mitosis meiosis pka

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    Siklus Sel dan Pembelahan Sel

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    Fase Siklus Sel

     – Interfase

     – Fase Pembelahan Sel

    INTERPHASE

    Growth

    G 1(DNA synthesis)

    Growth

    G2

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    Fungsi Pembelahan Sel

    20 µm100 µm 200 µm

    (a) Reproduksi. (b) Pertumbuhan dan

    Perkembangan.

    (c) Pembaruan jaringan.

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    Pembelahan Sel

    • Bagian dari siklus sel

    • Menghasilkan sel anakan yang identik

    • Duplikasi materi genetik

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    Fase-fase pada siklus sel• Interphase

     –

    G1 - primary growth – S - genome replicated

     – G2 - secondary growth

    • M - mitosis

    • C - cytokinesis

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    Interphase

    G1 –

    Pertumbuhan Sel• S – sintesis sister chromatids

     – Centromere

     –

    Kinetochore• G2 – Kondensasi kromosom, persiapan

    pembelahan sel

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    Mitosis

    Setiap sel anakan memperoleh satu   copy kromosom sebagaimana kromosom pada sel

    Menghasilkan dua sel anakan yang identik.

    DNA duplication

    during interphase

    Mitosis

    Diploid Cell

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    Pembelahan mitosis pada sel hewan

    G2 OF INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE

    Centrosomes

    (with centriole pairs) Chromatin

    (duplicated)

    Early mitotic

    spindle

     Aster 

    Centromere

    Fragments

    of nuclear 

    envelope

    Kinetochore

    Nucleolus Nuclear 

    envelope

    Plasma

    membrane

    Chromosome, consisting

    of two sister chromatids

    Kinetochore

    microtubule

    Nonkinetochore

    microtubules

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    METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

    Spindle

    Metaphase

    plate Nucleolus

    forming

    Cleavage

    furrow

    Nuclear

    envelope

    formingCentrosome at

    one spindle pole

    Daughter

    chromosomes

    Pembelahan Sel pada Sel Hewan

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    Microtubules Chromosomes

    Sister 

    chromatids

    Aster Centrosome

    Metaphase

    plate

    Kineto-

    chores

    Kinetochore

    microtubules

    0.5 µm

    Overlapping

    nonkinetochore

    microtubules

    1 µmCentrosome

    Spindle

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    Mitosis in a plant cell

    1 Prophase.

    The chromatin

    is condensing.

    The nucleolus isbeginning to

    disappear.

     Although not

    yet visible

    in the micrograph,

    the mitotic spindle is

    staring to from.

    Prometaphase.

    We now see discrete

    chromosomes; each

    consists of twoidentical sister

    chromatids. Later 

    in prometaphase, the

    nuclear envelop will

    fragment.

    Metaphase. The

    spindle is complete,

    and the chromosomes,

    attached to microtubules

    at their kinetochores,are all at the metaphase

    plate.

    Anaphase. The

    chromatids of each

    chromosome have

    separated, and thedaughter chromosomes

    are moving to the ends

    of cell as their

    kinetochore

    microtubles shorten.

    Telophase. Daughter 

    nuclei are forming.

    Meanwhile, cytokinesis

    has started: The cellplate, which will

    divided the cytoplasm

    in two, is growing

    toward the perimeter 

    of the parent cell.

    2 3 4 5

    Nucleus

    NucleolusChromosomeChromatine

    condensing

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    Cytokinesis

     –  Animal cells

    Constriction belt of

    actin filaments

     – Plant cells

    Cell plate

     – Fungi and protists

    Mitosis occurs

    within the nucleus

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    Sitokinesis pada sel hewan dan Tumbuhan

    Daughter cells

    Cleavage furrow

    Contractile ring of

    microfilamentsDaughter cells

    100 µm

    1 µmVesicles

    forming

    cell plate

    Wall of

    patent cell Cell plateNew cell wall

    (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)

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    Gen dan Kromosom

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    DNA :

    Nukleotida :

    Basa nitrogen : Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

    Deoksiribosa : gula pentosa yang kehilangan satu atom O Fosfat

    Kromosom : Struktur yang tersusun dari DNA yang berikatan

    dengan protein-protein tertentu. Prokariot

    umumnya memiliki bentuk kromosom sirkuler  

    sedangkan eukariot berbentuk linier.

    Makromolekul yang tersusun dari unit   – unit yang

    disebut sebagai nukleotida.

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    Struktur Kromosom

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    STRUKTUR DNA

    Untai ganda yang saling berpilin (double helix ) dan bersifatantiparalel

    Gula pentosa dan fosfat menjadi rangka struktur 

    Basa nitrogen menjadi anak tangga pada struktur 

    Pasangan basa nitrogen bersifat konstan  Adenin dan Timin berpasangan melalui 2 ikatan hidrogen

    Guanin dan Cytosine berpasangan melalui 3 ikatan

    hidrogen

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    RNA

    • rRNA

    (Ribosomal RNA)

    • mRNA

    (MessengerRNA)

    * tRNA

    (Transfer RNA)

    • Berikatan dengan sejumlah protein

    membentuk ribosom• Menyediakan tempat untuk berlangsungnya

    sintesis protein

    Salinan informasi yang digunakan untuk

    sintesis protein Memiliki kodon

    Dapat berikatan dengan satu atau lebih

    ribosom dalam satu waktu

    * Mentransfer asam amino ke mRNA* Berbentuk seperti daun semanggi

    * Memiliki antikodon

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    DNA

    Replication

    DNA

    Transcription

    RNA

    Translation

    PROTEIN

    C

    E

    NT

    A

    L

    D

    O

    G

    M

    A

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    Genetic code