the Village Below are included most of the specific responses on positive aspects of having electricity in Mitiaro:
§ 'Education - homework' § ‘Better standard of living’ § ‘Social life style, child care’ § 'Assist us in accessing power equipment' § 'Now a days we need these services' § 'Work' § 'Working, problems at night' § 'Working' § 'Education, lights, freezer' § 'Working, light, freezer' § 'Lights' § 'Lights' § 'Work, lights, etc' § ‘Lights, work" § ‘It is one very important elements in our life" § ‘It’s very important" § ‘Most of our living depends on it" § ‘Life depend on it" § 'Lights' § ‘Lights' § 'Life depend on it for community purposes' § 'Cooking' § 'Lights to do job at night' § 'For education' § 'Light to do job, education' § 'Light for work' § 'Education. Job' § ‘Job. Go in toilet' § ‘Job, education (reading)’ § ‘Working, cooking foods, lights’ § ‘Job, education' § ‘Work’ § ‘Working, toilet, education’ § ‘Fast means of cooking/lighting’ § 'To meet the needs of village people' § 'Support village activities' § 'To cater services for the community' § 'Life is most appreciative' § 'The reality to access beyond what we haven't experienced in the past without electricity' § 'Healthy living' § 'Assist our livelihood' § 'Healthy living'
35
§ 'Fast life' § 'More life quality' § 'Quality of life' § 'Cooking, lights' § 'Better living' § 'Lights, cooking' § 'It is nice to have it'
Result Many positive aspects of having electricity on Mitiaro were mentioned by the respondents. To summarize they cover the following energy services:
§ Illumination; § Communication and entertainment ; § Mechanical power; § Income generation; § Refrigeration (i.e. storage of food); and, § Cooking.
A.34 Perceived Negative aspects of having Electricity in the Village Below are included the specific responses on negative aspects of having electricity in Mitiaro:
§ 'Too costly' § 'When it fails to operate its services' § 'Add up burden of payments to bills' § ‘Bill rate increasing’ § ‘Machineries problems’ § ‘Higher power bills’ § ‘Power bill increasing’ § 'Damage appliances & power bills' § 'High bill rate' § 'Too expensive' § ‘Power cut" § 'Safety of live wire' § 'When electricity generators starts to play up' § 'Power line disruptions in the village' § 'Power bills & disruptions' § 'Power bills § 'We can’t afford it at times'
Result Several negative aspects of having electricity on Mitiaro were mentioned by the respondents. To summarize they are:
§ Increasing high cost of electricity; § Safety issues; § Power cuts/unreliable power supply; and, § Suboptimal power quality sometimes damage electrical appliances.
36
A.35 Comparison of before and after the power system Comparison of before and after the
power system Percentage of Households
Better now because we make more money
60%
Better now because we are more modern in our life
37%
No real difference before and after 0% Worse now because the power system has caused a lot of problems
3%
Other 0% Result Around 60% informed that they are ‘better now because we make more money’59 and approximately 40% of the respondents inform they are ‘better now because we are more modern in our life’ and. Only 3% of households informed that they are worse off after the introduction of the main power system.
A.36 Preferred institutional set-up for Power Supply Better Job of Operating and Maintaining
Electricity Supply at your House Percentage
of Households
Rakahanga Island Council 31% National government 43% Te Aponga Uira o Tumutevarovaro (TAU) 25% Other 1% Result Currently in the Cook Islands the responsibility for power supply in the outer islands is the Island Administration in question. While there is very significant financial support from the central government to the local governments including for the power sector at an operational level basically involvement from central government is limited to providing maintenance services associated with major overhaul of diesel generators. It should be noted that option of (TAU to be responsible for power supply in the outer islands is currently under consideration by the Government. 68% of the respondents prefer someone else than the Island Council to be in charge – either the national government or TAU.
A.37 Main Source of Drinking Water Main Source of Drinking Water Percentage of
Households Own well 0% Rain water tank 99% Public water tap or well 1% Piped water into the house from public system 0%
59 Refer to findings and comments in A.13.
37
Other 0%
A.38 Sanitary Facilities Sanitary Facilities at Home Percentage of
Households Water sealed or flush toilet with the house 98% Pit latrine with the house 1% Facilities shared with the other households 0% Beach or bush 0% Other 0% ‘x’ 1%
38
Annex B: Survey Questionnaire
MITIARO HOUSEHOLD ENERGY SURVEY 2011ELECTRIFIED HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
IDENTIFICATION
NAME OF VILLAGE:
ZONE:
GPS UNIT NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GPS WAYPOINT NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o '
LATITUDE (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o '
LONGITUDE (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD:
NAME OF PERSON INTERVIEWED:
GENDER OF PERSON INTERVIEWED:
HOUSEHOLD NUMBER:
POWER METER ID:
INTERVIEWER VISITS
FINAL VISIT
DATE DAY
MONTH
YEAR
INTERVIEWER'S NAME INT. NUMBER
RESULT* RESULT
INTERVIEW
START TIME
TOTAL NUMBER
FINISH TIME OF VISITS
TEAM SUPERVISOR
NAME
DATE
JUNE 2011
KEYED BY
EDITOR
1 2 3
OFFICE
39
General weather the day of the visit: 1
Turanga o te reva I te tuatau o te teretereanga
1 [1] Clear and dry weather
Manea te reva
[2] Raining the day before but not raining the day of the survey
Ua i te ra mua, kare e ua i te ra o te akapapaanga
[3] Raining the day of the survey
Ua i te ra o te akapapaanga
2
Turanga o te Are Metua
2 [1] Wooden 2a Roof
Rakau
[2] Thatched
[3] Iron 2b Walls
Punu
[4] Concrete
[5] Open
Ateatea
3 How many buildings in the compound 3
E ia are i runga i te enua
4 4 Eia metera te mamao i rotopu i te are metua e tetai au are ke i runga i te enua
Kapiti mai te are tunu kai, are meangiti e te are pai
Akak ite mai i te turanga o te ngutuare
5 [1] 5
Ko te aronga e noo nei k i roto i teia are, no ratou teia ngutuare[2]
Ko teia are e mea oronga ia e te kopu tangata me kare e te taeake (kare e tutak i) [3]
E are tutak i
6 6
Eia ora e tae ei i te aere mei the ngutuare k i ko i te makete no te okooko atu i te kai taau i maani me kare i tanu
Me aere koe k i te makete, ka akapeea koe i te aereanga?
7 [1] Motorcycle [4] Walking 7
Patikara Matini Aere[2] [5] Bicycle
Te motoka/toroka o tetai ke Patikara Takatakai[3] [6] Boat
Toku motoka/toroka Poti[7] Other (Specify): _____________
Tetai au mea ke (Akataka mai)
and the most distant other building in the compound?
This survey is being conducted as part of preparing a project proposal for a planned renewable energy power project on Mitiaro. Thisquestionnaire has been prepared in conformity with the Statistics Act, 1966; the information provided is strictly confidential. In addition, data arepublished or released only in the form of aggregates, i.e. no individual or household will be identified in subsequent analysis.
Kikau
State status of residence ownership
Include external cook house, toilet or shower
House lent by relatives or friends (no payment)
House owned by the people living there
If less than one hour, write in a fraction of an hour like 1/2 or 1/4
(Surveyor Note: Shaded question numbers are to be filled in by surveyor without asking the question to the respondent)
Construction of Main House:
Do not include toilet, bath or cook houses
What is the approximate distance in meters between the main house
where you can sell goods you produce?
House rented
How many hours does it take to travel from the household to a market
When you travel to market, what is the main means of getting there?
Other person's car/truck
Own car/truck
Timeni
STATEMENT OF CONFIDENTIALITY
Mitiaro Version 1.0
40
8
8
9 9a
Akak ite mai i te numero o te au tangata na roto i te akatuangaanga 9b
mataiti e noo nei k i roto i teia ngutuare i te maataanga o te mataiti. 9c
9d
9e
9f
10 Kua nooia ainei teia are e teia au tangata i te katoatoaanga o te mataiti? [1] Yes 10a[2] No
b) If no, why do the numbers change and how different is the number? Me kare, eaa i tauiia ei te numero, e eaa te akatukeanga numero?
(mei teia te tu kua aere te tamarik i k i te apii nooanga i te taime o te apii)
Specify: 10b(Akataka mai)
11 11
Eia epetoma i te mataiti e kare e tangata e noo ana k i roto i te are?
Tata mai eia epetoma i te mataiti e kare e tangata e noo ana k i roto i te are - tata mai kare(0) me e tangata tetai e noo ana k i roto i te are i te au taime katoatoa.
12money home from time to time? [1] Yes 12 E taeake ngutuare ainei toou e angaanga ana i tetai ngai ke e tuku moni mai ana [2] No i tetai au taime?
If the answer is "NO", proceed to question 15Me ko te pauanga e "AE", neke atu k i te uianga 15
13 13
Eaa te maata o te taime e tuku moni mai ana te au taeake ngutuare e noo ana k i tetai ngai ke?[1] Weekly [4]
Epetoma Toru k i te ono marama[2] Monthly [5] Every year
Marama Te au mataiti katoatoa[3] [6]
Rua k i te toru marama Te taime o te au orote puapinga
14 14
Eia moni ta toou ngutuare e rauka mai ana no ko mai i te au taeake ngutuare kare e noo ana k i konei ia koe?[1]
Ko te maataanga o ta matou moni no ko mai i au taeake ngutuare kare e noo ana k i konei[2]
Mei te apa o ta matou moni no ko mai i au taeake ngutuare kare e noo ana k i konei[3]
I raro ake i te apa inara e aka te reira no ko mai i au taeake ngutuare[4] Some but not a lot. More than 3/4 of our money comes from people at home
Tetai pae inara kare e maata. Maata atu i toru koata i te moni no ko mai i te aronga i te ngutuare
Akak ite mai i te numero o te au tangata e noo nei k i roto i teia ngutuare no te maataanga o te mataiti
over 65 yrs
36-50 yrs
a) Is the house occupied by about the same number people all year round?
19-35 yrs
State the number of people in the following age-groups that belong to this household
11-18yrs
Most of our money comes from relatives living elsewhere
Around half or our money comes from relatives elsewhere
Less than half but still quite a bit comes from relatives
0-10yrs
relatives that do not live with you?
TEXT ENTRY
2-3 month intervals
Write the number of weeks per year it is vacant - enter zero (0) if always occupied
and live in this house most of the year
Do you have any relatives working in another place and sending
At the time of special holidays
3-6 month intervals
How often do relatives living in another place send money?
About how much of your household income comes from
State the number of people living in the household most of the year
51-65 yrs
(for example children go to boarding school during school terms)
How many weeks a year is the house typically vacant with no one home?
41
How do people in the household gain income? List all that apply and indicate the
15 approximate number of NZ$ that are usually earned each month for each activity
E akapeeaana te tangata i te ngutuare e rauka mai ana te moni? Akak ite mai i te
numero o te NZ$ e rauka mai ana i te au marama no runga
i te au angaanga
16 a) Does anyone in your house use electricity to help them make money? [1] Yes 16a E tangata ainei tetai i roto i toou ngutuare e taangaanga ana i te uira no te k imi [2] No puapinga?b) If "YES" state how they use electricity for making money:
Specify: 16bAkataka mai
17
Me te rauka mai ainei ia koe te moni aiteite i te au marama, me kare e meangiti mai te moni i tetai au marama?
[1] 17 Aiteite i te au marama katoatoa
[2] I tetai au marama e meangiti ake i taku moni tikai e koi ana
[3] Typically a few months with big income and many with small I tetai au marama e maata atu I taku moni tikai e koi ana
1818
Specify: Akataka mai:
If not, proceed to question 19 Me "KARE" neke atu k i te uianga 19
Me te tuke ra te moni e rauka mai ana i toou ngutuare i te au marama akataka mai e eaa i meangiti ei te tetai au marama
Me e "AE" akataka mai e i akapeea i taangaangaanga i te uira no te k imi moni
do you usually have some months with much less money than others?
Private employee or own business 15b
Fishing 15h
TEXT ENTRY
Casual Worker 15c
Tautai
If "NO" go to question 17 Me "KARE" neke atu k i te uianga 17
Teia au mea ke (Akataka mai)
months there is much less income than others
Public employee 15a
Okooko moa, puaka e tetai au animara keke
Maani apinga natura no te okooko
Do you have about the same amount of money coming in each month or
Typically a few months with much less than average income
If your household has a widely varying monthly income explain why some
Tangata akangaroi e te moni akangaroi
This includes all members of thehousehold. The estimated incomeis the combination of all persons
in the household doing thatactivity. For example if twopersons are employees theamount entered would be
the sum of both their incomes
Craftsman 15d
Other (Specify): ______________________________________15k
Retired with pension 15i
Selling chickens, pigs and other animals 15f
Make handicrafts for sale 15g
Selling crops, fruit or coconut products 15e
Okooko kai tanu, ua rakau me kare te au apinga o te nu
TEXT ENTRY
About the same every month
Tangata angaanga Kaomani
Tangata angaanga k i vao me kare tana uaorai angaanga
Tangata angaanga tinamou kore
Tangata angaanga apinga natura
Child Benefit 15j
Moni tamarik i
42
19
(19a) Water 19a
Eaa te maata ta toou ngutuare e akapou ana k i runga i Vai
teia au apinga tei akataka ia?
[0] (19b) Food 19b
Kare e akapouanga Kai
[1] 19c Meangiti ake i te NZ$5
[2] NZ$5-10 19d
Moni apii
[3] NZ$11-20 (19e) Clothes 19e
Kakau
[4] NZ$21-30 (19f) Health 19f
Oraanga Kopapa
[5] NZ$31-40 19g
Karatini
[6] NZ$41-50 (19h) Batteries 19h
Patiri
[7] NZ$51-60 (19i) Tobacco 19i
Avaava
[8] NZ$61-70 19j
[9] NZ$71-80 19k
[10] NZ$81-90 (19l) Taxes 19l
[11] NZ$91-100 19m
[12] Over NZ$100 19n
Maata atu i te NZ$100
(19o) Charcoal 19o
(19p) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 19p
19q
Kanara
19r
(19q) Candels
(19r) Other (Specify):_________________
Less than NZ$5 (19c) Transport fuel or fares (motorcycle, boat, car, etc.)
(19m) Telephone, mail, miscellaneous
(19n) Rent or house/land payment
Inu no te apinga akaoro me kare patete tutak i (patikara matini, poti, motoka etc.)
About how much does your household spend per
month on each of the listed items?
No expenditure
(19k) Gifts to relatives & friends
(19d) School fees
(19j) Church and community
(19g) Kerosene
Akonoanga e te oire
Apinga oronga k i te kopu tangata e te taeake
Tero
Terepaoni, mere, e te apinga keke
Moni tutak i ngutuare me kare moni tutak i are/enua
Ngarau
Gas tunu kai
Apinga ke (Akataka mai)
43
20 How many lights are present in all structures of the household? [20a] Fluorescent 20a
E aa te maata i te mori i roto i te ngutuare?
[20b] Incandescent 20b
21 How many lights are off except for a short time when people go into the space? 21 E ia mori e tamate ia ana mari ua ko te taime poto me aere te tangata k i te reira ngai?
22 a) How many of the lights are on most of the time after dark every day? 22a
E ia mori e taangaanga ia ana i te maataanga o te taime i te po?
b) About how long are those lights usually left on each day (not including ones on all night)? 22b hrs E aa te roa e taangaanga ia ana teia au mori i te ra okotai (auraka te au mea e taangaanga ia ana i te po katoa )
23 How many lights are left on all night on a regular basis? 23
E ia mori e taangaanga ia ana i te po i te au taime katoatoa?
How many of each appliance are used by the household
24 and are connected to the electricity grid? (not battery operated) Radio 24a
E ia apinga uira e taangaanga ia ana e te ngutuare e kua tamou ia k i te uira o te katoatoa? Ratio
24b
Video/DVD 24c
Video/DVD
24d
Fridge
Deep freezer 24e
Freezer
24f
24g
24h
24i
24j
24k
24l
24m
24n
24o
24p
Sewing machine 24q
Table or floor stand fan 24r
Mobile phone 24s
Apinga Akatangi
Refrigerator
Computer
Game
Air Conditioner
TV
If none enter "0"
Me kare tata "0"
Pia Roro
Apinga Tamataora
Iron
Microwave oven
Musical Instrument
Mori rororoa
Mori bulb
(auraka na te patiri)
Matini pua kakau
Stereo, CD me kare cassette
Washing machine
Stereo, CD or cassette player
Air Conditioner
Microwave
Apinga tunu raiti
Toka auri kakau
Tikata uira me kare apinga tunu vai
Pera Matangi
Electric kettle or water boiler
Ceiling Fan
Rice cooker
Pia Tutu
Auri tui kakau
Pera matangi no runga i te kaingakai me kare pera akatu
Terepaoni apaipai
44
Electric frying pan 24t
Other 1 24u
Apinga ke 1
Other 2 24v
Apinga ke 2
Other 3 24w
Apinga ke 3
25 Te tu o te tutak i anga?
[1] 25a
[2] Purchase of prepayment code/card 25b
[3] Other (specify):__________________________________________________ 25c
26 26 NZ$
27
[1] Lights 27a
Mori
[2] Radio MOST
Ratio
[3] TV
Pia Tutu
[4] Video/DVD
Video/DVD
[5] Iron 27b
[6] Electric Kettle Second
[7] Microwave
Microwave
[8] Fan
Pera Matangi
[9] Refrigerator 27c
Fridge
[10] Freezer Third
Freezer
[11] Washing machine
Matini Pua Kakau
[12] Air Conditioner
Air Conditioner
[13] Computer 27d
Pia Roro
[14] Game Fourth
Apinga Tamataora
[15] Electric Frying Pan
[16] Other (Specify):
[17] Other (Specify):
Method of payment?
Cash payment made after by Mitiaro Island Administration provides a bill
Apinga ke (Akataka mai)
E aa te maata i te moni NZ$ te ka pou i toou ngutuare i te tutak i uira i te marama?
(the ones that you would miss the most if you could not have them)
Okoanga mai i tetai kati tei tutak i ia
On average, about how many NZ$ do your household pay per month for electricity?
What are the four most important appliances you now have in your home?
Varaipani Uira
E aa te au apinga uira puapinga e a e vai nei i roto toou ngutuare? (te au apinga ka mii koe me kare ake)
Toka Auri Kakau
Tikata Uira
Apinga ke (Akataka mai)
Tutak ianga i muri ake ka oronga ia mai ei te pira e te Mitiaro Island Administration
Apinga ke (Akataka mai)
Varaipani Uira
45
28 28
[1] Lights [8] Fan Mori Pera Matangi
[2] Radio [9] Refrigerator Ratio Fridge
[3] TV [10] Freezer Freezer
[4] Video/DVD [11] Washing Machine Video/DVD Matini Pua Kakau
[5] Iron [12] Air Conditioner Air Conditioner
[6] Kettle [13] Electric Frying Pan Tikata Uira Varaipani Uira
[7] Microwave [14] Other________________________ Microwave Apinga ke
[15] Other________________________ Apinga ke
29 29 NZ$
30 30 NZ$
31 31
32 32
Me ko te paunga k i te 32 e te 33 e "0" (kare e puapinga te mori karatini)-neke atu k i te uianga 34
33 You have electricity. Why do you use kerosene lamps? 33
Specify:
Akataka mai
34
[1] Wood Main cooking fuel 34a
Vaie Rakau
[2] Next 34b
Ngareu Tetai mai
[3] Next 34c
Karatini Tetai mai
[4] Gas Next 34d
Tetai mai
[5] Next 34e
Puru me kare Katu Akari Tetai mai
[6] 34f
If the answer to both 32 and 33 is "0" (no use of kerosene lamps) - go to question 34
What would be the next appliance you would buy if you could?
How many kerosene pressure lamps do you use regularly?
How much do you think running the appliance in answer 28 would
What fuel's do you use for cooking? List in order of use please
Enter "0" if no use is seen
TEXT
Kerosene
Uira (Umu uira, microwave, tikata uira, etc.)
Charcoal
Coconut husks or shells
Electricity (electric oven, electric cooker, microwave, electric kettle, etc.)
add to your electricity cost every month?
How many kerosene wick type lamps do you use regularly in your household?
If the answer is "0", proceed to question 34
Ko te maataanga no te tunu kai
E aa te au apinga uira ke atu taau ka inangaro i te oko mai me ka rauka ia koe?
Pia Tutu
Toka Auri Kakau
E ia i toou manako te moni no te okoanga i te au apinga i roto i te au pauanga 28?
E ia i toou manako te maata i te uira te ka kapiti ia atu k i toou pira uira i te marama me taangaanga ia te au apinga
How much do you think the appliance in answer 28 would cost to buy?
i roto i te pauanga 28
E ia mori karatini e taangaanga ana koe i te au taime katoatoa i roto i toou ngutuare?
E ia mori karatini paamu e tangaanga ana koe i te au taime katoatoa?
E uira toou. E aa koe ka taangaanga ei i te mori karatini?
E aa taau apinga e taangaanga ana no te tunu kai? Akataka mai na roto i te puapinga k ia koe
Gas Tunu Kai
Me ko te paunga e "0", neke atu k i te uianga 34
Entarem "0" sapos ol use ia ino kat
46
35 a) Is access to your main cooking fuel a problem? [1] Yes 35a
No
b) Is the price of your main cooking fuel a problem? [1] Yes 35b
No
36 36 NZ$
37 L
37
38 38
39 39 NZ$
40 Portable lights 40a
Radios 40bRatio
40c
Cassette player
40d
CD/MP3 player
Toys and games 40e
40f
Specify Other 1 40g
Akataka Mai Apinga ka 1
Specify Other 2 40h
Akataka mai Apinga ke 2
41 41
E manamanata ainei tetai no te tik ianga i taau apinga e taangaanga ana no te tunu kai?
E manamanata ainei tetai no te moni o taau apinga e taangaanga ana no te tunu kai?
How much do you pay for filling your container with kerosene?
Assumes the purchase to be the amount in question 37
How much do you think you pay each month for kerosene?
Surveyor calculates monthly amount based on what user says
Check on container for size. If in ml. show as a decimal like .750
in each of your appliances?
How many throw-away batteries are used
Estimate how many throw-away batteries are bought per month
How many days between purchases of kerosene?
Enter zero (O) for those listed appliances that are not using batteries
Assumes the purchase to be the amount in question 37
E aa taau i manako e tutak i nei koe i te karatini i te au marama?
E ia ra i rotopu i te au taime e oko mai ana koe i te karatini?
E ia taau e tutak i ana i te apinga aao karatini me tik i koe i taau karatini?
Surveyor asks how many batteries and how often bought
Apinga Kangakanga
Cassette player
CD/MPG3 player
and then calculates the usage per month
If they do not buy any batteries enter zero (0) in all boxes & go to 42
Musical Instruments
If the household does not buy any kerosene enter zero (0) and go to question 40
How much kerosene do you buy at one time? (litres)
E aa te maata I taau karatini e oko mai ana? (litres)
E ia patiri e taangaangaia ana k i roto i teia au apinga?
Mori Apaipai
Apinga Akatangi
E tamanako mai e ia patiri e okoia mai ana i te marama
47
42 Do you think having electricity is important to your family?
[1] Having electricity is very important to us 42
[2] We like having electricity but it is not really required
[3] It is not important to us
43 43
[1] Electricity is always available
Kare e matemate ana te uira
[2] Most of the time electricity is available
Ko te maataanga o te taime e rauka ua mai ana te uira
[3] Most of the time electricity is not available
Ko te maataanga o te taime kare e rauka mai ana te uira
[4] Electricity is never available
Kare roa e rauka mai ana te uira
44 Please rate the quality of the current electricity supply: 44
E akataka mai i te meitaki o te uira[1]
[2]
[3]
45 45
[1] Very important
[2] Nice but not very important
[3] Not important at all, 24-hour power is not needed
Kare e meitak i te turanga – e maata te matemateanga o te uira e maata katoa te taime e neke ana k i runga e k i raro te ka riro ei tak inok ino i te au apinga uira
Tolerable quality - there are very rarely black-outs or voltage fluctuations that cause electrical appliances to malfunction or to be destroyed Meitaki te turanga – kare e maata ana te matemateanga o te uira e kare katoa e neke ana ki runga e ki raro te ka riro ei takinokino i te au apinga uira
Unacceptable quality - there are frequent black-outs or voltage fluctuations that cause electrical appliances to malfunction or to be destroyed
How important is having a 24-hour power supply?
E akataka mai i te meitakianga (kapiti mai te putuputu o te matemateanga o te uira e ea te roa) o te uira mei te ora 6 i te popongi ki te tuaero i te po
High quality - there are never any brownouts or voltage fluctuations that cause electrical appliances to malfunction or to be destroyed Teitei te turanga – kare roa e matemate ana te uira e kare katoa e neke ana k i runga e k i raro te ka riro ei tak inok ino i te au apinga uira
I toou manako e me uira tetai e apinga puapinga ainei te reira k i toou kopu tangata?
E mea puapinga te uira k ia matou
E mea inangaroia e matou te uira inara kare i te mea inangaro maataia
Kare i te mea puapinga k ia matou
E aa te puapinga o te uira me taangaangaia e 24 ora i te ra?
Puapunga maata
Meitak i inara kare i te mea puapinga
Please rate the reliability (including frequency of possible supply interruptions and how long they last) of the current normal electricity supply from 6 am to midnight:
Kare e puapinga, kare e inangaroia te 24 ora i te ra
48
46 What do you like about having electricity in your village? 46
Specify:
Akataka mai
47 What do you not like about having electricity in your village? 47
Specify:
Akataka mai
48 Do you think the village was better off before the power system was installed - or is it better now? 48
[1] Better now because we make more money
[2] Better now because we are more modern in our lives
[3] No real difference before and after
[4] Worse now because the power system has caused a lot of problems
[5] Other (Specify):________________________________
49 Who do you think would do a better job to operating and maintaining an electricity supply for your house? 49
[1] Mitiaro Island Council
[2] National government
[3] Te Aponga Uira o Tumutevarovaro (TAU)
[4] Other (Specify):
50 50
51 51
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5] Other (Specify):
TEXT
What do people in your household use for sanitary facilities when they are home?
[2] Rain water tank
Beach or bush
Water sealed or flush toilet with the house
Pit latrine with the house
Facilities shared with other households
TEXT
What is the main source of your drinking water?
[3] Public water tap or well
I toou manako e meitak i atu te tapere i mua ake ka tamouia ei te uira?- me kare e meitak i atu i teia taime?
E meitaki atu i teia taime no te mea te maani moni nei matou
E meitaki atu i teia taime no te mea e tuatau oraanga ou teia
Apinaga ke (Akata mai):
No ea mai toou vai inu?
Toou uaorai vai enua
Vai ua no roto i te tangika vai
Vai paipa e te vai enua no te katoatoa
Vai paipa no te katoatoa k i roto i te ngutuare
Apinga ke (Akataka mai):
[1] Your own well [4] Piped water into the house from public system
[5] Other (Specify):________________________________
E vaarua repo i te kainga
E taangaanga kapiti ana k i tetai au ngutuare
Taatai me kare k i roto i te tita
Kare e tukeanga mei te tuatau mua e teia taime
E k ino atu i teia taime no te mea e maata te au manamanata ta te uira i akatupu
Apinga ke (Akataka mai)
E aa toou manako e meitak i atu ei te turanga o te akatereanga o te uira no toou kainga?
Apinga ke (Akataka mai)
Mitiaro Island Council
Kaomani Metua
E aa ta te tangata i roto i toou ngutuare e taangaanga ana i te taime repo me noo ara ratou k i te kainga.?
E vai repo i te kainga
Te Aponga Uira o Tumutevarovaro (TAU)
E aa koe i inangaro ei i te uira i roto i toou tapere?
E aa koe i kare ei i inangaro i te uira i roto i toou tapere?
49
References Clay, Bruce and Herbert Wade, Mitiaro Power Sector Feasibility Report 2004, prepared for UNDP and UNESCO, October 2004 ESMAP, Household Energy Use in Developing Countries – A Multicountry Study, October 2003 Hezel, Francis X., Pacific Island Nations – How Viable Are Their Economies? Pacific Islands Policy 7, East-West Center, 2012 International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2002, Second Edition, November 2002 Inversterwords.com: http://www.investorwords.com/ Jensen, Thomas Lynge, Energy User Needs Assessment through Energy Site Surveys, Experiences from a Recent Energy Survey in Samoa and Introduction to the RMI Survey Questionnaires, Energy Survey Training Workshop, Majuro, Marshall Islands, June 2008 Jensen, Thomas Lynge, Energy and Poverty in the Pacific Island Countries – Challenges and the Way Forward, Regional Energy Officials Meeting (REM), Nuku’alofa, Kingdom of Tonga, April 2009 Jensen, Thomas Lynge, The Port Olry Biofuel Project in Vanuatu - Household Survey Report, September 2010 Jensen, Thomas Lynge, Rakahanga Atoll, Cook Islands - Energy Survey Report, 31 March 2011 Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands, Cook Islands Population Census 2006 – Analytical Report, 2011 Statistics Office, Government of the Cook Islands, Cook Islands - Household Expenditure Survey (HES) 2005-06, December 2007 Statistics Office homepage: http://www.stats.gov.ck Telecom Cook Islands homepage: http://www.telecom.co.ck UNDP and WLPGA, LP Gas Applications for Rural Development, August 2003 UNDP, Pacific Rapid Assessment and Gap Analysis, Final Report (Unpublished), 2005 UNDP, Energy and Poverty in the Pacific Island Countries – Challenges and the Way Forward, 2007 UNESCO, Solar Photovoltaic Project Development, 2003 Wade, Herbert et al, Preparatory Phase of the Samoa Photovoltaic Electrification Programme – Survey Report, prepared for UNDP, Final Draft, November 2008