mitosis and protein synthesis. cell division occurs in humans and other organisms at different times...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mitosis andProtein Synthesis
![Page 2: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms
at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on type
of organism:– Eukaryotic organisms undergoing growth,
development, repair, or asexual reproduction divide by mitosis.
• EXAMPLE: new hair, nails, skin, liver, cells, etc… are produced.
![Page 3: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Interphase
95% of cell cycle in interphaseCells replicate their DNA
![Page 4: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mitosis
Mechanism used by cells to replicate DNA and produce identical cell copies.
5% of cell cycle is mitosisHappens in all cells
![Page 5: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mitosis It is broken down into 5 major stages:
– Prophase– Metaphase– Anaphase– Telophase
![Page 6: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Prophase 1st phase of Mitosis Nucleolus breaks down &
Nuclear membrane disappears Chromosomes condense –
sister chromatids stay attached by the centromere
Kinetochore fibers form
![Page 7: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Metaphase 2nd phase of Mitosis The kinetochore fibers move the
Chromosomes to the equator (middle)
– Each chromatid is attached to the fibers at the centromere.
![Page 8: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Anaphase 3rd phase of Mitosis Centromeres split Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite
poles of the cell After chromatids separate, they are
considered to be individual chromosomes.
![Page 9: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Telophase 4th phase of Mitosis Chromosomes begin to uncoil back into chromatin state.
– Cytokinesis• Cytoplasm divides• Two new daughter cells are now separate
2 nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
Nucleolus forms in
each of the newly
formed cells.
![Page 10: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mitosis Animation
![Page 11: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
PROTEINSYNTHESIS
![Page 12: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Protein synthesis involves two types of nucleic acids:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
![Page 13: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Differences Between DNA and RNA
DNA RNAdouble-stranded single-stranded
sugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribose
bases = A,T,C,G bases = A,U,C,G(uracil takes the place of thymine)
![Page 14: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
RNA RNA, like DNA, is a polymer formed by
a sequence of nucleotides
![Page 15: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
FreeNucleotide
![Page 17: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
DNA Replication
![Page 19: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DNA Replication
DNA copies itself exactly
(Occurs within the nucleus) Any mistake in copying =
mutation
![Page 20: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Basic Facts of DNA Replication
Complementary base pairing
makes replication possible
C - GA - T
![Page 21: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Basic Facts of DNA Replication
One side of DNA molecule is a
template for making the other side (strand)
![Page 22: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
DNA Replication
Step 1:Uncoil & unzip DNA moleculeThis occurs because of a weak hydrogen bond between the bases.
![Page 23: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DNA ReplicationStep 2:Enzyme brings in complementary N-bases
![Page 24: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand &
one new strand
DNA Replication
![Page 25: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
DNA Replication Animation
![Page 26: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Protein Synthesis
involves two processes:
1. Transcription: the copying of the genetic instructions (DNA) into a molecule of mRNA
2. Translation: mRNA is used to assemble an amino acid sequence into a polypeptide (protein)
![Page 27: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pathway to Making a Pathway to Making a ProteinProtein
DNADNA
mRNAmRNA
ProteinProtein
Transcription
Translation
![Page 28: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Transcription
Process in which genetic instructions are transcribed (rewritten) to form an RNA molecule.
occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells Transcription occurs in 3 major steps:
![Page 29: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Step 1: RNA polymerase (enzyme) binds to the
promoter.– Promoter – a specific nucleotide sequence of
DNA that initiates transcription. (“START” sequence)
DNA strand unwinds and separates
![Page 30: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Step 2:RNA polymerase adds free RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides on one of the DNA strands.
![Page 31: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Complementary Pairings:
EXAMPLE:
DNA RNA
A = U
T = A
C = G
G = C
A = U
C = G
![Page 32: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Step 3:RNA polymerase reaches the “termination signal” sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of transcription.RNA polymerase releases both the DNA strand and the newly formed RNA strand.
![Page 33: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The RNA made during transcription can be any of the three types of RNA:
1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. transfer RNA (tRNA)
3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
![Page 34: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Transcription Animation
![Page 35: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Translation (Protein Synthesis) RNA protein
![Page 36: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, at
the ribosome All RNAs needed in translation
– mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
![Page 37: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries coded instructions for protein
synthesis (translation) – From the DNA in the nucleus to the
ribosome
![Page 38: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The genetic code
Codons– instructions for making a
protein, a series of three nucleotides
on the mRNA– Each codon signifies
start, stop, or an amino acid
![Page 39: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The genetic code
![Page 40: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Brings amino acids to the ribosome so it can build proteins
It has Anticodons– 3 nucleotide sequence
complementary to the mRNA
codon
![Page 41: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes up ribosomes
![Page 42: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
TranslationStep 1: mRNA from nucleus Through cytoplasm
to the ribosome
mRNA start codon AUG signals beginning of protein
![Page 43: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
tRNA with the complementary anticodon carries amino acid (a.a.) to bind to the codon
TranslationStep 2:
![Page 44: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Enzymes help form peptide bonds between amino acids
TranslationStep 3:
Peptide bond
![Page 45: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
TranslationStep 4: This continues until a stop codon is
reached Protein is released into the cell
![Page 46: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Translation Animation
![Page 47: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis. Cell Division Occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life. Cell Division differs depending on](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf741a28abf838c7fc4d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)