mlg and ac principal agent

8/10/2019 MLG and AC Principal Agent

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Multi-level Governance and Administrative Capacity in Europe's Regional Policy:

A Case Study on the LEAER !nitiative in the Mezzogiorno Region o" Puglia#

March $%&$

Giulia Sergi

MSc !nternational usiness Studies

Copenhagen usiness School

(um)er o" Pages: *+

(um)er o" Characters: $,,,

Councellor:

Associate pro"essor. Ph

Magali Gravier

epartment o" usiness and Politics


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Abstract

Today's European Union counts 27 Member States and presents high levels of infra-state and

between-regions disparities !lready in "#$$% reigning &ommission's resident (ac)ues *elors

proposed a new +eform of +egional olicy which had as its main ob,ectives economic and social

cohesion. and the reduction of disparities between the level of development of the various regions.

/!rticle "0$ of the EU Treaty1

!lso% the +eform supported a series of innovations in the delegation of power between higher and

lower level authorities% thus building a new system of governance

This thesis encompasses the ma,or changes in governance and administrative capacity introduced by

the "#$$ +eform !lso% it investigates these changes in a case study of a Southern talian agency

implementing the 3E!*E+ initiative The 3E!*E+ initiative has a local rural character and represents

only a small portion of the overall funds deployed for +egional olicy 4et% it incorporates all the main

features of the European policy's innovations of the last 25 years

6owever% t is hard to provide a long-term assessment of outcomes of +egional olicies and it is hard

to define strict cause-effect relations between interventions and outputs n the final part of this

study% it will be shown that sub-level authorities have not yet adapted their administrative capacity in

an effective way capable of generating sustainable economic development


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1

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................................................................2

List of Tables.............................................................................................................................................................................................4

List of Figures............................................................................................................................................................................................5

Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................................................6

Part I: 1. The Regional Policy of the European Union..................................................................................................8

1.1. The History of ! "egional #olicy..................................... ............................. ............................... ......................... ...................$

1.1.2. The current situation..............................................................................................................................................................15

1.2. Ho% can &e% "egional #olicy be evaluated'....................................... .................. ............................... ............................ ....1$

1.2.1. The 1($$ "efor) and *AL+,..............................................................................................................................................1$

1.2.2. The valuation of "egional #olicy by +cholars.......................................................................................................................21

1.2.-. acroecono)ics +tudies of "egional #olicy and "elative Findings.......................................................................................2-

1.2.4. The "ealist A//roach.............................................................................................................................................................2(

PART II: 2. o!ernance" A#$inistrati!e Capacity an# the %EA&ER Initiati!e.................................................................-2

2.1. ulti0level vs. +tate0centric governance.......................................................................................................................................-2

2.2. The once/t of Ad)inistrative a/acity........................................................................................................................................-

2.2.1. The uro/ean !nion3s #rocedures for a/acity uilding........................................................................................................42

2.-. The uro/ean Agricultural Fund for "ural ,evelo/)ent and the LA," Ais............................................................................44

PART III: An E$pirical 'tu#y on the %EA&ER Initiati!e in 'outhern Italy....................................................................()

-.1. Il eogiorno d3Italia...................................................................................................................................................................57

-.2. The region of #uglia.......................................................................................................................................................................54

-.2.1 The LA8 9Terre del #ri)itivo:.................................................................................................................................................55

-.- The )/irical +tudy.........................................................................................................................................................................5$

-.-.1. An Introduction to the )/irics..............................................................................................................................................5$

-.-.2. The study.................................................................................................................................................................................5(

-.4. "esults and ,iscussions.................................................................................................................................................................66

onclusions............................................................................................................................................................................................7


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2

%ist of Abbre!iations

CAP Common Agricultural Policy

CSF Community Support Framework

DG Directorate General

DG AGRI Directorate General for Agriculture

DOCG Denominazione i Origine Controllata e Garantita

!AFRD !uropean Agricultural Fun for Rural De"elopment

!AGF !uropean Agricultural Guarantee Fun

!AGGF !uropean Agriculture Guiance an Guarantee Fun

!C !uropean Commi##ion $ !uropean Community

!CC !uropean !conomic Community

!C% &'e !uropean Currency %nit

!FF &'e !uropean Fi#'erie# Fun!RDF !uropean Regional De"elopment Fun

!SF !uropean Sta(ility Fun

!% !uropean %nion

!%SF !uropean %nion Soliarity Fun

!)A*S!D !"aluation of Socio+!conomic De"elopment

FAS Fun for %ner De"elope Area#

FDI Foreign Direct In"e#tment

GDP Gro## Dome#tic Prouct

G,I Gro## ,ational Income

G,P Gro## ,ational ProuctI-F International -onetary Fun

IPA In#trument for Pre+Acce##ion A##i#tance

.ASP!RS .oint A##i#tance in Supporting Pro/ect# in !uropean Region#

.!R!-I! .oint !uropean Re#ource# for -icro to -eium !nterpri#e#

.!SSICA .oint !uropean Support for Su#taina(le In"e#tment in City Area#

.AS-I,! .oint Action to Support -icro+finance In#titution# in !urope

*AG *ocal Action Group

*!AD!R *iai#on !ntre Action# e D0"eloppement e lconomie Rurale

*DP *ocal De"elopment Plan

-!A,S -et'o# for !"aluating Action# of a Structural ,ature

,P- ,ew Pu(lic -anagement

,RG ,ew Regional Policie#

,RP $ ,PR ,ew Regional Policy $ ,uo"a Programmazione Regionale

,SP ,ational Strategic Plan

,%&S nomenclature unit0# territoriale# #tati#ti3ue#

PPP Purc'a#ing Power Parity

PPS Purc'a#ing Power Stanar

R 4 D Re#earc' an De"elopment

RDP Regional De"elopment Plan


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5

SF Structural Fun#

S-! Small an -i+#ize !nterpri#e#

S6O& Strengt'#7 6eakne##e#7 Opportunitie# an &'reat#

%8 %nite 8ingom

%, %nite ,ation#


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9

%ist of Tables

&a(le 1: &'e four key principal# of regional policy;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;1 of t'e !% &reaty; -ore #pecifically7 t'e Reform ra#tically increa#e t'e (uget for Structural Policy

an introuce a #erie# of regulation#2 completely c'anging t'e amini#trati"e proceure for policy

implementation;

6it' t'e late#t enlargement7 t'e !uropean %nion count# 2 -em(er State# an t'e nee for co'e#ion an

e"elopment 'a# (ecome more e"ient; &'e new !a#tern -em(er State# pre#ent le"el# of relati"e GDP

lower t'an t'e ?


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like re tape an corruption @Felice7 2> Reform (y .ac3ue# Delor#;


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>

1. The Regional Policy of the European Union.

1.1. The History of EU Regional Policy.

Figure 1; a/ of the disadvantaged regions of the < 1(64.

#ource: Info Regio panorama7 2


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B

Following t'e con#en#u# gi"en (y t'e A##em(ly?to t'e report on regional policy of 1B? an after t'e fir#t

enlargement con#i#ting of Irelan7 Denmark an %8 @%nite 8ingom7 t'e Council agree on t'e creation

of a !uropean Regional De"elopment Fun @!RDF in 1B2; For t'e perio (etween 1B? an 1B7 it

accounte for a(out 9 of total nine #tate# (uget an wa# mainly focu#e on t'e following action#:

1 In"e#tment# in #mall enterpri#e# creating at lea#t 1< new /o(#H 2 In"e#tment# in infra#tructure relate to

point 17 an 5 Infra#tructure in"e#tment# in mountainou# area#7 w'ic' 'a to (e eligi(le to t'e agriculture

guiance fun too; -em(er State# 'a to apply for !RDF #upport at pro/ect le"el; Deci#ion# were t'en

taken (y a committee of -em(er State# (a#e on Commi##ion propo#al#;

&'e unerling aim of t'i# fir#t t'ree year te#t perio wa# to correct regional im(alance# ue to #tructural

unemployment7 inu#trial c'ange an preominance of agricultural #tructure#;

&'e year of 1B> wa# a corner#tone of !uropean 'i#tory: t'e i##uance of t'e Single !uropean Act

committing -em(er State# de facto to t'e creation of t'e #ingle market7 a proce## t'at wa# finally

complete in 1BB2 wit' t'e -aa#tric't &reaty; Along wit' t'e Single !uropean Act7 t'e 1B>&'e forerunner of t'e Common Foreign an Security Policy;

B&'ere are four #tage# t'at le to t'e #ignature of t'e Single !uropean Act; One i# t'e Stuttgart eclaration of 1B>57

t'en t'e raft &reaty e#ta(li#'ing t'e !uropean %nion7 t'e Fointane(leau !uropean Council an t'e 6'ite Paper on

t'e Internal -arket of 1B>? t'at ientifie t'e 2B legi#lati"e mea#ure# neee +accoring to t'e Pre#ient of t'eCommi##ion7 .ac3ue# Delor#;


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17 t'e intere#t in reucing regional i#crepancie# le to t'e #u(mi##ion (y t'e Commi##ionJ#

Pre#ient .ac3ue# Delor#7 of a propo#al for reforming t'e Community# financial #y#tem; &'i# propo#al wa#

afterwar# referre to a# EDelor# I Package1> =ru##el# !uropean Council7 t'e in#titution# finally e#ta(li#'e t'e Delor# propo#al t'roug'

t'e fir#t fi"e+year financial per#pecti"e: from 1B>> to 1BB2; &'e o"erall (uget allocation wa# 1 of total

!!C (uget an 9 (illion unit# o"er t'e#e fi"e year#; &'e introuction of t'e four key principle# of regional

policy remaine t'e policyJ# moe Jemploi afterwar#: concentration7 partner#'ip7 programming an

aitionality;

Table 1; The four ?ey /rinci/als of regional /olicy.

Concentration on a limite num(er of o(/ecti"e# wit' t'e focu# on t'e lea#t e"elope

region#;

Additionality en#uring t'at -em(er State# o not #u(#titute national wit' !%

epeniture;

Partnership in t'e e#ign an implementation of program# in"ol"ing national7 #u(+

national an !% actor#7 incluing t'e #ocial partner# an non+go"ernment

organization#7 en#uring owner#'ip an tran#parency of t'e inter"ention#;

Programming multi+annual7 (a#e on analy#i#7 #trategic planning an e"aluation;

Source: per#onal ela(oration from ata

'ttp:$$ec;europa;eu$regionalMpolicy$#ource#$ocgener$panorama$pf$mag2$mag2Men;pf

In 1BB57 t'e fun# e"ote to regional policy #oare up to 2


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11

!uropean Social Fun127 t'e !uropean Agricultural Guiance an Guarantee Fun an t'e mo#t recent !RDF

introuce a #y#tem of re+funing pro/ect# in accorance wit' an annual (uget proceure an national

3uota#; -a/or (eneficiarie# of fun#7 in orer of amount of fun allocation were: Spain7 Italy7 Portugal7

Greece an Irelan; Smaller amount# were allocate to !a#tern Germany @neue =une#lner7 France

@Cor#ica an ,ort'ern Irelan for t'e %nite 8ingom; Spain only recei"e !C% 1


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12

=etween 1B>B an 1BB57 regional policy wa# go"erne an amini#trate (y fi"e council regulation#7 t'ey

all came into effect on 1#tof .anuary 1B>B; A "ery important inno"ation following t'eir aoption wa# #et in

t'e coorination regulation19 an o(lige -em(er State# to introuce EOperational Program# an

ERegional De"elopment Plan# or E,ational Plan#; Su(#e3uently t'e commi##ion al#o aopte t'e CSF#7

Community Support Framework#1?;

&'e implementation regulation #et t'e content of plan# an CFS# along wit' t'e #y#tem for financial control

an commitment# an a #et of #tipulate rule# for monitoring7 a##e##ment an reporting;

In aition7 t'e remaining t'ree implementing regulation# ga"e guiance on t'e content of plan# an

program#7 eligi(ility an tec'nical a##i#tance; &'e w'ole #et of regulation# wa# a ma/or #'ift from pre"iou#

proceure# ue to t'e multi+annual programming c'aracter of t'e new Reform

1

; A# a new form ofpartner#'ip among -em(er State#7 t'e !uropean Commi##ion an t'e region# wa# create; At eac' le"el7

new proceure# for management7 monitoring an control 'a to (e in#talle for t'e fir#t time; &'e 1B>>

Reform lai t'e grounwork for t'e emergence of multi+le"el go"ernance; ,ew actor# an ei#ting one#

#tarte learning an (uiling knowlege for initiating regional an local e"elopment;

In t'e #econ programming perio after t'e reform#7 (etween 1BB9+1BBB7 .ac3ue# Delor# propo#e t'e

EDelor# II Package w'ic' wa# #igne only #'ortly after t'e #ignature of t'e -aa#tric't &reaty; &'e latter

eclare t'e creation of t'e !uropean %nion an an amene &reaty of t'e !uropean Communitie# @&!Cal#o entere into force in 1BB5; &'e &!C e#ta(li#'e t'e creation of t'e Co'e#ion Fun wit'in t'e contet

of Regional an Co'e#ion Policy; &'e EDelor# II Package introuce a #erie# of no"eltie# for t'e #implifie

implementation of t'e fun# along wit' a ou(ling of t'e (uget; Aroun 1?5 (illion !C% were allocate to

t'e Structural fun# an a(out 1? (illion to t'e Co'e#ion one;

In O(/ecti"e I region#7 91 of t'e in"e#tment# were #pent for (u#ine## #upport an almo#t 5


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&'e Co'e#ion fun wa# are##e at !% countrie# wit' G,P of le## t'an B;

Anot'er important no"elty of t'i# time w'ic' 'a to (e aopte (y all -em(er State# in"ol"e in Regional

Policy wa# t'e principle of #u(#iiarity;

Table 2; The #rinci/le of +ubsidiary

Susidiarity ecept in ca#e# w'ere t'e !% 'a# eclu#i"e competence7 action at !uropean le"el

#'oul not (e taken unle## it i# more effecti"e t'an action taken at national7 regional or

local le"el1B;

1Accoring to t'e partner#'ip principle7 t'e !uropean Commi##ion negotiate t'e regulation# on t'e StructuralFun# toget'er wit' comment# (y t'e !uropean Parliament7 a##ociation# repre#enting regional intere#t# aneconomic partner#; &'e agreement (y t'e Council arri"e in .uly 1BB5;1>&'e fir#t inter+in#titutional agreement wa# conclue in 1B>> for t'e application of t'e 1B>>+B2 financialper#pecti"e @Delor# I package7 w'ic' wa# intene to pro"ie t'e re#ource# neee for t'e (ugetaryimplementation of t'e Single !uropean Act; Since t'en7 t'e financial per#pecti"e# 'a"e (een upate in 1BB2 for t'eperio 1BB5+BB @Delor# II package7 in 1BBB for t'e perio 2


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In -ay 1BBB7 t'e !uropean Spatial

oriente policie# at t'e ifferent le

t'e Am#teram &reaty wit' it# prin

regional policy t'at (roug't a #erie

&'e 2


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1?

&'e 1BBB Reform introuce a c'ange in t'e O(/ecti"e# an Initiati"e#; &'e O(/ecti"e# (ecame t'ree 22

w'ile t'e Initiati"e# were reuce to four;

+ O(/ecti"e 1: Epromoting t'e e"elopment an #tructural a/u#tment of region# w'o#e

e"elopment i# lagging (e'inH

+ O(/ecti"e 2: E#upporting t'e economic an #ocial con"er#ion of area# facing #tructural ifficultie#H

+ O(/ecti"e 5: E#upporting t'e aaptation an moernization of policie# an #y#tem# of eucationH

training an employment;

&'e four Community Initiati"e# concerne wit' (ugetary eecution t'at were #till at #take w'ere Interreg

III7 %r(an II7 !3ual an *eaer

25

;

Financial control an i#cipline wa# #trengt'ene following t'e introuction of t'e En2 rule w'ere(y

failure to pro"ie proof of payment wit'in two year# re#en# t'e fun allocation to t'e !% central

aut'oritie# an t'e fun i# lo#t; -oreo"er7 a #y#tem of e+ante7 mi+term an e po#t e"aluation wa#

introuce to increa#e t'e in"ol"ement of region# an -em(er State# in t'e effecti"ene## of fun#;

1.1.!.The current situation.

In t'e current perio of 2


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1

pro"i#ion#7 t'ree on t'e !RDF7 !SF an Co'e#ion Fun an anot'er on t'e E!uropean Grouping on

&erritorial Cooperation; All of t'em were complemente (y anot'er one2 on implementation in

Decem(er 2;

&'e Con"ergence O(/ecti"e compri#e# all area# of !% lagging (e'in in term# of GDP @PPP; -ere

Con"ergence region# @le## t'an ? of !% a"erage are cla##ifie uner t'e ,%&S 2 @,omenclature

2Commi##ion Regulation @!C ,o 1>2>$2


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1

%nit0# &erritoriale# Stati#ti3ue# #tati#tical reference an are eligi(le for Structural Fun# @!RDF; Al#o7

mem(er #tate# w'o#e G,I i# B


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1>

orination group on ultra+perip'eral region#7 aiming at compen#ating i#a"antage# of t'e outermo#t

region#2B;

1.!. Ho" can #e" Regional Policy e e$aluated%

1.!.1. The 1&'' Reform and E(A)SE*+,

.

&'e Reform of t'e Regional Policy of t'e late 1B>>7 community ai an regional e"elopment fun# were mieH t'ere wa# a ifferent7 not well efine

i"i#ion of utie# an control of power (etween amini#trati"e (oie#; Con#e3uently7 poor community

2B&'e International Fun for Irelan an t'e P!AC! program wit'in t'e Structural Fun# are al#o manage (y t'e DG

an aim at peace an reconciliation in ,ort'ern Irelan;5


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1B

guieline# were i##ue; Anot'er important rea#on follow# after t'e acce##ion of new -em(er State# in

2>7 wa# rei#tri(uti"e @Rumfor7 2B


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2? formulate a form of empirici#m7 w'ic' 'e calle Po#iti"i#m or t'e Po#iti"eP'ilo#op'y; Qe playe a key role in t'e e"elopment of t'e #ocial #cience# an coine t'e term K#ociologyK;


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21

manner7 'ig'lig'ting 'ow ifferent contet# can generate ifferent outcome#5; In all approac'e#7 t'e focu#

i# on program#J working#;

1.!.!. The E$aluation of Regional Policy y Scholars.

Alreay in t'e 1B5=raley7 .; @2


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22

Figure 4; The I)/act of ! ohesion #olicy in Less0develo/ed ountries and "egions.

Source: =raley7 2


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funamental #tep for e po#t7 in iti

t'e in"e#te region$area7 to t'e (r

to amini#trati"e capacity an capa

Fig

1.!.+. -acroeconomics Studies of

A# mentione in t'e pre"iou# #ecti

a# a mean# for ac'ie"ing 'ig'e

&'roug'out t'e pa#t programming

main o(/ecti"e# an t'u#7 an a u#

in contra#t to t'e policy;

Regional Policy 'a# (een concei"e

importantly7 region# of t'e !%; &'e

occurring uring t'e ecae#; &'e

e3uili(rium economic# an 'ol# t

pre##ure t'at ine"ita(ly reuce# i

92-ulti+le"el go"ernance @Qoog'e7 1BB95

Article 1?> of t'e !C &reaty7 e#ta(li#99

-arket (arrier# create (y t'e go"er9?&'e neo+cla##ical economic growt'

pro+capita wealt' in t'e #'ort run; &'efunamental nature of #a"ing# an pop

nere an e+ante e"aluation# an al#o #trictly

aer concept of t'e e#ign of t'e eci#ion+mak

city (uiling;

ure 5; The ad)inistrative a/acity Loo/

Source: -ilio7 2


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29

#elf+correcting mo"ement# in t'e economy acting on price#7 wage#7 a# well a# capital an la(or market#

@-artin an Sunley7 1BB>9; &'e oppo#ing #cenario epict# no nece##ary rea#on for region# to con"ergence

o"er t'e long run; &'i# moel of divergencewa# fir#t #tuie (y Perrou @1B?;

&'e late#t tren# in long+term regional e3uili(rium #tuie# neglect t'e neocla##ical "iew t'at #ome factor#

are con#iere a# eogenou# to contri(uting to regional con"ergence; Inee7 factor# like tec'nological

c'ange an 'uman capital are con#iere enogenou# an Eenogenou# growt' t'eory i# t'e name

attri(ute to #uc' #tuie#;

Anot'er commonly aopte empirical met'o of t'e macro #tuie# i# t'e #o calle U+con"ergence among a

group of economie#7 w'ere U i# a regre##ion coefficient repre#enting t'e #pee of t'e economy to

con"erge; A negati"e "alue of U inicate# t'at t'ere i# a tenency for per capita income to e3ualize acro##

t'i# group of economie#; A relate concept i# t'e V+con"ergence9Bw'ic' inicate# t'e "ariance of t'e per

capita income; O("iou#ly7 t'e pre#ence of U+con"ergence inicate# lower i#per#ion of per capita income

96illiam#on @1B? conucte a #tuy a(out t'e e"olution of regional income in a"ance economie# w'il#t =ort#

an Stein @1B9 o(#er"e t'e #ame p'enomenon in t'e %nite State#;9&'e concept of tran#action co#t# i# centere aroun t'e notion t'at t'ere i# an influence of (ot' uncertainty ana##et #pecificity on t'e co#t incurre w'en making an economic ec'ange; For more7 con#ult Ci(orra @1B>5 an6illiam#on @1B?;9>

Flei(le Specialization refer# to t'e #'ifting focu# from economie# of #cale towar# a 'ig'er emp'a#i# on economie#of #cope in inu#trial prouction $ manufacturing; Inu#trial Di#trict# in turn relate to t'e clu#tering effect7 inparticular in inu#try+'ea"y ur(an area#7 t'roug' w'ic' economic #pecialization ari#e#;9B

=arro an Sala+i+-artin 'a"e introuce t'e#e concept# in a #tuy in 1BB1; W+con"ergence occur# w'en t'ere i# areuction in t'e i#per#ion of per+capita income# o"er time;


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2?

inicate (y a eclining V?


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2

&'e enogenou# growt' moel#?9(egan in t'e mile of t'e 1B> or Pack7 1BB9 for a eep uner#taning of enogenou# growt' t'eory;??

In Craft#7 ,; @1BBH Po#t+neocla##ical enogenou# growt' t'eory: 6'at are it# policy implication#H Ofor Re"iewof !conomic PolicyH )ol;127 I##ue 27 p; 52


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2

-ore generally7 uring t'e 1BB;

A #tuy (y Roriguez+Po#e an Frate#i in 2


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2>

On t'e ot'er 'an7 t'ere are #e"eral #tuie# atte#ting t'e "aliity of Regional Policy at macro le"el; =ecker

et al; @2


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2B

&'e ta(le (elow #'ow# e"ience of low employment rate# @ in (ot' t'e !% 1? an O(/ecti"e I region#

@1B>>+2


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5

recruitment7 no political appointment# or i#mi##al#7 an career a"ancement t'roug' internal

promotion1;

,e"ert'ele##7 t'e #tanar way of go"ernment amini#tration until t'e 1B>5;

During t'e 1B>


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5B

Qug'e# @1BB9 e#cri(e# #e"en c'allenge# of ,ew Pu(lic -anagement t'at firmly oppo#e t'e cla##ic "iew

on (ureaucracy:

=ureaucracy i# powerful (ut oe# not work well in all circum#tance# an may al#o generate

negati"e con#e3uence#H

&'e one+(e#t+way (ring# a(out rigiity in operationH

Deli"ery (y (ureaucracy i# not t'e only (e#t way to pro"ie goo# in t'e economyH

=ureaucracy wa# once operating out of #ociety w'il#t current eman (y t'e citizen#'ip i# towar#

a more #trict relation#'ip (etween #ociety an go"ernment power7 namely accounta(ilityH

Pu(lic #er"ant# are no longer #een a# ominate #olely (y t'e pu(lic intere#tH

C'ange# in t'e pri"ate #ector in t'e fiel of recruitment 'a"e affecte al#o t'e pu(lic #ectorH

&'e ta#k# of t'e pu(lic #ector are now #een more managerial an le## amini#trati"e;

&'u#7 all t'e c'ange# t'at 'a"e occurre in t'e la#t ecae# o not only in"ol"e t'e #ociety an t'e political

lan#cape (ut inclue (roaer topic# in organizational t'eory7 #ocial #cience# an economic# a# well; ,ew

type# of go"ernance 'a"e emerge wit' t'e attempt to renew go"ernment# an (ureaucracy7 in re#pon#e

to t'e current #ocio+political #ituation an t'e new #tructure of national7 international an #upranational

aut'oritie#; &'ere are "ariou# a#pect# of reality affecte (y t'e #'ift towar# t'e aoption of t'e ,ew

Pu(lic -anagement paraigmH an important one in t'e fiel of pu(lic amini#tration i# amini#trati"e

capacity; Go"ere an "an Ge#tel @2


42/83

9>; Al#o performance+

(a#e pay an @implicit tournament# for 'ig'er+le"el po#ition# 'a"e (een atte#te to (e effecti"e @-ilgrom

an Ro(ert#7 1BB2; &'i# approac' 'a# generate critici#m wit' regar to implementation; Politician# w'o

are impo#e a monitoring #y#tem upon to control t'eir performance mig't (e reluctant or t'e monitoring

agent# can (e corrupte t'em#el"e#; Rauc' @1BB? com(ine# t'e 6e(erian State 'ypot'e#i# wit' t'e

principal+agent moel; Internal promotion7 for in#tance7 i# #imply #een a# a way of recruiting t'e principal

from t'e rank# of t'e agent#; A principal w'o gi"e# 'ig'er "alue to power will #pen more time #uper"i#ing

'i# agent# t'an performing 'i# own ta#k# an utie#; Agent# w'o al#o attri(ute 'ig'er "alue to power will

increa#e t'eir c'ance# of (ecoming principal#; &'e re#ult i# a "iciou# cycle t'at increa#e# t'e etent to

w'ic' (ureaucracy carrie# out it# ta#k# of pu(lic goo pro"i#ion @!"an# an Rauc'71BBBa;

Summing up7 t'ere are #e"eral 'ypot'e#i# of t'e 6e(erian State t'at are #till con#iere (eneficial for t'e

effecti"e functioning of a (ureaucratic #y#tem; &'e ta(le (elow i# a per#onal ela(oration rawing on

current literature9on (ureaucratic performance7 e#cri(ing two of t'e 6e(erian 'ypot'e#i#7 a# t'e one#

mainly con#iere (y #c'olar#:

Table -; ureaucratic #erfor)ance.

6e(erian

Qypot'e#i#

-ain feature Intene Con#e3uence# %nintene po#iti"e

Con#e3uence#

-eritocratic

Recruitment

=a#e on a com(ination

(etween eucation an

eamination

Increa#e# minimal

competence7

Qelp generate corporate

co'erence an e#prit e

corp#

Qig'er

efficiency$effecti"ene##7

Ri#e# moti"ation

Preicta(le career

laer wit'

competiti"e

#alarie#

Pro"ie# long+term tangi(le

an intangi(le rewar# for

t'o#e recruite

Increa#e# competence in

t'e long+run an

corporate co'erence in

t'e #'ort$long run;

Decrea#e#

attracti"ene## to

corruption

=e#ie# are##ing performance+relate effect# of (ureaucracy7 t'e 6e(erian State 'ypot'e#i#7 along wit'

t'e new paraigm of pu(lic management7 aim# at affecting economic ynami#m; Poor literature (efore t'e

1BB


43/83

91

important #tuie# were carrie out at a national (a#e7 e#pecially after t'e emergence of t'e E!a#t A#ian

&iger#7 a# a way to a"ocate (ureaucratic #tructure# an economic growt' @Am#en7 1B>BH Xua'7 1BB5;

,onet'ele##7 t'e met'oology u#e for t'e#e #tuie# wa# mainly micro an e#cripti"e @ca#e #tuie# an

i not u#e macroeconomic nor #ociological moel#; -auro @1BB? in"e#tigate# t'i# relation from t'e

per#pecti"e of Ere tape an Ecorruption relating it to le"el# of in"e#tment t'u# fining po#iti"e

correlation an con#e3uently an a##ociation wit' economic growt'; 8nack an 8eefer @1BB? u#e t'e

country ri#k inicator# to epo#e t'e relation to "ariation# in growt' of per capita income; -o#t of t'e ca#e

#tuie#?on t'e i##ue primarily focu# on t'e role playe (y (ureaucracy in fo#tering pri"ate in"e#tment#;

!"an# an Rauc' @1BBB( te#t t'e 6e(erian 'ypot'e#i# in cro##+#ectional compari#on# of t'e la#t twenty

year# of t'e la#t century; &'ey fin e"ience t'at countrie# incorporating t'e 6e(erian feature#

eperience more rapi economic growt'

;

Farazman @22H 6orl =ank7 1BB5;

6'ile 6e(er pre#ent# long+term 'i#torical c'ange# in organizational form#7 !"an# an Rauc' are more focu#e ont'e in"e#tigation of a contemporary perio cro##+#ectional #tuy;


44/83

92

@Farazman7 2 an finally @11 e"elopmental capacity @%,7

2


45/83

Figure

&'ere are four #tage# an #te

accounta(ility; &'e Guie #tre##e# t

for Regional Policy amini#trati"e a

generate an oppo#ite effect t'an ina ifference in t'e amount of inf

one#; &'e conition# encompa##e

al#o (e mi#uner#too (y 'ig'er a

lower le"el aut'oritie# relation#;

&'e #econ #tage emp'a#ize# t'e

recognize t'at t'e proce## of crea

organizational arc'itecture# an foepartmental network#H free+#tani

i# important to fin a (alance (e

ot'er 'an7 one a#pect t'at i# 'ar

t'e e"aluation; If all t'e #tep# are

accounta(ility to learning;

&'e t'ir #tage to (e conucte a

#tep# t'at are u#ually carrie out

7; A ste/%ise a//roach to ca/acity building.

#ource: &'e &a"i#tock Guie @2


46/83

99

e"aluation t'roug' t'e creation of a network of #pecialize unit#; &'e re#ult woul #ee t'e (eginning# of a

Ecommunity of practice an al#o t'e #cope an #cale of e"aluation woul (e etene; A# t'e #cope of

e"aluation #'ift# from e+ante7 t'e role of inepenent #upplier# increa#e#; Parallel to t'e e#ta(li#'ment of

#pecialize ecentralize unit#7 it i# ieal for capacity (uiling to impro"e e"aluation wit' t'e 'elp of

uni"er#itie#; In t'i# way7 t'ere i# an eternal (ut #till competent pool t'at will eli"er e"aluation in a more

inepenent manner; -oreo"er7 t'e ec'ange of information wit' eternal #upplier# create# a network

t'at can (e (eneficial for t'e #ame amini#trati"e (oy in term# of t'e learning proce## > t'at can (e

generate;

&'e final #tage inicate in t'e ta(le refer# to t'e e#ta(li#'ment of 1 #tronger internal link# wit'in t'e

#y#tem an 2 opening up t'e network to eternal #take'oler#; &'e o"erall re#ult woul #ee t'e re+

emergence of accounta(ility (ut in a more mature an comple manner7 i;e; accounta(ility wit' greater

relia(ility;

O("iou#ly7 t'i# i# only an iealize moel t'at #er"e# a# a framework for in#titutional capacity (uiling; In

practice7 it i# 'ar to impo#e moel# an rule# (ecau#e7 a# t'e Guie inicate#7 e"aluation culture# are "ery

i#tinct acro## !urope; For in#tance7 it i# important t'at a certain moti"ation for carrying out e"aluation

mu#t come from in#ie t'e organization;

&'e E6e(erian 'ypot'e#i# pre"iou#ly i#cu##e7 t'e practice# of t'e ,ew Pu(lic -anagement7 along wit't'e guieline# #ugge#te in t'e &a"i#tock Guie7 coul pro"ie amini#trati"e official# in Regional Policy

wit' a goo (a#e for e#ta(li#'ing an efficient (oy implementing program# an eli"ering effecti"e re#ult#;

!.+. The European Agricultural und for Rural *e$elopment and the )EA*ER A6is.

Following t'e rele"ance t'at accounta(ility7 ,P-7 multi+le"el go"ernance an amini#trati"e capacity 'a"e

a##ume in t'e la#t two ecae#7 new kin# of inter"ention policie# are (eing pur#ue (y t'e !uropean

%nion; &'e #ection (elow #'ow#7 accoring to t'e #tuy# aut'or7 t'e (e#t repre#entation of !uropean

policy initiati"e em(eing all t'e a(o"e li#te feature# introuce from t'e 1B>> Reform;

>&'e importance of t'e e#ta(li#'ment of a tru#te network i# a concept t'at 'a# (een e"elope in #e"eral area#:from (u#ine## to organizational management7 from political #cience to economic#; Powell @1BB


47/83

9?

&'e Council Regulation !C ,o 12B


48/83

9

finally (y t'e Directorate General for Agriculture; In *!AD!R II7 a(out B2; &'e mem(er# of t'e *AG are to (e locally (a#e an nee to

1 #elect an amini#trati"e an financial leaer an 2 to repre#ent a legally+con#titute common #tructure;

>2

Commi##ion notice to t'e -em(er State# of 19 April 2


49/83

9

%nlike *!AD!R I an II7 in *!AD!R an in t'e current programming perio7 all region# can apply for

funing; Gi"en t'e rigorou# #election proceure7 t'e c'oice for #electe *AG# i# left to t'e national

aut'oritie#;

=elow7 t'e main feature# of t'e *!AD!R initiati"e framing t'e peculiarity of #uc' policie# are li#te

accoring to Saraceno @1BBBH in a compre'en#i"e manner:

A locally (a#e approac': t'e in"e#te area cannot 'a"e more t'an 1


50/83

9>

Action 5 oe# not only concern t'e e#ta(li#'ment of a network for t'e purpo#e of t'e ec'ange an

tran#fer of eperience# (ut al#o aim# at #timulating an ac'ie"ing cooperation (etween territorie# an

pro"iing information an rawing on le##on# concerning territorial rural e"elopment; =eneficiarie# are to

pro"ie all rele"ant information on action# unertaken a# well a# relati"e re#ult#; -em(er State# propo#e

t'e #tep# for t'e e#ta(li#'ment of t'e network; Al#o t'e Commi##ion7 in t'e pa#t programming perio7 'a#

create an EO(#er"atory of rural area# for t'e organization of t'e network at community le"el;

&'e Rural De"elopment Community Strategic Guieline# for t'e current programming perio (etween 29; &'e ta(le (elow #'ow# t'e community prioritie# an relati"e guieline#;

Table 4; o))unity #riorities and "elative 8uidelines

A6is 0uideline

1 Impro"ing t'e competiti"ene## of t'e

agricultural an fore#try #ector#;

Priority of knowlege tran#fer7

moernization an inno"ation in t'e foo

c'ain an priority #ector# for in"e#tment in

p'y#ical an 'uman capital;

2 Impro"ing t'e en"ironment an country#ie; Pre#er"ation an (ioi"er#ity of 'ig' nature

"alue farming an fore#try #y#tem#7 water7

an climate c'ange;

5 Impro"ing t'e 3uality of life in rural area# an

encouraging i"er#ification;

O"erarc'ing priority of t'e creation of

employment opportunitie# in t'e fiel# of

i"er#ification an 3uality of life>?;

9 *!AD!R: =uiling local capacity for employment

an i"er#ification>;

Contri(ute to pre"iou# ae# (ut al#o play an

important role in impro"ing go"ernance an

mo(ilizing t'e enogenou# e"elopment

potential of rural area#;

>9,et to t'e 9 ae#7 t'ere are t'e #o calle 'orizontal prioritie#: 1 en#uring con#i#tency in programming an 2

complementarity (etween Community in#trument#;>?

&'ere i# a general emp'a#i# o"er t'e *i#(on Strategy an Got'en(urg Strategy on #u#taina(le e"elopment @2


51/83

&'e financial rule# of *!AD!R7 e"e

own for Structural Fun# an co

commitment #plit in annual in#tall

agencie# accreite at -em(er St

Fun# i# t'e #ize of t'e program# to

In general7 #mall capacity accommo

(y t'e !AFRD w'ile large in"e#tme

contri(ution i# re#er"e to t'e *!

importance to t'i# program @1


52/83

?Ot'er region# (elonging to t'e Con"ergence o(/ecti"e an pre#enting "alue# of GDP @PPP of only ? of t'e !%+2a"erage;>B

&'e 1#t Repu(lic i# t'e perio (etween t'e 1B9>+1BB2; &'e current perio i# referre to a# t'e 2n

Repu(lic;BBan Omiccioli an Signorini @2


55/83

?5

Campania an Sicilia fall uner t'e Con"ergence o(/ecti"e; &'e region# of =a#ilicata7 A(ruzzo an -oli#e

'a"e p'a#e+out w'ile t'e region of Saregna i# p'a#ing+inB;

&'e general effecti"ene## of Regional Policy an it# po#iti"e impact on generating growt' 'a# (een

eamine (efore7 an t'e -ezzogiorno ca#e i# not eempte from t'o#e e"aluation#; Qowe"er7 if looking

into more etail#7 )ie#ti @2;

Accoring to #econary macroeconomic #ource# of ata7 t'e effect of Regional Policy on t'e -ezzogiorno

'a# (een po#iti"e e"en t'oug' inferior to ot'er Con"ergence area#; &'e ta(le (elow# #'ow# e"ience for

t'i# 'ypot'e#i#:

Table 5; The u)ulative ffect of +tructural Funds on 8,# B###D< 27770277(.

Source: )ie#ti7

Source: from ata Applica7 I#meri an 6iiw7 2

&'e moel con#ier# t'e cumulati"e effect on GDP @PPP of t'e final year wit' re#pect to t'e #ituation w'erea# nofuning i# compute; &'i# met'o i# #uita(le to a #ituation of aitionality of policie# @national plu# !uropean;

Portugal 17

Spain 17

Greece 1?7B

-ezzogiorno 1


56/83

?9

+.!. The region of Puglia&&

.

From a geograp'ical per#pecti"e7 t'e region# of t'e -ezzogiorno are 3uite 'omogenou#7 (ut a# mentione

(efore7 from a wealt' analy#i# per#pecti"e t'e area pre#ent# #ome ifference#; &'e *!AD!R initiati"e

a##ume# particular rele"ance in t'e region# of t'e -ezzogiorno7 not only gi"en t'e #carce an almo#t

inei#tent financing (y t'e Italian go"ernment7 (ut al#o (ecau#e of t'e rural c'aracter of t'e area;

,e"ert'ele##7 for t'e purpo#e of t'i# #tuy7 t'e area will not (e eamine a# a w'ole; A elimite area of

t'e region of Puglia 'a# (een c'o#en a# a ca#e #tuy; -oreo"er7 t'e local c'aracter of t'e *!AD!R perfectly

fit# t'e ca#e #tuy approac'7 w'ic' coul fin re+application in ot'er area# of t'e -ezzogiorno;

&'e region of Puglia i# #ituate at t'e ea#tern part of t'e -ezzogiorno; It i# a narrow #trip of eart' (etween

t'e Ariatic an Ionic Sea#; It pre#ent# a population of o"er 9 million people; In t'e mile of t'e 1BB


57/83

??

Table 6; The relative values of the )acro0sectors of #uglia in 2712.

Source: own ela(oration from CCIAA =ari ata;

&'e #ector pre#enting t'e lower relati"e "alue in employment term# i# agriculture wit' >7B in t'e perio

(etween 2


58/83

?

t'e latter t'ere are municipalitie#7 uni"er#itie# an few en"ironmental a##ociation#; -ore #pecifically7 t'e

partner# are:

11 -unicipalitie#H

5< agent# repre#enting collecti"e economic intere#t#H

1< agent# acting in t'e pu(lic+in#titutional #ector an agricultural organization#H

12 agent# repre#enting ini"iual intere#t#;

&'e compri#e area of t'e *AG i# ientifie a# coa#tal for it# 9 an it i# completely cla##ifie a# rural; &'e

population i# atte#te to (e aroun 12


59/83

?

&'ere are 11 mea#ure# in t'e current programming perio again#t t'e of t'e 2 of t'e total fun allocation; &'i# mea#ure7 num(er 9517 i# pro"iing t'e

financial #upport for 'iring per#onnel an attri(ution of #u(#e3uent ta#k#; &'ere i# a managing (oar

eecuting all t'e amini#trati"e function# of t'e *AG; &'e managing (oar i# con#titute of a irector7 a

#ecretary7 5 people for t'e amini#tration of t'e application#7 eternal con#ultant# for t'e appro"al of t'e

con#truction acti"itie# an finally one per#on working in monitoring an control;

1


60/83

?>

+.+. The empirical study.

+.+.1. An Introduction to the Empirics.

In t'e pre"iou# c'apter#7 t'e role of Regional Policy in t'e !uropean %nionJ# 'i#tory 'a# (een eamine

along wit' it# long pat' towar# moernization an #u(#e3uent e"aluation# wit' relati"e fining#; In

particular7 t'e effecti"ene## of regional policy 'a# (een emp'a#ize accoring to ifferent e"aluation

tec'ni3ue# e"elope (y #c'olar# of economic #cience#; Sc'olar# are aopting "ery ifferent an

#ometime# contra#ting moel# for pro"ing t'e effecti"ene## of Regional Policy o"er t'e meium an long

run7 w'ile trying to aapting t'em to t'e re3uirement# ictate (y t'e !uropean leaer#7 t'e !uropean

aut'oritie# an t'e !uropean population; Sc'olar# 'a"e pro"ie an increa#ing num(er of an#wer# to t'e

i##ue of effecti"ene## of Regional Policy7 al#o in relation to t'e increa#e importance attri(ute toaccounta(ility; &'e igre##ion into t'e 'i#tory of t'e Policy i# t'u# #trictly linke to it# "aliity; Sc'olar#

#er"e t'i# purpo#e a# a con#e3uence of t'e new tren# in pu(lic management;

On t'e ot'er 'an7 in orer to gi"e co'erence an pro"ie an ae3uate uner#taning of t'e following

#ection to t'e reaer7 t'e 'oli#tic c'aracter t'e *!AD!R initiati"e7 'a# (een 'ig'lig'te; &'e c'oice of t'i#

#pecific initiati"e of Regional Policy an t'e focu# on t'e ca#e of a #pecific *AG wit'in Sout' Italy i# not

ranom; &'e *!AD!R initiati"e i# t'e ultimate repre#entation of t'e proce## of multi+le"el go"ernance

initiate at !%+le"el an employing all #u(+le"el# aut'oritie#; In fact7 t'e initiati"e #tarte after t'e 1B>>Reform an ga"e eeper groun to t'e practical implementation of t'e multi+le"el go"ernance

mec'ani#m#;

A# pre"iou#ly i#cu##e7 t'i# c'ange in go"ernance7 along wit' t'e 'ig'er emp'a#i# put on accounta(ility7

'a# generate two ma/or con#e3uence#: 1 t'e emergence an 'ig'er utilization of ifferent approac'e# to

e"aluating Regional Policy; =e#ie# t'e macro an micro approac'e#7 we can now fin #tuie# aopting

t'eory+(a#e e"aluation7 t'eory of c'ange7 counterfactual impact e"aluation#7 #take'oler# e"aluation#7

etc; 2 Greater importance i# attri(ute to t'e amini#trati"e capacity of t'e agencie# implementing t'e

Policy;

&'e Reali#t approac' i# t'e logic of in3uiry c'o#en to conuct t'e following empirical #tuy7 w'ile t'e

tec'ni3ue aopte i# t'e ca#e #tuy; In fact7 in line wit' t'e approac' an t'e tec'ni3ue c'o#en7 t'e

pre"iou# c'apter pro"ie# a etaile o"er"iew of t'e geograp'ical area at i##ue; Furt'ermore7 t'e

c'aracteri#tic# of *!AD!R perfectly fit t'e feature# attri(ute to program# (y Paw#on an &iley @1BB:


61/83

?B

t'e *!AD!R initiati"e i# Et'eory: it# line# of inter"ention# are multiple an (a#e on t'eoretical

a##ertion#H

t'e *!AD!R initiati"e i# Eem(ee: ifferent le"el# of #ociety an aut'oritie# are in"ol"e in t'e

creation an implementation of t'e initiati"e an t'ey are all em(ee in a "ery #pecific #ocio+

economic contetH

t'e *!AD!R initiati"e i# Eacti"e: it in"ol"e# t'e #take'oler participation in program planningH

t'e *!AD!R initiati"e i# an Eopen #y#tem: c'anging t'e conition# t'at make t'e *!AD!R effecti"e

or non+effecti"e may generate ifferent outcome#11


62/83

> of t'em knew a(out t'e po##i(ility of grant t'roug' t'e

information campaign# iffu#e (y t'e *AG an #u(#e3uently7 attene t'e agency; &'e re#t knew a(out

t'e *AGJ# financing opportunitie# t'roug' frien#; -ore #pecifically7 t'e mo#t #triking figure# emerge from

t'e following 3ue#tion#:

1 Do you t'ink t'e *AG per#onnel i# competent

2 Do you t'ink t'e *AG per#onnel 'a# (een e'au#ti"e an 'elpful uring t'e w'ole application

proceure

%#ing a *ikert #cale from 1 to ? w'ere 1 #tan# for K#trongly i#agreeK an ? #tan# for K#trongly agreeK7 t'e

re#ult# #'ow t'at for 3ue#tion 1 a "a#t ma/ority @>? agree# to t'e 3ue#tion @"alue 9 an e"en a 'ig'er

percentage @B? of t'e re#ponent#7 #ai t'at t'e *AG per#onnel wa# e'au#ti"e an 'elpful uring t'e

w'ole application proce##;


68/83

On t'e ot'er 'an7 t'e a"erage of t'e an#wer# to 3ue#tion 5 E6a# t'e amount of manatory paper# to (e

fille out in t'e application proceure o(#tructi"e wa# 5;?7 u#ing a #cale from 1 to ? w'ere 1 #tan# for

Kpercei"e a# non o(#tructi"eK an ? #tan# for Ktotally o(#tructi"eK; &'i# figure #'ow# t'at t'e proceure#

for applying to pu(lic funing are #till percei"e (y t'e re#ponent# a# (uren#ome;

&'e 3ue#tionnaire part contri(ute# to t'e o"erall #tuy #ince it are##e# t'e e"aluation component from a

ifferent per#pecti"e; A #erie# of ot'er 3ue#tion# 'a# (een #u(mitte to t'e (eneficiarie# an afterwar#

eli"ere to t'e amini#trati"e (oy of t'e *AG in orer to pro"ie t'em wit' new information t'at t'ey

can "alue a# u#eful; In fact7 t'e a(#ence of a culture of e"aluation em(ee in t'e organization7 a#

emon#trate in &a(le 1


69/83

&'e re#ult# emerging from &a(le 1< are more po#iti"e; &'e *AG E&erre el Primiti"o 'a# aopte many

important capacity (uiling practice# a# en"i#age (y t'e Commi##ion an in t'e &a"i#tock Guie; Qowe"er7

#ome important a#pect# are wort' (eing #tre##e:

t'ere i# poor awarene## of t'e importance of capacity (uiling mec'ani#m#H

t'ere i# no common #et of norm# internal to t'e organization an a(le to create a proper culture

wit'inH

t'ere are pro(lem# (etween t'e in"ol"e agent# t'at can (e attri(ute to multi+le"el go"ernance;

!"aluation report# an a fully integrate S6O& analy#i# are important feature# for t'e well+functioning of

an organization; &'e ,P- paraigm an t'e 'ig'er attention gi"en to accounta(ility ri"e t'i# proce## of

capacity (uiling in t'e pu(lic #ector; Qowe"er7 t'e *AG E&erre el Primiti"o i# yet not fully aware of t'e(enefit# eri"ing from t'e#e practice#; In fact7 t'ere are no internal o(/ecti"e plan#7 no common goal# t'at

are agree upon inepenently from t'e re3uirement# impo#e from a(o"e;

&'e inter"iew# 'a"e 'ig'lig'te t'e Ecompul#ory c'aracter of #ome norm#; &'e monitoring inicator# an

e"aluation report# are only a #mall portion of t'e (ig #et of norm# t'at are #till percei"e a# impo#e from

t'e 'ig'er le"el aut'oritie#; Inee7 t'ey are to (e internally integrate for t'e in#tallment of a proper

culture; &'e per#onnel inter"iewe #till percei"e# 'im#elf a# a Epu(lic #er"ant an not a# Emanager7

performing aily utie# wit'out (eing moti"ate (y t'e en"ironment of t'e organization; )ie#ti @2> Reform an

en"i#age in multi+le"el go"ernance: t'e region# are now empowere wit' ta#k# t'ey are #till learning 'ow

to perform; 6it' regar to t'i#7 -ilio @2

ERiforma =a##anini an Re"i#ion to t'e Italian Con#titution @to Art;11 on t'e #eparation (etween State anRegion# on competence# of Pu(lic Policy;


70/83

>

Anot'er important inicator emon#trating t'e ifficultie# t'at t'e region# are encountering in t'e

amini#tration of t'e policy i# t'e elay in t'e actualization of t'e program#; &'e inter"iewee# 'a"e

'ig'lig'te t'i# pro(lem an impute it to t'e regional aut'oritie#; For t'e #ame rea#on#7 t'ey claime al#o

t'at t'e (igge#t percentage of t'e total allocation 'a# (een eploye in t'e la#t year# of t'e programming

perio; &'i# i# a common a#pect t'at can (e foun in t'e ot'er region# of t'e -ezzogiorno a# well; During

t'e cycle 2


71/83

B

Figure 15; #ercentage of +Fs e/enditure0 Italian=b>ective I regions.

Source: from t'e Italian -ini#try of &rea#ure7 -ilio 2


72/83

> Reform 'a# put a greater emp'a#i# on t'e ecentralization proce##7 elegating

region# an #u(+le"el aut'oritie# to t'e programming of t'eir plan#7 t'u# e facto increa#ing t'eir ta#k#7

re#pon#i(ility an autonomy; &'i# tren in t'e eci#ion+making mec'ani#m# 'a# (een epicte (y #c'olar#

a# multi+le"el go"ernance @-ark# an Qoog'e7 1BB;

Con#e3uently7 t'i# new approac' to regional e"elopment 'a# influence t'e aoption of new policy

e"aluation tec'ni3ue#; Part I of t'i# #tuy aim# al#o at pro"iing t'e reaer wit' a compre'en#i"e o"er"iew

of t'e ifferent tec'ni3ue# to a##e##ing t'e "aliity of Regional Policy in t'e !%; &'e multitue of #tuie#

an fining# on t'e i##ue oe# not alway# reflect t'e re#ult# propelling t'e !uropean %nion to procee wit'

t'e implementation of #uc' policie#;


73/83

1

&'erefore7 t'e !uropean Commi##ion i# #till #earc'ing for ot'er approac'e# to regional e"elopment

capa(le of e3ualizing t'e le"el# of regional i#parity in t'e Community;

In 1BB17 t'e !uropean Commi##ion create a new Initiati"e wit'in t'e Structural Fun#7 wit' t'e aim of

tackling t'e regional i#paritie# from a ifferent per#pecti"e;

&'e *!AD!R initiati"e i# are##e at t'e rural area# of t'e !%7 now accounting for BH Pack7 1BB9;

Se"eral #c'olar# 'a"e recently #tre##e t'e importance of e"aluating new Regional Policie# wit' approac'e#t'at iffer from t'e traitional macro+economic7 "alue+for+money #tuie# generally aopte (y economi#t#

@Diez7 Paw#on an &illey7; &'e#e new approac'e# focu# on t'e local7 contetualize an flei(le nature of

t'e new policie#; )ie#ti @2


74/83

2

&'e met'oology i# t'e one of t'e ca#e #tuy; &'e latter 'a# (een c'o#en (ecau#e it perfectly fit# t'e local7

(ottom+up an uni3ue c'aracter of t'e Initiati"e;

From t'e empirical analy#i#7 #ome general conclu#ion# can (e rawn;

1; Amini#trati"e capacity i# an important component for t'e well functioning of a e"elopment

agency; Poor amini#trati"e capacity lea# to lower performance7 lower outcome# an poor

impro"ement#; &'i# can (e te#tifie (y t'e lower a(#orption capacity of t'e region at i##ue; In fact7

t'e region of Puglia oe# not #'ow t'e full eploitation of t'e Regional Fun# allocate t'roug' t'e

pa#t programming perio#;

2;

Amini#trati"e capacity i# #trictly relate to t'e mec'ani#m# e#ta(li#'e (y multi+le"el go"ernance;

Zet7 #ome regional an local aut'oritie# lack t'e re3uire a/u#tment to t'i# moel of go"ernance;In t'e ca#e of Italy7 t'e multi+le"el go"ernance 'a# only #tarte in t'e 1BB


75/83

I

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Appendix 1

4elative &P (in PPP) of E923 4egions.

-orce $tt!>>ec.ero!a.e>regionalO!olic'>"$at>inde?Oen.cfm.


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Appendix 2

rea+do"n of 4egional Polic' allocations t$rog$ t$e 'ears.

-orce Inforegio !anorama, no.2 ne 2008.

Appendix 3

=$e geogra!$ical area of t$e A& S=erre del PrimitivoT.

mlg and ac principal agent

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