mitosis meiosis pka
TRANSCRIPT
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Siklus Sel dan Pembelahan Sel
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Fase Siklus Sel
– Interfase
– Fase Pembelahan Sel
INTERPHASE
Growth
G 1(DNA synthesis)
Growth
G2
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Fungsi Pembelahan Sel
20 µm100 µm 200 µm
(a) Reproduksi. (b) Pertumbuhan dan
Perkembangan.
(c) Pembaruan jaringan.
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Pembelahan Sel
• Bagian dari siklus sel
• Menghasilkan sel anakan yang identik
• Duplikasi materi genetik
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Fase-fase pada siklus sel• Interphase
–
G1 - primary growth – S - genome replicated
– G2 - secondary growth
• M - mitosis
• C - cytokinesis
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Interphase
•
G1 –
Pertumbuhan Sel• S – sintesis sister chromatids
– Centromere
–
Kinetochore• G2 – Kondensasi kromosom, persiapan
pembelahan sel
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Mitosis
Setiap sel anakan memperoleh satu copy kromosom sebagaimana kromosom pada sel
Menghasilkan dua sel anakan yang identik.
DNA duplication
during interphase
Mitosis
Diploid Cell
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Pembelahan mitosis pada sel hewan
G2 OF INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE
Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs) Chromatin
(duplicated)
Early mitotic
spindle
Aster
Centromere
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Kinetochore
Nucleolus Nuclear
envelope
Plasma
membrane
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
Kinetochore
microtubule
Nonkinetochore
microtubules
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METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
Spindle
Metaphase
plate Nucleolus
forming
Cleavage
furrow
Nuclear
envelope
formingCentrosome at
one spindle pole
Daughter
chromosomes
Pembelahan Sel pada Sel Hewan
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Microtubules Chromosomes
Sister
chromatids
Aster Centrosome
Metaphase
plate
Kineto-
chores
Kinetochore
microtubules
0.5 µm
Overlapping
nonkinetochore
microtubules
1 µmCentrosome
Spindle
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Mitosis in a plant cell
1 Prophase.
The chromatin
is condensing.
The nucleolus isbeginning to
disappear.
Although not
yet visible
in the micrograph,
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
Prometaphase.
We now see discrete
chromosomes; each
consists of twoidentical sister
chromatids. Later
in prometaphase, the
nuclear envelop will
fragment.
Metaphase. The
spindle is complete,
and the chromosomes,
attached to microtubules
at their kinetochores,are all at the metaphase
plate.
Anaphase. The
chromatids of each
chromosome have
separated, and thedaughter chromosomes
are moving to the ends
of cell as their
kinetochore
microtubles shorten.
Telophase. Daughter
nuclei are forming.
Meanwhile, cytokinesis
has started: The cellplate, which will
divided the cytoplasm
in two, is growing
toward the perimeter
of the parent cell.
2 3 4 5
Nucleus
NucleolusChromosomeChromatine
condensing
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Cytokinesis
– Animal cells
Constriction belt of
actin filaments
– Plant cells
Cell plate
– Fungi and protists
Mitosis occurs
within the nucleus
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Sitokinesis pada sel hewan dan Tumbuhan
Daughter cells
Cleavage furrow
Contractile ring of
microfilamentsDaughter cells
100 µm
1 µmVesicles
forming
cell plate
Wall of
patent cell Cell plateNew cell wall
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)
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Gen dan Kromosom
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DNA :
Nukleotida :
Basa nitrogen : Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
Deoksiribosa : gula pentosa yang kehilangan satu atom O Fosfat
Kromosom : Struktur yang tersusun dari DNA yang berikatan
dengan protein-protein tertentu. Prokariot
umumnya memiliki bentuk kromosom sirkuler
sedangkan eukariot berbentuk linier.
Makromolekul yang tersusun dari unit – unit yang
disebut sebagai nukleotida.
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Struktur Kromosom
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STRUKTUR DNA
Untai ganda yang saling berpilin (double helix ) dan bersifatantiparalel
Gula pentosa dan fosfat menjadi rangka struktur
Basa nitrogen menjadi anak tangga pada struktur
Pasangan basa nitrogen bersifat konstan Adenin dan Timin berpasangan melalui 2 ikatan hidrogen
Guanin dan Cytosine berpasangan melalui 3 ikatan
hidrogen
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RNA
• rRNA
(Ribosomal RNA)
• mRNA
(MessengerRNA)
* tRNA
(Transfer RNA)
• Berikatan dengan sejumlah protein
membentuk ribosom• Menyediakan tempat untuk berlangsungnya
sintesis protein
Salinan informasi yang digunakan untuk
sintesis protein Memiliki kodon
Dapat berikatan dengan satu atau lebih
ribosom dalam satu waktu
* Mentransfer asam amino ke mRNA* Berbentuk seperti daun semanggi
* Memiliki antikodon
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DNA
Replication
DNA
Transcription
RNA
Translation
PROTEIN
C
E
NT
R
A
L
D
O
G
M
A
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Genetic code